WO2015133353A1 - 有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、表示装置、照明装置及び発光性組成物 - Google Patents
有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、表示装置、照明装置及び発光性組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015133353A1 WO2015133353A1 PCT/JP2015/055522 JP2015055522W WO2015133353A1 WO 2015133353 A1 WO2015133353 A1 WO 2015133353A1 JP 2015055522 W JP2015055522 W JP 2015055522W WO 2015133353 A1 WO2015133353 A1 WO 2015133353A1
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- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/656—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising two or more different heteroatoms per ring
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- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6574—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only oxygen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. cumarine dyes
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- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6576—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only sulfur in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. benzothiophene
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an organic electroluminescence element.
- the present invention relates to a display device, a lighting device, and a luminescent composition provided with the organic electroluminescence element. More specifically, the present invention relates to an organic electroluminescence element with improved luminous efficiency.
- Organic EL elements also referred to as “organic electroluminescent elements” using electroluminescence of organic materials (Electro Luminescence: hereinafter abbreviated as “EL”) have already been put into practical use as a new light emitting system that enables planar light emission.
- EL Electro Luminescence
- organic EL emission methods There are two types of organic EL emission methods: “phosphorescence emission” that emits light when returning from the triplet excited state to the ground state and “fluorescence emission” that emits light when returning from the singlet excited state to the ground state.
- phosphorescence emission that emits light when returning from the triplet excited state to the ground state
- fluorescence emission that emits light when returning from the singlet excited state to the ground state.
- TTA triplet-triplet annihilation
- TTF Triplet-Triplet Fusion
- the TADF mechanism is a material having a smaller difference ( ⁇ Est) between a singlet excitation energy level and a triplet excitation energy level ( ⁇ Est (TADF in FIG. 1A) than a general fluorescent compound. ) Is smaller than ⁇ Est (F).) Is a light emission mechanism that utilizes the phenomenon that reverse intersystem crossing from triplet excitons to singlet excitons occurs.
- a light-emitting layer containing a host compound and a light-emitting compound contains a compound exhibiting TADF properties as a third component (also referred to as a light-emitting auxiliary material or an assist dopant) in the light-emitting layer, it is effective in developing high light emission efficiency. It is known (for example, refer nonpatent literature 5). By generating 25% singlet excitons and 75% triplet excitons on the compound acting as an assist dopant by electric field excitation, the triplet excitons are accompanied by reverse intersystem crossing (RISC). Can be generated.
- RISC reverse intersystem crossing
- the energy of the singlet exciton can be transferred to the luminescent compound by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (hereinafter abbreviated as “FRET” as appropriate), and light can be emitted by the energy transferred from the luminescent compound. It becomes. Therefore, theoretically, 100% exciton energy can be used to cause the luminescent compound to emit light, and high luminous efficiency can be realized.
- FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- the conventional organic EL device has a problem in terms of compatibility with the driving life.
- the exciton has a large energy, so it can be said that it is more difficult to extend the drive life than green and red elements.
- the drive life of the element was often discussed only with the luminance half-life.
- the fact that device characteristics including luminous efficiency change due to energization essentially means that the components in the thin film have undergone physical or chemical changes. Therefore, the present inventors have made a hypothesis that improvement of the film durability of the thin film is a more fundamental problem in the organic EL element, and have intensively studied to solve this problem.
- the film quality change of the thin film may be a physical or chemical change of the thin film components constituting the element.
- a method for improving the carrier transport property of the light emitting material can be considered.
- Non-Patent Document 6 shows that the light emission characteristics of an organic EL element using a light emitting material exhibiting strong electron trapping properties change significantly with the passage of time. Although there is no clear description in Non-Patent Document 6, it is considered that this is because a local load is applied to a part of the thin film for the reason described later. It is an example that affects. In Non-Patent Document 6, an attempt is made to improve the driving life by changing the dope concentration of the light emitting material and adjusting the carrier balance. However, the driving life of organic EL elements is still not practical enough.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique for adjusting the carrier balance of a light emitting layer by incorporating a light emitting unit, an electron donating unit, and an electron withdrawing unit into a polymer material. However, this is not a technique that can be applied to an organic layer using a low molecular material, and the configuration is greatly limited.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a technique for adjusting the carrier balance by adding an additive to the light emitting layer.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a technique for optimizing the carrier balance of the entire device by adjusting the energy gap between the light emitting layer and a layer adjacent thereto. However, none of these essentially improve the deterioration of the carrier balance derived from the light emitting material.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems and situations, and a problem to be solved is to provide an organic electroluminescence element that can be driven stably for a long time by improving film durability.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a display device, a lighting device, and a luminescent composition each provided with the organic electroluminescence element.
- the inventor of the present invention is an organic electroluminescence device having an organic layer containing a compound having an electron donor component and an electron acceptor component in the same molecule.
- An organic electroluminescence device having an organic layer containing a compound having an electron donor component and an electron acceptor component in the same molecule, The energy value of the trajectory having the highest energy among the occupied orbitals distributed on the electron donor component imaged by the molecular orbital calculation, and the highest energy value among the occupied orbitals distributed on the electron acceptor component Of the orbital having the lowest energy among the empty orbitals distributed on the electron donor component imaged by the calculation ( ⁇ E H ) and the energy value of the orbital having the electron beam on the electron acceptor component
- the sum ( ⁇ E H + ⁇ E L ) of the difference ( ⁇ E L ) from the energy value of the lowest energy value among the empty orbits distributed in the region is 2.0 eV or more, and
- the energy value of the orbit having the highest energy among the occupied orbitals obtained by the molecular orbital calculation for the whole molecule of the compound is ⁇ 5.2 eV or more,
- An organic electroluminescence device characterized in that the energy value of the orbit having the lowest energy among the empty
- the said compound has a structure represented by following General formula (1), The organic electroluminescent element as described in any one of Claim 1 to 4 characterized by the above-mentioned.
- R 1 to R 10 may be the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms.
- At least one of R 1 to R 10 represents an electron-withdrawing aryl group or heteroaryl group, and R 1 to R 10 may further have a substituent.
- R 1 to R 8 may be the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms or a heteroaryl group.
- the organic electroluminescence device wherein the compound has a structure represented by the following general formula (3).
- R 1 to R 8 may be the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms
- A represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and these are an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and a carbon number of 6 May be substituted with an aryl group of ⁇ 12 or a heteroaryl group of 6 to 12 carbons, and may form a ring with each substituent
- X represents carbon or nitrogen, and carbon as a substituent
- a display device comprising the organic electroluminescence element according to any one of items 1 to 7.
- An organic electroluminescence element according to any one of items 1 to 7 is provided.
- the sum ( ⁇ E H + ⁇ E L ) of the difference ( ⁇ E L ) from the energy value of the lowest energy value among the empty orbits distributed in the region is 2.0 eV or more, and
- the energy value of the orbit having the highest energy among the occupied orbitals obtained by the molecular orbital calculation for the whole molecule of the compound is ⁇ 5.2 eV or more
- an organic electroluminescence element that can be driven stably for a long time by improving film durability.
- a display device, a lighting device, and a light-emitting composition provided with the organic electroluminescence element can be provided.
- the organic EL element cannot maintain the light emitting performance immediately after the production because the state of the physical property, the component, etc. of the charge transfer thin film existing between the electrodes changes due to the energization.
- the light emitting performance of the organic EL element is significantly deteriorated.
- the blue light emitting material in an excited state has higher energy than the red or green light emitting material, the above-described change is likely to occur. Therefore, it is considered that designing a light-emitting layer that is stable against energization greatly contributes to improving the lifetime of an organic EL element that emits blue light.
- blue emission means that the x value is 0.15 or less and the y value is 0.3 or less in the CIE chromaticity diagram. This value corresponds to light having a wavelength of about 460 nm when considered in the emission line spectrum. Further, when 460 nm light emission is converted into energy, it becomes 2.7 eV, and the first excitation singlet energy of the light emitter is required to be 2.7 eV or more for blue light emission.
- the present inventors have found that when the compound used in the present invention satisfies specific parameters, the balance of carrier transport in the light emitting layer is remarkably improved, and the film durability and driving life of the organic electroluminescent device are remarkably improved. I found it.
- Schematic diagram showing energy diagrams of general fluorescent compounds and TADF compounds Schematic showing energy diagram in the presence of assist dopant
- Schematic diagram showing the molecular orbitals of donor and acceptor molecules Schematic diagram showing the correspondence between the molecular orbitals of the donor and acceptor molecules and the molecular orbitals of the compound according to the present invention.
- the organic EL device of the present invention is an organic electroluminescence device having an organic layer containing a compound having an electron donor component and an electron acceptor component in the same molecule, and the electron donor structure imaged by molecular orbital calculation
- the energy value of the orbit having the highest energy among the occupied orbitals obtained by the molecular orbital calculation of the entire compound is ⁇ 5.2 eV or more, and is obtained by the molecular
- the compound is a compound that emits thermally activated delayed fluorescence from the viewpoint of manifesting the effects of the present invention.
- the compound has a structure including a conjugated surface of 18 ⁇ electrons or more, thereby strengthening the interaction with molecules present in the vicinity and advantageous for carrier hopping.
- the compound has a structure in which two or more 5-membered rings are condensed to further enhance the effect of the present invention.
- the said compound has a structure represented by the said General formula (1). This is preferable because indoloindole has a strong electron donating property, and the value of ⁇ E H + ⁇ E L is increased to further enhance the effect of the present invention.
- the said compound has a structure represented by the said General formula (2).
- the electron-withdrawing group is directly bonded to the nitrogen atom of indoloindole, thereby receiving stronger electron donation from indoloindole. Therefore, the numerical value of ⁇ E H + ⁇ E L becomes large, which is preferable because the effect of the present invention is further enhanced.
- the compound preferably has a structure represented by the general formula (3). This is because the electron-withdrawing group containing a hetero atom is directly bonded to the amidine structure of indoloindole, thereby further strengthening the orbital separation within the molecule. Therefore, the value of ⁇ E H + ⁇ E L is increased, which is preferable because the effect of the present invention is further enhanced.
- the organic electroluminescence element of the present invention can be suitably provided in a display device. As a result, a display device with improved driving life can be obtained.
- the organic electroluminescence element of the present invention can be suitably provided in a lighting device. Thereby, the illuminating device with improved driving life can be obtained.
- the luminescent composition of the present invention is a luminescent composition containing a compound having both an electron donor component and an electron acceptor component in the same molecule, and the electron donor component imaged by molecular orbital calculation The difference ( ⁇ E H) between the energy value of the orbit having the highest energy among the occupied orbits distributed above and the energy value of the orbit having the highest energy among the occupied orbits distributed on the electron acceptor component.
- the energy value of the orbit having the lowest energy among the empty orbits distributed on the electron donor component imaged by the calculation, and the lowest energy value among the empty orbits distributed on the electron acceptor component The sum ( ⁇ E H + ⁇ E L ) of the difference ( ⁇ E L ) from the energy value of the orbits possessed is 2.0 eV or more, and the entire compound
- the energy value of the orbital having the highest energy among the occupied orbitals obtained by the molecular orbital calculation is -5.2 eV or more, and the lowest energy among the empty orbitals obtained by the molecular orbital calculation of the whole compound
- the energy value of the orbital having a value of ⁇ 1.2 eV or less is characterized.
- Organic EL emission methods There are two types of organic EL emission methods: “phosphorescence emission” that emits light when returning from the triplet excited state to the ground state, and “fluorescence emission” that emits light when returning from the singlet excited state to the ground state. is there.
- phosphorescence emission that emits light when returning from the triplet excited state to the ground state
- fluorescence emission that emits light when returning from the singlet excited state to the ground state.
- TTA triplet-triplet annealing or abbreviated as “TTF”
- phosphorescence emission is theoretically 3 times more advantageous than fluorescence emission in terms of light emission efficiency.
- the rate constant of the forbidden transition increases by 3 digits or more due to the heavy atom effect of the central metal.
- % Phosphorescence quantum yield can be obtained.
- a rare metal such as iridium, palladium, or platinum, which is a rare metal.
- the price of the metal itself is a major industrial issue.
- a general fluorescent material there is no particular need for a general fluorescent material to be a heavy metal complex like a phosphorescent material, and so-called organic compounds composed of combinations of common elements such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen are applied.
- organic compounds composed of combinations of common elements such as carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen are applied.
- other non-metallic elements such as phosphorus, sulfur and silicon can be used, and complexes of typical metals such as aluminum and zinc can also be used.
- TTA triplet-triplet annihilation
- Thermal activation type delayed fluorescence (TADF) material is a method that can solve the problems of TTA.
- fluorescent materials have the advantage that they can be designed indefinitely. That is, among the molecularly designed compounds, there is a compound in which the energy level difference between the triplet excited state and the singlet excited state (hereinafter referred to as ⁇ Est) is extremely close (see FIG. 1A). . Although such a compound does not have a heavy atom in the molecule, a reverse intersystem crossing from a triplet excited state to a singlet excited state, which cannot normally occur due to a small ⁇ Est, occurs.
- TADF can ideally emit 100% fluorescence.
- Non-Patent Document 2 In order to realize ⁇ Est that is small enough for the expression of TADF, it is necessary that HOMO and LUMO of the molecule are spatially separated, and HOMO and LUMO are clearly spatially separated. To do this, it has been proposed that an electron donor component and an electron acceptor component must be incorporated into the molecule (see Non-Patent Document 2).
- Carrier transportability> In an organic EL element, it is said that carrier movement between organic molecules is achieved by a hopping mechanism.
- molecular HOMOs interact to exchange holes
- molecular LUMOs interact to exchange electrons. Therefore, molecules in which HOMO and LUMO are spatially separated are more advantageous from the viewpoint of carrier hopping.
- the TADF molecule should have advantageous properties for carrier transport since substantial separation (spatial separation) of HOMO and LUMO has been achieved.
- conventional TADF molecules have problems with carrier transport properties from a different viewpoint than the above.
- the molecule when a molecule that can exist very stably as an anion radical is contained in a thin film included in the organic EL element, the molecule receives an electron by energization and becomes an anion radical, and then other molecules present in the vicinity. It will continue to exist as an anion radical without transferring electrons to the molecule. For this reason, the presence of such molecules reduces the mobility of electrons from the cathode side to the anode side. Similarly, when a molecule that can exist very stably as a cation radical is contained in the thin film, the mobility of holes from the anode side to the cathode side is decreased.
- electrons In an organic EL element, electrons generally flow from the cathode into the organic layer, and then flow into the light emitting layer via a charge transfer thin film layer such as an electron transport layer.
- a charge transfer thin film layer such as an electron transport layer.
- the stability of the material in the light emitting layer as an anion radical, that is, the electron trapping property is too high, the electron transport is almost stopped at the interface with the layer adjacent to the cathode side of the light emitting layer. Therefore, recombination with holes flowing from the anode side occurs intensively at the interface between the light emitting layer and the cathode side adjacent layer.
- excitons are concentrated and generated at the interface between the light emitting layer and the cathode side adjacent layer. This adversely affects the light emission characteristics of the organic EL element from various viewpoints. Specifically, when excitons are localized in a narrow region called an interface between a light emitting layer and a layer adjacent to the light emitting layer, quenching due to interaction between excitons occurs, resulting in a decrease in light emission efficiency.
- examples of the quenching phenomenon include singlet-triplet annihilation and triplet-triplet annihilation described above.
- Singlet-triplet annihilation in fluorescent light-emitting materials and both singlet-triplet annihilation and triplet-triplet annihilation in phosphorescent light-emitting materials and delayed fluorescent light-emitting materials can lead to a decrease in light emission efficiency. .
- the concentrated generation of excitons at the interface as described above has a particularly bad influence on the driving life of the organic EL element.
- excitons having a high energy state are generated in the vicinity of the interface at a high density, so that the molecules near the interface are more likely to react with the excitons and decompose and denature.
- the occurrence of carrier traps at the interface means that not only the density of excitons but also the density of anion radicals or cation radicals present around the generated excitons is high. It is considered that more radical decomposition and denaturation occur due to interaction between these excitons or excitons, which are more reactive than ordinary molecules. For these reasons, the concentrated generation of excitons at the interface adversely affects the driving lifetime.
- the density of excitons generated by the combination of radical species generated by carrier traps or the other carrier is increased. It becomes more prominent.
- the above action has a relatively small influence on a fluorescent material that emits light from a singlet excited state. This is because the lifetime of excitons involved in light emission is extremely short, on the order of nanoseconds, and the probability of interaction with surrounding molecules is reduced.
- the lifetime of triplet excitons is usually on the order of microseconds to milliseconds, so that excitons interact with surrounding molecules. The probability of doing increases. Therefore, the generation of local excitons as described above with respect to the phosphorescent material and the delayed fluorescent material has a more remarkable undesirable effect such as a decrease in light emission efficiency and a decrease in driving life.
- both the cation radical state and the anion radical state are relatively stable. It can be said that it can exist (has bipolar properties).
- conventional molecules showing TADF have achieved the above orbital separation by combining a relatively weak electron donor component with a strong electron acceptor component. Therefore, conventional TADF molecules were significantly more stable when present as anion radicals than as cation radicals. This has been a problem when used as a material for organic EL elements.
- the above problem can be improved to some extent by changing the layer structure. For example, by using a host having a deep HOMO in accordance with the HOMO having a deep dopant, carrier trapping on the dopant can be prevented and the light emission position can be adjusted.
- it is necessary to change the configuration of the peripheral layer according to the host level. Specifically, as the HOMO of the peripheral layer becomes deeper, the difference in level with the electrode increases. Problems such as an increase in driving voltage occur. Therefore, in order to improve the performance of the organic EL device, it is preferable to fundamentally solve these problems by improving the properties of the dopant.
- the above problem can be solved by improving the carrier balance and improving the stability of the thin film.
- numerator of the compound which concerns on this invention has the characteristic which does not inhibit the carrier transport in a thin film, and can provide the stable thin film for organic EL.
- efficient carrier transport As described above, it is possible to avoid the active species generated by energization from being localized in a part of the light emitting layer. Therefore, the driving life of the light emitting element is greatly improved.
- the effect brought about by efficient carrier transport is not limited to the emission color of the dopant, but a more remarkable effect is exhibited when a blue dopant is used.
- the blue light-emitting material has high exciton energy generated by energization, and has higher reactivity with the surrounding host molecules and dopant molecules than the green and red dopants. Therefore, the effect due to the generation of excitons dispersed is remarkably confirmed in a system using a blue light emitting material.
- exciton energy of at least about 2.7 eV is required. Therefore, the energy difference between HOMO and LUMO is preferably 2.7 eV or more for blue light emission.
- the dopant preferably has a structure including a conjugated surface with 18 ⁇ electrons or more.
- the conjugate plane refers to a plane formed by spreading of a conjugated system by ⁇ electrons.
- the conjugate plane having 18 ⁇ electrons or more in the present invention means that at least 18 ⁇ electrons or more are distributed on one conjugate plane. More preferably, the conjugate plane is a plane that is rigidly held by a condensed ring structure.
- ⁇ -electron conjugate plane is an important point for carrier hopping, but if it is too wide, the ⁇ - ⁇ interaction increases and strongly aggregates. Since the extreme aggregation of the dopant results in concentration of excitons, it is preferable that the ⁇ conjugate plane has an appropriate width.
- a compound having a structure in which two or more 5-membered rings are condensed in order to exhibit the effects in the present invention.
- a 5-membered ring containing a heteroatom such as nitrogen or oxygen such as pyrrole or furan participates in conjugation because the lone pair of electrons on the heteroatom participates in conjugation.
- a ring rich in electrons This is preferable for enhancing the electron donating property of the ring.
- two or more five-membered rings are condensed to act as a group having a stronger electron donating property, it is more preferable for enhancing the effect of the invention.
- the present invention is characterized in that the compound used as the light emitting material (dopant) has both an electron donor component and an electron acceptor component moderately.
- the electron donor component hereinafter also simply referred to as “donor component”
- the electron acceptor component hereinafter also simply referred to as “acceptor component”
- a site having a strong electron donating (donor) property and a site having a strong electron withdrawing (acceptor) property are referred to as a donor component and an acceptor component, respectively.
- the donor component of the compound used in the present invention include an aryl group, carbazolyl group, arylamino group, pyrrolyl group, indolyl group, indoloindolyl substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group or amino group Group, indolocarbazolyl group, phenazyl group, phenoxazyl group, imidazolyl group and the like. Further, a group in which the substituent constant ⁇ -p value in Hammet's rule takes a negative value is also preferably used.
- acceptor constituent part of the compound used in the present invention include substituted or unsubstituted cyano group, sulfinyl group, sulfonyl group, nitro group, aryl group substituted by an acyl group, imidazolyl group, benzoimidazolyl group , Triazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, quinolyl group, quinoxalyl group, cinnolyl group, quinazolyl group, pyrimidyl group, triazino group, pyridyl group, pyrazyl group, pyridazyl group, azacarbazolyl group, heptazino group, hexaazatriphenylene group, benzofuranyl group, azabenzo Furanyl, dibenzofuranyl, benzodifuranyl, azadibenzofuranyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, oxazolyl, o
- heterocyclic ring containing sulfur those in which sulfur is oxidized with oxygen such as dibenzothiophene-S, S-dioxide are also preferably used.
- a group in which the substituent constant ⁇ -p value in Hammet's rule takes a positive value is also preferably used.
- the balance between electron donation and electron attraction in the molecule is relative, it is not necessarily limited to the above configuration.
- ⁇ E H and ⁇ E L >
- values of ⁇ E H and ⁇ E L are defined as indices of energy levels of the donor component and the acceptor component in the molecule.
- the parameters ⁇ E H and ⁇ E L used in the present invention are described in K.A. Masui et al., Org. Electron. , 2012, 13, 985-991, but is described in detail below in the present invention.
- ⁇ E L and ⁇ E H will be described in detail with reference to FIGS.
- the highest occupied molecular orbital in the entire molecule of the compound is referred to as HOMO
- the occupied orbitals having a lower energy level than the HOMO are referred to as HOMO-1, HOMO-2,. I will do it.
- the lowest orbital in the entire molecule of the compound is referred to as LUMO
- the empty orbital having a higher energy level than the LUMO is referred to as LUMO + 1, LUMO + 2,.
- FIG. 2 shows the molecular orbitals of the donor molecule and the acceptor molecule.
- the HOMO and LUMO of the molecule corresponding to the donor component hereinafter referred to as donor molecule
- acceptor molecule the positional relationship between the levels of the HOMO and LUMO of the molecule corresponding to the acceptor component
- the donor component LUMO is shallower than the acceptor component LUMO
- the donor HOMO is shallower than the acceptor component HOMO.
- the orbital and acceptor configuration derived from the donor component are schematically shown in FIG. It can be seen that the orbits derived from the part are mixed to form an orbital group as one molecule. That is, since the LUMO of the entire compound according to the present invention is distributed on the acceptor component, and the HOMO of the entire compound is distributed on the donor component, the LUMO of the compound according to the present invention is derived from the acceptor molecule. However, HOMO can be considered as originating from a donor molecule.
