WO2015133366A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池負極用人造黒鉛材料およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池負極用人造黒鉛材料およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a graphite material used as a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are lighter in weight and have higher input and output characteristics than nickel cadmium batteries, nickel metal hydride batteries, and lead batteries, which are conventional secondary batteries. Therefore, it has been put to practical use as a power source for electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is configured such that a positive electrode containing lithium capable of reversible intercalation of lithium and a negative electrode made of a carbon material face each other with a nonaqueous electrolyte interposed therebetween. Therefore, the lithium ion secondary battery is assembled in a discharged state and cannot be discharged unless it is charged.
- lithium cobaltate LiCoO 2
- a carbon material is used as the negative electrode
- a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt is used as the electrolyte.
- Carbon materials used as negative electrode materials for lithium ion secondary batteries are generally roughly classified into graphite carbon materials and amorphous carbon materials.
- the graphite-based carbon material has an advantage that the energy density per unit volume is higher than that of the amorphous carbon material. Therefore, graphite-based carbon materials are generally used as negative electrode materials in lithium ion secondary batteries for mobile phones and laptop computers that are required to be compact and have a large capacity.
- Graphite has a structure in which hexagonal network planes of carbon atoms are regularly stacked, and lithium ion insertion / extraction reaction proceeds at the edge of the crystallite during charge / discharge.
- lithium ion secondary batteries have been actively studied in recent years as power storage devices for automobiles, industrial use, power supply infrastructure, and the like.
- extremely high reliability is required compared to the case of being used for mobile phones and notebook computers.
- reliability is a characteristic related to the lifetime, even when the charge / discharge cycle is repeated, stored in a state charged to a predetermined voltage, or charged continuously at a constant voltage (floating). Even when charged), the charge / discharge capacity and internal resistance hardly change (are not easily deteriorated).
- the life characteristics of lithium ion secondary batteries that have been used in conventional mobile phones and notebook computers are largely dependent on the anode material.
- the reason is that, in principle, it is impossible to make the charge / discharge efficiency of the positive electrode reaction (formula 1) and the negative electrode reaction (formula 2) exactly the same, and the charge / discharge efficiency is lower in the negative electrode.
- the charge / discharge efficiency is the ratio of the electric capacity that can be discharged to the electric capacity consumed for charging.
- the positive electrode potential in the end-of-discharge state shifts in a noble direction from the original potential before charge / discharge, while the negative electrode potential also changes from the original potential before charge / discharge. It will move in a noble direction with respect to the potential. This is because all of the lithium released during the charging process of the positive electrode is not occluded (does not return) during discharging, and the potential that has shifted in the precious direction during the charging process shifts in the base direction during the discharging process.
- the discharge of the lithium ion secondary battery is completed when the battery voltage (that is, the difference between the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential) reaches a predetermined value (discharge end voltage). For this reason, if the potential of the positive electrode at the end of discharge becomes noble, the negative electrode potential also shifts in the noble direction accordingly.
- the lithium ion secondary battery can be obtained within a predetermined voltage range (within a discharge end voltage and a charge end voltage range) by changing the operating region of the positive and negative electrode capacities when the charge / discharge cycle is repeated. There was a problem that the capacity to be reduced. Such a capacity degradation reaction mechanism has been reported in academic societies and the like (Non-patent Documents 1 and 2).
- the reason for the low charge / discharge efficiency of the negative electrode is that, as described above, a part of the electric capacity consumed for charging at the negative electrode is consumed for side reactions and competitive reactions, and consumed for reactions where lithium is occluded. Because there was not. These side reactions and competitive reactions are mainly due to the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution on the edge surface of the hexagonal plane laminate exposed on the particle surface of the graphite material.
- the reaction product when a side reaction and a competitive reaction occur in the negative electrode, the reaction product is a solid insoluble in an electrolyte solution at ordinary temperature (generally called a passive film). For this reason, as the charge / discharge cycle proceeds, the surface of the graphite material of the negative electrode is coated with this reaction product, and the film grows (deposits) thickly. Since the reaction product film becomes a resistance component in the reversible intercalation reaction of Li ions, the growth of the film causes an increase in the internal resistance of the battery.
- the film is easily formed and grown on the edge surface of the hexagonal plane laminate on the surface of the graphite material that is the entrance and exit of Li ions, the internal resistance of the battery increases with the progress of the charge / discharge cycle, and is obtained at a predetermined current. There has also been a problem that the apparent battery capacity to be reduced decreases with the progress of the cycle.
- the capacity deterioration of the lithium ion secondary battery due to the repetition of the charge / discharge cycle can be attributed to (1) a change in the operating region of the positive / negative electrode capacity due to side reaction and competitive reaction in the negative electrode, and (2) the change. Along with this, the internal resistance of the battery continued to rise. For this reason, the graphite material for the negative electrode has been required to have a function that suppresses side reactions and competitive reactions in the negative electrode and suppresses the growth of the coating film as the charge / discharge cycle progresses.
- the edge surface ratio is a ratio of “edge surface existing on the surface” to the surface area of the graphite material.
- a passive film is easily formed and grown on the edge surface serving as the entrance and exit of Li ions.
- the side reaction and competitive reaction in which a passive film is formed become the cause of reducing the charge / discharge efficiency in a negative electrode. Therefore, the lower the edge surface ratio, the lower the amount of side reactions and competitive reactions that accompany the formation of a passive film on the surface of the graphite material.
- lithium ion secondary batteries used for automobiles, industrial use, and power supply infrastructures have been required to reduce internal resistance as their use and spread as social infrastructures are promoted.
- the calorific value of a lithium ion secondary battery is determined by the current value of charging / discharging and internal resistance, and in applications where large current charging / discharging is assumed, it is possible to suppress the calorific value as the internal resistance is lower. It is.
- the reason why it is necessary to suppress the amount of heat generation is that (1) the longer the time when the battery generates heat and reaches a high temperature, the longer the life characteristics deteriorate, making it difficult to ensure a high degree of reliability.
- lithium ion secondary batteries used for automobiles, industrial use, power supply infrastructure, and the like are also required to have high reliability as described above. For this reason, it has been difficult to satisfy both the requirement for reducing internal resistance and the requirement for high reliability at the same time. This is because, in order to ensure a high degree of reliability, it is necessary to use a graphite material having a low edge area ratio as the negative electrode. On the other hand, in order to satisfy the demand for reducing the internal resistance, the graphite material as the negative electrode must be used. This is because those having a small edge area ratio cannot be used.
- the edge surface existing on the surface of the graphite material is an entrance / exit of lithium ions that are occluded or released by charging / discharging, the edge surface ratio is low, that is, the graphite material having few entrances / exits is used as the negative electrode. In this case, the internal resistance of the battery tends to be high.
- the present invention is for reducing the internal resistance of a lithium ion secondary battery that requires high reliability as described above. That is, an object of the present invention is to provide a graphite material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery in which capacity deterioration of a charge / discharge cycle is suppressed and internal resistance can be reduced. It is another object of the present invention to provide a negative electrode material for lithium secondary batteries for automobiles, industrial use, and power storage infrastructure that requires both high reliability and reduced internal resistance by using the graphite material.
- a graphite material according to the present invention is an artificial graphite material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, and is calculated from (112) diffraction lines measured by a powder X-ray diffraction method.
- the peak existing in the wavelength region of 1580 cm ⁇ 1 ⁇ 100 cm ⁇ 1 The ratio (ID / IG) of the intensity (ID) of the peak existing in the wavelength region of 1360 cm-1 ⁇ 100 cm-1 to the intensity (IG) is 0.05 to 0.2, and measured using the X band.
- the electron spin resonance method it has an absorption spectrum derived from carbon that appears in the range of 3200 to 3400gauss (G), and is measured at a temperature of 280K.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a method for producing the above artificial graphite material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery, a light oil having a final boiling point of 380 ° C. or lower, an initial boiling point of 200 ° C. or higher, A raw oil composition containing at least a heavy oil having an aroma component of 50% by mass or more, a sulfur content of 0.5% by mass or less, and a nitrogen content of 0.2% by mass or less is coked by a delayed coking process.
- a manufacturing method including at least a coking process to be processed and a heat treatment process to heat-treat after the coking process.
