WO2015045389A1 - アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属又はアルミニウムをカチオンとする塩と、ヘテロ元素を有する有機溶媒とを含む、電池、キャパシタ等の蓄電装置用電解液、及びその製造方法、並びに当該電解液を具備するキャパシタ - Google Patents
アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属又はアルミニウムをカチオンとする塩と、ヘテロ元素を有する有機溶媒とを含む、電池、キャパシタ等の蓄電装置用電解液、及びその製造方法、並びに当該電解液を具備するキャパシタ Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/60—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solvent
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrolytic solution for a power storage device such as a battery or a capacitor, a salt containing an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or aluminum as a cation and an organic solvent having a hetero element, a method for producing the same, and the electrolytic solution. It is related with the capacitor which comprises.
- a battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution as main components.
- An appropriate electrolyte is added to the electrolytic solution in an appropriate concentration range.
- a lithium salt such as LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , CF 3 SO 3 Li, or (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi is added as an electrolyte to the electrolyte solution of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolytic solution is generally about 1 mol / L.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a lithium ion secondary battery using an electrolytic solution containing LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1 mol / L.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a lithium ion secondary battery using an electrolytic solution containing (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi at a concentration of 1 mol / L.
- the viscosity of the electrolyte solution described in Patent Documents 1 and 2 is approximately 5 mPa ⁇ s or less.
- Patent Document 3 describes an electrolytic solution in which a small amount of a specific additive is added to an electrolytic solution containing LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1 mol / L, and a lithium ion secondary battery using this electrolytic solution.
- Patent Document 4 also describes an electrolytic solution in which a small amount of phenylglycidyl ether is added to an electrolytic solution containing LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1 mol / L.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using this electrolytic solution is disclosed. It is disclosed.
- the viscosity of the electrolyte solution described in Patent Documents 3 and 4 is also approximately 5 mPa ⁇ s or less.
- a capacitor means a capacitor that stores electric charge or discharges electric charge by electrostatic capacity.
- the mechanism of charge and discharge of electricity in the capacitor is based on the adsorption and desorption of charges to and from the electrode. Since this mechanism of action does not involve an electrochemical reaction, the stability of the capacitor is high and the charge transfer in the capacitor is fast.
- Some capacitors include an electrolytic solution, and an electric double layer capacitor is known as such a capacitor.
- an electric double layer capacitor when a potential difference occurs between the electrodes, the anion of the electrolyte is aligned in a layered manner at the interface between the positive electrode and the electrolyte if it is the positive electrode; Liquid cations align in layers. These layer states have a capacitance, and this state is a charged state of the electric double layer capacitor.
- a lithium ion capacitor having an improved operating voltage is known as a capacitor having an electrolytic solution.
- the positive electrode is the same electrode as the electric double layer capacitor
- the negative electrode is an electrode made of the same material as the negative electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery
- the electrolyte is for a general lithium ion secondary battery. It means a capacitor that is an electrolytic solution.
- the negative electrode of the lithium ion capacitor has a high electric capacity because the potential of the negative electrode is lowered by pre-doping in which lithium ions are previously doped.
- the electric capacity (J) that can be used in the capacitor is determined by (electrode capacity) ⁇ (voltage) ⁇ (voltage) / 2.
- electrode capacity ⁇ (voltage) ⁇ (voltage) / 2.
- means for using a material having a large specific surface area for the electrode means for using an organic solvent-containing electrolyte as the electrolyte, and the like have been studied.
- capacitors using an ionic liquid as the electrolytic solution are disclosed in Patent Documents 5 to 9.
- the electrolytes of conventional capacitors and lithium ion capacitors include LiPF 6 and (C 2 H 5 ) at a concentration of about 1 mol / L in a solvent such as propylene carbonate. 4 A solution in which NBF 4 was dissolved was generally used.
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 it has been common technical knowledge that an electrolyte used in a lithium ion secondary battery conventionally contains a lithium salt at a concentration of approximately 1 mol / L. As described in Patent Documents 3 to 4, the improvement of the electrolytic solution is generally performed by paying attention to an additive separate from the lithium salt.
- one aspect of the present invention focuses on the relationship between a metal salt and a solvent in the electrolytic solution, and the electrolytic solution in which the metal salt and the solvent are present in a new state and a method for producing the same The purpose is to provide.
- one embodiment of the present invention focuses on the relationship between the density and concentration of the electrolytic solution, and aims to provide a suitable group of electrolytic solutions.
- One aspect of the present invention focuses on the viscosity of the electrolytic solution itself, and an object thereof is to provide an electrolytic solution having a viscosity range that has not been conventionally employed.
- the ionic liquid is composed of a cation having a large ionic radius and an anion having a large ionic radius, and is in a liquid state at room temperature. Since the electrolyte solution made of an ionic liquid consists only of ions, the ionic concentration of the electrolyte solution made of an ionic liquid is high when compared with an electrolyte solution of the same capacity. For this reason, the capacitance of the capacitor including the electrolytic solution made of the ionic liquid is high because the ionic concentration of the electrolytic solution is high despite the large ionic radius of the ionic liquid. In comparison, there is no fading.
- One embodiment of the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a capacitor including an electrolytic solution in which a metal salt and a solvent are present in a new state.
- the present inventor has intensively studied through many trials and errors. And this inventor discovered that the electrolyte solution which added lithium salt as electrolyte more than usual maintains a solution state contrary to technical common sense. And this inventor discovered that such electrolyte solution acted suitably as electrolyte solution of a battery. Furthermore, when the present inventor has analyzed the above electrolytic solution, it has been found that an electrolytic solution showing a specific relationship in a peak observed in an IR spectrum or a Raman spectrum is particularly advantageous as an electrolytic solution for a battery. One aspect of the invention has been completed.
- An electrolytic solution of one embodiment of the present invention is an electrolytic solution containing a salt having alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum as a cation and an organic solvent having a hetero element, and the organic solvent in the vibrational spectrum of the electrolytic solution With respect to the derived peak intensity, if the intensity of the original peak of the organic solvent is Io and the intensity of the peak shifted from the original peak of the organic solvent is Is, Is> Io.