- orbitals having higher levels than LUMO imaged by molecular orbital calculation will be examined here.
- LUMO and LUMO + 1 are distributed on the acceptor constituent part, but LUMO + 2 is distributed on the donor constituent part.
- LUMO of the donor molecule corresponds to LUMO + 2 of the compound according to the present invention (Exemplary Compound D32). Therefore, in exemplary compound D32, it can be said that LUMO + 2 is derived from the donor component.
- HOMO-1 to HOMO-3 are distributed on the donor constituent part.
- HOMO-4 an image distributed on the acceptor structure is obtained.
- HOMO of the acceptor molecule corresponds to HOMO-4 of the molecule of the compound according to the present invention (Exemplary Compound D32). Therefore, in exemplary compound D32, HOMO-4 can be said to be derived from the acceptor constituent part.
- the LUMO corresponding to the LUMO (A-LUMO) of the acceptor molecule when the compound according to the present invention is calculated separately for the donor molecule and the acceptor molecule, and the donor molecule
- the difference in LUMO + 2 energy corresponding to the LUMO (D-LUMO) is defined as ⁇ E L.
- the HOMO corresponding to the donor molecule HOMO (D-HOMO) and the acceptor molecule HOMO (A-) when calculated separately for the donor molecule and the acceptor molecule.
- the difference in energy of HOMO-4 corresponding to (HOMO) is defined as ⁇ E H.
- FIG. 4 shows a specific example of the image of the molecular orbital of the exemplary compound D32 as an example.
- molecular orbitals are distributed separately in the donor component and the acceptor component.
- the highest energy orbit among the occupied orbitals distributed on the donor component is HOMO
- the lowest energy orbit among the empty orbits distributed on the donor component is LUMO + 2.
- the highest energy orbit among the occupied orbits distributed on the acceptor component is HOMO-4
- the lowest energy orbit among the empty orbits distributed on the acceptor component is LUMO. Recognize.
- the difference between the energy of the occupied energy with the highest energy distributed on the acceptor constituent portion and the HOMO energy of the entire compound is defined as ⁇ E H.
- the energy of the low air orbital most energy distributed on the donor component the difference between the LUMO energy and Delta] E L.
- ⁇ E H and ⁇ E L it is necessary to determine whether the molecular orbitals are distributed in the donor component or the acceptor component. This is based on the data obtained by Gaussian 09. It can be determined by reading how much molecular orbitals are distributed in each part.
- the shallow unoccupied molecular orbital than LUMO, and track the use of low orbit most energy level orbit 50% or more on the donor components are distributed in the determination of the Delta] E L.
- the orbit having the highest energy level in which 50% or more of the orbits are distributed on the acceptor structure is used as the orbit used for determining ⁇ E H.
- the parameters HOMO / LUMO and ⁇ E H and ⁇ E L are important for efficient carrier hopping.
- ⁇ E H and ⁇ E L are important parameters for ensuring a path of electrons between molecules spatially, and energy level matching is necessary to lower a barrier for passing the paths.
- the LUMO level of the dopant when the LUMO level of the dopant is significantly deeper than the LUMO level of the host, after the electrons have moved to the LUMO of the dopant once, it becomes difficult to return to the LUMO of the host with higher energy, and the electron transfer becomes extremely slow. .
- the HOMO level of the dopant when the HOMO level of the dopant is very shallow with respect to the HOMO level of the host, holes are difficult to move from the dopant to the host. Therefore, the appropriate arrangement of the dopant HOMO and LUMO energy levels relative to the HOMO and LUMO energy levels of the host reduces the energy barrier when holes or electrons move through the thin film, and light emission. Encourage efficient carrier hopping in the layer.
- ⁇ E H and ⁇ E L have for transporting electrons and holes> From the viewpoint of energy levels, it is necessary that the HOMO / LUMO energy levels of the host and dopant are appropriately arranged as described above. On the other hand, the parameters of ⁇ E H and ⁇ E L are important for securing a spatial path for carrier hopping.
- a molecule having a large number of aromatic rings for example, is considered to be easily oriented ( ⁇ stacking) with a certain directionality using the ⁇ - ⁇ interaction as a driving force. Therefore, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, it is desirable that the molecules are oriented so that charges are transported through the HOMOs on the donor component DN and the LUMOs on the acceptor component AC.
- the above concept is particularly important.
- the HOMO of a molecule interacts with the HOMO of an adjacent molecule by stacking to form a hole transport tunnel suitable for hole transport.
- LUMO interacts with the neighboring molecule's LUMO to form a tunnel suitable for electron transport.
- FIG. 7 in the case of a molecule in which HOMO and LUMO are not spatially separated, holes (hereinafter also referred to as positive charges) and electrons (hereinafter also referred to as negative charges) are generated throughout the molecule. And recombination of charges (holes and electrons) and exciton generation occur. That is, when HOMO and LUMO are not spatially separated, charges are recombined and excitons are generated, so that a charge transport tunnel is not substantially formed.
- electrons do not localize on LUMO means that when a molecule receives an electron from an adjacent molecule and becomes an anion radical (electron in carrier hopping), negative charges (electrons) are also present on the whole molecule or HOMO. It refers to a delocalized state. If positive charges (holes) or negative charges are delocalized throughout the molecule, tunnels are no longer formed and the generation of excitons is promoted. Is not preferable.
- a parameter indicating how much positive charges (holes) are likely to be localized on the HOMO of a molecule that has become a cation radical is ⁇ E H in the present invention.
- a parameter indicating how easily negative charges (electrons) are localized on the LUMO of a molecule that has become an anion radical is ⁇ E L in the present invention.
- FIG. 9 shows the correspondence between the orbital where the positive charge is localized and the existence probability for the exemplified compound D32.
- the “generation of cation radical” corresponds to the generation or movement of holes.
- holes are preferably hopped between two molecules of HOMO and HOMO.
- the positive charge is exchanged by the interaction between HOMOs, that is, the positive charge is localized in a portion different from HOMO due to the movement of holes, it is efficient through the charge transport tunnel as described above. This is a factor that hinders the movement of positive holes.
- the positive charge of the generated cation radical is localized in HOMO, HOMO-1, HOMO-2 or HOMO-3, the positive charge is present on the donor component (the same space as HOMO). It becomes a localized state. However, if it is localized in HOMO-4, positive charges are localized on the acceptor structure (the same space as LUMO).
- ⁇ E L can be considered in the same manner as ⁇ E H. If one electron moves to an arbitrary empty orbit and a negative charge (electron) is generated on the molecule is defined as “anion radical generation”, when an anion radical is generated, one electron moves to LUMO and is negative. It is common to think that charges are localized in LUMO. Probabilistically, however, the existence probability can be considered not only for LUMO but also for radical states in which the negative charge of the generated anion radical is localized in LUMO + 1 or LUMO + 2. Thus, as an example, FIG. 10 shows the correspondence between the trajectory where the negative charge is localized and the existence probability for the exemplified compound D32. “Generation of anion radical” corresponds to generation or movement of free electrons.
- the electrons are preferably hopped between two molecules of LUMO.
- negative charges electrospray
- the negative charges While negative charges are being exchanged by the interaction between LUMOs (while electrons move), the negative charges are localized in a portion different from LUMO through the charge transport tunnel as described above. It becomes a factor that hinders efficient electron movement.
- the values of ⁇ E L and ⁇ E H are larger than a certain value in order to efficiently achieve carrier hopping through the charge transport tunnel.
- ⁇ E H and ⁇ E Even if only one value of L is large, a high effect cannot be obtained.
- ⁇ E H is large and ⁇ E L is almost 0, it is advantageous for hole transport, but is disadvantageous for electron transport. Therefore, the total carrier transport capability is not high.
- each threshold value is preferably ⁇ E H ⁇ 1.3 eV and ⁇ E L ⁇ 0.7 eV. Note that a large ⁇ E H reduces the probability of positive charges localizing in deeper level orbits than HOMO, and a large ⁇ E L localizes negative charges in shallower level orbits than LUMO. Reducing the probability can be considered as follows.
- the positively charged hopping site can be localized in the orbital group derived from the donor portion in the molecule, and the hopping conduction can be made smooth.
- the positively charged hopping site is considered to be a mixture of the orbital group derived from the donor part and the orbital group derived from the acceptor part in the molecule, and the hopping conduction is likely to be inhibited.
- the HOMO energy of a molecule used as a dopant is Gaussian 09 (Revision C.01, MJ Frisch, GW Trucks, H. B. Schlegel, G. E. Scuseria, M. A. Robb, J. R. Cheeseman, G. Scalmani, V. Barone, B. Mennucci, G. A. Petersson, H. Nakatsuji, M. Caricato, X. Li, H. P. Hratchian, A. F. Izmaylov, J. Bloin , G. Zheng, J. L. Sonnenberg, M. Hada, M. Ehara, K. Toyota, R. Fukuda, J. Hasegawa, M. Ishida, T.
- the value calculated by the function 6-31G (d) is preferably shallower than ⁇ 5.2 eV, and more preferably shallower than ⁇ 5.0 eV. This is because, in forming the organic EL light emitting layer, it is common to use a light emitting material dispersed in a material called a host.
- CBP 4,4′-bis (9H-carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl
- mCP 1,3-bis (carbazol-9-yl) benzene
- mCBP 3,3-di (9H-carbazole
- the HOMO of the dopant is preferably larger than this, and more preferably, the HOMO energy of the dopant is shallower by 0.2 eV or more than the HOMO energy of the host. .
- the LUMO energy of a molecule used as a dopant is preferably such that the value calculated by Gaussian 09 (functional B3LYP / basic function 6-31G (d)) is deeper than ⁇ 1.2 eV, and ⁇ 1.4 eV It is more preferable that the depth is deep.
- Gaussian 09 functional B3LYP / basic function 6-31G (d)
- the depth is deep.
- a light emitting material is generally used by being dispersed in a host when forming an organic EL light emitting layer.
- a value obtained by performing the calculation for a host that is very common as a host material of an organic electroluminescence device such as CBP, mCP, or mCBP is approximately ⁇ 1.2 to ⁇ 1.0 eV.
- the LUMO of the dopant is equal to or deeper than this, and more preferably, the LUMO energy of the dopant is 0.2 eV or more larger than the LUMO energy of the host. Is preferred.
- the specific structure of the dopant according to the present invention is not particularly limited, and can be suitably used in the present invention as long as it satisfies the above requirements.
- a thin film resistance value can be measured by impedance spectroscopy measurement.
- Impedance spectroscopy is a technique that can be used to convert subtle changes in physical properties of organic EL into electrical signals, or to analyze them by amplification.
- High-sensitivity resistance (R) and capacitance without destroying organic EL It is a feature that (C) can be measured.
- R high-sensitivity resistance
- C capacitance without destroying organic EL
- Organic EL element for example, element configuration “ITO / HIL (hole injection layer) / HTL (hole transport layer) / EML (light emitting layer) / ETL (electron transport layer) / EIL (electron injection layer) / Al”
- ITO / HIL hole injection layer
- HTL hole transport layer
- EML light emitting layer
- ETL electron transport layer
- EIL electro injection layer
- FIG. 11 shows an example of M plot with a different thickness of the electron transport layer. An example in which the layer thickness is 30, 45 and 60 nm, respectively, is shown.
- the resistance value (R) obtained from this plot is plotted against the ETL layer thickness in FIG. 12, and the resistance value at each layer thickness can be determined because it is on a substantially straight line.
- FIG. 12 is an example showing the relationship between the ETL layer thickness and the resistance value. From the relationship between the ETL layer thickness and the resistance value (Resistance) shown in FIG.
- FIG. 14 shows the result of analyzing each layer using an organic EL element having an element configuration “ITO / HIL / HTL / EML / ETL / EIL / Al” as an equivalent circuit model (FIG. 13).
- FIG. 14 is an example showing the resistance-voltage relationship of each layer.
- FIG. 13 shows an equivalent circuit model of an organic EL element having an element configuration “ITO / HIL / HTL / EML / ETL / EIL / Al”.
- FIG. 14 is an example of an analysis result of an organic EL element having an element configuration “ITO / HIL / HTL / EML / ETL / EIL / Al”.
- FIG. 15 shows the values at a voltage of 1 V in Table 1.
- FIG. 15 is an example showing an analysis result of the organic EL element after deterioration.
- the resistance change before and after energization described in the embodiment of the present invention can be measured.
- the organic EL device of the present invention is an organic electroluminescence device having an organic layer containing a compound having a donor component and an acceptor component in the same molecule, and is distributed on the donor component imaged by molecular orbital calculation.
- the difference ( ⁇ E H ) between the energy value of the trajectory having the highest energy among the occupied trajectories to be captured and the energy value of the trajectory having the highest energy value among the occupied trajectories distributed on the acceptor component is represented by calculation.
- the difference ( ⁇ E) between the energy value of the orbit having the lowest energy among the empty orbits distributed on the donor component and the energy value of the orbit having the lowest energy among the empty orbits distributed on the acceptor component L ) sum ( ⁇ E H + ⁇ E L ) is 2.0 eV or more, and the molecular orbital calculation of the whole compound
- the energy value of the orbit having the highest energy among the occupied orbits obtained is ⁇ 5.2 eV or more
- the energy value of the orbit having the lowest energy among the empty orbits obtained by the molecular orbital calculation of the entire compound is It is characterized by being ⁇ 1.2 eV or less.
- Anode / light emitting layer / cathode (2) Anode / light emitting layer / electron transport layer / cathode (3) Anode / hole transport layer / light emitting layer / cathode (4) Anode / hole transport layer / light emitting layer / electron Transport layer / cathode (5) anode / hole transport layer / light emitting layer / electron transport layer / electron injection layer / cathode (6) anode / hole injection layer / hole transport layer / light emitting layer / electron transport layer / cathode ( 7) Anode / hole injection layer / hole transport layer / (electron blocking layer /) luminescent layer / (hole blocking layer /) electron transport layer / electron injection layer / cathode Among the above, the configuration of (7) is preferable.
- the light emitting layer used in the present invention is composed of a single layer or a plurality of layers. When there are a plurality of light emitting layers, a non-light emitting intermediate layer may be provided between the light emitting layers.
- a hole blocking layer also referred to as a hole blocking layer
- an electron injection layer also referred to as a cathode buffer layer
- An electron blocking layer also referred to as an electron barrier layer
- a hole injection layer also referred to as an anode buffer layer
- the electron transport layer used in the present invention is a layer having a function of transporting electrons, and in a broad sense, an electron injection layer and a hole blocking layer are also included in the electron transport layer. Moreover, you may be comprised by multiple layers.
- the hole transport layer used in the present invention is a layer having a function of transporting holes, and in a broad sense, a hole injection layer and an electron blocking layer are also included in the hole transport layer. Moreover, you may be comprised by multiple layers. In the above-described typical element configuration, the layer excluding the anode and the cathode is also referred to as “organic layer”.
- the organic EL element of the present invention may be a so-called tandem element in which a plurality of light emitting units including at least one light emitting layer are stacked.
- a tandem element in which a plurality of light emitting units including at least one light emitting layer are stacked.
- the first light emitting unit, the second light emitting unit and the third light emitting unit are all the same, May be different.
- Two light emitting units may be the same, and the remaining one may be different.
- a plurality of light emitting units may be laminated directly or via an intermediate layer, and the intermediate layer is generally an intermediate electrode, an intermediate conductive layer, a charge generation layer, an electron extraction layer, a connection layer, an intermediate layer.
- a known material structure can be used as long as it is also called an insulating layer and has a function of supplying electrons to the anode-side adjacent layer and holes to the cathode-side adjacent layer.
- Examples of materials used for the intermediate layer include ITO (indium tin oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), ZnO 2 , TiN, ZrN, HfN, TiOx, VOx, CuI, InN, GaN, and CuAlO 2.
- tandem organic EL element examples include, for example, US Pat. No. 6,337,492, US Pat. No. 7,420,203, US Pat. No. 7,473,923, US Pat. No. 6,872,472, US Pat. No. 6,107,734, US Pat. No. 6,337,492, International JP 2005/009087, JP 2006-228712, JP 2006-24791, JP 2006-49393, JP 2006-49394, JP 2006-49396, JP 2011. No. -96679, JP 2005-340187, JP 47114424, JP 34966681, JP 3884564, JP 4213169, JP 2010-192719, JP 2009-076929, JP Open 2008-0784 No.
- the light-emitting layer used in the present invention is a layer that provides a field in which electrons and holes injected from an electrode or an adjacent layer are recombined to emit light via excitons, and the light-emitting portion is the light-emitting layer. Even in the layer, it may be the interface between the light emitting layer and the adjacent layer. If the light emitting layer used for this invention satisfy
- the total thickness of the light emitting layer is not particularly limited, but it prevents the uniformity of the film to be formed, the application of unnecessary high voltage during light emission, and the improvement of the stability of the emission color against the drive current.
- each light emitting layer used in the present invention is preferably adjusted to a range of 2 nm to 1 ⁇ m, more preferably adjusted to a range of 2 to 200 nm, and further preferably in a range of 3 to 150 nm. Adjusted.
- the light-emitting layer used in the present invention contains the above-described light-emitting material as a light-emitting dopant (a light-emitting compound, a light-emitting dopant compound, a dopant compound, also simply referred to as a dopant), and further includes the above-described host compound (matrix material, light emission).
- a host compound also simply referred to as a host.
- Luminescent dopant As the luminescent dopant, a fluorescent luminescent dopant (also referred to as a fluorescent luminescent compound, a fluorescent dopant, or a fluorescent compound) and a phosphorescent dopant (phosphorescent compound, phosphorescent dopant, phosphorescence). It is also referred to as a functional compound).
- a fluorescent luminescent dopant also referred to as a fluorescent luminescent compound, a fluorescent dopant, or a fluorescent compound
- phosphorescent dopant phosphorescent compound, phosphorescent dopant, phosphorescence
- It also referred to as a functional compound.
- at least one light emitting layer contains the aforementioned light emitting material.
- the concentration of the luminescent dopant in the luminescent layer can be arbitrarily determined based on the specific dopant used and the requirements of the device, and is contained at a uniform concentration in the thickness direction of the luminescent layer. It may also have an arbitrary concentration
- the light emission dopant used for this invention may be used in combination of multiple types, and may combine and use the combination of the dopants from which a structure differs, and the fluorescence emission dopant and a phosphorescence emission dopant. Thereby, arbitrary luminescent colors can be obtained.
- At least one light emitting layer contains a compound according to the present invention that functions as a light emission auxiliary agent (assist dopant) in addition to the present invention or a known light emitting compound.
- the compound according to the present invention can also act as a host compound.
- FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C are schematic views when the compound according to the present invention acts as an assist dopant and a host compound, respectively. 1B and 1C are examples, and the generation process of triplet excitons generated on the compound according to the present invention is not limited to electric field excitation, and energy transfer and electron transfer from the light emitting layer or the peripheral layer interface Etc. are also included.
- the energy levels of S 1 and T 1 of the compound according to the present invention are lower than the energy levels of S 1 and T 1 of the host compound, and the luminescent compound higher than the energy level of the S 1 and T 1 is preferred.
- the compound according to the present invention is used as a host, the energy levels of S 1 and T 1 of the compound according to the present invention are higher than the energy levels of S 1 and T 1 of the light-emitting compound. Is preferred.
- the compounds according to the present invention can be used to assist the emission of different fluorescent compounds or phosphorescent compounds.
- the light emitting layer contains a host compound in a weight ratio of 100% or more with respect to the compound according to the present invention, and a different fluorescence within the range of 0.1 to 50% by weight with respect to the compound according to the present invention. It is preferable that a luminescent substance or a phosphorescent compound is present.
- the light emission color of the organic EL device of the present invention and the compound according to the present invention is shown in FIG. It is determined by the color when the result measured with a total of CS-1000 (manufactured by Konica Minolta Co., Ltd.) is applied to the CIE chromaticity coordinates.
- the light emitting layer of one layer or a plurality of layers contains a plurality of light emitting dopants having different emission colors and emits white light.
- the combination of the light-emitting dopants that exhibit white and examples include blue and orange, and a combination of blue, green, and red.
- the compound used as the luminescent dopant in the present invention is preferably a compound that emits thermally activated delayed fluorescence.
- the compound according to the present invention preferably has a structure including a conjugated surface having 18 ⁇ electrons or more.
- the compound according to the present invention preferably has a structure in which two or more 5-membered rings are condensed.
- the compound which concerns on this invention can be used suitably as a luminescent composition.
- a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (1) is preferable.
- the luminescent compound of the present invention includes those that emit fluorescence, those that emit phosphorescence, and those that emit delayed fluorescence.
- R 1 to R 10 may be the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms. To express. At least one of R 1 to R 10 represents an electron-withdrawing aryl group or heteroaryl group. R 1 to R 10 may further have a substituent.
- R 1 to R 10 may further have an alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, an octyl group, a dodecyl group).
- an alkyl group for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, an octyl group, a dodecyl group.
- aromatic hydrocarbon groups also referred to as aromatic hydrocarbon ring groups, aromatic carbocyclic groups, aryl groups, etc.
- aromatic hydrocarbon groups for example, phenyl group, p-chlorophenyl group, mesityl group, tolyl group, xylyl group, naphthyl group, Anthryl, azulenyl, acenaphthenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthryl, indenyl, pyrenyl Group, biphenylyl group, etc.
- aromatic heterocyclic group for example
- indole ring indazole ring, benzothiazole ring, benzoxazole ring, benzimidazole ring, quinoline ring, isoquinoline ring, quinazoline ring, quinoxaline ring, isoindole ring, naphthyridine ring, phthalazine ring, carbazole ring, carboline ring, diaza Substituents such as a carbazole ring (in which one of the carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring is replaced by a nitrogen atom), acridine ring, phenanthridine ring, phenanthroline ring, phenazine ring, azadibenzofuran ring, azadibenzothiophene ring Can also be suitably used. These substituents can also be suitably used as electron withdrawing groups.
- substituents may be further substituted with the above substituents. Further, these substituents may be bonded together to form a ring.
- the compound according to the present invention is preferably a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (2).
- R 1 to R 8 may be the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group.
- A represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and these are an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, It may be substituted with an aryl group or a heteroaryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and may form a ring with each substituent.
- EWG represents an electron-withdrawing aryl group or heteroaryl group.
- R 1 to R 8 , A and EWG may further have a substituent.
- Substituents that R 1 to R 8 , A, and EWG may further have are the same substituents as the substituents that R 1 to R 10 in general formula (1) may further have. Can do.
- the compound according to the present invention is preferably a compound having a structure represented by the following general formula (3).
- R 1 to R 8 may be the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms.
- A represents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, and these are an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, It may be substituted with an aryl group or a heteroaryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and may form a ring with each substituent.
- X represents carbon or nitrogen, and may have a substituent of an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 50 carbon atoms, or a heteroaryl group having 6 to 50 carbon atoms. However, X may be the same atom or different atoms.