- the present invention is a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery including at least the artificial graphite material for a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the present invention in another aspect is a lithium ion secondary battery using the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the graphite material of the present invention can provide a lithium ion secondary battery in which capacity deterioration accompanying charge / discharge cycles is suppressed and internal resistance is reduced.
- the lithium ion secondary battery using the graphite material of the present invention as the negative electrode material has a lower internal resistance while maintaining a high degree of reliability as compared with a lithium secondary battery using a conventional graphite material. It becomes possible. Therefore, it can be used for industrial purposes such as for automobiles, specifically for hybrid cars, plug-in hybrid cars, electric cars, and power storage for grid infrastructure.
- the artificial graphite material of the present invention is characterized in that side reactions and competitive reactions in the negative electrode are suppressed, and charging / discharging can be performed with a large current (at a high speed) (resistance of the charging / discharging reaction is low).
- the side reaction and the competitive reaction in the negative electrode are mainly the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution as described above. Since the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution proceeds at the edge surface of the hexagonal mesh plane laminate exposed on the particle surface of the negative electrode, in order to suppress the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution, the fewer edge surfaces exposed on the surface are preferable. .
- the artificial graphite material of the present invention defines graphite materials having the characteristics that the edge surface exposed to the particle surface is small and the localized electron density existing on the edge surface is high.
- a lithium ion secondary battery with reduced internal resistance while maintaining high life characteristics can be provided.
- such a graphite material has little exposure of the edge surface on the particle surface and a high density of localized electrons existing on the edge surface.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using such a graphite material since the decomposition reaction of the electrolyte solution in the negative electrode is suppressed, a difference is hardly generated in the operating region of the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the local electron density on the edge surface is high, the interaction with the molecules and polymers constituting the electrolyte is strong, and the resistance of the reversible intercalation reaction of Li ions can be reduced.
- the local electron density of the graphite material is the absorption spectrum of the spectrum measured at a temperature of 280 K in an absorption spectrum derived from carbon appearing in the range of 3200 to 3400 gauss (G) of electron spin resonance measured using the X band. It can be grasped from the relative absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) of the absorption intensity (I4.8K) at the temperature of 4.8K to the intensity (I280K). Accordingly, the range of the relative intensity ratio (ID / IG) of the Raman spectrum and the range of I4.8K / I280K, which is the absorption intensity ratio of the ESR (electron spin resonance) spectrum, defined for the graphite material of the present invention are particles. In other words, it is possible to specifically define a range in which the edge surface exposed on the surface is small and the local electron density existing on the edge surface is high.
- ESR measurement is spectroscopic analysis that observes transitions between levels that occur when unpaired electrons are placed in a magnetic field.
- a magnetic field is applied to a substance with unpaired electrons, the energy level of the substance is bisected by the Zeeman effect.
- the measurement is performed by sweeping the magnetic field under microwave irradiation, and ⁇ E, which is the energy splitting interval, increases as the applied magnetic field increases.
- Resonance absorption is observed when ⁇ E becomes equal to the energy of the irradiated microwave, and an ESR spectrum is obtained by detecting the amount of energy absorption at this time.
- the ESR spectrum is usually obtained as a first-order differential spectrum.
- an absorption spectrum is obtained.
- the ESR spectrum is integrated twice, the signal intensity is obtained.
- the magnitude of the signal intensity at this time is an index representing the magnitude of unpaired electron density in the substance.
- the conduction electrons in the carbon material are unpaired ⁇ electrons that spontaneously develop in relation to the number of rings forming the hexagonal network plane and the form of the bond, and move freely in the hexagonal network plane. Is possible (Non-Patent Documents 4 and 5).
- the localized electrons are localized electrons existing on the edge surface of the hexagonal plane laminate, and are immobile electrons.
- the signal intensity of resonance absorption due to conduction electrons has no temperature dependence, whereas the signal intensity of resonance absorption due to localized electrons increases in inverse proportion to T, which is the measurement temperature.
- T the measurement temperature.
- the temperature dependence of the absorption intensity is extremely small and nearly constant up to around 100K. A value is obtained. From this, it has been theorized that conduction electrons cause ESR absorption in the temperature range of 300 to 100 K (Non-Patent Document 4).
- Non-patent Document 6 In the temperature region below 100K, absorption of microwaves by localized electrons begins to be observed near 50K, and in the low temperature region below 50K, the signal intensity due to localized electrons is inversely proportional to T, which is the measurement temperature, according to the Curie law. It is reported that it becomes large (Non-patent Document 6).
- the ESR absorption intensity at a temperature of 280K mainly reflects the spin amount of conduction electrons
- the ESR absorption intensity at 4.8K mainly reflects the spin amount of localized electrons. Therefore, the ESR absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) at the two points of the measurement temperatures of 4.8K and 280K is regarded as the ratio of the localized electron spin amount to the conduction electron spin amount. Is an index that can be quantitatively grasped.
- the artificial graphite material of the present invention has an absorption spectrum derived from carbon that appears in the range of 3200 to 3400 gauss (G) in the electron spin resonance method measured using the X band, and is measured at a temperature of 280K.
- the relative absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) of the absorption intensity (I4.8K) at a temperature of 4.8K to the absorption intensity (I280K) of the spectrum is 5.0 to 12.0.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using a graphite material whose relative absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) is lower than 5.0 it is possible to ensure high reliability and long life characteristics.
- the relative absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K) of the absorption intensity (I4.8K) at the temperature 4.8K to the absorption intensity (I280K) of the spectrum measured at the temperature 280K obtained by ESR measurement of the graphite material. / I280K) is limited to 5.0 to 12.0.
- the spin amount of localized electrons existing at the edge of the particle surface is within an appropriate range. Therefore, a lithium secondary battery using the graphite material as a negative electrode has a feature that both high reliability (long life characteristics) and reduction of internal resistance can be achieved.
- it can be said that it is the range of the negative electrode graphite material which can give the specific effect which can reduce internal resistance with respect to a lithium ion secondary battery, maintaining a long life characteristic.
- Artificial graphite material of the present invention in the Raman spectrum analysis using an argon ion laser beam having a wavelength of 5145 Angstroms, 1580 cm -1 ⁇ 100 cm intensities of peaks present in the wavelength region of -1 (IG) for the 1360 cm -1 ⁇ 100 cm -
- the ratio (ID / IG) of the peak intensity (ID) existing in one wavelength region is 0.05 to 0.2.
- a graphite material of a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery there is an example in which the above-mentioned ID / IG relationship was examined using a graphite material as a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery (Patent Document 8). It has also been proposed to use a graphite material having an ID / IG of 0.3 or less as a raw material for a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery (Patent Document 1).
- the crystallite size L (112) calculated from the (112) diffraction line obtained by X-ray wide angle diffraction of the graphite material is in the range of 5.0 to 25 nm.
- a graphite material having L (112) of less than 5 nm has insufficient crystal structure development.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using such a graphite material is not preferable because of its small capacity (Non-patent Document 9).
- the reason why the upper limit is 25 nm is that it is very difficult to obtain a graphite material having a size exceeding 25 nm, and it does not match the actual situation. Therefore, the reason why L (112) is specified to be 5 to 25 nm is that the graphite material specified in the present application has a crystallite size equivalent to that of a general graphite material used as a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery ( This is because it should be clarified that the graphite material has an equivalent degree of graphitization.
- a method for producing a graphite material a method is known in which raw coke or calcined coke is pulverized and classified, adjusted in particle size, and then carbonized and / or graphitized.
- the raw coke is obtained by thermally decomposing a raw oil composition with a delayed coker.
- calcined coke refers to a product obtained by heat treating raw coke in an industrial furnace to remove moisture and volatile components to develop a crystal structure.
- the present inventors as a result of studying a method for producing a graphite material, by improving the optical anisotropy of the randomly stacked hexagonal network surface constituting raw coke or calcined coke to be crushed, (1) A lot of Sp 3 carbon other than the Sp 2 carbon constituting the hexagonal mesh plane remains in the fracture surface of the particle surface newly generated by pulverization, that is, the edge region, and (2) the remaining Sp 3 carbon Has found that a graphite material which remains with high probability after graphitization and has a high spin density of localized electrons existing in the region can be obtained.
- the hexagonal mesh planes constituting raw coke or calcined coke are laminated with a low optical anisotropy order, that is, the parallelism between adjacent hexagonal mesh planes is low and curved.