- an organic solvent having a hetero element and a salt having alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum as a cation are mixed, the salt is dissolved, and the first electrolysis is performed.
- a third dissolution step of adding the salt to the second electrolyte solution under stirring and / or heating conditions to dissolve the salt to prepare a third electrolyte solution are examples of a third electrolyte solution.
- the present inventor conducted intensive studies through many trials and errors without being bound by conventional common general knowledge. As a result, the present inventor has found many suitable ones among electrolytes composed of metal salts and organic solvents, particularly those suitable as electrolytes for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the present inventor does not depend on the type of the metal salt and the type of the organic solvent for the relationship between the suitable electrolytic solution and the conventional electrolytic solution, and finds a unique law that depends on the concentration of the metal salt. The attempt was unsuccessful. That is, no linearity regarding the metal salt concentration independent of the type of metal salt and the type of organic solvent was found.
- the present inventor has conducted further studies, and surprisingly, a group of electrolytes having a specific relationship between density and concentration works favorably as a battery electrolyte compared to conventional electrolytes. As a result, one embodiment of the present invention has been completed.
- An electrolytic solution of one embodiment of the present invention is an electrolytic solution including a salt having an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or aluminum as a cation and an organic solvent having a hetero element, and the density d (g / cm of the electrolytic solution) 3 ) d / c obtained by dividing the electrolyte concentration by the salt concentration c (mol / L) is 0.15 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.71.
- the present inventor has discovered that an electrolytic solution to which a specific lithium salt is added more than usual maintains a solution state. And this inventor discovered that such electrolyte solution was high viscosity compared with the conventional electrolyte solution, and showed ion conductivity. Furthermore, when the present inventor has analyzed the above electrolytic solution, it has been found that an electrolytic solution exhibiting a specific relationship in viscosity and ionic conductivity is particularly advantageous as an electrolytic solution for a battery. It came to be completed.
- An electrolytic solution of one embodiment of the present invention is an electrolytic solution including a salt having an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or aluminum as a cation, and an organic solvent having a hetero element, and the viscosity of the electrolytic solution ⁇ (mPa ⁇ s ) Is 10 ⁇ ⁇ 500, and the ionic conductivity ⁇ (mS / cm) of the electrolytic solution is 1 ⁇ ⁇ .
- an electrolytic solution in which a lithium salt as an electrolyte is added more than usual maintains a solution state against technical common sense. And this inventor discovered that such electrolyte solution acted suitably as electrolyte solution of a capacitor. Furthermore, when the present inventor analyzed the above electrolytic solution, it was found that an electrolytic solution exhibiting a specific relationship in a peak observed in an IR spectrum or a Raman spectrum is particularly advantageous as an electrolytic solution of a capacitor.
- One aspect of the invention has been completed.
- the capacitor of the present invention is a capacitor comprising an electrolytic solution containing a salt having alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or aluminum as a cation, and an organic solvent having a hetero element, wherein the electrolytic solution has a vibration spectroscopy spectrum.
- the peak intensity derived from the organic solvent if the intensity of the original peak of the organic solvent is Io and the intensity of the peak shifted from the peak is Is, Is> Io.
- novel electrolytic solution of each aspect of the present invention can improve various battery characteristics. Moreover, the novel capacitor of the present invention exhibits a suitable capacitance.
- 4 is an IR spectrum of the electrolytic solution of Example 4.
- 4 is an IR spectrum of the electrolytic solution of Example 3. It is IR spectrum of the electrolyte solution of Example 14. It is IR spectrum of the electrolyte solution of Example 13.
- 4 is an IR spectrum of the electrolytic solution of Example 11.
- 7 is an IR spectrum of an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 7. It is IR spectrum of the electrolyte solution of the comparative example 14. It is IR spectrum of acetonitrile. It is an IR spectrum of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi. It is an IR spectrum of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi (2100 to 2400 cm ⁇ 1 ). It is IR spectrum of the electrolyte solution of Example 15.
- IR spectrum of the electrolyte solution of Example 16 It is IR spectrum of the electrolyte solution of Example 17. It is IR spectrum of the electrolyte solution of Example 18. 14 is an IR spectrum of the electrolytic solution of Example 19. 14 is an IR spectrum of an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 15. It is IR spectrum of dimethyl carbonate. It is IR spectrum of the electrolyte solution of Example 20. 2 is an IR spectrum of the electrolytic solution of Example 21. It is IR spectrum of the electrolyte solution of Example 22. 14 is an IR spectrum of an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 16. It is IR spectrum of ethyl methyl carbonate. It is IR spectrum of the electrolyte solution of Example 23.
- 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the potential (3.1 to 4.6 V) and the response current with respect to the half cell of Comparative Example F.
- 6 is a graph showing a relationship between a potential (3.0 to 4.5 V) and a response current with respect to the half cell of Example J.
- 10 is a graph showing a relationship between a potential (3.0 to 5.0 V) and a response current with respect to the half cell of Example J.
- 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the potential (3.0 to 4.5 V) and the response current with respect to the half cell of Example K.
- 6 is a graph showing a relationship between a potential (3.0 to 5.0 V) and a response current with respect to the half cell of Example K.
- 10 is a graph showing a relationship between a potential (3.0 to 4.5 V) and a response current with respect to the half cell of Comparative Example G.
- 10 is a graph showing a relationship between a potential (3.0 to 5.0 V) and a response current with respect to the half cell of Comparative Example G. It is a graph which shows the voltage curve of the lithium ion secondary battery of Example N in each current rate. It is a graph which shows the voltage curve of the lithium ion secondary battery of the comparative example H in each current rate.
- It is a complex impedance plane plot of the battery in the evaluation example 18. It is a charging / discharging curve of the capacitor of Example R and Comparative Example J.
- 6 is a charge / discharge curve of a capacitor of Example S at a cut-off voltage of 0 to 2V.
- 6 is a charge / discharge curve of the capacitor of Example S at a cut-off voltage of 0 to 2.5V.
- 6 is a charge / discharge curve of the capacitor of Example S at a cut-off voltage of 0 to 3V. It is a discharge curve of the capacitor of Example S at each cut-off voltage. It is a charging / discharging curve of the lithium ion capacitor of Example T.