- R 1 to R 8 , A and X may further have a substituent. As the substituent that R 1 to R 8 , A, and X may further have, use the same substituent as the substituent that R 1 to R 10 in the general formula (1) may further have. Can do.
- the energy value of HOMO is ⁇ 5.2 eV or more
- the energy value of LUMO is ⁇ 1.2 eV or less
- the sum of ⁇ E H and ⁇ E L is 2.0 eV or more. I have confirmed.
- the HOMO energy value is ⁇ 5.0 eV
- the LUMO energy value is ⁇ 2.0 eV
- ⁇ E L 1.5 eV).
- the phosphorescent dopant (hereinafter also referred to as “phosphorescent dopant”) used in the present invention will be described.
- the phosphorescent dopant used in the present invention is a compound in which light emission from an excited triplet is observed, specifically, a compound that emits phosphorescence at room temperature (25 ° C.), and a phosphorescence quantum yield. Is defined as a compound of 0.01 or more at 25 ° C., but a preferable phosphorescence quantum yield is 0.1 or more.
- the phosphorescence quantum yield can be measured by the method described in Spectroscopic II, page 398 (1992 edition, Maruzen) of Experimental Chemistry Course 4 of the 4th edition. Although the phosphorescence quantum yield in a solution can be measured using various solvents, the phosphorescence dopant used in the present invention achieves the phosphorescence quantum yield (0.01 or more) in any solvent. Just do it.
- the phosphorescent dopant can be appropriately selected from known materials used for the light emitting layer of the organic EL device.
- Specific examples of known phosphorescent dopants that can be used in the present invention include compounds described in the following documents. Nature, 395, 151 (1998), Appl. Phys. Lett. 78, 1622 (2001), Adv. Mater. 19, 739 (2007), Chem. Mater. 17, 3532 (2005), Adv. Mater. , 17, 1059 (2005), International Publication No. 2009/100991, International Publication No. 2008/101842, International Publication No. 2003/040257, US Patent Application Publication No. 2006/835469, US Patent Application Publication No. 2006. No. 0202194, U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
- a preferable phosphorescent dopant includes an organometallic complex having Ir as a central metal. More preferably, a complex containing at least one coordination mode of metal-carbon bond, metal-nitrogen bond, metal-oxygen bond, and metal-sulfur bond is preferable.
- the host compound used in the present invention is a compound mainly responsible for charge injection and transport in the light emitting layer, and its own light emission is not substantially observed in the organic EL device.
- the host compound preferably has a mass ratio in the layer of 20% or more among the compounds contained in the light emitting layer.
- a host compound may be used independently or may be used in combination of multiple types. By using a plurality of types of host compounds, it is possible to adjust the movement of charges, and the organic EL element can be made highly efficient.
- the host compound that is preferably used in the present invention will be described below.
- the host compound used together with the luminescent compound in the present invention is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of reverse energy transfer, those having an excitation energy larger than the excitation singlet energy of the luminescent compound of the present invention are preferable. Those having an excited triplet energy larger than that of the luminescent compound of the invention are more preferred.
- the host compound is responsible for carrier transport and exciton generation in the light emitting layer. Therefore, it can exist stably in all active species states such as cation radical state, anion radical state, and excited state, and does not cause chemical changes such as decomposition and addition reaction. It is preferable not to move at the angstrom level.
- the light-emitting dopant used in combination exhibits TADF light emission
- the T 1 energy of the host compound itself is high, and the host compounds are associated with each other.
- the host compound does not have a low T 1 , such as not creating a low T 1 state
- TADF material and the host compound do not form an exciplex, or the host compound does not form an electromer due to an electric field.
- Appropriate design is required.
- the host compound itself must have high electron hopping mobility, high hole hopping movement, and small structural change when it is in a triplet excited state. It is.
- Preferred examples of host compounds that satisfy such requirements include, but are not limited to, those having a high T 1 energy such as a carbazole skeleton, an azacarbazole skeleton, a dibenzofuran skeleton, a dibenzothiophene skeleton, or an azadibenzofuran skeleton.
- aryl includes not only an aromatic hydrocarbon ring but also an aromatic heterocyclic ring. More preferably, it is a compound in which a carbazole skeleton and a 14 ⁇ -electron aromatic heterocyclic compound having a molecular structure different from that of the carbazole skeleton are directly bonded, and further a 14 ⁇ -electron aromatic heterocyclic compound is incorporated in the molecule.
- a carbazole derivative having at least one is preferred.
- the carbazole derivative is preferably a compound having two or more conjugated structures having 14 ⁇ electrons or more in order to further enhance the effects of the present invention.
- the compound represented by the following general formula (I) is also preferable. This is because the compound represented by the following general formula (I) has a condensed ring structure, and therefore a ⁇ electron cloud spreads, the carrier transportability is high, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) is high. Further, generally, the condensed aromatic ring tends to have a small triplet energy (T 1 ), but the compound represented by the general formula (I) has a high T 1 and has a short emission wavelength (that is, T 1). and larger S 1) it can be suitably used also for the light emitting material.
- X 101 represents NR 101 , an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, CR 102 R 103 or SiR 102 R 103 .
- y 1 to y 8 each represents CR 104 or a nitrogen atom.
- R 101 to R 104 each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent, and may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- Ar 101 and Ar 102 each represent an aromatic ring and may be the same or different.
- n101 and n102 represents an each an integer of 0 to 4, when R 101 is a hydrogen atom, n101 represents 1-4.
- R 101 to R 104 in the general formula (I) represent hydrogen or a substituent, and the substituent referred to here refers to what may be contained within a range not inhibiting the function of the host compound used in the present invention, for example, In the case where a substituent is introduced in the synthetic scheme, the compound having the effect of the present invention is defined as being included in the present invention.
- Examples of the substituent represented by each of R 101 to R 104 include linear or branched alkyl groups (for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, t-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, octyl group).
- alkenyl group eg, vinyl group, allyl group, etc.
- alkynyl group eg, ethynyl group, propargyl group, etc.
- aromatic hydrocarbon ring group aromatic Also referred to as carbocyclic group, aryl group, etc.
- benzene ring biphenyl, naphthalene ring, azulene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, pyrene ring, chrysene ring, naphthacene ring, triphenylene ring, o-terphenyl ring, m- Terphenyl ring, p-terphenyl ring, acenaphthene ring, coronene ring, indene ring, fluorene ring A group derived from a fluoranthrene ring, a naphthacene ring, a pentacene ring, a perylene ring, a pentaphen ring, a picene ring, a pyrene ring, a pyrantolen ring, an anthraanthrene ring, tetralin, etc.), an aromatic heterocyclic group (for example, a furan
- azacarbazole ring non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring group (eg, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group, etc.), non-aromatic heterocyclic group (eg, pyrrolidyl group, imidazolidyl group, morpholyl group, oxazolidyl) Group), alkoxy group (for example, methoxy group, ethoxy group, propyloxy group, pentyloxy group, hexyloxy group, octyloxy group, dodecyloxy group, etc.), cycloalkoxy group (for example, cyclopentyloxy group, cyclohexyloxy group) Etc.), aryloxy group (for example, phenoxy group, naphthyloxy group) Etc.), alkylthio groups (eg, methylthio group, e
- substituents may be further substituted with the above substituents.
- a plurality of these substituents may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- y 1 to y 8 in the general formula (I) preferably at least three of y 1 to y 4 or at least three of y 5 to y 8 are represented by CR 102 , more preferably y 1 to y 8 are all CR 102 .
- Such a skeleton is excellent in hole transport property or electron transport property, and can efficiently recombine and emit holes / electrons injected from the anode / cathode in the light emitting layer.
- a compound in which X 101 is NR ′, an oxygen atom, or a sulfur atom in general formula (I) is preferable as a structure having a low LUMO energy level and excellent electron transport properties. More preferably, the condensed ring formed with X 101 and y 1 to y 8 is a carbazole ring, an azacarbazole ring, a dibenzofuran ring or an azadibenzofuran ring.
- R 101 is an aromatic hydrocarbon ring which is a ⁇ -conjugated skeleton among the substituents mentioned above. It is preferably a group or an aromatic heterocyclic group. Further, these R 101 may be further substituted with the substituents represented by R 101 to R 103 described above.
- examples of the aromatic ring represented by Ar 101 and Ar 102 include an aromatic hydrocarbon ring and an aromatic heterocyclic ring. The aromatic ring may be a single ring or a condensed ring, and may be unsubstituted or may have a substituent similar to the substituents represented by R 101 to R 104 described above.
- examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon ring represented by Ar 101 and Ar 102 include the aromatic hydrocarbon rings exemplified as the substituents represented by R 101 to R 104 described above. Examples include the same ring as the group.
- examples of the aromatic heterocycle represented by Ar 101 and Ar 102 include the substituents represented by R 101 to R 104 described above. The same ring as an aromatic heterocyclic group is mentioned.
- the aromatic ring itself represented by Ar 101 and Ar 102 preferably has a high T 1
- the benzene ring (Including polyphenylene skeletons (biphenyl, terphenyl, quarterphenyl, etc.) with multiple benzene rings), fluorene ring, triphenylene ring, carbazole ring, azacarbazole ring, dibenzofuran ring, azadibenzofuran ring, dibenzothiophene ring, dibenzothiophene ring
- each of the aromatic rings represented by Ar 101 and Ar 102 is preferably a condensed ring having three or more rings. .
- these rings may further have the above substituent.
- Specific examples of the aromatic heterocycle condensed with three or more rings include an acridine ring, a benzoquinoline ring, a carbazole ring, a carboline ring, a phenazine ring, a phenanthridine ring, a phenanthroline ring, a carboline ring, a cyclazine ring, Kindin ring, tepenidine ring, quinindrin ring, triphenodithiazine ring, triphenodioxazine ring, phenanthrazine ring, anthrazine ring, perimidine ring, diazacarbazole ring (any one of the carbon atoms constituting the carboline ring is a nitrogen atom Phenanthroline ring, dibenzofuran ring, dibenzothiophene ring, naphthofuran ring, naphthothiophene ring
- n101 and n102 are each preferably 0 to 2, more preferably n101 + n102 is 1 to 3. Furthermore, since the R 101 is the n101 and n102 when the hydrogen atom is 0 at the same time, the general formula (I) only a low Tg small molecular weight of the host compounds represented by not achievable, when R 101 is a hydrogen atom N101 represents 1 to 4.
- the carbazole derivative is preferably a compound having a structure represented by the general formula (II). This is because such a compound tends to have particularly excellent carrier transportability.
- X 101, Ar 101, Ar 102, n102 have the same meanings as X 101, Ar 101, Ar 102 , n102 in the formula (I).
- n102 is preferably 0 to 2, more preferably 0 or 1.
- the condensed ring formed containing X 101 may further have a substituent other than Ar 101 and Ar 102 as long as the function of the host compound used in the present invention is not impaired.
- the compound represented by the general formula (II) is preferably represented by the following general formula (III-1), (III-2) or (III-3).
- X 101, Ar 102, n102 have the same meanings as X 101, Ar 102, n102 in the general formula (II).
- the condensed ring, carbazole ring and benzene ring formed containing X 101 are further substituted within the range not inhibiting the function of the host compound used in the present invention. You may have.
- examples of the host compound used in the present invention include compounds represented by the general formulas (I), (II), (III-1) to (III-3) and other structures. It is not limited to these.
- the preferred host compound used in the present invention may be a low molecular compound having a molecular weight that can be purified by sublimation or a polymer having a repeating unit.
- a low molecular weight compound sublimation purification is possible, so that there is an advantage that purification is easy and a high-purity material is easily obtained.
- the molecular weight is not particularly limited as long as sublimation purification is possible, but the preferred molecular weight is 3000 or less, more preferably 2000 or less.
- the polymer used as the host compound used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as the desired device performance can be achieved, but preferably the general formulas (I), (II), (III-1) to (III- What has the structure of 3) in a principal chain or a side chain is preferable.
- the general formulas (I), (II), (III-1) to (III- What has the structure of 3) in a principal chain or a side chain is preferable.
- limiting in particular as molecular weight Molecular weight 5000 or more is preferable or a thing with 10 or more repeating units is preferable.
- the host compound has a hole transporting ability or an electron transporting ability, prevents the emission of light from being long-wavelength, and is stable with respect to heat generated when the organic EL element is driven at a high temperature or during the driving of the element.
- Tg glass transition temperature
- Tg is preferably 90 ° C. or higher, more preferably 120 ° C. or higher.
- the glass transition point (Tg) is a value determined by a method based on JIS K 7121-2012 using DSC (Differential Scanning Colorimetry).
- the electron transport layer is made of a material having a function of transporting electrons, and may have a function of transmitting electrons injected from the cathode to the light emitting layer.
- the total thickness of the electron transport layer used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 2 nm to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 to 500 nm, and further preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the organic EL element when the light generated in the light emitting layer is extracted from the electrode, the light extracted directly from the light emitting layer interferes with the light extracted after being reflected by the electrode from which the light is extracted and the electrode located at the counter electrode. It is known to wake up.
- the electron mobility of the electron transport layer is preferably 10 ⁇ 5 cm 2 / Vs or more.
- the material used for the electron transport layer may be any of electron injecting or transporting properties and hole blocking properties, and can be selected from conventionally known compounds. Can be selected and used.
- nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic derivatives (carbazole derivatives, azacarbazole derivatives (one or more carbon atoms constituting the carbazole ring are substituted with nitrogen atoms), pyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, pyridazine derivatives, Triazine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives, phenanthroline derivatives, azatriphenylene derivatives, oxazole derivatives, thiazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, thiadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, benzoxazole derivatives, benzthiazole derivatives, etc.), dibenzofuran derivatives, Dibenzothiophene derivatives, silole derivatives, aromatic hydrocarbon ring derivatives (naphthalene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, triphenylene derivatives, etc.) It is.
- a metal complex having a quinolinol skeleton or a dibenzoquinolinol skeleton as a ligand such as tris (8-quinolinol) aluminum (Alq), tris (5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5,7- Dibromo-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (2-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, tris (5-methyl-8-quinolinol) aluminum, bis (8-quinolinol) zinc (Znq) and the like can be used.
- metal complexes in which the central metal of these metal complexes is replaced with In, Mg, Cu, Ca, Sn, Ga, or Pb can also be used as the electron transport material.
- metal-free or metal phthalocyanine, or those in which the terminal thereof is substituted with an alkyl group or a sulfonic acid group can be preferably used as the electron transport material.
- the distyrylpyrazine derivative exemplified as the material for the light emitting layer can also be used as an electron transport material, and an inorganic semiconductor such as n-type-Si, n-type-SiC, etc. as in the case of the hole injection layer and the hole transport layer. Can also be used as an electron transporting material.
- a polymer material in which these materials are introduced into a polymer chain or these materials are used as a polymer main chain can also be used.
- the electron transport layer may be doped with a doping material as a guest material to form an electron transport layer having a high n property (electron rich).
- the doping material include n-type dopants such as metal complexes and metal compounds such as metal halides.
- Specific examples of the electron transport layer having such a structure include, for example, JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-10-270172, JP-A-2000-196140, 2001-102175, J. Pat. Appl. Phys. , 95, 5773 (2004) and the like.
- More preferable electron transport materials in the present invention include aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing at least one nitrogen atom.
- aromatic heterocyclic compounds containing at least one nitrogen atom For example, pyridine derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, pyrazine derivatives, triazine derivatives, dibenzofuran derivatives, dibenzothiophene derivatives, azadibenzofuran derivatives. , Azadibenzothiophene derivatives, carbazole derivatives, azacarbazole derivatives, benzimidazole derivatives, and the like.
- the electron transport material may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the hole blocking layer is a layer having the function of an electron transport layer in a broad sense, and is preferably made of a material having a function of transporting electrons and a small ability to transport holes. By blocking the holes, the probability of recombination of electrons and holes can be improved. Moreover, the structure of the electron carrying layer mentioned above can be used as a hole-blocking layer used for this invention as needed.
- the hole blocking layer provided in the organic EL device of the present invention is preferably provided adjacent to the cathode side of the light emitting layer.
- the layer thickness of the hole blocking layer used in the present invention is preferably in the range of 3 to 100 nm, more preferably in the range of 5 to 30 nm.
- the material used for a hole-blocking layer the material used for the above-mentioned electron carrying layer is used preferably, and the material used as the above-mentioned host compound is also preferably used for a hole-blocking layer.
- the electron injection layer (also referred to as “cathode buffer layer”) used in the present invention is a layer provided between the cathode and the light emitting layer in order to lower the driving voltage and improve the light emission luminance. 2 and Chapter 2 “Electrode Materials” (pages 123 to 166) of “The Forefront of Industrialization” (published by NTT Corporation on November 30, 1998).
- the electron injection layer may be provided as necessary, and may be present between the cathode and the light emitting layer or between the cathode and the electron transport layer as described above.
- the electron injection layer is preferably a very thin film, and the layer thickness is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 5 nm depending on the material. Moreover, the nonuniform layer (film
- JP-A-6-325871, JP-A-9-17574, JP-A-10-74586, and the like Specific examples of materials preferably used for the electron injection layer are as follows. , Metals typified by strontium and aluminum, alkali metal compounds typified by lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, etc., alkaline earth metal compounds typified by magnesium fluoride, calcium fluoride, etc., oxidation Examples thereof include metal oxides typified by aluminum, metal complexes typified by 8-hydroxyquinolinate lithium (Liq), and the like. Further, the above-described electron transport material can also be used. Moreover, the material used for said electron injection layer may be used independently, and may be used in combination of multiple types.
- the hole transport layer is made of a material having a function of transporting holes and may have a function of transmitting holes injected from the anode to the light emitting layer.
- the total thickness of the hole transport layer used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually in the range of 5 nm to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 to 500 nm, and further preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- a material used for the hole transport layer hereinafter referred to as a hole transport material
- any material that has either a hole injection property or a transport property or an electron barrier property may be used. Any one can be selected and used.
- porphyrin derivatives for example, porphyrin derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, oxazole derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, imidazole derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, pyrazolone derivatives, phenylenediamine derivatives, hydrazone derivatives, stilbene derivatives, polyarylalkane derivatives, triarylamine derivatives, carbazole derivatives , Indolocarbazole derivatives, isoindole derivatives, acene derivatives such as anthracene and naphthalene, fluorene derivatives, fluorenone derivatives, and polyvinyl carbazole, polymeric materials or oligomers with aromatic amines introduced into the main chain or side chain, polysilane, conductive And polymer (for example, PEDOT / PSS, aniline copolymer, polyaniline, polythiophene, etc.).
- PEDOT / PSS aniline copolymer, poly
- Examples of the triarylamine derivative include a benzidine type typified by ⁇ -NPD, a starburst type typified by MTDATA, and a compound having fluorene or anthracene in the triarylamine linking core part.
- hexaazatriphenylene derivatives such as those described in JP-T-2003-519432 and JP-A-2006-135145 can also be used as hole transport materials.
- a hole transport layer having a high p property doped with impurities can be used. Examples thereof include JP-A-4-297076, JP-A-2000-196140, and JP-A-2001-102175. Appl. Phys. 95, 5773 (2004), and the like.
- JP-A-11-251067, J. Org. Huang et. al. It is also possible to use so-called p-type hole transport materials and inorganic compounds such as p-type-Si and p-type-SiC, as described in the literature (Applied Physics Letters 80 (2002), p. 139). Further, ortho-metalated organometallic complexes having Ir or Pt as the central metal as typified by Ir (ppy) 3 are also preferably used.
- the above-mentioned materials can be used as the hole transport material, a triarylamine derivative, a carbazole derivative, an indolocarbazole derivative, an azatriphenylene derivative, an organometallic complex, or an aromatic amine is introduced into the main chain or side chain.
- the polymer materials or oligomers used are preferably used.
- the electron blocking layer is a layer having a function of a hole transport layer in a broad sense, and is preferably made of a material having a function of transporting holes and a small ability to transport electrons, while transporting holes. By blocking electrons, the probability of recombination of electrons and holes can be improved. Moreover, the structure of the positive hole transport layer mentioned above can be used as an electron blocking layer used for this invention as needed.
- the electron blocking layer provided in the organic EL device of the present invention is preferably provided adjacent to the anode side of the light emitting layer.
- the thickness of the electron blocking layer used in the present invention is preferably in the range of 3 to 100 nm, more preferably in the range of 5 to 30 nm.
- the material used for the electron blocking layer the material used for the above-described hole transport layer is preferably used, and the material used as the above-described host compound is also preferably used for the electron blocking layer.
- the hole injection layer (also referred to as “anode buffer layer”) used in the present invention is a layer provided between the anode and the light emitting layer in order to lower the driving voltage or improve the light emission luminance. It is described in detail in the second chapter, Chapter 2, “Electrode Materials” (pages 123 to 166) of “Elements and the Forefront of Industrialization (issued by NTT Corporation on November 30, 1998)”.
- the hole injection layer may be provided as necessary, and may be present between the anode and the light emitting layer or between the anode and the hole transport layer as described above.
- the details of the hole injection layer are described in JP-A-9-45479, JP-A-9-260062, JP-A-8-288069, etc.
- materials used for the hole injection layer include: Examples include materials used for the hole transport layer described above. Among them, phthalocyanine derivatives typified by copper phthalocyanine, hexaazatriphenylene derivatives, metal oxides typified by vanadium oxide, amorphous carbon as described in JP-T-2003-519432 and JP-A-2006-135145, etc.
- the materials used for the hole injection layer described above may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the organic layer in the present invention described above may further contain other additives.
- the additive include halogen elements such as bromine, iodine and chlorine, halogenated compounds, alkali metals such as Pd, Ca and Na, alkaline earth metals, transition metal compounds, complexes, and salts.
- the content of the additive can be arbitrarily determined, but is preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 500 ppm or less, and further preferably 50 ppm or less with respect to the total mass% of the contained layer. . However, it is not within this range depending on the purpose of improving the transportability of electrons and holes or the purpose of favoring the exciton energy transfer.
- a method for forming an organic layer (hole injection layer, hole transport layer, light emitting layer, hole blocking layer, electron transport layer, electron injection layer, etc.) according to the present invention will be described.
- the method for forming the organic layer according to the present invention is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known method such as a vacuum deposition method or a wet method (also referred to as a wet process) can be used.
- a conventionally known method such as a vacuum deposition method or a wet method (also referred to as a wet process) can be used.
- the wet method include spin coating method, casting method, ink jet method, printing method, die coating method, blade coating method, roll coating method, spray coating method, curtain coating method, and LB method (Langmuir-Blodgett method).
- a method with high roll-to-roll method suitability such as a die coating method, a roll coating method, an ink jet method and a spray coating method is preferable.
- the liquid medium for dissolving or dispersing the organic EL material used in the present invention include ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone, fatty acid esters such as ethyl acetate, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichlorobenzene, toluene, xylene, Aromatic hydrocarbons such as mesitylene and cyclohexylbenzene, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, decalin, and dodecane, and organic solvents such as DMF and DMSO can be used.
- ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone and cyclohexanone
- fatty acid esters such as ethyl acetate
- halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichlorobenz
- dispersion method it can disperse
- the vapor deposition conditions vary depending on the type of compound used, but generally a boat heating temperature of 50 to 450 ° C., a degree of vacuum of 10 ⁇ 6 to 10 ⁇ 2 Pa, and a vapor deposition rate of 0.01 to It is desirable to select appropriately within a range of 50 nm / second, a substrate temperature of ⁇ 50 to 300 ° C., and a layer (film) thickness of 0.1 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 200 nm.
- the organic layer according to the present invention is preferably formed from the hole injection layer to the cathode consistently by a single evacuation, but it may be taken out halfway and subjected to different film formation methods. In that case, it is preferable to perform the work in a dry inert gas atmosphere.
- anode As the anode in the organic EL element, a material having a work function (4 eV or more, preferably 4.5 eV or more) of a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or a mixture thereof is preferably used.
- electrode materials include metals such as Au, and conductive transparent materials such as CuI, indium tin oxide (ITO), SnO 2 , and ZnO.
- conductive transparent materials such as CuI, indium tin oxide (ITO), SnO 2 , and ZnO.
- an amorphous material such as IDIXO (In 2 O 3 —ZnO) capable of forming a transparent conductive film may be used.
- a thin film may be formed by depositing these electrode materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering, and a pattern having a desired shape may be formed by a photolithography method, or when pattern accuracy is not required (about 100 ⁇ m or more) ), A pattern may be formed through a mask having a desired shape when the electrode material is deposited or sputtered. Or when using the substance which can be apply
- the film thickness of the anode depends on the material, but is usually selected in the range of 10 nm to 1 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 200 nm.
- cathode As the cathode, a material having a low work function (4 eV or less) metal (referred to as an electron injecting metal), an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, and a mixture thereof as an electrode material is used. Specific examples of such electrode materials include sodium, sodium-potassium alloy, magnesium, lithium, magnesium / copper mixture, magnesium / silver mixture, magnesium / aluminum mixture, magnesium / indium mixture, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) Mixtures, indium, lithium / aluminum mixtures, aluminum, rare earth metals and the like.
- a mixture of an electron injecting metal and a second metal which is a stable metal having a larger work function than this for example, a magnesium / silver mixture, Magnesium / aluminum mixtures, magnesium / indium mixtures, aluminum / aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) mixtures, lithium / aluminum mixtures, aluminum and the like are preferred.
- the cathode can be produced by forming a thin film of these electrode materials by a method such as vapor deposition or sputtering.
- the sheet resistance as the cathode is preferably several hundred ⁇ / ⁇ or less, and the film thickness is usually selected in the range of 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, preferably 50 to 200 nm.
- the emission luminance is advantageously improved.
- a transparent or translucent cathode can be produced by producing a conductive transparent material mentioned in the description of the anode on the cathode after producing the above metal with a thickness of 1 to 20 nm.
- the support substrate (hereinafter also referred to as a substrate, substrate, substrate, support, etc.) that can be used in the organic EL device of the present invention is not particularly limited in the type of glass, plastic, etc., and is transparent. Or opaque. When extracting light from the support substrate side, the support substrate is preferably transparent. Examples of the transparent support substrate preferably used include glass, quartz, and a transparent resin film. A particularly preferable support substrate is a resin film capable of giving flexibility to the organic EL element.
- polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene, polypropylene, cellophane, cellulose diacetate, cellulose triacetate (TAC), cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate ( CAP), cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose nitrate or derivatives thereof, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene vinyl alcohol, syndiotactic polystyrene, polycarbonate, norbornene resin, polymethylpentene, polyether ketone, polyimide , Polyethersulfone (PES), polyphenylene sulfide, polysulfones Cycloolefin resins such as polyetherimide, polyetherketoneimide, polyamide, fluororesin, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, acrylic or polyarylate, Arton (trade name, manufactured by JSR) or Appel (trade name, manufactured by J
- the surface of the resin film may be formed with an inorganic film, an organic film, or a hybrid film of both, and the water vapor permeability (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C.) measured by a method according to JIS K 7129-1992.
- Relative humidity (90 ⁇ 2)% RH) is preferably 0.01 g / m 2 ⁇ 24 h or less, and further, oxygen permeability measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987.
- it is preferably a high-barrier film having 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / m 2 ⁇ 24 h ⁇ atm or less and a water vapor permeability of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 g / m 2 ⁇ 24 h or less.
- any material may be used as long as it has a function of suppressing intrusion of elements that cause deterioration of elements such as moisture and oxygen.
- silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or the like can be used.
- the method for forming the barrier film is not particularly limited.
- vacuum deposition sputtering, reactive sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, cluster ion beam, ion plating, plasma polymerization, atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization
- a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used, but an atmospheric pressure plasma polymerization method as described in JP-A-2004-68143 is particularly preferable.
- the opaque support substrate examples include metal plates such as aluminum and stainless steel, films, opaque resin substrates, and ceramic substrates.
- the external extraction quantum efficiency at room temperature (25 ° C.) of light emission of the organic EL device of the present invention is preferably 1% or more, and more preferably 5% or more.
- external extraction quantum efficiency (%) number of photons emitted to the outside of the organic EL element / number of electrons flowed to the organic EL element ⁇ 100.
- a hue improvement filter such as a color filter may be used in combination, or a color conversion filter that converts the emission color from the organic EL element into multiple colors using a phosphor may be used in combination.
- sealing means used for sealing the organic EL element of the present invention include a method of bonding a sealing member, an electrode, and a support substrate with an adhesive.
- a sealing member it should just be arrange
- transparency and electrical insulation are not particularly limited. Specific examples include a glass plate, a polymer plate / film, and a metal plate / film. Examples of the glass plate include soda-lime glass, barium / strontium-containing glass, lead glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, barium borosilicate glass, and quartz.
- polymer plate examples include polycarbonate, acrylic, polyethylene terephthalate, polyether sulfide, and polysulfone.
- metal plate examples include those made of one or more metals or alloys selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, iron, copper, aluminum, magnesium, nickel, zinc, chromium, titanium, molybdenum, silicon, germanium, and tantalum.
- a polymer film and a metal film can be preferably used because the organic EL element can be thinned.
- the polymer film has an oxygen permeability measured by a method according to JIS K 7126-1987 of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ml / m 2 ⁇ 24 h or less, and measured by a method according to JIS K 7129-1992.
- the water vapor permeability (25 ⁇ 0.5 ° C., relative humidity 90 ⁇ 2%) is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 g / m 2 ⁇ 24 h or less.
- the adhesive include photocuring and thermosetting adhesives having reactive vinyl groups of acrylic acid oligomers and methacrylic acid oligomers, and moisture curing adhesives such as 2-cyanoacrylates. be able to.
- hot-melt type polyamide, polyester, and polyolefin can be mentioned.
- a cationic curing type ultraviolet curing epoxy resin adhesive can be mentioned.
- an organic EL element may deteriorate by heat processing, what can be adhesive-hardened from room temperature to 80 degreeC is preferable.
- a desiccant may be dispersed in the adhesive.
- coating of the adhesive agent to a sealing part may use commercially available dispenser, and may print like screen printing.
- the electrode and the organic layer are coated on the outside of the electrode facing the support substrate with the organic layer interposed therebetween, and an inorganic or organic layer is formed in contact with the support substrate to form a sealing film.
- the material for forming the film may be any material that has a function of suppressing intrusion of elements that cause deterioration of elements such as moisture and oxygen.
- silicon oxide, silicon dioxide, silicon nitride, or the like may be used. it can.
- vacuum deposition sputtering, reactive sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, cluster ion beam, ion plating, plasma polymerization, atmospheric pressure plasma
- a combination method a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a coating method, or the like can be used.
- an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon, or an inert liquid such as fluorinated hydrocarbon or silicon oil can be injected in the gas phase and liquid phase.
- a vacuum can also be used.
- a hygroscopic compound can also be enclosed inside. Examples of the hygroscopic compound include metal oxides (for example, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, barium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminum oxide) and sulfates (for example, sodium sulfate, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, cobalt sulfate).
- metal halides eg calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, cesium fluoride, tantalum fluoride, cerium bromide, magnesium bromide, barium iodide, magnesium iodide etc.
- perchloric acids eg perchloric acid Barium, magnesium perchlorate, and the like
- anhydrous salts are preferably used in sulfates, metal halides, and perchloric acids.
- a protective film or a protective plate may be provided outside the sealing film or the sealing film on the side facing the support substrate with the organic layer interposed therebetween.
- the mechanical strength is not necessarily high, and thus it is preferable to provide such a protective film and a protective plate.
- the same glass plate, polymer plate / film, metal plate / film, etc. used for the sealing can be used, but the polymer film is light and thin. Is preferably used.
- An organic EL element emits light inside a layer having a refractive index higher than that of air (within a refractive index of about 1.6 to 2.1), and is about 15% to 20% of light generated in the light emitting layer. It is generally said that it can only be taken out. This is because light incident on the interface (interface between the transparent substrate and air) at an angle ⁇ greater than the critical angle causes total reflection and cannot be taken out of the device, This is because light is totally reflected between the light and the light is guided through the transparent electrode or the light emitting layer, and as a result, the light escapes in the direction of the side surface of the device.
- a technique for improving the light extraction efficiency for example, a method of forming irregularities on the surface of the transparent substrate to prevent total reflection at the transparent substrate and the air interface (for example, US Pat. No. 4,774,435), A method for improving efficiency by providing light condensing property (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 63-134795), a method for forming a reflective surface on the side surface of an element (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 1-220394), a substrate A method of forming an antireflection film by introducing a flat layer having an intermediate refractive index between the substrate and the light emitter (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.
- these methods can be used in combination with the organic EL device of the present invention.
- a method of introducing a flat layer having a lower refractive index than the substrate between the substrate and the light emitter, or a substrate, transparent A method of forming a diffraction grating between any one of the electrode layer and the light emitting layer (including between the substrate and the outside) can be suitably used.
- by combining these means it is possible to obtain an element having higher luminance or durability.
- the low refractive index layer include aerogel, porous silica, magnesium fluoride, and a fluorine-based polymer. Since the refractive index of the transparent substrate is generally in the range of about 1.5 to 1.7, the low refractive index layer preferably has a refractive index of about 1.5 or less. Furthermore, it is preferable that it is 1.35 or less.
- the thickness of the low refractive index medium is preferably at least twice the wavelength in the medium. This is because the effect of the low refractive index layer is diminished when the thickness of the low refractive index medium is about the wavelength of light and the electromagnetic wave exuded by evanescent enters the substrate.
- the method of introducing a diffraction grating into an interface that causes total reflection or in any medium has a feature that the effect of improving the light extraction efficiency is high.
- This method uses the property that the diffraction grating can change the direction of light to a specific direction different from refraction by so-called Bragg diffraction, such as first-order diffraction or second-order diffraction.
- the light that cannot be emitted due to total internal reflection between layers is diffracted by introducing a diffraction grating into any layer or medium (in the transparent substrate or transparent electrode). , Trying to extract light out.
- the introduced diffraction grating desirably has a two-dimensional periodic refractive index. This is because light emitted from the light-emitting layer is randomly generated in all directions, so in a general one-dimensional diffraction grating having a periodic refractive index distribution only in a certain direction, only light traveling in a specific direction is diffracted. The light extraction efficiency does not increase so much. However, by making the refractive index distribution a two-dimensional distribution, light traveling in all directions is diffracted, and light extraction efficiency is increased.
- the position where the diffraction grating is introduced may be in any of the layers or in the medium (in the transparent substrate or the transparent electrode), but is preferably in the vicinity of the organic light emitting layer where light is generated.
- the period of the diffraction grating is preferably in the range of about 1/2 to 3 times the wavelength of light in the medium.
- the arrangement of the diffraction gratings is preferably two-dimensionally repeated, such as a square lattice, a triangular lattice, or a honeycomb lattice.
- the organic EL element of the present invention can be processed to provide a structure on a microlens array, for example, on the light extraction side of a support substrate (substrate) or combined with a so-called condensing sheet, for example, in a specific direction, for example, the element Condensing light in the front direction with respect to the light emitting surface can increase the luminance in a specific direction.
- a microlens array quadrangular pyramids having a side of 30 ⁇ m and an apex angle of 90 degrees are arranged two-dimensionally on the light extraction side of the substrate. One side is preferably within a range of 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the condensing sheet for example, a sheet that is put into practical use in an LED backlight of a liquid crystal display device can be used.
- a brightness enhancement film (BEF) manufactured by Sumitomo 3M Limited can be used.
- the shape of the prism sheet for example, a substrate may be formed with a ⁇ -shaped stripe having an apex angle of 90 degrees and a pitch of 50 ⁇ m, or the apex angle is rounded and the pitch is changed randomly. Other shapes may also be used.
- a light-diffusion plate and a film together with a condensing sheet For example, a diffusion film (light-up) manufactured by Kimoto Co., Ltd. can be used.
- the organic EL element of the present invention can be used as an electronic device such as a display device, a display, and various light emitting devices.
- light emitting devices include lighting devices (home lighting, interior lighting), clocks and backlights for liquid crystals, billboard advertisements, traffic lights, light sources of optical storage media, light sources of electrophotographic copying machines, light sources of optical communication processors, light Although the light source of a sensor etc. are mentioned, It is not limited to this, Especially, it can use effectively for the use as a backlight of a liquid crystal display device, and a light source for illumination.
- patterning may be performed by a metal mask, an ink jet printing method, or the like as needed during film formation. In the case of patterning, only the electrode may be patterned, the electrode and the light emitting layer may be patterned, or the entire layer of the element may be patterned. In the fabrication of the element, a conventionally known method is used. Can do.
- the light emission color of the organic EL device of the present invention and the compound according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 11.16 on page 108 of “New Color Science Handbook” (edited by the Japan Color Society, University of Tokyo Press, 1985). It is determined by the color when the result measured with a total of CS-1000 (manufactured by Konica Minolta Co., Ltd.) is applied to the CIE chromaticity coordinates.
- the display device including the organic EL element of the present invention may be single color or multicolor, but here, the multicolor display device will be described.
- a shadow mask is provided only at the time of forming a light emitting layer, and a film can be formed on one surface by vapor deposition, casting, spin coating, ink jet, printing, or the like.
- vapor deposition there is no limitation on the method, but a vapor deposition method, an inkjet method, a spin coating method, and a printing method are preferable.
- the configuration of the organic EL element included in the display device is selected from the above-described configuration examples of the organic EL element as necessary.
- the manufacturing method of an organic EL element is as having shown in the one aspect
- a DC voltage When a DC voltage is applied to the multicolor display device thus obtained, light emission can be observed by applying a voltage of about 2 to 40 V with the positive polarity of the anode and the negative polarity of the cathode. Further, even when a voltage is applied with the opposite polarity, no current flows and no light emission occurs. Further, when an AC voltage is applied, light is emitted only when the anode is in the + state and the cathode is in the-state.
- the alternating current waveform to be applied may be arbitrary.
- the multicolor display device can be used as a display device, a display, or various light emission sources.
- a display device or display full-color display is possible by using three types of organic EL elements of blue, red, and green light emission.
- Examples of the display device or display include a television, a personal computer, a mobile device, an AV device, a character broadcast display, and an information display in a car.
- the display device or display may be used as a display device for reproducing still images and moving images
- the driving method when used as a display device for reproducing moving images may be either a simple matrix (passive matrix) method or an active matrix method.
- Light-emitting devices include household lighting, interior lighting, clock and liquid crystal backlights, billboard advertisements, traffic lights, optical storage media light sources, electrophotographic copying machine light sources, optical communication processor light sources, optical sensor light sources, etc.
- the present invention is not limited to these.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic view showing an example of a display device composed of organic EL elements. It is a schematic diagram of a display such as a mobile phone that displays image information by light emission of an organic EL element.
- the display 1 includes a display unit A having a plurality of pixels, a control unit B that performs image scanning of the display unit A based on image information, a wiring unit C that electrically connects the display unit A and the control unit B, and the like.
- the control unit B is electrically connected to the display unit A via the wiring unit C, and sends a scanning signal and an image data signal to each of a plurality of pixels based on image information from the outside. Sequentially emit light according to the image data signal, scan the image, and display the image information on the display unit A.
- FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of a display device using an active matrix method.
- the display unit A includes a wiring unit C including a plurality of scanning lines 5 and data lines 6, a plurality of pixels 3 and the like on a substrate.
- the main members of the display unit A will be described below.
- FIG. 17 shows a case where the light emitted from the pixel 3 (extracted light L) is extracted in the direction of the white arrow (downward).
- the scanning line 5 and the plurality of data lines 6 in the wiring portion are each made of a conductive material, and the scanning lines 5 and the data lines 6 are orthogonal to each other in a grid pattern and are connected to the pixels 3 at the orthogonal positions (details are illustrated) Not)
- the pixel 3 receives an image data signal from the data line 6 and emits light according to the received image data.
- Full-color display is possible by appropriately arranging pixels in the red region, the green region, and the blue region on the same substrate.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing a pixel circuit.
- the pixel includes an organic EL element 10, a switching transistor 11, a driving transistor 12, a capacitor 13, and the like.
- a full color display can be performed by using red, green, and blue light emitting organic EL elements as the organic EL elements 10 in a plurality of pixels, and juxtaposing them on the same substrate.
- an image data signal is applied from the control unit B to the drain of the switching transistor 11 through the data line 6.
- a scanning signal is applied from the control unit B to the gate of the switching transistor 11 via the scanning line 5
- the driving of the switching transistor 11 is turned on, and the image data signal applied to the drain is supplied to the capacitor 13 and the driving transistor 12. Is transmitted to the gate.
- the capacitor 13 is charged according to the potential of the image data signal, and the drive transistor 12 is turned on.
- the drive transistor 12 has a drain connected to the power supply line 7 and a source connected to the electrode of the organic EL element 10, and the power supply line 7 connects to the organic EL element 10 according to the potential of the image data signal applied to the gate. Current is supplied.
- the driving of the switching transistor 11 is turned off.
- the driving of the driving transistor 12 is kept on and the next scanning signal is applied. Until then, the light emission of the organic EL element 10 continues.
- the driving transistor 12 is driven according to the potential of the next image data signal synchronized with the scanning signal, and the organic EL element 10 emits light.
- the organic EL element 10 emits light by the switching transistor 11 and the drive transistor 12 that are active elements for the organic EL element 10 of each of the plurality of pixels, and the light emission of the organic EL element 10 of each of the plurality of pixels 3. It is carried out.
- Such a light emitting method is called an active matrix method.
- the light emission of the organic EL element 10 may be light emission of a plurality of gradations by a multi-value image data signal having a plurality of gradation potentials, or by turning on / off a predetermined light emission amount by a binary image data signal. Good.
- the potential of the capacitor 13 may be held continuously until the next scanning signal is applied, or may be discharged immediately before the next scanning signal is applied.
- a passive matrix light emission drive in which the organic EL element emits light according to the data signal only when the scanning signal is scanned.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a display device using a passive matrix method.
- a plurality of scanning lines 5 and a plurality of image data lines 6 are provided in a lattice shape so as to face each other with the pixel 3 interposed therebetween.
- the scanning signal of the scanning line 5 is applied by sequential scanning, the pixels 3 connected to the applied scanning line 5 emit light according to the image data signal.
- the pixel 3 has no active element, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
- the organic EL element of the present invention By using the organic EL element of the present invention, a display device with improved luminous efficiency was obtained.
- the organic EL element of the present invention can also be used for a lighting device.
- the organic EL element of the present invention may be used as an organic EL element having a resonator structure.
- Examples of the purpose of use of the organic EL element having such a resonator structure include a light source of an optical storage medium, a light source of an electrophotographic copying machine, a light source of an optical communication processing machine, and a light source of an optical sensor. It is not limited. Moreover, you may use for the said use by making a laser oscillation.
- the organic EL element of the present invention may be used as a kind of lamp for illumination or exposure light source, a projection device for projecting an image, or a type for directly viewing a still image or a moving image. It may be used as a display device (display).
- the driving method when used as a display device for reproducing a moving image may be either a passive matrix method or an active matrix method. Alternatively, it is possible to produce a full-color display device by using two or more organic EL elements of the present invention having different emission colors.
- the compound according to the present invention can be applied to an organic EL element that emits substantially white light as a lighting device.
- white light emission can be obtained by simultaneously emitting a plurality of light emission colors and mixing the colors.
- the combination of a plurality of emission colors may include three emission maximum wavelengths of three primary colors of red, green, and blue, or two of the complementary colors such as blue and yellow, blue green and orange, etc. The thing containing the light emission maximum wavelength may be used.
- the organic EL device forming method of the present invention may be simply arranged by providing a mask only when forming a light emitting layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, or the like, and separately coating with the mask. Since the other layers are common, patterning of a mask or the like is unnecessary, and for example, an electrode film can be formed on one surface by a vapor deposition method, a cast method, a spin coating method, an ink jet method, a printing method, or the like, and productivity is improved. According to this method, unlike a white organic EL device in which light emitting elements of a plurality of colors are arranged in parallel in an array, the elements themselves emit white light.
- FIG. 1 One Embodiment of Lighting Device of the Present Invention.
- the non-light emitting surface of the organic EL device of the present invention is covered with a glass case, a 300 ⁇ m thick glass substrate is used as a sealing substrate, and an epoxy photocurable adhesive (LUX Track LC0629B) is applied, stacked on the cathode and brought into close contact with the transparent support substrate, irradiated with UV light from the glass substrate side, cured, sealed, and illuminated as shown in FIGS.
- a device can be formed.
- FIG. 1 An epoxy photocurable adhesive
- FIG. 20 shows a schematic diagram of a lighting device, and the organic EL element (organic EL element 101 in the lighting device) of the present invention is covered with a glass cover 102 (note that the sealing operation with the glass cover is performed by lighting. This was performed in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere (in an atmosphere of high-purity nitrogen gas having a purity of 99.999% or more) without bringing the organic EL element 101 in the apparatus into contact with the air.
- FIG. 21 shows a cross-sectional view of the lighting device.
- 105 denotes a cathode
- 106 denotes an organic layer
- 107 denotes a glass substrate with a transparent electrode.
- the glass cover 102 is filled with nitrogen gas 108 and a water catching agent 109 is provided.
- FIGS. 17, 20, and 21 show the case where the emitted light is extracted in the direction of the white arrow (downward) (extracted light L).
- Example 1 ⁇ Production of Organic EL Element 1-1 >> Transparent support provided with this ITO transparent electrode after patterning on a substrate (NH45 manufactured by NH Techno Glass Co., Ltd.) formed by depositing 100 nm of ITO (indium tin oxide) on a glass substrate of 100 mm ⁇ 100 mm ⁇ 1.1 mm as an anode The substrate was ultrasonically cleaned with isopropyl alcohol, dried with dry nitrogen gas, and subjected to UV ozone cleaning for 5 minutes.