- the crushing energy of the hexagonal mesh plane concentrates on the curved portion, so that the unevenness of the fractured surface after pulverization becomes small, and unstructured carbon hardly develops one-dimensionally.
- the unstructured carbon produced in this way has a low probability of being chemically bonded to the edge surface after graphitization, and only a graphite material in which the spin density of localized electrons existing on the edge surface is low can be obtained.
- raw coke or calcined coke having a high optical anisotropy of randomly stacked hexagonal networks is pulverized and classified, and then carbonized and / or graphitized.
- the manufacturing method to adopt was adopted.
- the production method of the present invention is a production method for making the raw coke or calcined coke to be ground into a structure composed of highly anisotropic regions.
- the inventors have found that, in order to produce raw coke having such a structure by a delayed coking process suitable for mass production, it becomes possible by controlling the physical properties of the raw material oil composition as a raw material, The production method of the present invention has been completed.
- the raw material oil composition having the above physical properties can be obtained by blending two or more kinds of heavy oil and light oil so as to satisfy the above-mentioned conditions.
- the initial boiling point of heavy oil used in the production method of the present invention is 200 ° C or higher, preferably 250 ° C or higher.
- a preferred upper limit is 300 ° C.
- the yield of coke may decrease.
- the initial boiling point can be measured based on the method described in JIS K 2254-6: 1998.
- the aroma component of heavy oil used in the production method of the present invention is 50% by mass or more, preferably 70% by mass.
- a preferable upper limit is 90% by mass. If the aroma component of the heavy oil is within such a range, a good bulk mesophase is formed, and the raw coke produced after coking and the structure of calcined coke produced by subsequent calcination have high anisotropy. Realized.
- the sulfur content of the heavy oil used in the production method of the present invention is 0.5% by mass or less, preferably 0.4% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.3% by mass or less.
- a preferred lower limit is 0.1% by mass. If the sulfur content exceeds 0.5% by mass, the anisotropy of the structure of the raw coke produced after coking tends to decrease. The sulfur content can be measured based on the method described in JIS M8813-Appendix 2: 2006.
- the nitrogen content of the heavy oil used in the production method of the present invention is 0.2% by mass or less, preferably 0.15% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.10% by mass or less.
- a preferable lower limit is 0.01% by mass. If the nitrogen content exceeds 0.2% by mass, the anisotropy of the structure of the raw coke produced after coking tends to decrease.
- the nitrogen content can be measured based on the method described in JIS M8813-Appendix 4: 2006.
- the heavy oil used in the production method of the present invention if it is possible to obtain a heavy oil satisfying the above-mentioned conditions, the initial boiling point, aroma component, sulfur content and nitrogen content by fluid catalytic cracking, There is no particular limitation.
- a hydrocarbon oil having a density at 15 ° C. of 0.8 g / cm 3 or more is preferable.
- the density is a value measured based on the method described in JIS K 2249-1: 2011.
- Examples of such heavy oil feedstocks include atmospheric distillation residue, vacuum distillation residue, shale oil, tar sand bitumen, orinocotal, coal liquefied oil, and heavy oil obtained by hydrorefining these. It is done.
- such a heavy oil feedstock may contain relatively light oils such as straight-run gas oil, vacuum gas oil, desulfurized gas oil, desulfurized vacuum gas oil, preferably vacuum gas oil such as desulfurized oil.
- the vacuum gas oil is preferably a desulfurized vacuum gas oil (preferably having a sulfur content of 500 ppm by mass or less and a density of 0.8 / cm 3 or more at 15 ° C.) obtained by directly desulfurizing atmospheric distillation residue oil.
- the light oil used in the present invention is preferably a light oil having a high aromatic content.
- a typical example of such light oil is coker light oil. This is because such a light oil has high aromaticity and is excellent in compatibility with heavy oil. When the compatibility is improved, the light oil is uniformly dispersed in the heavy oil, so that gas is uniformly generated, and the structure of the raw coke tends to develop anisotropy.
- the process used in order to obtain this light oil is not specifically limited. Examples thereof include a delayed coking process using raw material oil as a starting material, a visbreaking process, a yurika process, an HSC process, and a fluid catalytic cracking process.
- the operating conditions are not particularly limited, but the above heavy oil is used as a raw material and a coker pyrolysis apparatus is used, and preferably the reaction pressure is 0.8 MPa and the decomposition temperature is 400 to 600 ° C.
- the end point of light oil used in the production method of the present invention is 380 ° C. or lower, preferably 350 ° C. or lower.
- a preferred lower limit is 310 ° C.
- the asphaltene component of the light oil used in the present invention is preferably less than 1% by mass, more preferably 0% by mass.
- the final boiling point is 380 ° C. or less, it contains substantially no caulking component. When the component to be caulked is contained, as described above, the anisotropy of the texture of the raw coke produced after coking becomes low.
- the aroma component of the light oil used in the production method of the present invention is preferably 40% by volume or more, more preferably 50% by volume or more.
- a preferred upper limit is 70% by volume.
- the volume% of the aroma component mentioned here is measured in accordance with the Petroleum Institute Method JPI-5S-49-97 “Hydrocarbon Type Test Method—High Performance Liquid Chromatograph Method” published by the Japan Petroleum Institute. The volume percentage (volume%) of the total aromatic content based on the total amount of coker gas oil.
- an aromatic component having two or more aromatic rings is preferably present in an amount of 20% by volume or more, more preferably 45% by volume. It is because the anisotropy of the structure
- the light oil used in the production method of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can obtain a light oil whose end point obtained by the above process satisfies the above-described conditions. .
- the density of the raw material oil at 15 ° C. is preferably 0.8 g / cm 3 or more.
- Fluid catalytic cracking to obtain light oil is generally performed under the same conditions as fluid catalytic cracking to obtain heavy oil.
- the raw material oil composition having such characteristics is coke to form raw coke.
- a delayed coking method is used. More specifically, it is a method of obtaining raw coke by heat-treating the raw oil composition with a delayed coker under conditions where the coking pressure is controlled. At this time, preferable operating conditions of the delayed coker are a pressure of 0.1 to 0.8 MPa and a temperature of 400 to 600 ° C.
- a preferable range is set for the operating pressure of the delayed coker is that the release rate of the gas generated from the light oil component to the outside of the system can be limited by the pressure. Since the anisotropy constituting the mesophase is controlled by the generated gas, the residence time of the generated gas in the system is an important control parameter for determining the anisotropy. The reason why a preferable range is set for the operating temperature of the delayed coker is that it is a temperature necessary for growing the mesophase from the raw material oil adjusted for obtaining the effect of the present invention.
- the raw coke thus obtained or the calcined coke obtained by calcining the raw coke is pulverized and classified so as to have a predetermined particle size.
- the average particle size is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle size is based on measurement by a laser diffraction particle size distribution meter.
- the reason why the average particle size is 30 ⁇ m or less is that the particle size is generally and preferably used as a negative electrode carbon material for lithium ion secondary batteries. Further, the preferable average particle diameter is 5 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the specific surface area of the graphite material obtained by carbonizing raw coke with an average particle size of less than 5 ⁇ m is extremely large, such a graphite material is used, and the paste used in the production of an anode plate for a lithium ion secondary battery In the case of producing a high-viscosity fluid, the amount of solvent required is enormous, which is not preferable.
- the method of carbonization treatment is not particularly limited. Usually, heat treatment is performed in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen, argon or helium at a maximum temperature of 900 to 1500 ° C. and a maximum temperature holding time of 0 to 10 hours. A method can be mentioned. Further, even if the carbonization step is omitted as necessary, the influence on the physical properties of the finally produced graphite material is extremely small.
- the method of the graphitization treatment is not particularly limited, but usually, heat treatment is performed in an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen, argon or helium at a maximum ultimate temperature of 2500 to 3200 ° C. and a maximum ultimate temperature holding time of 0 to 100 hours.
- an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen, argon or helium
- the crushed raw coke and / or calcined coke can be enclosed in a crucible and graphitized in a graphitization furnace such as an Atchison furnace or an LWG furnace.
- the artificial graphite material of the present invention can exhibit excellent characteristics even when used as a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, but when mixed with a natural graphite material, the life characteristics are improved. Excellent unique effects such as a decrease in internal resistance.