- the numerical range “a to b” described in this specification includes the lower limit “a” and the upper limit “b”.
- the numerical range can be configured by arbitrarily combining these upper limit value and lower limit value and the numerical values listed in the examples.
- numerical values arbitrarily selected from the numerical value range can be used as upper and lower numerical values.
- An electrolytic solution of one embodiment of the present invention is an electrolytic solution containing a salt having alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or aluminum as a cation and an organic solvent having a hetero element, and the organic solvent in the vibrational spectrum of the electrolytic solution
- the derived peak intensity if the peak intensity at the peak wave number inherent to the organic solvent is Io, and the peak intensity where the peak inherent to the organic solvent is shifted is Is, Is> Io.
- An electrolytic solution of one embodiment of the present invention is an electrolytic solution including a salt having an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or aluminum as a cation and an organic solvent having a hetero element, and the density d (g / cm of the electrolytic solution) 3 ) d / c obtained by dividing the electrolyte concentration by the salt concentration c (mol / L) is 0.15 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.71.
- An electrolytic solution of one embodiment of the present invention is an electrolytic solution including a salt having an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, or aluminum as a cation, and an organic solvent having a hetero element, and the viscosity of the electrolytic solution ⁇ (mPa ⁇ s ) Is 10 ⁇ ⁇ 500, and the ionic conductivity ⁇ (mS / cm) of the electrolytic solution is 1 ⁇ ⁇ .
- the capacitor of the present invention is a capacitor comprising an electrolytic solution containing a salt having alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or aluminum as a cation, and an organic solvent having a hetero element, wherein the electrolytic solution has a vibration spectroscopy spectrum.
- the peak intensity derived from the organic solvent if the peak intensity at the original peak wave number of the organic solvent is Io, and the peak intensity at which the peak is wave number shifted is Is, Is> Io.
- a salt having an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or aluminum as a cation may be referred to as a “metal salt” or simply “salt”, and the electrolytic solution of each aspect of the present invention is collectively referred to as “the electrolytic solution of the present invention”. There are times.
- the metal salt may be a compound that is used as an electrolyte, such as LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiAlCl 4 or the like, which is usually contained in the electrolyte solution of a battery or capacitor.
- the cation of the metal salt include alkali metals such as lithium, sodium and potassium, alkaline earth metals such as beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, and aluminum.
- the cation of the metal salt is preferably the same metal ion as the charge carrier of the battery using the electrolytic solution.
- the metal salt cation is preferably lithium.
- the chemical structure of the anion of the salt may include at least one element selected from halogen, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur or carbon.
- Specific examples of the chemical structure of an anion containing halogen or boron include ClO 4 , PF 6 , AsF 6 , SbF 6 , TaF 6 , BF 4 , SiF 6 , B (C 6 H 5 ) 4 , and B (oxalate). 2 , Cl, Br, and I.
- the chemical structure of the salt anion is preferably a chemical structure represented by the following general formula (1), general formula (2), or general formula (3).
- R 1 is hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, a cycloalkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, an unsaturated alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, or a substituent.
- An unsaturated alkoxy group that may be substituted with a substituent, a thioalkoxy group that may be substituted with a substituent, an unsaturated thioalkoxy group that may be substituted with a substituent, CN, SCN, or OCN Is done.
- R 2 represents hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, a cycloalkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, an unsaturated alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, or a substituent.
- the R 1 and R 2 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- X 2 is, SO 2
- R a , R b , R c , and R d are each independently hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, a cycloalkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, or a substituent.
- R a , R b , R c , and R d may be bonded to R 1 or R 2 to form a ring.
- R 3 is hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, a cycloalkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, an unsaturated alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, or a substituent.
- An unsaturated alkoxy group that may be substituted with a substituent, a thioalkoxy group that may be substituted with a substituent, an unsaturated thioalkoxy group that may be substituted with a substituent, CN, SCN, or OCN Is done.
- R e and R f are each independently hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, a cycloalkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, or a group that may be substituted with a substituent.
- R e and R f may combine with R 3 to form a ring.
- Y is selected from O and S.
- R 4 is hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, a cycloalkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, an unsaturated alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, or a substituent.
- An unsaturated alkoxy group that may be substituted with a substituent, a thioalkoxy group that may be substituted with a substituent, an unsaturated thioalkoxy group that may be substituted with a substituent, CN, SCN, or OCN Is done.
- R 5 represents hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, a cycloalkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, an unsaturated alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, or a substituent.
- the R 6 is hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, a cycloalkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, an unsaturated alkyl group which may be substituted with a substituent, or a substituent.
- any two or three of R 4 , R 5 and R 6 may be bonded to form a ring.
- R g , R h , R i , R j , R k , and R l are each independently hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, or a cycloalkyl that may be substituted with a substituent.
- an unsaturated alkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent an unsaturated cycloalkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, an aromatic group that may be substituted with a substituent, or a substituent that is substituted with a substituent
- R g , R h , R i , R j , R k , and R l may combine with R 4 , R 5, or R 6 to form a ring.
- substituents in the phrase “may be substituted with a substituent” include an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an unsaturated cycloalkyl group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, a halogen, and OH.
- the chemical structure of the salt anion is more preferably a chemical structure represented by the following general formula (4), general formula (5), or general formula (6).
- R 7 and R 8 are each independently C n H a F b Cl c Br d I e (CN) f (SCN) g (OCN) h .
- R m , R n , R o , and R p are each independently substituted with hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, a cycloalkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, or a substituent.
- R m , R n , R o , and R p may combine with R 7 or R 8 to form a ring.
- R q and R r are each independently hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, a cycloalkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, or a group that may be substituted with a substituent.
- R q and R r may combine with R 9 to form a ring.
- Y is selected from O and S.
- R 10 X 10 (R 11 X 11 ) (R 12 X 12 )
- R 10 , R 11 , and R 12 are each independently C n H a F b Cl c Br d I e (CN) f (SCN) g (OCN) h .
- R s , R t , R u , R v , R w , and R x are each independently hydrogen, halogen, an alkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, or a cycloalkyl that may be substituted with a substituent.