- a substrate NH45 manufactured by NH Techno Glass Co., Ltd.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- polystyrene sulfonate PEDOT / PSS, Bayer, Baytron P Al 4083
- a thin film was formed by spin coating under conditions of 30 seconds, and then dried at 200 ° C. for 1 hour to provide a hole injection layer having a layer thickness of 20 nm.
- This transparent support substrate is fixed to a substrate holder of a commercially available vacuum deposition apparatus, while m-MTDATA (4,4 ′, 4 ′′ -tris [phenyl (m-tolyl) amino] triphenylamine) is mounted on a molybdenum resistance heating boat.
- 200 mg of TCTA (4,4 ′, 4 ′′-(carbazol-9-yl) -triphenylamine) was placed in another molybdenum resistance heating boat, and Comparative Compound C1 ( 200 mg of H-159) was placed, and 200 mg of BCP (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) was placed in another molybdenum resistance heating boat and attached to a vacuum deposition apparatus.
- the heating boat containing m-MTDATA was energized and heated, and deposited on the hole injection layer at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second. A 30 nm hole transport layer was provided.
- the heating boat containing TCTA and the heating boat containing the comparative compound C1 were energized and heated, and the deposition rate was 0.1 nm / second and 0.010 nm / second, respectively, on the hole transport layer. Evaporation was performed to provide a 30 nm light emitting layer.
- the heating boat containing BCP was energized and heated, and was deposited on the light emitting layer at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second to provide a 30 nm electron transport layer.
- lithium fluoride 0.5 nm was vapor-deposited as a cathode buffer layer, and aluminum 110 nm was vapor-deposited to form a cathode, whereby an organic EL device 1-1 was produced.
- Organic EL devices 1-2 to 1-8 were prepared in the same manner as in the production of the organic EL device 1-1 except that the comparative compound C1 was changed to the compounds shown in Table 2.
- Luminance was measured using a spectral radiance meter CS-2000, and the time (LT50) during which the measured luminance was halved was determined.
- the driving condition was a current value of 3000 cd / m 2 at the start of continuous driving.
- Table 2 a relative value was determined by setting the LT50 of the organic EL element 1-1 to 100, and this was used as a measure of continuous drive stability.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 2. In the table, the larger the value, the better the continuous drive stability (long life).
- This transparent support substrate is fixed to a substrate holder of a commercially available vacuum evaporation apparatus, and a HAT-CN (1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylenehexacarbonitrile), ⁇ -NPD is mounted on a molybdenum resistance heating boat.
- the vacuum chamber was then depressurized to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, then heated by energizing the heating boat containing HAT-CN, and the transparent support substrate provided with the ITO transparent electrode at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second A 20 nm hole injection layer was provided by evaporation.
- the heating boat containing ⁇ -NPD was energized and heated, and deposited on the hole injection layer at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second to provide a 30 nm hole transport layer.
- the heating boat containing mCP and the heating boat containing the comparative compound C2 are energized and heated, and are co-deposited on the hole transport layer at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second and 0.010 nm / second, respectively.
- a 30 nm light emitting layer was provided.
- the heating boat containing TPBi was energized and heated, and deposited on the light emitting layer at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second to provide a 30 nm electron transport layer.
- lithium fluoride 0.5 nm was vapor-deposited as a cathode buffer layer, and aluminum 110 nm was vapor-deposited to form a cathode, thereby producing an organic EL element 2-1.
- Organic EL devices 2-2 to 2-8 were prepared in exactly the same manner as in the manufacture of organic EL device 2-1, except that the compound C2 was changed to the compounds shown in Table 3.
- Change rate of resistance value before and after driving
- a value closer to 0 indicates a smaller rate of change before and after driving.
- the change in the thin film resistivity is shown in Table 3 as a relative value when the measured value of the organic EL element 2-1 is 100. The smaller the value, the smaller the change in thin film resistivity with time.
- a thin film was formed by spin coating under a condition of 3000 rpm and 30 seconds using a solution obtained by diluting PEDOT / PSS to 70% with pure water, and then dried at 200 ° C. for 1 hour.
- a hole injection layer having a layer thickness of 20 nm was provided.
- This transparent support substrate is fixed to a substrate holder of a commercially available vacuum evaporation apparatus, while 200 mg of ⁇ -NPD is placed in a molybdenum resistance heating boat, and 200 mg of CBP is placed in another molybdenum resistance heating boat, and another molybdenum resistance heating is performed.
- 200 mg of comparative compound C3 (H-115) was placed in a boat, and 200 mg of BPhen (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) was placed in another molybdenum resistance heating boat and attached to a vacuum deposition apparatus.
- the pressure in the vacuum chamber was reduced to 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa, and the heating boat containing ⁇ -NPD was energized and heated, and deposited on the hole injection layer at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second.
- a 30 nm hole transport layer was provided.
- the heating boat containing CBP and the heating boat containing the comparative compound C3 were energized and heated, and were deposited on the hole transport layer at vapor deposition rates of 0.1 nm / second and 0.010 nm / second, respectively. Evaporated to provide a 20 nm light emitting layer.
- the heating boat containing BPhen was energized and heated, and was deposited on the light emitting layer at a deposition rate of 0.1 nm / second to provide a 30 nm electron transport layer.
- lithium fluoride 0.5 nm was vapor-deposited as a cathode buffer layer, and aluminum 110 nm was vapor-deposited to form a cathode, whereby an organic EL element 3-1 was produced.
- Organic EL elements 3-2 to 3-6 were prepared in the same manner as in the production of the organic EL element 3-1, except that the comparative compound C3 was changed to the compounds shown in Table 4.
- Luminance was measured using a spectral radiance meter CS-2000, and the time (LT50) during which the measured luminance was halved was determined.
- the driving condition was a current value of 3000 cd / m 2 at the start of continuous driving.
- a relative value was determined by setting the LT50 of the organic EL element 3-1 to 100, and this was used as a measure of continuous drive stability.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 4. In the table, the larger the value, the better the continuous drive stability (long life).
- Example 4 The dopants (exemplary compounds) listed in Table 2 to Table 4 were dissolved in toluene, and the emission lifetime at 300K was measured. The light emission lifetime of the solution sample was measured by measuring transient PL characteristics. A small fluorescent lifetime measuring device (C11367-03 manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics) was used for measurement of transient PL characteristics. Specifically, the slow decay component was measured in the M9003-01 mode by flash lamp excitation, and the fast decay component was measured in the TCC900 mode using a 340 nm LED as the excitation light source. Here, the fluorescence component is observed in nanoseconds, and the delayed fluorescence component derived from phosphorescence and triplet states is observed in micro or millisecond units.
- C11367-03 manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics
- an organic electroluminescence element capable of achieving both high luminous efficiency and blue light emission with good chromaticity and maintaining the performance for a long time
- a display device including the organic EL element, Display, home lighting, interior lighting, clock and LCD backlights, billboard advertisements, traffic lights, light sources for optical storage media, light sources for electrophotographic copying machines, light sources for optical communication processors, light sources for optical sensors, and more It can be suitably used as a wide light-emitting light source for general household appliances that require a display device.
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Abstract
Description
有機EL素子に電界をかけると、陽極と陰極からそれぞれ正孔と電子が注入され、発光層において再結合し励起子を生じる。このとき一重項励起子と三重項励起子とが25%:75%の割合で生成するため、三重項励起子を利用するリン光発光の方が、蛍光発光に比べ、理論的に高い内部量子効率が得られることが知られている。
しかしながら、リン光発光方式において実際に高い量子効率を得るためには、中心金属にイリジウムや白金などの希少金属を用いた錯体を用いる必要があり、将来的に希少金属の埋蔵量や金属自体の値段が産業上大きな問題となることが懸念される。
例えば、特許文献1には、二つの三重項励起子の衝突により一重項励起子が生成する現象(Triplet-Triplet Annihilation:以下、適宜「TTA」と略記する。また、Triplet-Triplet Fusion:「TTF」ともいう。)に着目し、TTAを効率的に起こして蛍光素子の高効率化を図る技術が開示されている。この技術により蛍光発光材料(以下、蛍光発光性材料、蛍光材料、蛍光発光性化合物ともいう。)の電力効率は従来の蛍光発光材料の2~3倍まで向上しているが、TTAにおける理論的な一重項励起子生成効率は40%程度にとどまるため、依然としてリン光発光に比べ高発光効率化の課題を有している。
さらに、近年では、安達らにより、熱活性化型遅延蛍光(「熱励起型遅延蛍光」ともいう:Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence:以下、適宜「TADF」と略記する。)機構を利用した蛍光発光材料と、有機EL素子への利用の可能性が報告されている(例えば、非特許文献1~4参照。)。
一重項励起子のエネルギーは、発光性化合物へ蛍光共鳴エネルギー移動(Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer:以下、適宜、「FRET」と略記する。)し、発光性化合物が移動してきたエネルギーにより発光することが可能となる。したがって、理論上100%の励起子エネルギーを利用して、発光性化合物を発光させることが可能となり、高発光効率を実現することができる。
また、非特許文献6においては発光材料のドープ濃度を変化させ、キャリアバランスを整えることによって駆動寿命改善を試みている。しかし、有機EL素子の駆動寿命としてはまだ実用的に十分でない。
特許文献3には発光層に添加剤を加えてキャリアバランスを整える技術が開示されている。また、特許文献4には、発光層及びこれに隣接する層とのエネルギーギャップを調節することにより、素子全体のキャリアバランスを最適化する技術が開示されている。しかし、これらはいずれも発光材料に由来するキャリアバランスの悪化を本質的に改善するものではない。
すなわち、本発明に係る上記課題は、以下の手段により解決される。
分子軌道計算により描像される前記電子ドナー構成部上に分布する被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値と、前記電子アクセプター構成部上に分布する被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギー値を有する軌道のエネルギー値との差(ΔEH)及び
前記計算により描像される前記電子ドナー構成部上に分布する空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値と、前記電子アクセプター構成部上に分布する空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギー値を有する軌道のエネルギー値との差(ΔEL)の和(ΔEH+ΔEL)が、2.0eV以上であり、かつ、
前記化合物の分子全体について前記分子軌道計算により得られる被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値が、-5.2eV以上であり、
前記化合物の分子全体について前記分子軌道計算により得られる空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値が、-1.2eV以下であることを特徴とする有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
分子軌道計算により描像される前記電子ドナー構成部上に分布する被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値と、前記電子アクセプター構成部上に分布する被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギー値を有する軌道のエネルギー値との差(ΔEH)及び
前記計算により描像される前記電子ドナー構成部上に分布する空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値と、前記電子アクセプター構成部上に分布する空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギー値を有する軌道のエネルギー値との差(ΔEL)の和(ΔEH+ΔEL)が、2.0eV以上であり、かつ、
前記化合物の分子全体について前記分子軌道計算により得られる被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値が、-5.2eV以上であり、
前記化合物の分子全体について前記分子軌道計算により得られる空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値が、-1.2eV以下であることを特徴とする発光性組成物。
また、励起状態の青色発光材料は赤色や緑色の発光材料よりも高いエネルギーを有しているため、上述のような変化を起こしやすい。したがって、通電に対して安定な発光層を設計することは、特に青色発光する有機EL素子の寿命改善に大きく寄与すると考えられる。
本論に入る前に、本発明の技術思想と関連する、有機ELの発光方式及び発光材料について述べる。
有機ELの発光方式としては三重項励起状態から基底状態に戻る際に光を発する「リン光発光」と、一重項励起状態から基底状態に戻る際に光を発する「蛍光発光」の二通りがある。
有機ELのような電界で励起する場合には、三重項励起子が75%の確率で、一重項励起子が25%の確率で生成するため、リン光発光の方が蛍光発光に比べ発光効率を高くすることが可能で、低消費電力化を実現するには優れた方式である。
一方、蛍光発光においても、75%の確率で生成してしまう、通常では、励起子のエネルギーが、無輻射失活により、熱にしかならない三重項励起子を、高密度で存在させることによって、二つの三重項励起子から一つの一重項励起子を発生させて発光効率を向上させるTTA(Triplet-Triplet Annihilation、または、Triplet-Triplet Fusion:「TTF」と略記する。)機構を利用した方式が見つかっている。
前述のとおり、リン光発光は、発光効率的には蛍光発光よりも理論的には3倍有利である。しかし、三重項励起状態から一重項基底状態へのエネルギー失活(=リン光発光)は禁制遷移であり、また同様に一重項励起状態から三重項励起状態への項間交差も禁制遷移であるため、通常その速度定数は小さい。すなわち、遷移が起こりにくいため、励起子寿命はミリ秒から秒オーダーと長くなり、所望の発光を得ることは困難である。
ただし、イリジウムや白金などの重金属を用いた錯体が発光する場合には、中心金属の重原子効果によって、前記の禁制遷移の速度定数が3桁以上増大し、配位子の選択によっては、100%のリン光量子収率を得ることも可能となる。
しかしながら、このような理想的な発光を得るためには、希少金属であるイリジウムやパラジウム、白金などのいわゆる白金属と呼ばれる貴金属を用いる必要があり、大量に使用されることになるとその埋蔵量や金属自体の値段が産業上大きな問題となってくる。
一般的な蛍光発光材料は、リン光発光材料のような重金属錯体である必要性は特になく、炭素、酸素、窒素、水素などの一般的な元素の組み合わせから構成される、いわゆる有機化合物が適用でき、さらに、リンや硫黄、ケイ素などその他の非金属元素を用いることも可能で、また、アルミニウムや亜鉛などの典型金属の錯体も活用できるなど、その多様性はほぼ無限と言える。
[励起三重項-三重項消滅(TTA)遅延蛍光材料]
蛍光発光材料の問題点を解決すべく登場したのが遅延蛍光を利用した発光方式である。三重項励起子同士の衝突を起源とするTTA方式は、下記のような一般式で記述できる。すなわち、従来、励起子のエネルギーが、無輻射失活により、熱にしか変換されなかった三重項励起子の一部が、発光に寄与しうる一重項励起子に逆項間交差できるメリットであり、実際の有機EL素子においても従来の蛍光発光素子の約2倍の外部取り出し量子効率を得ることができている。
一般式: T* + T* → S* + S
(式中、T*は三重項励起子、S*は一重項励起子、Sは基底状態分子を表す。)
しかしながら、上式からもわかるように、二つの三重項励起子から発光に利用できる一重項励起子は一つしか生成しないため、この方式で100%の内部量子効率を得ることは原理上できない。
もう一つの高効率蛍光発光であるTADF方式は、TTAの問題点を解決できる方式である。
蛍光材料は前記のごとく無限に分子設計できる利点を持っている。すなわち、分子設計された化合物の中で、特異的に三重項励起状態と一重項励起状態のエネルギー準位差(以降、ΔEstと記載する。)が極めて近接する化合物が存在する(図1A参照)。