- natural graphite-based materials include those produced from nature, those made by purifying the previous graphite-like material, those made spherical (including mechanochemical treatment), high-purity products and spherical products.
- the surface is coated with another carbon (for example, pitch coat product, CVD coat product, etc.), plasma-treated product, and the like. What is used by this invention may be scale-like or spherical.
- the mixing ratio of artificial graphite and natural graphite is 5:95 to 80:20, preferably 10:90 to 40:60, by weight.
- a method for producing a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited.
- the artificial graphite material of the present invention a binder (binder), a mixture containing a conductive additive and an organic solvent as necessary (a negative electrode composite). And a method of pressure-molding the agent) to a predetermined size.
- the artificial graphite material of the present invention, a binder, a conductive auxiliary agent, etc. are kneaded and slurried in an organic solvent, and the slurry is applied on a current collector such as a copper foil and dried, that is, A method of rolling the negative electrode mixture and cutting it into a predetermined dimension can also be mentioned.
- binder examples include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene terate, and styrene-butadiene rubber (hereinafter sometimes referred to as SBR).
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- the weight ratio of the binder contained in the negative electrode mixture may be appropriately set as necessary for battery design, from about 1 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the graphite material.
- Examples of the conductive assistant include carbon black, graphite, acetylene black, conductive indium-tin oxide, or conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polythiophene, and polyphenylene vinylene.
- the amount of the conductive aid used is preferably 1 to 15 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the graphite material.
- organic solvent examples include dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, pyrrolidone, N-methylthiopyrrolidone, hexamethylphosphoamide, dimethylacetamide, isopropanol, toluene and the like.
- the graphite material As a method of mixing the graphite material, the binder, and, if necessary, the conductive aid and the organic solvent, known devices such as a screw type kneader, a ribbon mixer, a universal mixer, and a planetary mixer can be used.
- the mixture is formed by roll pressing or press pressing, and the pressure at this time is preferably about 100 to 300 MPa.
- the material of the current collector can be used without any limitation as long as it does not form an alloy with lithium.
- copper, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, etc. can be mentioned.
- the shape of the current collector can be used without any particular limitation. For example, a belt-like shape such as a foil shape, a perforated foil shape, and a mesh shape can be given.
- a porous material such as porous metal (foamed metal) or carbon paper can also be used.
- the method of applying the slurry to the current collector is not particularly limited, for example, metal mask printing method, electrostatic coating method, dip coating method, spray coating method, roll coating method, doctor blade method, gravure coating method, Known methods such as a screen printing method and a die coater method can be used. After coating, it is common to perform a rolling process using a flat plate press, a calender roll, or the like as necessary. Further, the integration of the negative electrode material slurry formed into a sheet shape, a pellet shape, and the like with the current collector can be performed by a known method such as a roll, a press, or a combination thereof.
- the lithium ion secondary battery using the graphite material for the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention is, for example, arranged so that the negative electrode and the positive electrode manufactured as described above face each other with a separator interposed therebetween. It can be obtained by injecting a liquid.
- the active material used for the positive electrode is not particularly limited.
- a metal compound, metal oxide, metal sulfide, or conductive polymer material that can be doped or reversibly intercalated with lithium ions may be used.
- lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2), lithium nickelate (LiNiO 2), lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4), lithium complex composite oxide (LiCo X Ni Y M Z O 2, X + Y + Z 1 , M represents Mn, Al, etc.)
- lithium vanadium compounds V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , VO 2 , MnO 2 , TiO 2, MoV 2 O 8, TiS 2, V 2 S 5, VS 2, MoS 2, MoS 3, Cr 3 O 8, Cr 2 O 5, O Bin-type LiMPO 4 (where, M is Co, Ni, Mn, any one of Fe), polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly
- a preferable positive electrode active material is iron-based or manganese-based, and a more preferable positive electrode active material is LiMn 2 O 4 or LiFePO 4 .
- a preferable positive electrode active material is iron-based or manganese-based, and a more preferable positive electrode active material is LiMn 2 O 4 or LiFePO 4 .
- LiMn 2 O 4 or LiFePO 4 Particularly preferably, in these active materials, about 0.01 to 0.1 atom of Al is mixed with respect to one atom of Mn.
- the separator for example, a nonwoven fabric, a cloth, a microporous film, or a combination thereof, which is mainly composed of polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, can be used.
- a separator when it is set as the structure where the positive electrode and negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery to produce are not in direct contact, it is not necessary to use a separator.
- organic electrolytes As the electrolyte and electrolyte used for the lithium ion secondary battery, known organic electrolytes, inorganic solid electrolytes, and polymer solid electrolytes can be used. Preferably, an organic electrolyte is preferable from the viewpoint of electrical conductivity.
- organic electrolyte examples include dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol phenyl ether, and other ethers, N-methylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N Amides such as ethylformamide, N, N-diethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-ethylacetamide, N, N-diethylacetamide, sulfur-containing compounds such as dimethylsulfoxide and sulfolane, methyl ethyl ketone, Dialkyl ketones such as methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and 2-methoxytetrahydrofuran, ethylene carbonate , Cyclic carbonates such as butylene carbonate, propylene carbonate,
- lithium salts can be used as the solute of these solvents.
- Commonly known lithium salts include LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiSCN, LiCl, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 and the like.
- polymer solid electrolyte examples include a polyethylene oxide derivative and a polymer containing the derivative, a polypropylene oxide derivative and a polymer containing the derivative, a phosphate ester polymer, a polycarbonate derivative and a polymer containing the derivative. There are no restrictions on the selection of members other than those described above necessary for the battery configuration.
- the structure of the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited, a wound electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode formed in a strip shape are wound in a spiral shape through a separator is inserted into a battery case and sealed.
- a structure in which a laminated electrode plate group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode formed in a flat plate shape are sequentially laminated via a separator is enclosed in an exterior body.
- the lithium ion secondary battery is used as, for example, a paper battery, a button battery, a coin battery, a stacked battery, a cylindrical battery, a rectangular battery, or the like.
- the lithium ion secondary battery using the graphite material of the present invention as a negative electrode material can reduce internal resistance while maintaining high reliability (long-term life characteristics).
- Can be used for industrial purposes such as for hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and power storage for grid infrastructure.
- the obtained fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (A) had an initial boiling point of 220 ° C., a sulfur content of 0.2% by mass, a nitrogen content of 0.1% by mass, and an aroma component of 60% by mass.
- fluid catalytic cracking light oil (A) desulfurized vacuum residue (sulfur content: 500 mass ppm, density: 0.88 g / cm 3 at 15 ° C.) is subjected to fluid catalytic cracking to produce light cycle oil (hereinafter referred to as “fluid catalytic cracking light oil (A)”).
- the obtained fluid catalytic cracking light oil (A) had an initial boiling point of 180 ° C., an end point of 350 ° C., an asphaltene component of 0% by mass, a saturated component of 47% by volume, and an aroma component of 53% by volume.
- hydrodesulfurized oil (A) hydrodesulfurized oil
- Desulfurized vacuum residue sulfur content 500 mass ppm, density 0.88 g / cm 3 at 15 ° C.
- hydrodesulfurized oil (A) sulfur content 0.3 mass%, nitrogen content 0.1 mass%, A feedstock obtained by mixing 2% by mass of asphaltene component, 70% by mass of saturation and 0.92 g / cm 3 of density at 15 ° C.
- fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (B) was obtained.
- the obtained fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (B) had an initial boiling point of 220 ° C., a sulfur content of 0.5 mass%, a nitrogen content of 0.1 mass%, and an aroma component of 78 mass%.
- a feedstock oil obtained by mixing fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (A), fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (B), and fluid catalytic cracking light oil (A) at a mass ratio of 5: 2: 3 was obtained. This raw material oil was introduced into a coke drum and heat treated at 500 ° C. under normal pressure for 3 hours to form coke.
- fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (A), fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (B), hydrodesulfurized oil (A), and fluid catalytic cracking light oil (A) are in a mass ratio of 5: 2: 1.5: 1. .5 was coked in the same manner as in the case of raw coke A.