- an unsaturated alkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent an unsaturated cycloalkyl group that may be substituted with a substituent, an aromatic group that may be substituted with a substituent, or a substituent that is substituted with a substituent
- R s , R t , R u , R v , R w , and R x may combine with R 10 , R 11, or R 12 to form a ring.
- n is preferably an integer of 0 to 6, more preferably an integer of 0 to 4, and particularly preferably an integer of 0 to 2.
- n is preferably an integer of 1 to 8, more preferably an integer of 1 to 7, and particularly preferably an integer of 1 to 3.
- the chemical structure of the salt anion is more preferably represented by the following general formula (7), general formula (8) or general formula (9).
- R 13 SO 2 (R 14 SO 2 ) N
- R 13 and R 14 are each independently C n H a F b Cl c Br d I e .
- R 16 SO 2 (R 17 SO 2 ) (R 18 SO 2 ) C General formula (9)
- R 16 , R 17 , and R 18 are each independently C n H a F b Cl c Br d I e .
- n is preferably an integer of 0 to 6, more preferably an integer of 0 to 4, and particularly preferably an integer of 0 to 2.
- n is preferably an integer of 1 to 8, more preferably an integer of 1 to 7, and particularly preferably an integer of 1 to 3.
- the metal salt is (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “LiTFSA”), (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “LiFSA”), (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, FSO 2 (CF 3 SO 2 ) NLi, (SO 2 CF 2 CF 2 SO 2 ) NLi, (SO 2 CF 2 CF 2 SO 2 ) NLi, FSO 2 (CH 3 SO 2 ) NLi FSO 2 (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) NLi or FSO 2 (C 2 H 5 SO 2 ) NLi is particularly preferred.
- the metal salt of the present invention may be a combination of an appropriate number of cations and anions described above.
- One kind of metal salt in the electrolytic solution of the present invention may be used, or a plurality of kinds may be used in combination.
- organic solvent having a hetero element an organic solvent in which the hetero element is at least one selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and halogen is preferable, and an organic solvent in which the hetero element is at least one selected from nitrogen or oxygen Is more preferable.
- organic solvent having a hetero element an aprotic solvent having no proton donating group such as NH group, NH 2 group, OH group, and SH group is preferable.
- organic solvent having a hetero element examples include nitriles such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, acrylonitrile, malononitrile, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1, 2-diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2-methyltetrahydropyran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, crown Ethers such as ether, carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethylmethyl carbonate, formamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolide Amides such as isopropyl isocyanate, n-propyl isocyanate, chloromethyl
- Esters glycidyl methyl ether, epoxy butane, epoxy such as 2-ethyloxirane, oxazole, 2-ethyloxazole, oxazoline, oxazole such as 2-methyl-2-oxazoline, ketone such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone Acid anhydrides such as acetic anhydride and propionic anhydride, sulfones such as dimethyl sulfone and sulfolane, sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, 1-nitropropane and 2-nitrate Nitros such as propane, furans such as furan and furfural, cyclic esters such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone, aromatic heterocycles such as thiophene and pyridine, tetrahydro-4-pyrone, Examples thereof include heterocyclic rings such as 1-methylpyr
- organic solvent examples include chain carbonates represented by the following general formula (10).
- n is preferably an integer of 1 to 6, more preferably an integer of 1 to 4, and particularly preferably an integer of 1 to 2.
- m is preferably an integer of 3 to 8, more preferably an integer of 4 to 7, and particularly preferably an integer of 5 to 6.
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethylmethyl Carbonate
- organic solvent a solvent having a relative dielectric constant of 20 or more or a donor ether oxygen is preferable.
- organic solvent examples include nitriles such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, acrylonitrile, and malononitrile, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane.
- 1,2-diethoxyethane tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, 2-methyltetrahydropyran, 2-methyl Mention may be made of ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and crown ether, N, N-dimethylformamide, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide and sulfolane, and in particular acetonitrile (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “AN”), 1,2-dimethoxyethane. (Hereafter referred to as “DME”. .) It is preferred.
- organic solvents may be used alone or in combination as an electrolyte.
- the density (g / cm 3 ) of the organic solvent having a hetero element is listed in Table 1.
- the peak intensity derived from the organic solvent contained in the electrolyte solution is denoted by Io, and the peak of the organic solvent inherent peak is shifted (hereinafter, “ If the intensity of “shift peak” is sometimes referred to as “Is”, Is> Io. That is, in the vibrational spectral spectrum chart obtained by subjecting the electrolytic solution of the present invention to vibrational spectral measurement, the relationship between the two peak intensities is Is> Io.
- the original peak of the organic solvent means a peak observed at the peak position (wave number) when vibration spectroscopy measurement is performed only on the organic solvent.
- the value of the peak intensity Io inherent in the organic solvent and the value of the shift peak intensity Is are the height or area from the baseline of each peak in the vibrational spectrum.
- the relationship when there are a plurality of peaks in which the original peak of the organic solvent is shifted, the relationship may be determined based on the peak from which the relationship between Is and Io is most easily determined.
- an organic solvent that can determine the relationship between Is and Io most easily is selected, an organic solvent that can determine the relationship between Is and Io most easily (the difference between Is and Io is most pronounced) is selected, The relationship between Is and Io may be determined based on the peak intensity. If the peak shift amount is small and the peaks before and after the shift appear to be a gentle mountain, peak separation may be performed using known means to determine the relationship between Is and Io.
- the peak of an organic solvent that is most easily coordinated with a cation (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “preferred coordination solvent”) is another. Shift in preference to.
- the mass% of the preferential coordination solvent with respect to the entire organic solvent having a hetero element is preferably 40% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and further preferably 60% or more. 80% or more is particularly preferable.
- the volume% of the preferential coordination solvent with respect to the entire organic solvent having a hetero element is preferably 40% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and 60% or more. Is more preferable, and 80% or more is particularly preferable.
- the relationship between the two peak intensities in the vibrational spectrum of the electrolytic solution of the present invention preferably satisfies the condition of Is> 2 ⁇ Io, more preferably satisfies the condition of Is> 3 ⁇ Io, and Is> 5 ⁇ It is more preferable that the condition of Io is satisfied, and it is particularly preferable that the condition of Is> 7 ⁇ Io is satisfied.