このような化合物は、分子内に重原子を持っていないにもかかわらず、ΔEstが小さいために通常では起こりえない三重項励起状態から一重項励起状態への逆項間交差が起こる。さらに、一重項励起状態から基底状態への失活(=蛍光発光)の速度定数が極めて大きいことから、三重項励起子はそれ自体が基底状態に熱的に失活(無輻射失活)するよりも、一重項励起状態経由で蛍光を発しながら基底状態に戻る方が速度論的に有利である。そのため、TADFでは理想的には100%の蛍光発光が可能となる。
上述のとおり、コスト面や理論上の量子効率上限において蛍光材料やリン光材料に対する優位性を有することから、TADFを示す分子は近年盛んに研究されている。しかし、TADFを示す分子は、その利点と同時に特有の問題も抱えている。
TADFを示す分子の設計要件は、当該分子の一重項エネルギーと三重項エネルギーの差(ΔEst)が小さいことが必要であるといわれている。通常最低励起一重項状態と最低励起三重項状態の状態は項間交差することができない(禁制)といわれているが、一重項エネルギーと三重項エネルギーの差が小さいことでこの一般則を解消し、項間交差することができる。
また、TADFの発現に十分なほど小さいΔEstを実現するためには、当該分子のHOMOとLUMOが空間的に分離していることが必要であり、さらに、HOMOとLUMOが明確に空間的に分離するためには電子ドナー構成部と電子アクセプター構成部を分子内に組み込むことが必要であると提唱されている(非特許文献2参照)。
前述のとおり、HOMOとLUMOが分子内で実質的(空間的)に分離していることがTADFの発現に必要とされているが、これは励起一重項状態と励起三重項状態のエネルギー差が軌道の重なりによって影響されるからである。すなわち、電子遷移元と電子遷移先の軌道の重なりが小さい場合には、一重項エネルギーと三重項エネルギーのエネルギー差(ΔEst)は小さくなっていく。この理由は、安達千波矢らによるAdv.Mater.2009,21,4802-4806、あるいは日本化学会編「未来材料を創出するπ電子系の科学」化学同人、平成25年3月30日、12章、127-137pに開示されている。
有機EL素子において、有機分子間のキャリア移動はホッピング機構によって達成されるといわれている。例えば、正孔輸送であれば、分子のHOMO同士が相互作用して正孔の授受を行い、電子輸送であれば分子のLUMO同士が相互作用して電子の授受を行う。そのため、HOMOとLUMOが空間的に分離している分子の方がキャリアホッピングの観点では有利である。
前記の観点からいえばTADF分子はHOMOとLUMOの実質的な分離(空間的な分離)が達成されているため、キャリア輸送に有利な特性を有しているはずである。しかし、従来のTADF分子は前記のものとは異なった観点でキャリア輸送特性に問題を有している。
そのため、このような分子の存在は陰極側から陽極側への電子の移動度を低下させる。同様に、カチオンラジカルとして非常に安定に存在できる分子が薄膜中に含まれている場合には、逆に陽極側から陰極側への正孔の移動度を低下させる。
例えば、上記消光現象の例としては一重項-三重項消滅や上記の三重項-三重項消滅が挙げられる。蛍光性発光材料においては一重項-三重項消滅が、リン光性発光材料や遅延蛍光性発光材料においては一重項-三重項消滅及び三重項-三重項消滅の両方が発光効率の低下につながりうる。
また、界面でキャリアトラップが発生しているということは、励起子の密度のみならず、生成した励起子の周辺に存在するアニオンラジカル、若しくはカチオンラジカルの密度も高いということである。通常の分子よりも反応性に富むこれらラジカルと励起子、あるいは励起子同士が相互作用することで、さらに激しい分解変性が生じるものと考えられる。
これらのような理由から界面における励起子の集中生成は駆動寿命に対して悪影響を与える。また、高輝度発光のために大電流をかけた際には、キャリアトラップによって生じるラジカル種、あるいはそこにもう一方のキャリアが結合して生成する励起子の密度が高くなることから、この作用はより顕著となる。
しかし、三重項励起子が発光に関与するリン光材料や遅延蛍光材料に関しては、その三重項励起子の寿命が通常マイクロ秒~ミリ秒のオーダーであるため、周辺の分子と励起子が相互作用する確率が大きくなる。
そのため、リン光材料や遅延蛍光材料に対して上記のような局所的な励起子の生成は、発光効率の低下や駆動寿命の低下といった好ましくない作用がより顕著に表れる。
しかし、従来のTADFを示す分子は比較的弱い電子ドナー構成部に強い電子アクセプター構成部を組み合わせることにより上記の軌道分離を達成してきた。
そのため、従来のTADF分子はカチオンラジカルとしてよりも、アニオンラジカルとして存在する方が著しく安定であった。このことが、有機EL素子の材料として用いた際の問題となっていた。
しかし、ホストの準位に合わせて周辺層の構成等も変化させる必要が生じ、具体的には周辺層のHOMOが深くなっていくと電極との準位の差が大きくなっていくことから、駆動電圧が増加してしまう等の問題が生じる。
したがって、ドーパントの性質を改善することでこれらの問題を根本的に解消することが有機EL素子の性能を向上させる上では好ましい。
上記のように効率的なキャリア輸送が実現することによって、通電によって生じた活性な種が発光層内の一部に局在することが避けられる。そのため、発光素子の駆動寿命は大きく改善される。効率的なキャリア輸送のもたらす効果は、ドーパントの発光色に対して制限を受けるものではないが、青色ドーパントを用いた場合において、より顕著な効果を発揮する。
460nmの光を発するためには、最低でも2.7eV程度の励起子エネルギーが必要である。したがって、HOMOとLUMOのエネルギー差は、2.7eV以上あることが青色発光のために望ましい。
したがって、効果的なホストとドーパントの相互作用のためにドーパントは、18π電子以上の共役面を含む構造を有することが好ましい。
ここで、共役面とは、π電子による共役系の広がりで形成される面をいう。
本発明における18π電子以上の共役面とは、少なくとも18以上のπ電子が一つの共役面上に分布していることを表す。また、より好ましくは、前記共役面は縮環構造によって剛直に保持される面であることが望ましい。
本発明は、発光材料(ドーパント)として用いる化合物が電子ドナー構成部と電子アクセプター構成部を程良く両立していることが特徴である。
ここで、電子ドナー構成部(以下、単に「ドナー構成部」ともいう。)及び電子アクセプター構成部(以下、単に「アクセプター構成部」ともいう。)とは、本発明で用いられる化合物の構造中で、電子供与(ドナー)性が強い部位と、電子吸引(アクセプター)性が強い部位とをそれぞれドナー構成部及びアクセプター構成部と呼ぶこととする。
本発明で用いられる化合物のドナー構成部の具体例としては、置換又は無置換のアルコキシ基あるいはアミノ基等によって置換されたアリール基、カルバゾリル基、アリールアミノ基、ピロリル基、インドリル基、インドロインドリル基、インドロカルバゾリル基、フェナジル基、フェノキサジル基、イミダゾリル基等が挙げられる。また、Hammet則における置換基定数σ-p値が負の値を取るような基も好ましく用いられる。
ただし、分子内における電子供与と電子吸引のバランスは相対的なものであるので、必ずしも上記の構成に限定されるものではない。
本発明において、分子内のドナー構成部及びアクセプター構成部のエネルギー準位の指標として、ΔEHとΔELという値を定義する。
本発明において用いたΔEH及びΔELというパラメーターについてはK.MasuiらによるOrg.Electron.,2012,13,985-991に開示されているものとおおむね同様であるが、以下に本発明における定義について詳細に記載する。
以下において、化合物の分子全体における最高被占分子軌道をHOMOと称し、当該HOMOよりエネルギー準位が低い被占軌道をHOMOから近い順に、HOMO-1、HOMO-2、…、HOMO-nと称することとする。
また、化合物の分子全体における最低空軌道をLUMOと称し、当該LUMOよりエネルギー準位が高い空軌道をLUMOから近い順に、LUMO+1、LUMO+2、…LUMO+nと称することとする。
この場合、ドナー構成部に対応する分子(以下、ドナー分子とする。)のHOMO及びLUMO並びにアクセプター構成部に対応する分子(以下、アクセプター分子とする。)のHOMO及びLUMOの準位の位置関係は、ドナー構成部のLUMOがアクセプター構成部のLUMOより浅く、ドナー構成部のHOMOがアクセプター構成部のHOMOより浅い。
例えば、図3に例示した化合物(例示化合物D32)の場合、LUMO及びLUMO+1はアクセプター構成部上に分布しているが、LUMO+2はドナー構成部上に分布している描像が得られる。
これはドナー分子のLUMOが、本発明に係る化合物(例示化合物D32)のLUMO+2に相当していると理解できる。
よって、例示化合物D32において、LUMO+2は、ドナー構成部由来であるといえる。
一方、HOMO-4は、アクセプター構成部上に分布している描像が得られる。これは、アクセプター分子のHOMOが、本発明に係る化合物(例示化合物D32)の分子のHOMO-4に相当していると理解できる。
よって、例示化合物D32において、HOMO-4は、アクセプター構成部由来であるといえる。
同様に、本発明に係る化合物(例えば、例示化合物D32)について、ドナー分子及びアクセプター分子に分けて算出した場合のドナー分子のHOMO(D-HOMO)に対応するHOMOとアクセプター分子のHOMO(A-HOMO)に対応するHOMO-4のエネルギーの差をΔEHと定義する。
また、ドナー構成部上に分布する被占軌道の中で最もエネルギーの高い軌道はHOMOであり、ドナー構成部上に分布する空軌道の中で最もエネルギーの低い軌道はLUMO+2であることがわかる。
また、アクセプター構成部上に分布する被占軌道の中で最もエネルギーの高い軌道はHOMO-4であり、アクセプター構成部上に分布する空軌道の中で最もエネルギーの低い軌道はLUMOであることがわかる。
ここで、本発明に係る化合物の分子において、アクセプター構成部上に分布する最もエネルギーの高い被占軌道のエネルギーと化合物全体のHOMOエネルギーとの差をΔEHとする。
また、ドナー構成部上に分布する最もエネルギーの低い空軌道のエネルギーと、LUMOエネルギーとの差をΔELとする。
本発明においては、LUMOよりも浅い空軌道について、ドナー構成部上に50%以上軌道が分布している最もエネルギー準位の低い軌道をΔELの決定に用いる軌道とする。同様にHOMOよりも深い被占軌道において、アクセプター構成部上に50%以上軌道が分布している最もエネルギー準位の高い軌道をΔEHの決定に用いる軌道とする。
本発明では、効率的なキャリアホッピングのためにHOMO/LUMO及びΔEH、ΔELというパラメーターが重要である。ΔEH及びΔELは分子間における電子の通り道を空間的に確保するために重要なパラメーターであり、エネルギー準位の整合はその通り道を通るための障壁を下げるために必要である。以下これらについて詳細に解説する。
例えば、TADF性を有する分子は、これまで強い電子トラップ性を発現することが問題となっていたが、仮にTADF性の分子のみで電荷移動性薄膜を形成してしまえば、正孔トラップや電子トラップは起こらない。同一分子で有機EL素子に含まれる有機層中の薄膜を形成する場合、分子のLUMOの準位は当該膜中で均一となると考えられるからである。
また、有機EL素子においてドーパントは、ホストに分散させて使用することが一般的である。よって、ドーパントのLUMOの準位がホストのLUMOの準位よりも著しく深い場合、電子は一度ドーパントのLUMOに移動した後、よりエネルギーの高いホストのLUMOに戻りづらくなり、電子移動が極めて遅くなる。
正孔輸送についても同様で、同一分子で電荷移動性薄膜を形成すればHOMOの準位は当該膜中で均一となり、正孔トラップは起こらない。一方、ホストのHOMOの準位に対してドーパントのHOMOの準位が極めて浅い場合に正孔はドーパントからホストに移動しづらくなる。
したがって、ホストのHOMOやLUMOのエネルギー準位に対してドーパントのHOMOやLUMOのエネルギー準位が適切な配置であることは正孔又は電子が薄膜中を移動する際のエネルギー障壁を低減し、発光層における効率的なキャリアホッピングを促す。
エネルギー準位の観点から、前記のようにホスト及びドーパントのHOMO/LUMOのエネルギー準位の配置が適切であることが必要である。
一方、キャリアホッピングの空間的な経路を確保することに対しては、ΔEH及びΔELのパラメーターが重要である。
電荷の再結合は励起子の生成には必須であるが、電荷移動という観点から見れば正孔、あるいは電子の移動が停滞することと同義である。同一の骨格を有する分子同士は、薄膜を形成する際にある程度配向すると考えられる。
例えば、特に芳香環を多数有する分子では、π-π相互作用をドライビングフォースとして、一定の方向性を持って配向(πスタッキング)しやすいものと考えられる。よって、図5及び図6に示すように、分子が配向することにより、ドナー構成部DN上のHOMO同士とアクセプター構成部AC上のLUMO同士を通じて電荷が輸送される状態が望ましい。
しかし、図7に示すように、HOMOとLUMOが空間的に分離していない分子の場合、正孔(以下、正電荷ともいう。)及び電子(以下、負電荷ともいう。)は、分子全体を通り抜け、電荷(正孔と電子)の再結合と励起子の生成が生じてしまう。
すなわち、HOMOとLUMOが空間的に分離していない場合、電荷が再結合し励起子が生成するため、電荷輸送トンネルは実質的に形成されない。
ここで、正孔がHOMO上に局在しないとは、分子が1電子を隣接分子に受け渡してカチオンラジカル(キャリアホッピングにおける正孔)となった際、正電荷(正孔)が分子全体、あるいはLUMO上にも非局在化してしまう状態となることを指す。
また、電子がLUMO上に局在しないとは、分子が1電子を隣接分子から受け取りアニオンラジカル(キャリアホッピングにおける電子)となった際に、負電荷(電子)が分子全体、あるいはHOMO上にも非局在化してしまう状態となることを指す。
分子全体に正電荷(正孔)、あるいは負電荷が非局在化してしまうと、もはや前記のようなトンネルが形成されず励起子の生成が促進されるため、電荷を円滑に移動させるという観点からは好ましくない。
以下ΔEHが大きいと正電荷がHOMO(あるいはHOMOと同じ空間)に局在化しやすいこと、ΔELが大きいと負電荷がLUMO(あるいはLUMOと同じ空間)に局在化しやすいことについて図を用いて説明する。
なお、「カチオンラジカルの発生」は、正孔の発生又は移動に相当する。
HOMO同士の相互作用により正電荷が授受される、すなわち、正孔が移動することで、正電荷がHOMOとは異なる部分に局在化することは、前記のような電荷輸送トンネルを通じた効率的な正孔の移動を妨げる要因となる。
例示化合物D32でいえば、発生したカチオンラジカルの正電荷がHOMO、HOMO-1、HOMO-2又はHOMO-3に局在化している場合、ドナー構成部上(HOMOと同じ空間)に正電荷が局在した状態となる。しかし、HOMO-4に局在化してしまうと、アクセプター構成部上(LUMOと同じ空間)に正電荷が局在化することになる。
ΔEHが大きくなることで、アクセプター構成部上の電子が移動したカチオンラジカル(正電荷がLUMOに局在化した状態)の存在確率は小さくなり、正電荷がドナー構成部上に局在化した状態が支配的となっていく。
ただし、HOMOとHOMO-1の準位が極めて近接している場合には、HOMO-1に電子が局在化したラジカル状態を有する分子の存在確率も相応に高くなるといえる。HOMO-2やHOMO-3などより深い被占軌道についても同様のことがいえる。
任意の空軌道に1電子が移動し、分子上に負電荷(電子)が発生することを「アニオンラジカルの発生」と定義すると、アニオンラジカルが発生する場合は、LUMOへ1電子が移動し負電荷がLUMOに局在すると考えるのが一般的である。しかし確率論的には、発生したアニオンラジカルの負電荷がLUMOだけではなくLUMO+1やLUMO+2に局在化したラジカル状態についても存在確率を考えることができる。そこで、一例として、例示化合物D32について、負電荷が局在化する軌道と存在確率の対応を図10に示す。なお、「アニオンラジカルの発生」は、自由な電子の発生又は移動に相当する。
LUMO同士の相互作用により負電荷が授受されていく中で(電子が移動していく中で)、負電荷がLUMOとは異なる部分に局在化することは、前記のような電荷輸送トンネルを通じた効率的な電子の移動を妨げる要因となる。
例示化合物D32でいえば、発生したアニオンラジカルの負電荷はLUMO又はLUMO+1に局在化している場合、アクセプター構成部上(LUMOと同じ空間)に負電荷が局在した状態となるが、LUMO+2に局在化してしまうと、ドナー構成部上(HOMOと同じ空間)に負電荷が局在化することになる。
ΔELが大きくなることで、ドナー構成部上に電子が移動したアニオンラジカル(負電荷がHOMOに局在化した状態)の存在確率は小さくなり、負電荷(電子)がアクセプター構成部上に局在化した状態が支配的となっていく。
ただし、LUMOとLUMO+1の準位が極めて近接している場合には、LUMO+1に電子が局在したラジカル状態を有する分子の存在確率も相応に高くなるといえる。LUMO+1やLUMO+2などより浅い空軌道についても同様のことが言える。
上記のように、ΔEHあるいはΔELに依存してHOMO上に正電荷(正孔)が局在、あるいはLUMO上に負電荷(電子)が局在する可能性が高まるが、ΔEH及びΔELは一方の値のみ大きくても高い効果は得られない。ΔEHのみ大きくΔELがほぼ0である場合には、正孔輸送には有利であるが電子輸送に不利であるため、総合的なキャリア輸送能力は高いものとはならない。
一方、ΔELのみ大きくΔEHがほぼ0である場合には、電子輸送には有利であるが正孔輸送に不利であるため、やはり総合的なキャリア輸送能力は高いものとはならない。
そこで、本発明においては、それぞれの閾値はΔEH≧1.3eVであって、ΔEL≧0.7eVであることが好ましい。
なお、ΔEHが大きいことがHOMOよりも深い準位の軌道に正電荷が局在する確率を低減させ、ΔELが大きいことが、LUMOよりも浅い準位の軌道に負電荷が局在する確率を低減させることは以下のように考えることができる。
例えば、CBP(4,4′-ビス(9H-カルバゾール-9-イル)ビフェニル)やmCP(1,3-ビス(カルバゾール-9-イル)ベンゼン)、mCBP(3,3-ジ(9H-カルバゾール-9-イル)ビフェニル)などの有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子のホスト材料としてごく一般的であるホスト材料について前記計算を行うことによって得られる値はおおむね-5.4~-5.2eVである。
ホストがドーパントへの正孔輸送を良好に行うためには、ドーパントのHOMOがこれよりも大きいことが好ましく、より好ましくはドーパントのHOMOエネルギーはホストのHOMOエネルギーよりも0.2eV以上浅いことが好ましい。
例えば、CBPやmCP、mCBPなどの有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子のホスト材料としてごく一般的であるホストについて前記計算を行うことによって得られる値は、おおむね-1.2~-1.0eVである。ホストがドーパントへの電子輸送を良好に行うためにはドーパントのLUMOがこれと同等かこれよりも深いことが好ましく、より好ましくはドーパントのLUMOエネルギーはホストのLUMOエネルギーよりも0.2eV以上大きいことが好ましい。
本発明に係る化合物を含有する薄膜の物性については、インピーダンス分光測定により薄膜抵抗値を測定することができる。
インピーダンス分光法は、有機ELの微妙な物性変化を電気信号に変換したり、増幅して解析したりできる手法であり、有機ELを破壊することなく高感度の抵抗値(R)及び静電容量(C)を計測できることが特徴である。
インピーダンス分光解析にはZ plot、M plot、ε plotを使って電気特性を計測するのが一般的であり、その解析方法は、『薄膜の評価ハンドブック』テクノシステム社刊423~425ページ等に詳細に掲載されている。
例えば、電子輸送層(ETL)の抵抗値を計測する場合、ETLの厚さだけを変更した素子を作製し、それぞれのM plotを比較することで、当該プロットにより描き出される曲線のどの部分がETLに相当するかを確定することができる。
このプロットから求めた抵抗値(R)をETLの層厚に対してプロットしたのが図12であり、ほぼ直線上に乗ることから、各層厚での抵抗値を決定することができる。
図12は、ETL層厚と抵抗値の関係を示す一例である。図12のETL層厚と抵抗値(Resistannce)との関係より、ほぼ直線上に乗ることから、各層厚での抵抗値を決定することができる。
図13は、素子構成「ITO/HIL/HTL/EML/ETL/EIL/Al」の有機EL素子の等価回路モデルを示している。
図14は素子構成「ITO/HIL/HTL/EML/ETL/EIL/Al」の有機EL素子の解析結果の一例である。
これに対し、同じ有機EL素子を長時間発光させて劣化させた後に、同じ条件で測定し、それらを重ね合わせたのが図15であり、電圧1Vにおけるそれぞれの値を表1にまとめた。図15は劣化後の有機EL素子の解析結果を示す一例である。
以上の手法を用いることで、本発明の実施例に記載した通電前後の抵抗変化の計測が可能となる。
本発明の有機EL素子は、ドナー構成部とアクセプター構成部を同一分子内に有する化合物を含有する有機層を有する有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子であって、分子軌道計算により描像されるドナー構成部上に分布する被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値と、アクセプター構成部上に分布する被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギー値を有する軌道のエネルギー値との差(ΔEH)及び計算により描像されるドナー構成部上に分布する空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値と、アクセプター構成部上に分布する空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギー値を有する軌道のエネルギー値との差(ΔEL)の和(ΔEH+ΔEL)が、2.0eV以上であり、かつ、化合物全体の分子軌道計算により得られる被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値が、-5.2eV以上であり、化合物全体の分子軌道計算により得られる空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値が、-1.2eV以下であることを特徴とする。
有機EL素子に含まれる各層及び層に含有される化合物について以下に詳細に説明する。
(1)陽極/発光層/陰極
(2)陽極/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
(3)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/陰極
(4)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
(5)陽極/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/電子注入層/陰極
(6)陽極/正孔注入層/正孔輸送層/発光層/電子輸送層/陰極
(7)陽極/正孔注入層/正孔輸送層/(電子阻止層/)発光層/(正孔阻止層/)電子輸送層/電子注入層/陰極
上記の中で(7)の構成が好ましく用いられるが、これに限定されるものではない。
本発明に用いられる発光層は、単層又は複数層で構成されており、発光層が複数の場合は各発光層の間に非発光性の中間層を設けてもよい。
本発明に用いられる電子輸送層とは、電子を輸送する機能を有する層であり、広い意味で電子注入層、正孔阻止層も電子輸送層に含まれる。また、複数層で構成されていてもよい。
本発明に用いられる正孔輸送層とは、正孔を輸送する機能を有する層であり、広い意味で正孔注入層、電子阻止層も正孔輸送層に含まれる。また、複数層で構成されていてもよい。
上記の代表的な素子構成において、陽極と陰極を除いた層を「有機層」ともいう。
また、本発明の有機EL素子は、少なくとも1層の発光層を含む発光ユニットを複数積層した、いわゆるタンデム構造の素子であってもよい。
タンデム構造の代表的な素子構成としては、例えば以下の構成を挙げることができる。
陽極/第1発光ユニット/中間層/第2発光ユニット/中間層/第3発光ユニット/陰極
ここで、上記第1発光ユニット、第2発光ユニット及び第3発光ユニットは全て同じであっても、異なっていてもよい。また二つの発光ユニットが同じであり、残る一つが異なっていてもよい。
複数の発光ユニットは直接積層されていても、中間層を介して積層されていてもよく、中間層は、一般的に中間電極、中間導電層、電荷発生層、電子引抜層、接続層、中間絶縁層とも呼ばれ、陽極側の隣接層に電子を、陰極側の隣接層に正孔を供給する機能を持った層であれば、公知の材料構成を用いることができる。
発光ユニット内の好ましい構成としては、例えば、上記の代表的な素子構成で挙げた(1)~(7)の構成から、陽極と陰極を除いたもの等が挙げられるが、本発明はこれらに限定されない。
以下、本発明の有機EL素子を構成する各層について説明する。
本発明に用いられる発光層は、電極又は隣接層から注入されてくる電子及び正孔が再結合し、励起子を経由して発光する場を提供する層であり、発光する部分は発光層の層内であっても、発光層と隣接層との界面であってもよい。本発明に用いられる発光層は、本発明で規定する要件を満たしていれば、その構成に特に制限はない。
発光層の層厚の総和は、特に制限はないが、形成する膜の均質性や、発光時に不必要な高電圧を印加するのを防止し、かつ、駆動電流に対する発光色の安定性向上の観点から、2nm~5μmの範囲に調整することが好ましく、より好ましくは2~500nmの範囲に調整され、更に好ましくは5~200nmの範囲に調整される。
また、本発明に用いられる個々の発光層の層厚としては、2nm~1μmの範囲に調整することが好ましく、より好ましくは2~200nmの範囲に調整され、更に好ましくは3~150nmの範囲に調整される。
本発明に用いられる発光層には、前述の発光材料を発光ドーパント(発光性化合物、発光性ドーパント化合物、ドーパント化合物、単にドーパントともいう。)として含有し、さらに前述のホスト化合物(マトリックス材料、発光ホスト化合物、単にホストともいう。)とを含有することが好ましい。
発光ドーパントとしては、蛍光発光性ドーパント(蛍光発光性化合物、蛍光ドーパント、蛍光性化合物ともいう。)と、リン光発光性ドーパント(リン光発光性化合物、リン光ドーパント、リン光性化合物ともいう。)が好ましく用いられる。本発明においては、少なくとも1層の発光層が前述の発光材料を含有することが好ましい。
発光層中の発光ドーパントの濃度については、使用される特定のドーパント及びデバイスの必要条件に基づいて、任意に決定することができ、発光層の層厚方向に対し、均一な濃度で含有されていてもよく、また任意の濃度分布を有していてもよい。
また、本発明に用いられる発光ドーパントは、複数種を併用して用いてもよく、構造の異なるドーパント同士の組み合わせや、蛍光発光性ドーパントとリン光発光性ドーパントとを組み合わせて用いてもよい。これにより、任意の発光色を得ることができる。
また、発光層が、本発明に係る化合物と発光性化合物を含有し、ホスト化合物を含有しない場合、本発明に係る化合物はホスト化合物として作用させることも可能である。
図1B及び図1Cに、本発明に係る化合物がそれぞれアシストドーパント及びホスト化合物として作用する場合の模式図を示す。図1B及び図1Cは一例であって、本発明に係る化合物上に生成する三重項励起子の生成過程は電界励起のみに限定されず、発光層内又は周辺層界面からのエネルギー移動や電子移動等も含まれる。
また、本発明に係る化合物がホストとして使用される場合は、本発明に係る化合物のS1とT1のエネルギー準位は、発光性化合物のS1とT1のエネルギー準位よりも高い方が好ましい。
本発明に係る化合物は異なる蛍光発光性化合物やリン光発光性化合物の発光を補助するために使用することができる。その場合、発光層には本発明に係る化合物に対し重量比で100%以上のホスト化合物が存在し、かつ本発明に係る化合物に対し重量比で0.1~50%の範囲内で異なる蛍光発光性物質又はリン光発光性化合物が存在することが好ましい。
本発明においては、1層又は複数層の発光層が、発光色の異なる複数の発光ドーパントを含有し、白色発光を示すことも好ましい。
白色を示す発光ドーパントの組み合わせについては特に限定はないが、例えば青と橙や、青と緑と赤の組み合わせ等が挙げられる。
本発明の有機EL素子における白色とは、2度視野角正面輝度を前述の方法により測定した際に、1000cd/m2でのCIE1931表色系における色度がx=0.39±0.09、y=0.38±0.08の領域内にあることが好ましい。
本発明で発光ドーパントとして用いられる化合物は、熱活性化型遅延蛍光を発する化合物であることが好ましい。
また、本発明に係る化合物は、18π電子以上の共役面を含む構造を有することが好ましい。さらには、本発明に係る化合物は、5員環が二つ以上縮環した構造を有することが好ましい。
また、本発明に係る化合物は、発光性組成物として好適に用いることができる。
具体的には、下記の一般式(1)で表される構造を有する化合物であることが好ましい。本発明の発光性化合物は、蛍光を発光するもの、リン光を発光するもの、遅延蛍光を発光するものが含まれる。
R1~R8、A及びEWGが更に有していてもよい置換基は、一般式(1)中のR1~R10が更に有してもよい置換基と同様の置換基を用いることができる。