- [Raw coke C] Decomposed gas oil obtained by delayed coking process as raw material oil (sulfur content 0.2% by mass, density 0.92g / cm 3 at 15 ° C, saturation 36% by volume, aroma component 64% by volume, asphaltene component 0% by mass , Initial boiling point 220 ° C., final boiling point 340 ° C. (hereinafter referred to as “coker cracked light oil (A)”), fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (A), fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (B), and hydrogenation Using the mixture of each desulfurized oil (A) at a mass ratio of 1.5: 5: 2: 1.5, it was coked as in the case of raw coke A.
- [Raw coke F] Desulfurized gas oil obtained by a gas oil desulfurization apparatus as raw material oil (density 0.83 g / cm 3 at 15 ° C., aroma component 25% by volume, asphaltene component 0% by mass, initial boiling point 170 ° C., final boiling point 370 ° C. (below) , "Desulfurized diesel oil (A)"), fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (A), and fluid catalytic cracking residual oil (B) mixed at a mass ratio of 3: 5: 2 Coke was formed as in the case of A.
- the rate of temperature rise is 200 ° C./hour
- the maximum temperature is maintained for 3 hours
- the rate of temperature decrease is up to 1000 ° C./100° C./hour
- the mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature while maintaining a nitrogen stream.
- a graphite material was obtained.
- Example 2 Raw coke B was pulverized, classified, and graphitized by the method described in Example 1 to obtain a graphite material.
- Example 3 Raw coke C was ground, classified, and graphitized by the method described in Example 1 to obtain a graphite material.
- Example 4 Raw coke D was pulverized, classified, and graphitized by the method described in Example 1 to obtain a graphite material.
- Example 5 Raw coke D was pulverized and classified by the method described in Example 1 to obtain raw coke powder. This powder was used as an object to be treated, and carbonized with a roller hearth kiln manufactured by Takasago Industry Co., Ltd. in a nitrogen gas stream so that the highest temperature reached 1200 ° C. and the maximum temperature maintained time was 5 hours. The obtained carbon material was put into a crucible and graphitized by the method described in Example 1 to obtain a graphite material.
- Example 6 Raw coke B was pulverized and classified by the method described in Example 1 to obtain raw coke powder. The powder was carbonized and graphitized by the method described in Example 5 to obtain a graphite material.
- Example 7 Raw coke A was pulverized and classified by the method described in Example 1 to obtain raw coke powder. The powder was carbonized and graphitized by the method described in Example 5 to obtain a graphite material.
- Example 8 A mixed material in which the spherical natural graphite powder for the negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery and the graphite material produced in Example 1 were mixed at a weight ratio of 50:50 was obtained.
- the spherical natural graphite powder had an average particle size of 21 ⁇ m and a nitrogen adsorption specific surface area of 2.1 m 2 / g.
- Example 9 A mixed material obtained by mixing the spherical natural graphite powder for the negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery used in Example 8 and the graphite material manufactured in Example 1 at a weight ratio of 70:30 was obtained.
- Example 10 A mixed material in which the spherical natural graphite powder for the negative electrode material of the lithium ion secondary battery used in Example 8 and the graphite material produced in Example 1 were mixed at a weight ratio of 85:15 was obtained.
- Example 7 The spherical natural graphite powder for a lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material used in Example 8 was used as it was without being mixed with other graphite materials.
- the X-ray source was CuK ⁇ ray (using K ⁇ filter Ni), and the applied voltage and current to the X-ray tube were 40 kV and 40 mA.
- the obtained diffraction pattern was also analyzed by a method based on the method (carbon 2006, No. 221, P52-60) defined by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science 117. Specifically, the measurement data is subjected to smoothing treatment, background removal, absorption correction, polarization correction, and Lorentz correction, and using the (422) diffraction line peak position and half-value width of the Si standard sample, the graphite material The (112) diffraction line was corrected and the crystallite size was calculated.
- the crystallite size was calculated from the half width of the corrected peak using the following Scherrer equation (4). Measurement and analysis were performed three times for the same graphite material, and the average value was L (112). The results of measuring L (112) of the graphite material are as shown in Table 1.
- Raman spectrum measurement Raman spectroscopic analysis was performed using Ar + laser (excitation wavelength 514.5 nm) as the light source. The measurement was performed in the macro mode, the laser spot diameter was about 100 ⁇ m, and the average information from the entire laser irradiation range was obtained. As a measuring device, Ramanor T-64000 (Jobin Yvon / Ehime Bussan) was used. The measurement arrangement was 60 ° and the laser power was 10 mW.
- ESR ESR
- microwave frequency counter, gauss meter, and cryostat ESP350E manufactured by BRUKER, HP5351P manufactured by HEWLETT PACKARD, ER035M manufactured by BRUKER, and ESR910 manufactured by OXFORD were used.
- the microwave an X band (9.47 GHz) was used, and measurement was performed under the conditions of an intensity of 1 mW, a central magnetic field of 3360 G, and a magnetic field modulation of 100 kHz.
- the measurement temperature was two points of 4.8K and 280K, and ESR measurement was performed.
- the relative absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) of the absorption intensity (I4.8K) at a temperature of 4.8K to the absorption intensity (I280K) measured at a temperature of 280K Table 1 shows the results of calculation of The signal intensity is a value obtained by integrating the ESR spectrum twice. It was confirmed that the carbon-derived spectrum that appears in the electron spin resonance method measured using the X band appears in the range of 3200 to 3400 gauss (G) in any of the examples and comparative examples.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of the manufactured battery.
- a battery 10 in FIG. 1 is a battery including a negative electrode 11, a negative electrode current collector 12, a positive electrode 13, a positive electrode current collector 14, a separator 15, and an aluminum laminate outer package 16.
- the positive electrode 13 is made of lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO 2 having an average particle diameter of 10 ⁇ m (cell seed C-10N manufactured by Nippon Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) as a positive electrode material, polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder (KF # 1320 manufactured by Kureha Co.), and acetylene.
- Black (Denka Black made by Denka) was mixed at a mass ratio of 89: 6: 5, kneaded with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, and then pasted into one side of a 30 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil.
- This is a sheet electrode that is applied to the substrate, dried and rolled, and cut so that the size of the coated part is 30 mm wide and 50 mm long. At this time, the coating amount per unit area was set to 20 mg / cm 2 as the mass of lithium cobalt oxide. A part of this sheet electrode is scraped off the positive electrode mixture perpendicularly to the longitudinal direction of the sheet, and the exposed aluminum foil is connected integrally with the positive electrode current collector 14 (aluminum foil) of the application part.
- the negative electrode 11 is composed of a graphite material obtained in Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 which are negative electrode materials, and polyvinylidene fluoride (Kureha KF # 9310) as a binder in a mass ratio of 92: 8 and mixed with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, kneaded and then applied to one side of a 18 ⁇ m thick copper foil, followed by drying and rolling operations.
- This is a sheet electrode cut to have a length of 32 mm and a length of 52 mm. At this time, the coating amount per unit area was set to 10 mg / cm 2 as the mass of the graphite material.
- the battery 10 was assembled by sufficiently drying the positive electrode 13, the negative electrode 11, the separator 15, and other components and introducing them into a glove box filled with argon gas having a dew point of ⁇ 100 ° C. The drying conditions are such that the positive electrode 13 and the negative electrode 11 are under reduced pressure at 150 ° C. for 12 hours or longer, and the separator 15 and other members are under reduced pressure at 70 ° C. for 12 hours or longer.
- the positive electrode 13 and the negative electrode 11 thus dried are in a state where the coated portion of the positive electrode 13 and the coated portion of the negative electrode 11 are opposed to each other through a cellulose-based nonwoven fabric (TF40-50 manufactured by Nippon Kogyo Paper Co., Ltd.). And then fixed with polyimide tape.
- the lamination positional relationship between the positive electrode 13 and the negative electrode 11 was made to oppose so that the peripheral part of the positive electrode application part projected on the application part of the negative electrode 11 was enclosed inside the peripheral part of the negative electrode application part.
- the obtained single-layer electrode body is embedded in an aluminum laminate film, an electrolyte is injected, and the laminate film is heat-sealed in a state where the above-described positive electrode lead plate and negative electrode lead plate protrude, thereby providing a sealed type.
- a single-layer laminated battery was prepared.
- the electrolyte used was one in which lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) was dissolved in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate and ethylmethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 7 so as to have a concentration of 1 mol / L.