- Most preferred is an electrolytic solution in which the intensity Io of the peak inherent in the organic solvent is not observed and the intensity Is of the shift peak is observed in the vibrational spectrum of the electrolytic solution of the present invention. In the electrolytic solution, it means that all the molecules of the organic solvent contained in the electrolytic solution are completely solvated with the metal salt.
- the metal salt and the organic solvent (or preferential coordination solvent) having a hetero element have an interaction.
- a metal salt and a hetero element of an organic solvent (or preferential coordination solvent) having a hetero element form a coordination bond
- the organic salt (or preferential coordinating solvent) having a metal salt and a hetero element ) Is estimated to form a stable cluster. From the results of Examples described later, this cluster is presumed to be formed by coordination of two molecules of an organic solvent (or preferential coordination solvent) having a hetero element with one molecule of a metal salt.
- the molar range of the organic solvent having a hetero element (or preferential coordination solvent) with respect to 1 mol of the metal salt in the electrolytic solution of the present invention is preferably 1.4 mol or more and less than 3.5 mol. More preferably, it is 0.5 mol or more and 3.1 mol or less, and 1.6 mol or more and 3 mol or less are still more preferable.
- the capacitor electrolyte has a higher capacity when the salt concentration is higher.
- the molar range of the organic solvent (or preferential coordination solvent) having a hetero element with respect to 1 mol of the metal salt in the electrolytic solution of the present invention is preferably less than 3.5 mol, and 3.1 mol or less. Is more preferable, and 3 mol or less is still more preferable.
- the electrolytic solution of the capacitor has a higher salt concentration.
- the lower limit of the molar range of the organic solvent (or preferential coordination solvent) having a hetero element with respect to 1 mol of the metal salt in the electrolytic solution of the present invention is intentionally set. For example, 1.1 mol or more, 1.4 mol or more, 1.5 mol or more, 1.6 mol or more can be mentioned.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention it is presumed that clusters are generally formed by coordination of two molecules of an organic solvent (or preferential coordination solvent) having a hetero element to one molecule of a metal salt.
- concentration (mol / L) of the electrolytic solution of the invention depends on the molecular weight of each of the metal salt and the organic solvent and the density when the solution is used. Therefore, it is not appropriate to prescribe the concentration of the electrolytic solution of the present invention.
- the concentration (mol / L) of the electrolytic solution of the present invention is individually exemplified in Table 2.
- the organic solvent that forms the cluster and the organic solvent that is not involved in the formation of the cluster have different environments. Therefore, in vibrational spectroscopy measurement, the peak derived from the organic solvent forming the cluster is higher than the observed wave number of the peak derived from the organic solvent not involved in the cluster formation (original peak of the organic solvent). Or it is observed shifted to the low wavenumber side. That is, the shift peak corresponds to the peak of the organic solvent forming the cluster.
- vibrational spectrum examples include an IR spectrum and a Raman spectrum.
- measurement method for IR measurement examples include transmission measurement methods such as Nujol method and liquid film method, and reflection measurement methods such as ATR method.
- transmission measurement methods such as Nujol method and liquid film method
- reflection measurement methods such as ATR method.
- IR measurement may be performed under low humidity or no humidity conditions such as a dry room or a glove box, or Raman measurement may be performed with the electrolyte solution in a sealed container.
- LiTFSA is dissolved in an acetonitrile solvent at a concentration of 1 mol / L to obtain an electrolytic solution according to conventional technical common sense. Since 1 L of acetonitrile corresponds to about 19 mol, 1 L of conventional electrolyte includes 1 mol of LiTFSA and 19 mol of acetonitrile. Then, in the conventional electrolyte, there are many acetonitriles that are not solvated with LiTFSA (not coordinated with Li) simultaneously with acetonitrile that is solvated with LiTFSA (coordinated with Li). .
- the acetonitrile molecule is different between the LiTFSA solvated acetonitrile molecule and the LiTFSA non-solvated acetonitrile molecule, in the IR spectrum, the acetonitrile peaks of both are distinguished and observed. Is done. More specifically, the peak of acetonitrile that is not solvated with LiTFSA is observed at the same position (wave number) as in the case of IR measurement of only acetonitrile, but the peak of acetonitrile that is solvated with LiTFSA. Is observed with the peak position (wave number) shifted to the high wave number side.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention has a higher LiTFSA concentration than the conventional electrolytic solution, and the number of acetonitrile molecules solvated with LiTFSA (forming clusters) in the electrolytic solution is different from that of LiTFSA. More than the number of unsolvated acetonitrile molecules. Then, the relation between the intensity Io of the original peak of the acetonitrile and the intensity Is of the peak obtained by shifting the original peak of acetonitrile in the vibrational spectrum of the electrolytic solution of the present invention is Is> Io.
- Table 3 exemplifies the wave numbers of organic solvents that are considered useful for the calculation of Io and Is and their attribution in the vibrational spectrum of the electrolytic solution of the present invention. It should be added that the wave number of the observed peak may be different from the following wave numbers depending on the measurement apparatus, measurement environment, and measurement conditions of the vibrational spectrum.
- the density d (g / cm 3 ) in the electrolytic solution of the present invention means a density at 20 ° C.
- the density d (g / cm 3 ) is preferably d ⁇ 1.2 or d ⁇ 2.2, more preferably in the range of 1.2 ⁇ d ⁇ 2.2, and 1.24 ⁇ d ⁇ 2.0. Is more preferable, the range of 1.26 ⁇ d ⁇ 1.8 is more preferable, and the range of 1.27 ⁇ d ⁇ 1.6 is particularly preferable.
- d / c is 0.15 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.71, preferably 0.15 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.56, and 0.25 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0. Within the range of .56, more preferably within the range of 0.26 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.50, and particularly preferably within the range of 0.27 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.47.
- D / c in the electrolytic solution of the present invention can be defined even when a metal salt and an organic solvent are specified.
- d / c is preferably within the range of 0.42 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.56, and 0.44 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.52 The range of is more preferable.
- d / c is preferably in the range of 0.35 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.41, and 0.36 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.39. The inside is more preferable.
- d / c is preferably in the range of 0.32 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.46, and in the range of 0.34 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.42. The inside is more preferable.