本発明に用いられるリン光発光性ドーパント(以下、「リン光ドーパント」ともいう。)について説明する。
本発明に用いられるリン光発光性ドーパントは、励起三重項からの発光が観測される化合物であり、具体的には、室温(25℃)にてリン光発光する化合物であり、リン光量子収率が、25℃において0.01以上の化合物であると定義されるが、好ましいリン光量子収率は0.1以上である。
上記リン光量子収率は、第4版実験化学講座7の分光IIの398頁(1992年版、丸善)に記載の方法により測定できる。溶液中でのリン光量子収率は種々の溶媒を用いて測定できるが、本発明に用いられるリン光ドーパントは、任意の溶媒のいずれかにおいて上記リン光量子収率(0.01以上)が達成されればよい。
Nature,395,151(1998)、Appl.Phys.Lett.,78,1622(2001)、Adv.Mater.19,739(2007)、Chem.Mater.,17,3532(2005)、Adv.Mater.,17,1059(2005)、国際公開第2009/100991号、国際公開第2008/101842号、国際公開第2003/040257号、米国特許出願公開第2006/835469号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/0202194号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2007/0087321号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2005/0244673号明細書、Inorg.Chem.,40,1704(2001)、Chem.Mater.,16,2480(2004)、Adv.Mater.,16,2003(2004)、Angew.Chem.lnt.Ed.,2006,45,7800、Appl.Phys.Lett.,86,153505(2005)、Chem.Lett.,34,592(2005)、Chem.Commun.,2906(2005)、Inorg.Chem.,42,1248(2003)、国際公開第2009/050290号、国際公開第2002/015645号、国際公開第2009/000673号、米国特許出願公開第2002/0034656号明細書、米国特許第7332232号、米国特許出願公開第2009/0108737号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0039776号明細書、米国特許第6921915号、米国特許第6687266号、米国特許出願公開第2007/0190359号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/0008670号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0165846号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2008/0015355号明細書、米国特許第7250226号、米国特許第7396598号、米国特許出願公開第2006/0263635号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2003/0138657号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2003/0152802号明細書、米国特許第7090928号、Angew.Chem.lnt.Ed.,47,1(2008)、Chem.Mater.,18,5119(2006)、Inorg.Chem.,46,4308(2007)、Organometallics,23,3745(2004)、Appl.Phys.Lett.,74,1361(1999)、国際公開第2002/002714号、国際公開第2006/009024号、国際公開第2006/056418号、国際公開第2005/019373号、国際公開第2005/123873号、国際公開第2005/123873号、国際公開第2007/004380号、国際公開第2006/082742号、米国特許出願公開第2006/0251923号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2005/0260441号明細書、米国特許第7393599号、米国特許第7534505号、米国特許第7445855号、米国特許出願公開第2007/0190359号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2008/0297033号明細書、米国特許第7338722号、米国特許出願公開第2002/0134984号明細書、米国特許第7279704号、米国特許出願公開第2006/098120号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/103874号明細書、国際公開第2005/076380号、国際公開第2010/032663号、国際公開第2008140115号、国際公開第2007/052431号、国際公開第2011/134013号、国際公開第2011/157339号、国際公開第2010/086089号、国際公開第2009/113646号、国際公開第2012/020327号、国際公開第2011/051404号、国際公開第2011/004639号、国際公開第2011/073149号、米国特許出願公開第2012/228583号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2012/212126号明細書、特開2012-069737号公報、特願2011-181303号公報、特開2009-114086号公報、特開2003-81988号公報、特開2002-302671号公報、特開2002-363552号公報等である。
中でも、好ましいリン光ドーパントとしては、Irを中心金属に有する有機金属錯体が挙げられる。さらに好ましくは、金属-炭素結合、金属-窒素結合、金属-酸素結合、金属-硫黄結合の少なくとも一つの配位様式を含む錯体が好ましい。
本発明に用いられるホスト化合物は、発光層において主に電荷の注入及び輸送を担う化合物であり、有機EL素子においてそれ自体の発光は実質的に観測されない。
ホスト化合物は、発光層に含有される化合物の内で、その層中での質量比が20%以上であることが好ましい。
ホスト化合物は、単独で用いてもよく、又は複数種併用して用いてもよい。ホスト化合物を複数種用いることで、電荷の移動を調整することが可能であり、有機EL素子を高効率化することができる。
以下に、本発明において好ましく用いられるホスト化合物について述べる。
ホスト化合物は、発光層内においてキャリアの輸送及び励起子の生成を担う。そのため、カチオンラジカル状態、アニオンラジカル状態、及び励起状態の全ての活性種の状態において安定に存在でき、分解や付加反応などの化学変化を起こさないこと、さらに、層中において通電経時でホスト分子がオングストロームレベルで移動しないことが好ましい。
このような要件を満たすためには、ホスト化合物自体が電子のホッピング移動性が高いこと、かつ、正孔のホッピング移動が高いこと、三重項励起状態となったときの構造変化が小さいことが必要である。このような要件を満たすホスト化合物の代表格としてカルバゾール骨格、アザカルバゾール骨格、ジベンゾフラン骨格、ジベンゾチオフェン骨格又はアザジベンゾフラン骨格などの、高T1エネルギーを有するものが好ましく挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
より好ましくは、カルバゾール骨格と、カルバゾール骨格とは異なる分子構造を持つ14π電子系の芳香族複素環化合物とが直接結合した化合物であり、さらに14π電子系の芳香族複素環化合物を分子内に二つ以上持つカルバゾール誘導体が好ましい。特に、前記カルバゾール誘導体が、14π電子以上の共役系構造部分を二つ以上有する化合物であることが、本発明の効果を一層高めるために好ましい。
R101~R104は、各々水素原子又は置換基を表し、また互いに結合して環を形成してもよい。
Ar101及びAr102は、各々芳香族環を表し、それぞれ同一でも異なっていても良い。
n101及びn102は各々0~4の整数を表すが、R101が水素原子の場合は、n101は1~4を表す。
一般式(I)におけるR101~R104は水素又は置換基を表し、ここにいう置換基は本発明で用いられるホスト化合物の機能を阻害しない範囲で有しても良いものを指し、例えば、合成スキーム上置換基が導入されてしまう場合で、本発明の効果を奏する化合物は本発明に包含される旨を規定するものである。
一般式(I)におけるy1~y8としては、好ましくは、y1~y4の内の少なくとも三つ、又はy5~y8の内の少なくとも三つがCR102で表され、より好ましくはy1~y8が全てCR102である。このような骨格は、正孔輸送性又は電子輸送性に優れ、陽極・陰極から注入された正孔・電子を効率よく発光層内で再結合・発光させることができる。
中でも、LUMOのエネルギー準位が浅く、電子輸送性に優れる構造として、一般式(I)中でX101が、NR′、酸素原子又は硫黄原子である化合物が好ましい。より好ましくは、X101及びy1~y8とともに形成される縮合環が、カルバゾール環、アザカルバゾール環、ジベンゾフラン環又はアザジベンゾフラン環である。
一般式(I)において、Ar101及びAr102により表される芳香族環としては、芳香族炭化水素環又は芳香族複素環が挙げられる。該芳香族環は単環でも縮合環でもよく、更に未置換でも、前述のR101~R104で表される置換基と同様の置換基を有してもよい。
一般式(I)において、Ar101及びAr102により表される芳香族炭化水素環としては、例えば、前述のR101~R104で表される置換基の例として挙げられた芳香族炭化水素環基と同様の環が挙げられる。
一般式(I)で表されるホスト化合物が大きなT1を有するという目的を考えた場合には、Ar101及びAr102で表される芳香族環自身のT1が高いことが好ましく、ベンゼン環(ベンゼン環が複数連結したポリフェニレン骨格(ビフェニル、テルフェニル、クォーターフェニル等)も含む)、フルオレン環、トリフェニレン環、カルバゾール環、アザカルバゾール環、ジベンゾフラン環、アザジベンゾフラン環、ジベンゾチオフェン環、ジベンゾチオフェン環、ピリジン環、ピラジン環、インドロインドール環、インドール環、ベンゾフラン環、ベンゾチオフェン環、イミダゾール環又はトリアジン環等が好ましい。より好ましくはベンゼン環、カルバゾール環、アザカルバゾール環、ジベンゾフラン環である。
Ar101及びAr102がカルバゾール環又はアザカルバゾール環の場合は、N位(又は9位ともいう)又は3位で結合していることがより好ましい。
Ar101及びAr102がジベンゾフラン環の場合は、2位又は4位で結合していることがより好ましい。
また、上記の目的とは別に、有機EL素子を車内に積載して使用する用途などを考えた場合においては、車内の環境温度が高くなることが想定されるため、ホスト化合物のTgが高いことも好ましい。そこで、一般式(I)で表されるホスト化合物を高Tg化するという目的から、Ar101及びAr102により表される芳香族環としては、各々3環以上の縮合環が好ましい一態様である。
また、3環以上が縮合した芳香族複素環としては、具体的には、アクリジン環、ベンゾキノリン環、カルバゾール環、カルボリン環、フェナジン環、フェナントリジン環、フェナントロリン環、カルボリン環、サイクラジン環、キンドリン環、テペニジン環、キニンドリン環、トリフェノジチアジン環、トリフェノジオキサジン環、フェナントラジン環、アントラジン環、ペリミジン環、ジアザカルバゾール環(カルボリン環を構成する炭素原子の任意の一つが窒素原子で置き換わったものを表す)、フェナントロリン環、ジベンゾフラン環、ジベンゾチオフェン環、ナフトフラン環、ナフトチオフェン環、ベンゾジフラン環、ベンゾジチオフェン環、ナフトジフラン環、ナフトジチオフェン環、アントラフラン環、アントラジフラン環、アントラチオフェン環、アントラジチオフェン環、チアントレン環、フェノキサチイン環、チオファントレン環(ナフトチオフェン環)等が挙げられる。なお、これらの環は更に置換基を有していてもよい。
n102は好ましくは0~2であり、より好ましくは0又は1である。
一般式(II)において、X101を含んで形成される縮合環は、Ar101及びAr102以外にも本発明に用いられるホスト化合物の機能を阻害しない範囲でさらに置換基を有しても良い。
さらに、一般式(II)で表される化合物が下記一般式(III-1)、(III-2)又は(III-3)で表されることが好ましい。
一般式(III-1)~(III-3)において、X101を含んで形成される縮合環、カルバゾール環及びベンゼン環は、本発明に用いられるホスト化合物の機能を阻害しない範囲でさらに置換基を有しても良い。
以下に、本発明に用いられるホスト化合物として、一般式(I)、(II)、(III-1)~(III-3)で表される化合物及びその他の構造からなる化合物例を示すが、これらに限定されるものではない。
低分子化合物の場合、昇華精製が可能であるため精製が容易で、高純度の材料を得やすいという利点がある。分子量としては、昇華精製が可能な程度であれば特に制限はないが、好ましい分子量としては3000以下、より好ましくは2000以下である。
繰り返し単位を有するポリマー又はオリゴマーの場合は、ウェットプロセスで成膜しやすいという利点があり、また一般にポリマーはTgが高いため耐熱性の点でも好ましい。本発明に用いられるホスト化合物として用いられるポリマーは、所望の素子性能が達成可能であれば特に制限はないが、好ましくは一般式(I)、(II)、(III-1)~(III-3)の構造を主鎖若しくは側鎖に有するものが好ましい。分子量としては特に制限はないが、分子量5000以上が好ましく、若しくは繰り返し単位数が10以上のものが好ましい。
ここで、ガラス転移点(Tg)とは、DSC(Differential Scanning Colorimetry:示差走査熱量法)を用いて、JIS K 7121-2012に準拠した方法により求められる値である。
本発明において電子輸送層とは、電子を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、陰極より注入された電子を発光層に伝達する機能を有していればよい。
本発明に用いられる電子輸送層の総層厚については、特に制限はないが、通常は2nm~5μmの範囲であり、より好ましくは2~500nmであり、さらに好ましくは5~200nmである。
また、有機EL素子においては発光層で生じた光を電極から取り出す際、発光層から直接取り出される光と、光を取り出す電極と対極に位置する電極によって反射されてから取り出される光とが干渉を起こすことが知られている。光が陰極で反射される場合は、電子輸送層の総層厚を数nm~数μmの間で適宜調整することにより、この干渉効果を効率的に利用することが可能である。
一方で、電子輸送層の層厚を厚くすると電圧が上昇しやすくなるため、特に層厚が厚い場合においては、電子輸送層の電子移動度は10-5cm2/Vs以上であることが好ましい。
電子輸送層に用いられる材料(以下、電子輸送材料という)としては、電子の注入性又は輸送性、正孔の障壁性のいずれかを有していればよく、従来公知の化合物の中から任意のものを選択して用いることができる。
その他、メタルフリー若しくはメタルフタロシアニン、又はそれらの末端がアルキル基やスルホン酸基等で置換されているものも、電子輸送材料として好ましく用いることができる。また、発光層の材料として例示したジスチリルピラジン誘導体も、電子輸送材料として用いることができるし、正孔注入層、正孔輸送層と同様にn型-Si、n型-SiC等の無機半導体も電子輸送材料として用いることができる。
また、これらの材料を高分子鎖に導入した、又はこれらの材料を高分子の主鎖とした高分子材料を用いることもできる。
米国特許第6528187号明細書、米国特許第7230107号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2005/0025993号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2004/0036077号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0115316号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0101870号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/0179554号明細書、国際公開第2003/060956号、国際公開第2008/132085号、Appl.Phys.Lett.,75,4(1999)、Appl.Phys.Lett.,79,449(2001)、Appl.Phys.Lett.,81,162(2002)、Appl.Phys.Lett.,81,162(2002)、Appl.Phys.Lett.,79,156(2001)、米国特許第7964293号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2009/030202号明細書、国際公開第2004/080975号、国際公開第2004/063159号、国際公開第2005/085387号、国際公開第2006/067931号、国際公開第2007/086552号、国際公開第2008/114690号、国際公開第2009/069442号、国際公開第2009/066779号、国際公開第2009/054253号、国際公開第2011/086935号、国際公開第2010/150593号、国際公開第2010/047707号、EP2311826号、特開2010-251675号公報、特開2009-209133号公報、特開2009-124114号公報、特開2008-277810号公報、特開2006-156445号公報、特開2005-340122号公報、特開2003-45662号公報、特開2003-31367号公報、特開2003-282270号公報、国際公開第2012/115034号等である。
電子輸送材料は単独で用いてもよく、また複数種を併用して用いてもよい。
正孔阻止層とは、広い意味では電子輸送層の機能を有する層であり、好ましくは電子を輸送する機能を有しつつ正孔を輸送する能力が小さい材料からなり、電子を輸送しつつ正孔を阻止することで電子と正孔の再結合確率を向上させることができる。
また、前述する電子輸送層の構成を必要に応じて、本発明に用いられる正孔阻止層として用いることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子に設ける正孔阻止層は、発光層の陰極側に隣接して設けられることが好ましい。
本発明に用いられる正孔阻止層の層厚としては、好ましくは3~100nmの範囲であり、更に好ましくは5~30nmの範囲である。
正孔阻止層に用いられる材料としては、前述の電子輸送層に用いられる材料が好ましく用いられ、また、前述のホスト化合物として用いられる材料も正孔阻止層に好ましく用いられる。
本発明に用いられる電子注入層(「陰極バッファー層」ともいう。)とは、駆動電圧低下や発光輝度向上のために陰極と発光層との間に設けられる層のことで、「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の第2編第2章「電極材料」(123~166頁)に詳細に記載されている。
本発明において電子注入層は必要に応じて設け、上記のごとく陰極と発光層との間、又は陰極と電子輸送層との間に存在させてもよい。
電子注入層はごく薄い膜であることが好ましく、素材にもよるがその層厚は0.1~5nmの範囲が好ましい。また構成材料が断続的に存在する不均一な層(膜)であってもよい。
また、上記の電子注入層に用いられる材料は単独で用いてもよく、複数種を併用して用いてもよい。
本発明において正孔輸送層とは、正孔を輸送する機能を有する材料からなり、陽極より注入された正孔を発光層に伝達する機能を有していればよい。
本発明に用いられる正孔輸送層の総層厚については特に制限はないが、通常は5nm~5μmの範囲であり、より好ましくは2~500nmであり、さらに好ましくは5~200nmである。
正孔輸送層に用いられる材料(以下、正孔輸送材料という)としては、正孔の注入性又は輸送性、電子の障壁性のいずれかを有していればよく、従来公知の化合物の中から任意のものを選択して用いることができる。
例えば、ポルフィリン誘導体、フタロシアニン誘導体、オキサゾール誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、イミダゾール誘導体、ピラゾリン誘導体、ピラゾロン誘導体、フェニレンジアミン誘導体、ヒドラゾン誘導体、スチルベン誘導体、ポリアリールアルカン誘導体、トリアリールアミン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体、インドロカルバゾール誘導体、イソインドール誘導体、アントラセンやナフタレン等のアセン系誘導体、フルオレン誘導体、フルオレノン誘導体、及びポリビニルカルバゾール、芳香族アミンを主鎖又は側鎖に導入した高分子材料又はオリゴマー、ポリシラン、導電性ポリマー又はオリゴマー(例えばPEDOT/PSS、アニリン系共重合体、ポリアニリン、ポリチオフェン等)等が挙げられる。
また、特表2003-519432号公報や特開2006-135145号公報等に記載されているようなヘキサアザトリフェニレン誘導体も同様に正孔輸送材料として用いることができる。
さらに不純物をドープしたp性の高い正孔輸送層を用いることもできる。その例としては、特開平4-297076号公報、特開2000-196140号公報、同2001-102175号公報の各公報、J.Appl.Phys.,95,5773(2004)等に記載されたものが挙げられる。
正孔輸送材料としては、上記のものを使用することができるが、トリアリールアミン誘導体、カルバゾール誘導体、インドロカルバゾール誘導体、アザトリフェニレン誘導体、有機金属錯体、芳香族アミンを主鎖又は側鎖に導入した高分子材料又はオリゴマー等が好ましく用いられる。
例えば、Appl.Phys.Lett.,69,2160(1996)、J.Lumin.,72-74,985(1997)、Appl.Phys.Lett.,78,673(2001)、Appl.Phys.Lett.,90,183503(2007)、Appl.Phys.Lett.,90,183503(2007)、Appl.Phys.Lett.,51,913(1987)、Synth.Met.,87,171(1997)、Synth.Met.,91,209(1997)、Synth.Met.,111,421(2000)、SID Symposium Digest,37,923(2006)、J.Mater.Chem.,3,319(1993)、Adv.Mater.,6,677(1994)、Chem.Mater.,15,3148(2003)、米国特許出願公開第2003/0162053号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2002/0158242号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2006/0240279号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2008/0220265号明細書、米国特許第5061569号明細書、国際公開第2007/002683号、国際公開第2009/018009号、EP650955、米国特許出願公開第2008/0124572号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2007/0278938号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2008/0106190号明細書、米国特許出願公開第2008/0018221号明細書、国際公開第2012/115034号、特表2003-519432号公報、特開2006-135145号公報、米国特許出願番号13/585981号等である。
正孔輸送材料は単独で用いてもよく、また複数種を併用して用いてもよい。
電子阻止層とは、広い意味では正孔輸送層の機能を有する層であり、好ましくは正孔を輸送する機能を有しつつ電子を輸送する能力が小さい材料からなり、正孔を輸送しつつ電子を阻止することで電子と正孔の再結合確率を向上させることができる。
また、前述する正孔輸送層の構成を必要に応じて、本発明に用いられる電子阻止層として用いることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子に設ける電子阻止層は、発光層の陽極側に隣接して設けられることが好ましい。
本発明に用いられる電子阻止層の層厚としては、好ましくは3~100nmの範囲であり、更に好ましくは5~30nmの範囲である。
電子阻止層に用いられる材料としては、前述の正孔輸送層に用いられる材料が好ましく用いられ、また、前述のホスト化合物として用いられる材料も電子阻止層に好ましく用いられる。
本発明に用いられる正孔注入層(「陽極バッファー層」ともいう。)とは、駆動電圧低下や発光輝度向上のために陽極と発光層との間に設けられる層のことで、「有機EL素子とその工業化最前線(1998年11月30日エヌ・ティー・エス社発行)」の第2編第2章「電極材料」(123~166頁)に詳細に記載されている。
本発明において正孔注入層は必要に応じて設け、上記のごとく陽極と発光層又は陽極と正孔輸送層との間に存在させてもよい。
正孔注入層は、特開平9-45479号公報、同9-260062号公報、同8-288069号公報等にもその詳細が記載されており、正孔注入層に用いられる材料としては、例えば前述の正孔輸送層に用いられる材料等が挙げられる。
中でも銅フタロシアニンに代表されるフタロシアニン誘導体、特表2003-519432号公報や特開2006-135145号公報等に記載されているようなヘキサアザトリフェニレン誘導体、酸化バナジウムに代表される金属酸化物、アモルファスカーボン、ポリアニリン(エメラルディン)やポリチオフェン等の導電性高分子、トリス(2-フェニルピリジン)イリジウム錯体等に代表されるオルトメタル化錯体、トリアリールアミン誘導体等が好ましい。
前述の正孔注入層に用いられる材料は単独で用いてもよく、また複数種を併用して用いてもよい。
前述した本発明における有機層は、更に他の添加物が含まれていてもよい。
添加物としては、例えば臭素、ヨウ素及び塩素等のハロゲン元素やハロゲン化化合物、Pd、Ca、Na等のアルカリ金属やアルカリ土類金属、遷移金属の化合物や錯体、塩等が挙げられる。
添加物の含有量は、任意に決定することができるが、含有される層の全質量%に対して1000ppm以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは500ppm以下であり、さらに好ましくは50ppm以下である。
ただし、電子や正孔の輸送性を向上させる目的や、励起子のエネルギー移動を有利にするための目的などによってはこの範囲内ではない。
本発明に係る有機層(正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、発光層、正孔阻止層、電子輸送層、電子注入層等)の形成方法について説明する。
本発明に係る有機層の形成方法は、特に制限はなく、従来公知の例えば真空蒸着法、湿式法(ウェットプロセスともいう)等による形成方法を用いることができる。
湿式法としては、スピンコート法、キャスト法、インクジェット法、印刷法、ダイコート法、ブレードコート法、ロールコート法、スプレーコート法、カーテンコート法、LB法(ラングミュア-ブロジェット法)等があるが、均質な薄膜が得られやすく、かつ高生産性の点から、ダイコート法、ロールコート法、インクジェット法、スプレーコート法などのロール・ツー・ロール方式適性の高い方法が好ましい。
本発明に用いられる有機EL材料を溶解又は分散する液媒体としては、例えば、メチルエチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン等のケトン類、酢酸エチル等の脂肪酸エステル類、ジクロロベンゼン等のハロゲン化炭化水素類、トルエン、キシレン、メシチレン、シクロヘキシルベンゼン等の芳香族炭化水素類、シクロヘキサン、デカリン、ドデカン等の脂肪族炭化水素類、DMF、DMSO等の有機溶媒を用いることができる。
また、分散方法としては、超音波、高剪断力分散やメディア分散等の分散方法により分散することができる。
更に層ごとに異なる成膜法を適用してもよい。成膜に蒸着法を採用する場合、その蒸着条件は使用する化合物の種類等により異なるが、一般にボート加熱温度50~450℃、真空度10-6~10-2Pa、蒸着速度0.01~50nm/秒、基板温度-50~300℃、層(膜)厚0.1nm~5μm、好ましくは5~200nmの範囲で適宜選ぶことが望ましい。
本発明に係る有機層の形成は、一回の真空引きで一貫して正孔注入層から陰極まで作製するのが好ましいが、途中で取り出して異なる成膜法を施しても構わない。その際は作業を乾燥不活性ガス雰囲気下で行うことが好ましい。
有機EL素子における陽極としては、仕事関数の大きい(4eV以上、好ましくは4.5eV以上)金属、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが好ましく用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、Au等の金属、CuI、インジウムチンオキシド(ITO)、SnO2、ZnO等の導電性透明材料が挙げられる。また、IDIXO(In2O3-ZnO)等非晶質で透明導電膜を作製可能な材料を用いてもよい。