- the obtained battery was installed in a constant temperature room at 25 ° C., and the following charge / discharge test was performed. First, the battery was charged at a constant current with a current of 4 mA until the battery voltage reached 4.2V. After resting for 10 minutes, the battery was discharged at a constant current until the battery voltage reached 3.0 V with the same current. These charging, resting, and discharging were defined as one charging / discharging cycle, and the charging / discharging cycle was repeated three times. Since this charge / discharge cycle is a preliminary test for detecting an abnormality of the battery, it is not included in the number of cycles of the charge / discharge cycle test in this example and the comparative example.
- the batteries using the graphite materials obtained in Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 as the negative electrodes have the same initial discharge capacity, and it can be determined that no significant difference is observed. Since the crystallite size L (112) of the graphite material obtained in Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 is 5 to 25 nm, the crystallite size of the negative electrode is within the design range of the battery. It was found that there was no difference in operating capacity depending on the size.
- the batteries using the graphite materials produced in Examples 1 to 7 as the negative electrode material have a DC resistance of 1.51 to 1.89 ⁇ , and a discharge capacity retention rate after 500 cycles of 87.9 to 91.9%.
- the graphite material of Comparative Example 2 has the same Raman spectrum intensity ratio (ID / IG) as the graphite materials of Examples 1 to 7, but the ESR absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) of Examples 1 to 7 was found to be lower than the graphite material.
- the graphite material of Comparative Example 3 has a Raman spectrum intensity ratio (ID / IG) higher than that of Examples 1-7, and the ESR absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) of Examples 1-7. It was found to be lower than the material.
- the battery using the graphite material of Comparative Example 3 as the negative electrode had a lower capacity retention after 500 cycles and a higher internal resistance than the batteries using the graphite material of Examples 1 to 7. .
- the graphite material of Comparative Example 4 has the same Raman spectrum intensity ratio (ID / IG) as the graphite materials of Examples 1 to 7, but the ESR absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) of Examples 1 to 7 was found to be higher than the graphite material.
- the battery using the graphite material of Comparative Example 4 as the negative electrode had the same low internal resistance as the battery using the graphite material of Examples 1 to 7, but the capacity retention rate after 500 cycles was low.
- the graphite material of Comparative Example 5 has the same ESR absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) as the graphite materials of Examples 1 to 7, but the Raman spectrum intensity ratio (ID / IG) of Examples 1 to 7 was found to be higher than the graphite material.
- a battery using the graphite material of Comparative Example 5 as the negative electrode has the same low internal resistance as the battery using the graphite material of Examples 1 to 7 as in Comparative Example 4, but has a capacity retention rate after 500 cycles. The result was low.
- the graphite material of Comparative Example 6 has a higher Raman spectrum intensity ratio (ID / IG) and higher ESR absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) than the graphite materials of Examples 1 to 7. all right.
- the battery using the graphite material of Comparative Example 6 as the negative electrode has the same low internal resistance as the battery using the graphite material of Examples 1 to 7 as in Comparative Examples 4 and 5, but after 500 cycles. The capacity retention rate was low.
- Examples 8 to 10 are a mixture of spherical natural graphite generally used in lithium ion secondary batteries and the graphite powder of Example 1, each having a different mixing ratio.
- Comparative Example 7 is a case where the spherical natural graphite is used alone.
- the direct current resistance of the laminate battery can be reduced by mixing the artificial graphite powder according to the present invention with spherical natural graphite, and 500 It can be seen that the capacity retention rate after the cycle can be improved. It has also been found that the effect of the present invention can be obtained even when the artificial graphite according to the present invention is mixed with other graphite materials for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- This spectrum has an absorption spectrum derived from carbon that appears in the range of 3400 gauss (G) and is measured at a temperature of 280K.
- the relative absorption intensity ratio (I4.8K / I280K) of the absorption intensity (I4.8K) at a temperature of 4.8K to the absorption intensity (I280K) of Torr is 5.0 to 12.0. It can be said that it is a condition.
- a graphite material used for the negative electrode As a production method, a light oil having a final boiling point of 380 ° C. or lower, an initial boiling point of 200 ° C. or higher, an aroma component of 50% by weight or higher, and a sulfur content of 0.5% by weight or lower, It is indispensable that the feed oil composition containing at least a heavy oil having a nitrogen content of 0.2% by mass or less includes at least a step of coking by a delayed coking process and a step of heat treatment thereafter. It can be said that this is a necessary condition.