- d / c is preferably in the range of 0.25 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.31, and in the range of 0.26 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.29. The inside is more preferable.
- d / c is preferably in the range of 0.32 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.48, and in the range of 0.32 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.46. The inside is more preferable, and the inside of the range of 0.34 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.42 is further preferable.
- d / c is preferably in the range of 0.34 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.50, and in the range of 0.37 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.45. The inside is more preferable.
- d / c is preferably in the range of 0.36 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.54, and in the range of 0.39 ⁇ d / c ⁇ 0.48.
- the inside is more preferable.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention is different from the conventional electrolytic solution in that the presence environment of the metal salt and the organic solvent is different and the concentration or density of the metal salt is high.
- the metal is lithium, the lithium transport number is improved), the reaction rate between the electrode and the electrolyte is improved, the uneven distribution of the salt concentration of the electrolyte that occurs during high-rate charge / discharge of the battery, and the electric double layer capacity is increased. I can expect.
- most of the organic solvent having a hetero element forms a cluster with a metal salt or has a high density, so the vapor pressure of the organic solvent contained in the electrolytic solution is low. As a result, volatilization of the organic solvent from the electrolytic solution of the present invention can be reduced.
- Capacitors have a lower volumetric energy density than batteries.
- the adsorption site of the capacitor electrode is increased to increase the absolute amount of ions.
- the volume of the battery increases and the battery itself becomes large.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention has a higher metal salt concentration than the conventional electrolytic solution. Therefore, the capacitor of the present invention including the electrolytic solution of the present invention has a larger absolute amount of ions that can be aligned at the interface between the electrode and the electrolytic solution than the capacitor including the conventional electrolytic solution. Then, the electric capacity of the capacitor of the present invention is improved as compared with the electric capacity of the capacitor including the conventional electrolyte.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention a cluster in which the presence environment of the metal salt and the organic solvent is unique is formed.
- the radius of the cluster of the electrolyte solution of the present invention is smaller than that of a cation and anion having a large ionic radius constituting a general ionic liquid.
- the capacitance of the capacitor of the present invention is the capacitance of the conventional electrolyte or a capacitor equipped with an electrolyte made of an ionic liquid. Compared with.
- the negative electrode of the capacitor of the present invention can be obtained by using a material such as carbon that can perform an oxidation-reduction reaction by inserting and desorbing metal ions into the negative electrode of the capacitor.
- an electrolytic solution made of a salt using lithium as a cation it becomes an electric double layer capacitor or a lithium ion capacitor by changing the electrode configuration.
- a lithium ion capacitor has a merit in terms of voltage, and is one direction responsible for higher energy of the capacitor.
- a lithium ion capacitor it is necessary for a lithium ion capacitor to include an electrolytic solution containing lithium, but an electrolytic solution used for a normal electric double layer capacitor cannot be used because it does not contain lithium. Therefore, an electrolytic solution for a lithium ion secondary battery is used as the electrolytic solution for the lithium ion capacitor.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention in which the cation is lithium contains lithium, it can be applied not only to an electric double layer capacitor but also to a lithium ion capacitor. In the case of using a lithium ion capacitor, a process of doping lithium ions into the electrode in advance is required in order to exhibit more performance.
- metal lithium may be attached to the electrode, and metal lithium may be doped by immersing and dissolving in an electrolytic solution, or an open collector may be used as disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4732072. Doping may be performed by placing metallic lithium on the outer peripheral portion and the central portion of the wound type lithium ion capacitor and performing a charging operation. Also, as disclosed in J. Electrochem. Soc. 2012, Volume 159, Issue 8, and Pages A1329-A1334, a transition metal oxide containing excess lithium is added to the positive electrode in advance, and charging is performed. Doping may be performed. Since the transition metal oxide containing excess lithium has a large proportion of lithium in the structure, when the transition metal oxide finishes almost releasing lithium, the particle shape of the transition metal oxide is pulverized.
- the pulverized particle-shaped transition metal oxide exhibits a lithium adsorption capacity although it has a lower lithium adsorption amount than activated carbon. Therefore, by conducting a conductive treatment on the transition metal oxide containing excess lithium added to the positive electrode of the lithium ion capacitor, the transition metal oxide after lithium release can be used as the adsorption site of the positive electrode. Lithium-excess transition metal oxide has a smaller surface area than carbon used for a general electrode, but has a high density, and therefore may have an advantage in volume energy.
- the viscosity of the electrolytic solution of the present invention is higher than the viscosity of the conventional electrolytic solution. For this reason, if it is a battery or a capacitor using the electrolyte solution of this invention, even if a battery or a capacitor is damaged, electrolyte solution leakage will be suppressed. Moreover, the capacity
- the metal concentration of the electrolytic solution of the present invention is higher than that of the conventional electrolytic solution.
- the preferable Li concentration of the electrolytic solution of the present invention is about 2 to 5 times the Li concentration of a general electrolytic solution.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention containing Li at a high concentration it is considered that the uneven distribution of Li is reduced, and as a result, the capacity reduction during the high-speed charge / discharge cycle is suppressed.
- the reason for the suppression of the capacity decrease is that the uneven distribution of Li concentration in the electrolytic solution could be suppressed due to the physical properties of the electrolytic solution of the present invention such as high viscosity, high ionic conduction, and high cation transport.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention has a high viscosity, the liquid retaining property of the electrolytic solution at the electrode interface is improved, and the state where the electrolytic solution is insufficient at the electrode interface (so-called liquid withdrawn state) can be suppressed. This is considered to be one of the reasons that the capacity decrease during the charge / discharge cycle is suppressed.
- a range of 10 ⁇ ⁇ 500 is preferable, a range of 12 ⁇ ⁇ 400 is more preferable, a range of 15 ⁇ ⁇ 300 is further preferable, and 18 A range of ⁇ ⁇ 150 is particularly preferable, and a range of 20 ⁇ ⁇ 140 is most preferable.
- the ion conductivity ⁇ (mS / cm) of the electrolytic solution of the present invention is preferably 1 ⁇ ⁇ .
- a suitable range including the upper limit is shown, a range of 2 ⁇ ⁇ 200 is preferable, and a range of 3 ⁇ ⁇ 100 is more preferable.