陽極は、これらの電極物質を蒸着やスパッタリング等の方法により薄膜を形成させ、フォトリソグラフィー法で所望の形状のパターンを形成してもよく、あるいはパターン精度を余り必要としない場合は(100μm以上程度)、上記電極物質の蒸着やスパッタリングする際に所望の形状のマスクを介してパターンを形成してもよい。
あるいは、有機導電性化合物のように塗布可能な物質を用いる場合には、印刷方式、コーティング方式等湿式成膜法を用いることもできる。この陽極より発光を取り出す場合には、透過率を10%より大きくすることが望ましく、また陽極としてのシート抵抗は数百Ω/□以下が好ましい。
陽極の膜厚は、材料にもよるが、通常10nm~1μm、好ましくは10~200nmの範囲で選ばれる。
陰極としては、仕事関数の小さい(4eV以下)金属(電子注入性金属と称する。)、合金、電気伝導性化合物及びこれらの混合物を電極物質とするものが用いられる。このような電極物質の具体例としては、ナトリウム、ナトリウム-カリウム合金、マグネシウム、リチウム、マグネシウム/銅混合物、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、インジウム、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、アルミニウム、希土類金属等が挙げられる。これらの中で、電子注入性及び酸化等に対する耐久性の点から、電子注入性金属とこれより仕事関数の値が大きく安定な金属である第二金属との混合物、例えば、マグネシウム/銀混合物、マグネシウム/アルミニウム混合物、マグネシウム/インジウム混合物、アルミニウム/酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)混合物、リチウム/アルミニウム混合物、アルミニウム等が好適である。
なお、発光した光を透過させるため、有機EL素子の陽極又は陰極のいずれか一方が透明又は半透明であれば発光輝度が向上し好都合である。
また、陰極に上記金属を1~20nmの膜厚で作製した後に、陽極の説明で挙げる導電性透明材料をその上に作製することで、透明又は半透明の陰極を作製することができ、これを応用することで陽極と陰極の両方が透過性を有する素子を作製することができる。
本発明の有機EL素子に用いることのできる支持基板(以下、基体、基板、基材、支持体等ともいう。)としては、ガラス、プラスチック等の種類には特に限定はなく、また透明であっても不透明であってもよい。支持基板側から光を取り出す場合には、支持基板は透明であることが好ましい。好ましく用いられる透明な支持基板としては、ガラス、石英、透明樹脂フィルムを挙げることができる。特に好ましい支持基板は、有機EL素子にフレキシブル性を与えることが可能な樹脂フィルムである。
バリア膜の形成方法については特に限定はなく、例えば、真空蒸着法、スパッタリング法、反応性スパッタリング法、分子線エピタキシー法、クラスターイオンビーム法、イオンプレーティング法、プラズマ重合法、大気圧プラズマ重合法、プラズマCVD法、レーザーCVD法、熱CVD法、コーティング法等を用いることができるが、特開2004-68143号公報に記載されているような大気圧プラズマ重合法によるものが特に好ましい。
本発明の有機EL素子の発光の室温(25℃)における外部取り出し量子効率は、1%以上であることが好ましく、5%以上であるとより好ましい。
ここで、外部取り出し量子効率(%)=有機EL素子外部に発光した光子数/有機EL素子に流した電子数×100である。
また、カラーフィルター等の色相改良フィルター等を併用しても、有機EL素子からの発光色を、蛍光体を用いて多色へ変換する色変換フィルターを併用してもよい。
本発明の有機EL素子の封止に用いられる封止手段としては、例えば、封止部材と、電極、支持基板とを接着剤で接着する方法を挙げることができる。封止部材としては、有機EL素子の表示領域を覆うように配置されていればよく、凹板状でも、平板状でもよい。また、透明性、電気絶縁性は特に限定されない。
具体的には、ガラス板、ポリマー板・フィルム、金属板・フィルム等が挙げられる。ガラス板としては、特にソーダ石灰ガラス、バリウム・ストロンチウム含有ガラス、鉛ガラス、アルミノケイ酸ガラス、ホウケイ酸ガラス、バリウムホウケイ酸ガラス、石英等を挙げることができる。また、ポリマー板としては、ポリカーボネート、アクリル、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリエーテルサルファイド、ポリサルフォン等を挙げることができる。金属板としては、ステンレス、鉄、銅、アルミニウム、マグネシウム、ニッケル、亜鉛、クロム、チタン、モリブテン、シリコン、ゲルマニウム及びタンタルからなる群から選ばれる1種以上の金属又は合金からなるものが挙げられる。
封止部材を凹状に加工するのは、サンドブラスト加工、化学エッチング加工等が使われる。
なお、有機EL素子が熱処理により劣化する場合があるので、室温から80℃までに接着硬化できるものが好ましい。また、前記接着剤中に乾燥剤を分散させておいてもよい。封止部分への接着剤の塗布は市販のディスペンサーを使ってもよいし、スクリーン印刷のように印刷してもよい。
さらに該膜の脆弱性を改良するために、これら無機層と有機材料からなる層の積層構造を持たせることが好ましい。これらの膜の形成方法については特に限定はなく、例えば、真空蒸着法、スパッタリング法、反応性スパッタリング法、分子線エピタキシー法、クラスターイオンビーム法、イオンプレーティング法、プラズマ重合法、大気圧プラズマ重合法、プラズマCVD法、レーザーCVD法、熱CVD法、コーティング法等を用いることができる。
吸湿性化合物としては、例えば、金属酸化物(例えば、酸化ナトリウム、酸化カリウム、酸化カルシウム、酸化バリウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化アルミニウム等)、硫酸塩(例えば、硫酸ナトリウム、硫酸カルシウム、硫酸マグネシウム、硫酸コバルト等)、金属ハロゲン化物(例えば、塩化カルシウム、塩化マグネシウム、フッ化セシウム、フッ化タンタル、臭化セリウム、臭化マグネシウム、ヨウ化バリウム、ヨウ化マグネシウム等)、過塩素酸類(例えば、過塩素酸バリウム、過塩素酸マグネシウム等)等が挙げられ、硫酸塩、金属ハロゲン化物及び過塩素酸類においては無水塩が好適に用いられる。
有機層を挟み支持基板と対向する側の前記封止膜あるいは前記封止用フィルムの外側に、素子の機械的強度を高めるために、保護膜あるいは保護板を設けてもよい。特に、封止が前記封止膜により行われている場合には、その機械的強度は必ずしも高くないため、このような保護膜、保護板を設けることが好ましい。これに使用することができる材料としては、前記封止に用いたのと同様なガラス板、ポリマー板・フィルム、金属板・フィルム等を用いることができるが、軽量かつ薄膜化ということからポリマーフィルムを用いることが好ましい。
有機EL素子は、空気よりも屈折率の高い(屈折率1.6~2.1程度の範囲内)層の内部で発光し、発光層で発生した光のうち15%から20%程度の光しか取り出せないことが一般的に言われている。これは、臨界角以上の角度θで界面(透明基板と空気との界面)に入射する光は、全反射を起こし素子外部に取り出すことができないことや、透明電極ないし発光層と透明基板との間で光が全反射を起こし、光が透明電極ないし発光層を導波し、結果として、光が素子側面方向に逃げるためである。
本発明は、これらの手段を組み合わせることにより、更に高輝度あるいは耐久性に優れた素子を得ることができる。
低屈折率層としては、例えば、エアロゲル、多孔質シリカ、フッ化マグネシウム、フッ素系ポリマーなどが挙げられる。透明基板の屈折率は一般に1.5~1.7程度の範囲内であるので、低屈折率層は、屈折率がおよそ1.5以下であることが好ましい。またさらに1.35以下であることが好ましい。
また、低屈折率媒質の厚さは、媒質中の波長の2倍以上となるのが望ましい。これは、低屈折率媒質の厚さが、光の波長程度になってエバネッセントで染み出した電磁波が基板内に入り込む膜厚になると、低屈折率層の効果が薄れるからである。
しかしながら、屈折率分布を二次元的な分布にすることにより、あらゆる方向に進む光が回折され、光の取り出し効率が上がる。
回折格子を導入する位置としては、いずれかの層間、若しくは媒質中(透明基板内や透明電極内)でも良いが、光が発生する場所である有機発光層の近傍が望ましい。このとき、回折格子の周期は、媒質中の光の波長の約1/2~3倍程度の範囲内が好ましい。回折格子の配列は、正方形のラチス状、三角形のラチス状、ハニカムラチス状など、二次元的に配列が繰り返されることが好ましい。
本発明の有機EL素子は、支持基板(基板)の光取出し側に、例えばマイクロレンズアレイ上の構造を設けるように加工したり、あるいは、いわゆる集光シートと組み合わせることにより、特定方向、例えば素子発光面に対し正面方向に集光することにより、特定方向上の輝度を高めることができる。
マイクロレンズアレイの例としては、基板の光取り出し側に一辺が30μmでその頂角が90度となるような四角錐を二次元に配列する。一辺は10~100μmの範囲内が好ましい。これより小さくなると回折の効果が発生して色付く、大きすぎると厚さが厚くなり好ましくない。
集光シートとしては、例えば液晶表示装置のLEDバックライトで実用化されているものを用いることが可能である。このようなシートとして例えば、住友スリーエム社製輝度上昇フィルム(BEF)などを用いることができる。プリズムシートの形状としては、例えば基材に頂角90度、ピッチ50μmの△状のストライプが形成されたものであってもよいし、頂角が丸みを帯びた形状、ピッチをランダムに変化させた形状、その他の形状であっても良い。
また、有機EL素子からの光放射角を制御するために光拡散板・フィルムを、集光シートと併用してもよい。例えば、(株)きもと製拡散フィルム(ライトアップ)などを用いることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子は、電子機器、例えば、表示機器、ディスプレイ、各種発光装置として用いることができる。
発光装置として、例えば、照明装置(家庭用照明、車内照明)、時計や液晶用バックライト、看板広告、信号機、光記憶媒体の光源、電子写真複写機の光源、光通信処理機の光源、光センサーの光源等が挙げられるがこれに限定するものではないが、特に液晶表示装置のバックライト、照明用光源としての用途に有効に用いることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子においては、必要に応じ成膜時にメタルマスクやインクジェットプリンティング法等でパターニングを施してもよい。パターニングする場合は、電極のみをパターニングしてもよいし、電極と発光層をパターニングしてもよいし、素子全層をパターニングしてもよく、素子の作製においては、従来公知の方法を用いることができる。
本発明の有機EL素子を具備する表示装置は単色でも多色でもよいが、ここでは多色表示装置について説明する。
発光層のみパターニングを行う場合、その方法に限定はないが、好ましくは蒸着法、インクジェット法、スピンコート法及び印刷法である。
図16は有機EL素子から構成される表示装置の一例を示した模式図である。有機EL素子の発光により画像情報の表示を行う、例えば、携帯電話等のディスプレイの模式図である。
制御部Bは表示部Aと配線部Cを介して電気的に接続され、複数の画素それぞれに外部からの画像情報に基づいて走査信号と画像データ信号を送り、走査信号により走査線ごとの画素が画像データ信号に応じて順次発光して画像走査を行って画像情報を表示部Aに表示する。
表示部Aは基板上に、複数の走査線5及びデータ線6を含む配線部Cと複数の画素3等とを有する。表示部Aの主要な部材の説明を以下に行う。
図17においては、画素3の発光した光(取出光L)が白矢印方向(下方向)へ取り出される場合を示している。
画素3は走査線5から走査信号が印加されると、データ線6から画像データ信号を受け取り、受け取った画像データに応じて発光する。
発光の色が赤領域の画素、緑領域の画素、青領域の画素を適宜同一基板上に並置することによって、フルカラー表示が可能となる。
画素は、有機EL素子10、スイッチングトランジスタ11、駆動トランジスタ12、コンデンサー13等を備えている。複数の画素に有機EL素子10として、赤色、緑色及び青色発光の有機EL素子を用い、これらを同一基板上に並置することでフルカラー表示を行うことができる。
すなわち、有機EL素子10の発光は、複数の画素それぞれの有機EL素子10に対して、アクティブ素子であるスイッチングトランジスタ11と駆動トランジスタ12を設けて、複数の画素3それぞれの有機EL素子10の発光を行っている。このような発光方法をアクティブマトリクス方式と呼んでいる。
本発明においては、上述したアクティブマトリクス方式に限らず、走査信号が走査されたときのみデータ信号に応じて有機EL素子を発光させるパッシブマトリクス方式の発光駆動でもよい。
順次走査により走査線5の走査信号が印加されたとき、印加された走査線5に接続している画素3が画像データ信号に応じて発光する。
パッシブマトリクス方式では画素3にアクティブ素子が無く、製造コストの低減が計れる。
本発明の有機EL素子を用いることにより、発光効率が向上した表示装置が得られた。
本発明の有機EL素子は、照明装置に用いることもできる。
本発明の有機EL素子は、共振器構造を持たせた有機EL素子として用いてもよい。このような共振器構造を有した有機EL素子の使用目的としては、光記憶媒体の光源、電子写真複写機の光源、光通信処理機の光源、光センサーの光源等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。また、レーザー発振をさせることにより上記用途に使用してもよい。
また、本発明の有機EL素子は、照明用や露光光源のような一種のランプとして使用してもよいし、画像を投影するタイプのプロジェクション装置や、静止画像や動画像を直接視認するタイプの表示装置(ディスプレイ)として使用してもよい。
動画再生用の表示装置として使用する場合の駆動方式は、パッシブマトリクス方式でもアクティブマトリクス方式でもどちらでもよい。又は、異なる発光色を有する本発明の有機EL素子を2種以上使用することにより、フルカラー表示装置を作製することが可能である。
この方法によれば、複数色の発光素子をアレー状に並列配置した白色有機EL装置と異なり、素子自体が白色発光である。
本発明の有機EL素子を具備した、本発明の照明装置の一態様について説明する。
本発明の有機EL素子の非発光面をガラスケースで覆い、厚さ300μmのガラス基板を封止用基板として用いて、周囲にシール材として、エポキシ系光硬化型接着剤(東亞合成社製ラックストラックLC0629B)を適用し、これを陰極上に重ねて透明支持基板と密着させ、ガラス基板側からUV光を照射して、硬化させて、封止し、図20及び図21に示すような照明装置を形成することができる。
図20は、照明装置の概略図を示し、本発明の有機EL素子(照明装置内の有機EL素子101)はガラスカバー102で覆われている(なお、ガラスカバーでの封止作業は、照明装置内の有機EL素子101を大気に接触させることなく窒素雰囲気下のグローブボックス(純度99.999%以上の高純度窒素ガスの雰囲気下)で行った。)。 図21は、照明装置の断面図を示し、図21において、105は陰極、106は有機層、107は透明電極付きガラス基板を示す。なお、ガラスカバー102内には窒素ガス108が充填され、捕水剤109が設けられている。なお、図17、図20及び図21においては、発光した光が白矢印方向(下方向)へ取り出される場合(取出光L)を示している。
本発明の有機EL素子を用いることにより、発光効率が向上した照明装置が得られた。
また、各実施例における化合物の体積%は、作製する層厚を水晶発振子マイクロバランス法により測定し、質量を算出することで、比重から求めている。
≪有機EL素子1-1の作製≫
陽極として100mm×100mm×1.1mmのガラス基板上にITO(インジウムチンオキシド)を100nm成膜した基板(NHテクノグラス社製NA45)にパターニングを行った後、このITO透明電極を設けた透明支持基板をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄し、乾燥窒素ガスで乾燥し、UVオゾン洗浄を5分間行った。
有機EL素子1-1の作製において、比較化合物C1を表2に記載の化合物に変えた以外は同様にして有機EL素子1-2~1-8を作製した。
分光放射輝度計CS-2000を用いて輝度を測定し、測定した輝度が半減する時間(LT50)を求めた。
駆動条件は、連続駆動開始時に3000cd/m2となる電流値とした。
表2において、有機EL素子1-1のLT50を100とした相対値を求め、これを連続駆動安定性の尺度とした。その評価結果を表2に示す。表中、数値が大きいほど、連続駆動安定性に優れている(長寿命である)ことを表す。
≪有機EL素子2-1の作製≫
陽極として100mm×100mm×1.1mmのガラス基板上にITO(インジウムチンオキシド)を100nm成膜した基板(NHテクノグラス社製NA45)にパターニングを行った後、このITO透明電極を設けた透明支持基板をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄し、乾燥窒素ガスで乾燥し、UVオゾン洗浄を5分間行った。
有機EL素子2-1の作製において、比較化合物C2を表3に記載の化合物に変えた以外は全く同様にして有機EL素子2-2~2-8を作製した。
『薄膜の評価ハンドブック』テクノシステム社刊423~425ページに記載の測定方法を参考に、Solartron社製1260型インピーダンスアナライザ及び1296型誘電体インターフェイスを使って、作製した有機EL素子の発光層のバイアス電圧1Vにおける抵抗値の測定を行った。
具体的には、有機EL素子を室温(25℃)、2.5mA/cm2の定電流条件下により1000時間駆動した後の駆動前後の発光層の抵抗値を各々測定し、測定結果を下記に示した計算式により計算し抵抗値の変化率を求めた。
値が0に近い方が駆動前後の変化率が小さいことを示す。
なお、薄膜抵抗率の変化は表3に、それぞれ有機EL素子2-1の測定値を100としたときの相対値で表した。数値が小さい程、薄膜抵抗率の経時変化が小さいことを表す。
≪有機EL素子3-1の作製≫
陽極として100mm×100mm×1.1mmのガラス基板上にITO(インジウムチンオキシド)を100nm成膜した基板(NHテクノグラス社製NA45)にパターニングを行った後、このITO透明電極を設けた透明支持基板をイソプロピルアルコールで超音波洗浄し、乾燥窒素ガスで乾燥し、UVオゾン洗浄を5分間行った。
有機EL素子3-1の作製において、比較化合物C3を表4に記載の化合物に変えた以外は同様にして有機EL素子3-2~3-6を作製した。
分光放射輝度計CS-2000を用いて輝度を測定し、測定した輝度が半減する時間(LT50)を求めた。
駆動条件は、連続駆動開始時に3000cd/m2となる電流値とした。
表4において、有機EL素子3-1のLT50を100とした相対値を求め、これを連続駆動安定性の尺度とした。その評価結果を表4に示す。表中、数値が大きいほど、連続駆動安定性に優れている(長寿命である)ことを表す。
表2~表4に記載のドーパント(例示化合物)をトルエンに溶解させ、300Kにおける発光寿命を測定した。溶液試料の発光寿命の測定は、過渡PL特性を測定することによって行った。過渡PL特性の測定には、小型蛍光寿命測定装置(浜松ホトニクス社製C11367-03)を使用した。具体的には、遅い減衰成分はフラッシュランプ励起によるM9003-01モードにて、速い減衰成分は、340nmのLEDを励起光源としたTCC900モードにて測定した。ここで、蛍光成分はナノ秒に観測され、リン光発光及び三重項状態に由来する遅延蛍光成分はマイクロ若しくはミリ秒単位で観測される。C1及びC2を除く全ての化合物は無酸素状態において1マイクロ秒を超える発光寿命を示し、酸素雰囲気下の測定ではナノ秒オーダーの発光のみ観測された。測定の結果を表5に示す。これはC1、C2及びC3を除く表5に記載のドーパント化合物の発光に、三重項状態が関与していることを示しており、室温で寿命1マイクロ秒以上の発光成分が観測されていることも併せ、C1、C2及びC3を除く表5に記載のドーパント化合物は熱活性化型遅延蛍光化合物(TADF)であることを確認した。
DN 電子ドナー構成部
1 ディスプレイ
3 画素
5 走査線
6 データ線
7 電源ライン
10 有機EL素子
11 スイッチングトランジスタ
12 駆動トランジスタ
13 コンデンサー
101 照明装置内の有機EL素子
102 ガラスカバー
105 陰極
106 有機EL層
107 透明電極付きガラス基板
108 窒素ガス
109 捕水剤
A 表示部
B 制御部
C 配線部
L 取出光
Claims (10)
- 電子ドナー構成部と電子アクセプター構成部とを同一分子内に有する化合物を含有する有機層を有する有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子であって、
分子軌道計算により描像される前記電子ドナー構成部上に分布する被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値と、前記電子アクセプター構成部上に分布する被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギー値を有する軌道のエネルギー値との差(ΔEH)及び
前記計算により描像される前記電子ドナー構成部上に分布する空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値と、前記電子アクセプター構成部上に分布する空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギー値を有する軌道のエネルギー値との差(ΔEL)の和(ΔEH+ΔEL)が、2.0eV以上であり、かつ、
前記化合物の分子全体について前記分子軌道計算により得られる被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値が、-5.2eV以上であり、
前記化合物の分子全体について前記分子軌道計算により得られる空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値が、-1.2eV以下であることを特徴とする有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。 - 前記化合物が、熱活性化型遅延蛍光を発する化合物であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記化合物が、18π電子以上の共役面を含む構造を有することを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記化合物が、5員環が二つ以上縮環した構造を有することを特徴とする請求項1から請求項3までのいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記化合物が、下記一般式(2)で表される構造を有することを特徴とする請求項5に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 前記化合物が、下記一般式(3)で表される構造を有することを特徴とする請求項6に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子。
- 請求項1から請求項7までのいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子が、具備されていることを特徴とする表示装置。
- 請求項1から請求項7までのいずれか一項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子が、具備されていることを特徴とする照明装置。
- 電子ドナー構成部と電子アクセプター構成部との両方を同一分子内に有する化合物を含有する発光性組成物であって、
分子軌道計算により描像される前記電子ドナー構成部上に分布する被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値と、前記電子アクセプター構成部上に分布する被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギー値を有する軌道のエネルギー値との差(ΔEH)及び
前記計算により描像される前記電子ドナー構成部上に分布する空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値と、前記電子アクセプター構成部上に分布する空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギー値を有する軌道のエネルギー値との差(ΔEL)の和(ΔEH+ΔEL)が、2.0eV以上であり、かつ、
前記化合物の分子全体について前記分子軌道計算により得られる被占軌道のうち最も高いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値が、-5.2eV以上であり、
前記化合物の分子全体について前記分子軌道計算により得られる空軌道のうち最も低いエネルギーを有する軌道のエネルギー値が、-1.2eV以下であることを特徴とする発光性組成物。
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WO2017115608A1 (ja) * | 2015-12-28 | 2017-07-06 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | π共役系化合物、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子材料、発光材料、電荷輸送材料、発光性薄膜、有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子、表示装置及び照明装置 |
JP2018527310A (ja) * | 2015-07-03 | 2018-09-20 | サイノーラ・ゲゼルシャフト・ミト・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツング | 有機光電子デバイスに使用するための有機分子 |
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KR102651014B1 (ko) * | 2016-05-26 | 2024-03-26 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 함질소 화합물 및 이를 포함하는 유기 전계 발광 소자 |
US11910699B2 (en) * | 2017-08-10 | 2024-02-20 | Universal Display Corporation | Organic electroluminescent materials and devices |
EP3681972B1 (en) * | 2017-09-12 | 2021-07-28 | cynora GmbH | Organic molecules, in particular for use in optoelectronic devices |
US11637263B2 (en) * | 2017-11-02 | 2023-04-25 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Light-emitting element, display device, electronic device, and lighting device each including TADF organic compound |
KR20190143282A (ko) * | 2018-06-20 | 2019-12-30 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 유기 발광 소자 |
KR20210041166A (ko) * | 2019-10-04 | 2021-04-15 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 유기 발광 소자 및 이를 포함한 장치 |
KR20210136224A (ko) | 2020-05-06 | 2021-11-17 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 발광 소자 및 이를 포함하는 전자 장치 |
CN114206875B (zh) * | 2020-05-29 | 2024-06-18 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 化合物及包含其的有机发光器件 |
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Also Published As
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US20160372683A1 (en) | 2016-12-22 |
KR101917938B1 (ko) | 2018-11-12 |
KR20160113219A (ko) | 2016-09-28 |
JPWO2015133353A1 (ja) | 2017-04-06 |
JP6439791B2 (ja) | 2018-12-19 |
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