- the lithium ion secondary battery using the graphite material according to the present invention as a negative electrode material can reduce internal resistance while maintaining a high degree of reliability compared to a lithium secondary battery using a conventional graphite material. It becomes. Therefore, it can be used for industrial purposes such as for automobiles, specifically for hybrid cars, plug-in hybrid cars, electric cars, and power storage for grid infrastructure.
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Abstract
Description
そして、放電させると、負極に吸蔵されたリチウムが放出され(下式2の左矢印方向)、負極電位は貴な方向へ移行し、そのリチウムは再び正極に吸蔵され(下式1の左矢印方向)、正極電位は卑な方向へ移行する。放電も、充電の場合と同様に、正極電位と負極電位の差、即ち電池電圧が、所定の値に到達した時点で終止とされる。その値は、放電終止電圧と呼称されている。
以上のような充電及び放電の全反応式は、下式3のように示される。その後に続く第二サイクル目の充電以降は、リチウムが正極と負極の間を行き来することで充放電反応(充放電サイクル)が進行する。
本発明の人造黒鉛材料は、負極における副反応および競争反応が抑制され、且つ大電流で(速い速度で)充放電が可能(充放電反応の抵抗が低い)という特徴を有する。まず、負極における副反応および競争反応は、前述の通り、主に電解液の分解反応である。電解液の分解反応は、負極の粒子表面に露出する六角網平面積層体のエッジ面で進行することから、電解液の分解反応を抑制するためには、表面に露出するエッジ面が少ないほど好ましい。また充放電反応(Liイオンの吸蔵反応および放出反応)の抵抗を低減するためには、電解質とエッジ面の接触に関する相互作用が強いほど好ましい。電解質のリチウムイオンが黒鉛材料の結晶にインターカレーションする反応(充電反応に相当する)や、黒鉛材料の結晶に吸蔵されたリチウムイオンが電解質に溶解する反応(放電反応に相当する)が円滑に進行する(低抵抗の状態で進行する)ためには、電解質を構成する分子やポリマーが黒鉛材料表面、特にエッジに接近し易い(エッジに吸着し易い)ほど反応抵抗を低減できるからである。そのためには、エッジに存在する局在電子の密度は高い方が好ましい。即ち、本発明の人造黒鉛材料は、粒子表面に露出するエッジ面が少なく、且つエッジ面に存在する局在電子密度が高いという特徴を有する黒鉛材料を規定するものであって、これらの黒鉛材料をリチウムイオン二次電池の負極として用いることにより、高い寿命特性を維持した状態で内部抵抗が低減されたリチウムイオン二次電池を提供できる。
また、かかる軽質油を得るために用いるプロセスは、特に限定されるものではない。例えば、原料油を出発原料とするディレードコーキングプロセス、ビスブレーキングプロセス、ユリカプロセス、HSCプロセス、流動接触分解プロセス等が挙げられる。運転条件は特に限定されるものではないが、上記の重質油を原料としてコーカー熱分解装置を用い、好ましくは反応圧力を0.8MPa、分解温度を400~600℃で処理する。
[生コークスA]
脱硫減圧残油(硫黄分500質量ppm、15℃における密度0.88g/cm3)を流動接触分解し、流動接触分解残油(以下、「流動接触分解残油(A)」と記す。)を得た。得られた流動接触分解残油(A)の初留点は220℃、硫黄分は0.2質量%、窒素分は0.1質量%、アロマ成分は60質量%であった。次に、脱硫減圧残油(硫黄分500質量ppm、15℃における密度0.88g/cm3)を流動接触分解し、ライトサイクル油(以下、「流動接触分解軽油(A)」と記す。)を得た。得られた流動接触分解軽油(A)の初留点は180℃、終留点は350℃、アスファルテン成分は0質量%、飽和分は47容量%、アロマ成分は53容量%であった。また、硫黄分が3.5質量%の常圧蒸留残油を、Ni-Mo触媒の存在下、水素化分解率が30%以下となるように水素化脱硫し、水素化脱硫油(以下、「水素化脱硫油(A)」と記す。)を得た。脱硫減圧残油(硫黄分500質量ppm、15℃における密度0.88g/cm3)と、水素化脱硫油(A)(硫黄分が0.3質量%、窒素分が0.1質量%、アスファルテン成分が2質量%、飽和分が70質量%、15℃における密度が0.92g/cm3)とを質量比1:2で混合した原料油を流動接触分解し、流動接触分解残油(以下、「流動接触分解残油(B)」と記す。)を得た。得られた流動接触分解残油(B)の初留点は220℃、硫黄分は0.5質量%、窒素分は0.1質量%、アロマ成分は78質量%であった。次に、流動接触分解残油(A)、流動接触分解残油(B)、および流動接触分解軽油(A)を質量比5:2:3で混合した原料油を得た。この原料油をコークドラムに導入し、常圧、500℃で3時間熱処理を行い、コークス化した。
原料油として、流動接触分解残油(A)、流動接触分解残油(B)、水素化脱硫油(A)、および流動接触分解軽油(A)を質量比5:2:1.5:1.5で混合したものを用いて、生コークスAの場合と同様にコークス化した。
原料油として、ディレードコーキングプロセスで得られた分解軽油(硫黄分0.2質量%、15℃における密度0.92g/cm3、飽和分36容量%、アロマ成分64容量%、アスファルテン成分0質量%、初留点220℃、終留点340℃(以下、「コーカー分解軽油(A)」と記す。))、流動接触分解残油(A)、流動接触分解残油(B)、および水素化脱硫油(A)それぞれを質量比1.5:5:2:1.5で混合したものを用いて、生コークスAの場合と同様にコークス化した。
原料油として、コーカー分解軽油(A)、流動接触分解残油(A)、及び流動接触分解残油(B)を質量比3:5:2で混合したものを用いて、生コークスAの場合と同様にコークス化した。
原料油として、流動接触分解残油(A)、流動接触分解残油(B)、および水素化脱硫油(A)を質量比5.5:2:2.5で混合したものを用いて、生コークスAの場合と同様にコークス化した。
原料油として、軽油脱硫装置により得られた脱硫軽油(15℃における密度0.83g/cm3、アロマ成分25容量%、アスファルテン成分0質量%、初留点170℃、終留点370℃(以下、「脱硫軽油(A)」と記す。))、流動接触分解残油(A)、及び流動接触分解残油(B)を質量比3:5:2で混合したものを用いて、生コークスAの場合と同様にコークス化した。
原料油として、流動接触分解残油(A)、流動接触分解残油(B)、及び水素化脱硫油(A)を質量比7.5:2:0.5で混合したものを用いて、生コークスAの場合と同様にコークス化した。
原料油として、流動接触分解残油(A)を用いて、生コークスAの場合と同様にコークス化した。
原料油として、流動接触分解残油(B)を用いて、生コークスAの場合と同様にコークス化した。
原料油として、水素化脱硫油(A)を用いて、生コークスAと同様にコークス化した。
[実施例1]
生コークスAを機械式粉砕機(スーパーローターミル/日清エンジニアリング製)で粉砕し、精密空気分級機(ターボクラシファイヤー/日清エンジニアリング製)で分級することにより、平均粒子径12μmの生コークスの粉体を得た。生コークスの粉体の平均粒子径は、堀場製作所製のレーザー回折/散乱式粒度分布測定装置LA950を用いて測定した。この粉体を黒鉛坩堝に投入し、誘導加熱式黒鉛化炉に設置して、80L/分の窒素ガス気流中、最高到達温度2900℃で黒鉛化した。このとき昇温速度は200℃/時間、最高到達温度の保持時間は3時間、降温速度は1000℃までが100℃/時間とし、その後窒素気流を保持させた状態で室温まで放冷させることにより黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスBを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級、及び黒鉛化し、黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスCを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級、及び黒鉛化し、黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスDを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級、及び黒鉛化し、黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスDを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級し、生コークスの粉体を得た。この粉体を処理対象物とし、高砂工業社製のローラーハースキルンで、窒素ガス気流下、処理対象物の最高到達温度が1200℃、最高到達温度保持時間が5時間となるように炭化した。得られた炭素材料を坩堝に投入し、実施例1に記載した方法で黒鉛化することにより、黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスBを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級し、生コークスの粉体を得た。この粉体を、実施例5に記載した方法で炭化、及び黒鉛化することにより、黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスAを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級し、生コークスの粉体を得た。この粉体を、実施例5に記載した方法で炭化、及び黒鉛化することにより、黒鉛材料を得た。
リチウムイオン二次電池負極材用の球状天然黒鉛粉末と、実施例1で製造した黒鉛材料を重量比で50:50に混合した混合材料を得た。なお球状天然黒鉛粉末の平均粒子径は21μm、窒素吸着比表面積は、2.1m2/gであった。
実施例8で使用したリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用の球状天然黒鉛粉末と、実施例1で製造した黒鉛材料を重量比で70:30に混合した混合材料を得た。
実施例8で使用したリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用の球状天然黒鉛粉末と、実施例1で製造した黒鉛材料を重量比で85:15に混合した混合材料を得た。
生コークスEを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級、及び黒鉛化し、黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスFを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級、及び黒鉛化し、黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスGを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級、及び黒鉛化し、黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスHを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級、及び黒鉛化し、黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスIを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級、及び黒鉛化し、黒鉛材料を得た。