- the range of 4 ⁇ ⁇ 50 is more preferable, and the range of 5 ⁇ ⁇ 35 is particularly preferable.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention exhibits a suitable cation transport number (when the metal of the electrolytic solution of the present invention is lithium, the lithium transport number).
- a suitable cation transport number when showing a preferable cation transport number, 0.4 or more is preferable and 0.45 or more is more preferable.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention contains a metal salt cation in a high concentration.
- the distance between adjacent cations is extremely short.
- a cation such as lithium ion moves between the positive electrode and the negative electrode during charge / discharge of the secondary battery
- the cation closest to the destination electrode is first supplied to the electrode.
- the other cation adjacent to the said cation moves to the place with the said supplied cation.
- the method for producing the electrolytic solution of the present invention will be described. Since the electrolytic solution of the present invention has a higher metal salt content or higher density value than the conventional electrolytic solution, aggregates are obtained by the production method of adding an organic solvent to a solid (powder) metal salt. Therefore, it is difficult to produce a solution electrolyte. Therefore, in the manufacturing method of the electrolyte solution of this invention, it is preferable to manufacture, adding a metal salt gradually with respect to an organic solvent, and maintaining the solution state of electrolyte solution.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention includes a liquid in which the metal salt is dissolved in the organic solvent beyond the conventionally considered saturation solubility.
- a method for producing an electrolytic solution of the present invention includes a first dissolution step of preparing a first electrolytic solution by mixing an organic solvent having a hetero element and a metal salt, dissolving the metal salt, stirring and / or Alternatively, under heating conditions, the metal salt is added to the first electrolyte solution, the metal salt is dissolved to prepare a second electrolyte solution in a supersaturated state, and stirring and / or heating conditions, A third dissolving step of adding the metal salt to the second electrolytic solution, dissolving the metal salt, and preparing a third electrolytic solution;
- the “supersaturated state” means a state in which metal salt crystals are precipitated from the electrolyte when the stirring and / or heating conditions are canceled or when crystal nucleation energy such as vibration is applied. Means.
- the second electrolytic solution is “supersaturated”, and the first electrolytic solution and the third electrolytic solution are not “supersaturated”.
- the above-described method for producing the electrolytic solution of the present invention is a thermodynamically stable liquid state, and passes through the first electrolytic solution containing the conventional metal salt concentration, and then the thermodynamically unstable liquid state.
- the second electrolytic solution passes through the two electrolytic solutions and becomes a thermodynamically stable new electrolytic third solution, that is, the electrolytic solution of the present invention.
- the third electrolyte solution is composed of, for example, two molecules of an organic solvent for one lithium salt molecule, and a strong distribution between these molecules. It is presumed that the cluster stabilized by the coordinate bond inhibits the crystallization of the lithium salt.
- the first dissolution step is a step of preparing a first electrolytic solution by mixing an organic solvent having a hetero atom and a metal salt to dissolve the metal salt.
- the first dissolution step is preferably performed under stirring and / or heating conditions.
- a stirrer with a stirrer such as a mixer
- the stirring condition may be achieved, or the first dissolution step may be performed using a stirrer and a device (stirrer) that operates the stirrer.
- the stirring condition may be used. What is necessary is just to set suitably about stirring speed.
- thermostats such as a water bath or an oil bath. Since heat of dissolution is generated when the metal salt is dissolved, it is preferable to strictly control the temperature condition so that the solution temperature does not reach the decomposition temperature of the metal salt when using a heat unstable metal salt.
- the organic solvent cooled beforehand may be used and a 1st melt
- the metal salt may be added to the organic solvent having a hetero atom, or the organic solvent having a hetero atom may be added to the metal salt.
- a method of gradually adding the metal salt to the organic solvent having a hetero atom is preferable.
- the first dissolution step and the second dissolution step may be performed continuously, or the first electrolytic solution obtained in the first dissolution step is temporarily stored (standing), and after a certain time has passed, You may implement a melt
- the second dissolution step is a step of preparing a supersaturated second electrolyte solution by adding a metal salt to the first electrolyte solution under stirring and / or heating conditions to dissolve the metal salt.
- the stirring condition may be achieved, or the second dissolution step is performed using a stirrer and a device (stirrer) that operates the stirrer.
- the stirring condition may be used.
- Heating conditions it is preferable to control suitably with thermostats, such as a water bath or an oil bath.
- thermostats such as a water bath or an oil bath.
- the warming said by the manufacturing method of the electrolyte solution of this invention points out warming a target object to the temperature more than normal temperature (25 degreeC).
- the heating temperature is more preferably 30 ° C. or higher, and further preferably 35 ° C. or higher. Further, the heating temperature is preferably lower than the boiling point of the organic solvent.
- the second dissolution step if the added metal salt is not sufficiently dissolved, increase the stirring speed and / or further heating. Moreover, when the added metal salt is not sufficiently dissolved, a small amount of an organic solvent having a hetero atom may be added to the electrolytic solution in the second dissolution step to promote dissolution of the metal salt. Furthermore, the second dissolving step may be performed under pressure.
- the second dissolution step and the third dissolution step are preferably carried out continuously.
- the third dissolution step is a step of preparing a third electrolyte solution by adding a metal salt to the second electrolyte solution under stirring and / or heating conditions to dissolve the metal salt.
- it is necessary to add a metal salt to the supersaturated second electrolytic solution and dissolve it. Therefore, it is essential to perform the stirring and / or heating conditions as in the second dissolution step. Specific stirring and / or heating conditions are the same as those in the second dissolution step. Similar to the second dissolution step, if the added metal salt does not dissolve sufficiently, an increase in stirring speed and / or further heating is performed.
- a small amount of an organic solvent having a hetero atom may be added to the electrolytic solution to promote dissolution of the metal salt.
- the third dissolving step may be performed under pressure.
- the third electrolytic solution (the electrolytic solution of the present invention) can be manufactured. finish.
- the production of the third electrolytic solution (the electrolytic solution of the present invention) may be terminated. Even when the stirring and / or heating conditions are canceled, the metal salt crystals are not precipitated from the electrolytic solution of the present invention.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention is composed of, for example, two molecules of an organic solvent for one molecule of a lithium salt, and is presumed to form a cluster stabilized by a strong coordinate bond between these molecules. Is done.