生コークスJを実施例1に記載した方法で粉砕、分級、及び黒鉛化し、黒鉛材料を得た。
実施例8で使用したリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用の球状天然黒鉛粉末を、他の黒鉛材料と混合することなく、そのままの状態で使用した。
得られた黒鉛材料に、内部標準としてSi標準試料を5質量%混合し、ガラス製試料ホルダー(25mmφ×0.2mmt)に詰め、日本学術振興会117委員会が定めた方法(炭素2006,No.221,P52-60)に基づき、広角X線回折法で測定を行い、黒鉛材料の結晶子の大きさLc(112)を算出した。X線回折装置は(株)リガク社製ULTIMA IVを使用した。測定条件としては、X線源はCuKα線(KβフィルターNiを使用)、X線管球への印可電圧及び電流は40kV及び40mAとした。得られた回折図形についても、日本学術振興会117委員会が定めた方法(炭素2006,No.221,P52-60)に準拠した方法で解析を行った。具体的には、測定データにスムージング処理、バックグラウンド除去の後、吸収補正、偏光補正、Lorentz補正を施し、Si標準試料の(422)回折線のピーク位置、及び半値幅を用いて、黒鉛材料の(112)回折線に対して補正を行い、結晶子サイズを算出した。なお、結晶子サイズは、補正ピークの半値幅から以下のScherrerの式(4)を用いて計算した。測定および解析は、同一の黒鉛材料に対して3回ずつ実施し、その平均値をL(112)とした。黒鉛材料のL(112)が測定された結果は、表1に示された通りである。
光源をAr+レーザー(励起波長514.5nm)としたラマン分光分析を行った。測定はマクロモードで、レーザーのスポット径は約100μmであり、レーザー照射範囲全体からの平均的な情報が得られるように設定した。測定装置はRamanor T-64000 (Jobin Yvon/愛宕物産)を使用した。測定配置は60°、レーザーパワーは10mWとした。得られたラマンスペクトル図において、1580cm-1±100cm-1の波長領域に存在するピークの強度(IG)と1360cm-1±100cm-1の波長領域に存在するピークの強度(ID)の割合(ID/IG)を算出した。なお測定および解析は、同一の黒鉛材料に対して3回ずつ実施し、その平均値をID/IGとして算出した。実施例及び比較例に記載した黒鉛材料のID/IGを算出した結果を、表1に示す。
黒鉛材料約1.5mgを試料管に入れ、ロータリーポンプで真空引きした後、試料管にHeガスを封入してESR測定を行った。ESR装置、マイクロ波周波数カウンター、ガウスメーター、クライオスタットは、それぞれBRUKER社製ESP350E、HEWLETT PACKARD社製HP5351P、BRUKER社製ER035M、OXFORD社製ESR910を用いた。マイクロ波としては、Xバンド(9.47GHz)を用い、強度1mW、中心磁場3360G、磁場変調100kHzの条件により測定を行った。測定温度は、4.8Kおよび280Kの2点とし、ESR測定を行った。実施例及び比較例で得られた黒鉛材料について、温度280Kで測定された吸収強度(I280K)に対する、温度4.8Kでの吸収強度(I4.8K)の相対吸収強度比(I4.8K/I280K)を算出した結果を、表1に示す。信号強度は、ESRスペクトルを2回積分することにより求めた値である。尚、Xバンドを用いて測定される電子スピン共鳴法において出現する炭素由来のスペクトルは、いずれの実施例および比較例においても、3200~3400gauss(G)の範囲に出現することを確認した。
図1に、作製した電池の断面図を示す。図1の電池10は、負極11、負極集電体12、正極13、正極集電体14、セパレータ15、アルミラミネート外装16から構成される電池である。正極13は、正極材料である平均粒子径10μmのコバルト酸リチウムLiCoO2(日本化学工業社製のセルシードC-10N)と、結着剤のポリフッ化ビニリデン(クレハ社製KF#1320)、およびアセチレンブラック(デンカ社製のデンカブラック)とを質量比で89:6:5に混合し、N-メチル-2-ピロリジノンを加えて混練した後、ペースト状にして、厚さ30μmのアルミニウム箔の片面に塗布し、乾燥及び圧延操作を行い、塗布部のサイズが、幅30mm、長さ50mmとなるように切断したシート電極である。このとき、単位面積当たりの塗布量は、コバルト酸リチウムの質量として、20mg/cm2となるように設定した。このシート電極の一部は、シートの長手方向に対して垂直に正極合剤が掻き取られ、その露出したアルミニウム箔が塗布部の正極集電体14(アルミニウム箔)と一体化して繋がっており、正極リード板としての役割を担っている。負極11は、負極材料である前記実施例1~7及び比較例1~6で得られた黒鉛材料と、結着剤のポリフッ化ビニリデン(クレハ社製KF#9310)とを質量比で92:8に混合し、N-メチル-2-ピロリジノンを加えて混練した後、ペースト状にして、厚さ18μmの銅箔の片面に塗布し、乾燥及び圧延操作を行い、塗布部のサイズが、幅32mm、長さ52mmとなるように切断したシート電極である。このとき単位面積当たりの塗布量は、黒鉛材料の質量として、10mg/cm2となるように設定した。このシート電極の一部はシートの長手方向に対して垂直に負極合剤が掻き取られ、その露出した銅箔が塗布部の負極集電体12(銅箔)と一体化して繋がっており、負極リード板としての役割を担っている。電池10は、正極13、負極11、セパレータ15、及びその他部品を十分に乾燥させ、露点-100℃のアルゴンガスが満たされたグローブボックス内に導入して組み立てた。乾燥条件は、正極13及び負極11が減圧状態の下150℃で12時間以上、セパレータ15及びその他部材が減圧状態の下70℃で12時間以上である。このようにして乾燥された正極13及び負極11を、正極13の塗布部と負極11の塗布部とが、セルロース系不織布(日本高度紙(株)製のTF40-50)を介して対向させる状態で積層し、ポリイミドテープで固定した。なお、正極13及び負極11の積層位置関係は、負極11の塗布部に投影される正極塗布部の周縁部が、負極塗布部の周縁部の内側で囲まれるように対向させた。得られた単層電極体を、アルミラミネートフィルムで包埋させ、電解液を注入し、前述の正極リード板および負極リード板がはみ出した状態で、ラミネートフィルムを熱融着することにより、密閉型の単層ラミネート電池を作製した。使用した電解液は、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネートが体積比で3:7に混合された溶媒にヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウム(LiPF6)が1mol/Lの濃度となるように溶解されたものである。
得られた電池を25℃の恒温室内に設置し、以下に示す充放電試験を行った。先ず4mAの電流で、電池電圧が4.2Vとなるまで定電流で充電した。10分間休止の後、同じ電流で電池電圧が3.0Vとなるまで定電流で放電した。これらの充電、休止、および放電を1つの充放電サイクルとし、充放電サイクルを3回繰り返した。この充放電サイクルは、電池の異常を検知するための予備試験であるため、本実施例および比較例における充放電サイクル試験のサイクル数には含まれない。この予備試験により、本実施例および比較例で作製された電池は、全て異常がないことを確認した。その上で、以下の本試験を実施した。本試験として、充電電流を30mA、充電電圧を4.2V、充電時間を3時間とした定電流/定電圧充電を行い、10分間休止の後、同じ電流(30mA)で電池電圧が3.0Vとなるまで定電流で放電させた。これらの充電、休止、および放電を1つの充放電サイクルとし、同様の条件の充放電を3サイクル繰り返し、第3サイクル目の放電容量を「初期放電容量」とした。次に、充電電流を30mA、充電電圧を4.2V、充電時間を3時間とした定電流/定電圧充電を行い、10分間休止の後、75mAで電池電圧が3.0Vとなるまで定電流で放電させた。このとき10分間休止後の開回路電圧(OCV)、及び放電開始3秒後の閉回路電圧(CCV)、放電開始3秒後の放電電流(I)から、ラミネート外装電池の直流抵抗(Rdc)を算出した。算出式は、Rdc=(OCV-CCV)/Iである。その後は、初期放電容量を求めた充放電サイクルと同条件の充放電サイクルにより、充放電を500サイクル繰り返した。サイクル特性を表す指標として、「初期放電容量」に対する「第500サイクル目の放電容量」の割合(%)を算出し、放電容量維持率(%)とした。初期放電容量(mAh)、直流抵抗(Rdc)(Ω)、第500サイクル目の放電容量(mAh)、第500サイクル目の放電容量維持率(%)を、表1に示す。
実施例1~10、及び比較例1~7で得られた黒鉛材料を負極に使用した電池の初期放電容量は同等であり、有意な差は認められないと判断できる。実施例1~7、及び比較例1~6で得られた黒鉛材料の結晶子の大きさL(112)は5~25nmであることから、本電池の設計範囲内で、負極の結晶子の大きさに依存した作動容量の差は無いことが分かった。実施例1~7で作製した黒鉛材料を負極材料として使用した電池の直流抵抗は1.51~1.89Ω、500サイクル後の放電容量維持率は87.9~91.9%であることから、本発明にかかる黒鉛材料を用いれば、比較例1~6の結果と比較して、高い放電容量維持率、即ち長期の寿命特性(高度な信頼性)を維持した状態で、且つ内部抵抗を低減できることが分かった。
11 負極
12 負極集電体
13 正極
14 正極集電体
15 セパレータ
16 アルミラミネート外装
Claims (4)
- リチウムイオン二次電池負極用人造黒鉛材料であって、
粉末X線回折法で測定された(112)回折線より算出されるc軸方向の結晶子の大きさL(112)が5~25nmであり、
波長5145オングストロームのアルゴンイオンレーザー光を用いたラマンスペクトル分析において、1580cm-1±100cm-1の波長領域に存在するピークの強度(IG)に対する1360cm-1±100cm-1の波長領域に存在するピークの強度(ID)の割合(ID/IG)が0.05~0.2であり、かつ
Xバンドを用いて測定された電子スピン共鳴法において、3200~3400gauss(G)の範囲に出現する炭素由来の吸収スペクトルを有し、温度280Kで測定された当該スペクトルの吸収強度(I280K)に対する、温度4.8Kでの吸収強度(I4.8K)の相対吸収強度比(I4.8K/I280K)が5.0~12.0である黒鉛材料。 - 請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池負極用人造黒鉛材料の製造方法であって、
終留点が380℃以下である軽質油と、初留点が200℃以上であり、アロマ成分が50質量%以上であり、硫黄分が0.5質量%以下であり、窒素分が0.2質量%以下である重質油とを少なくとも含む原料油組成物をディレードコーキングプロセスによってコーキング処理するコーキング工程と、
前記コーキング工程後、熱処理する熱処理工程と、
を少なくとも含む製造方法。 - 請求項1に記載の黒鉛材料を少なくとも含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 請求項3に記載の負極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池。
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JP7178271B2 (ja) * | 2019-01-15 | 2022-11-25 | Eneos株式会社 | 人造黒鉛材料、人造黒鉛材料の製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極およびリチウムイオン二次電池 |
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