- the first to third dissolving steps can be performed even if the supersaturated state is not passed at the treatment temperature in each dissolving step.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention can be appropriately produced using the specific dissolution means described in 1.
- the original organic solvent derived from the organic solvent contained in the first electrolyte solution is obtained in the vibration spectrum. Both peaks and shift peaks are observed. In the vibrational spectrum of the first electrolyte solution, the original peak intensity of the organic solvent is larger than the shift peak intensity.
- the relationship between the original peak intensity of the organic solvent and the shift peak intensity changes.
- the shift peak intensity is changed. Becomes larger than the original peak intensity of the organic solvent.
- the method for producing an electrolytic solution of the present invention preferably includes a vibrational spectroscopic measurement step of performing vibrational spectroscopic measurement of the electrolytic solution being manufactured.
- a vibrational spectroscopic measurement step By including a vibrational spectroscopic measurement step in the method for producing an electrolytic solution of the present invention, the degree of coordination (ratio) between the metal salt and the organic solvent in the electrolytic solution or the relationship between Is and Io can be confirmed during the production.
- the electrolytic solution in the middle of production has reached the electrolytic solution of one embodiment of the present invention, and when the electrolytic solution in the middle of production has not reached the electrolytic solution of one embodiment of the present invention It is possible to grasp how much metal salt is added to the electrolyte solution of one embodiment of the present invention.
- a specific vibration spectroscopic measurement step for example, a method of sampling a part of each electrolytic solution in the middle of production and using it for vibration spectroscopic measurement, or a method of performing spectroscopic spectroscopic measurement of each electrolytic solution in situ (situ) But it ’s okay.
- a method for in-vitro vibrational spectroscopic measurement of an electrolytic solution a method of introducing an electrolytic solution in the middle of production into a transparent flow cell and performing vibrational spectroscopic measurement, or a method of performing Raman measurement from outside the container using a transparent production vessel can be mentioned.
- the vibrational spectroscopic measurement is preferably performed under conditions that can reduce or ignore the influence of moisture in the atmosphere.
- IR measurement may be performed under low humidity or no humidity conditions such as a dry room or a glove box, or Raman measurement may be performed with the electrolyte solution in a sealed container.
- a density concentration measuring step for measuring values of density and concentration of the electrolytic solution being produced.
- a specific measurement process for example, a method of sampling a part of each electrolytic solution in the middle of production and using it for density and concentration measurement may be used, or the density and concentration of each electrolytic solution may be measured in situ. The method is fine.
- the density and concentration of the electrolytic solution can be confirmed during the production by including the density concentration measuring step in the method for producing the electrolytic solution of the present invention. It is possible to determine whether or not the amount of the metal salt has reached the amount of the metal salt in the case where the electrolytic solution in the middle of the production does not reach the amount of the electrolytic solution of the present invention. If it adds, it can be grasped
- a viscosity measuring step for measuring the viscosity of the electrolytic solution during production.
- a specific viscosity measuring step for example, a method of sampling a part of each electrolytic solution in the middle of production and using it for viscosity measurement may be used, or each electrolytic solution may be combined in situ by combining an electrolytic solution manufacturing apparatus and a viscosity measuring apparatus. Alternatively, the viscosity may be measured on the spot.
- the viscosity in the electrolytic solution can be confirmed during the production, so whether or not the electrolytic solution in the middle of production has reached the electrolytic solution of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the electrolyte of one embodiment of the present invention is reached. Can be grasped.
- an ionic conductivity measurement step for measuring the ionic conductivity of the electrolytic solution during production.
- a specific ion conductivity measurement step for example, a method of sampling a part of each electrolytic solution in the middle of production and using it for ion conductivity measurement may be used, or a combination of an electrolytic solution manufacturing apparatus and an ion conductivity measuring apparatus may be used.
- a method of measuring the ionic conductivity of each electrolytic solution in situ may be used.
- the ionic conductivity in the electrolytic solution can be confirmed during the production, so that the electrolytic solution in the middle of the production has reached the electrolytic solution of one embodiment of the present invention. It is possible to determine whether or not the amount of metal salt added in the case where the electrolyte in the middle of production does not reach the electrolyte of one embodiment of the present invention. It is possible to grasp whether the electrolyte solution is reached.
- the solvent in addition to the organic solvent having a hetero element, the solvent has a low polarity (low dielectric constant) or a low donor number and does not exhibit a special interaction with a metal salt, that is, the present invention.
- a solvent that does not affect the formation and maintenance of the clusters in the electrolyte can be added.
- an effect of lowering the viscosity of the electrolytic solution can be expected while maintaining the formation of the cluster of the electrolytic solution of the present invention.
- the electrolyte solution of one embodiment of the present invention can be positioned as an electrolyte solution in an intermediate manufacturing state.
- the solvent that does not exhibit a special interaction with the metal salt include benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, 1-methylnaphthalene, hexane, heptane, and cyclohexane. it can.
- a step of adding a solvent that does not exhibit a special interaction with the metal salt can be added. This step may be added before or after the first to third dissolution steps, or may be performed during the first to third dissolution steps.
- a flame retardant solvent can be added to the electrolytic solution of the present invention.
- a flame retardant solvent include halogen solvents such as carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane, and hydrofluoroether, and phosphoric acid derivatives such as trimethyl phosphate and triethyl phosphate.
- a step of adding the flame retardant solvent can be added. This step may be added before or after the first to third dissolution steps, or may be performed during the first to third dissolution steps.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention when the electrolytic solution of the present invention is mixed with a polymer or an inorganic filler to form a mixture, the mixture contains the electrolytic solution and becomes a pseudo solid electrolyte.
- the pseudo solid electrolyte as the battery electrolyte, leakage of the electrolyte in the battery or capacitor can be suppressed.
- a polymer used for a battery such as a lithium ion secondary battery or a general chemically crosslinked polymer can be employed.
- a polymer that can absorb an electrolyte such as polyvinylidene fluoride and polyhexafluoropropylene and gel can be used, and a polymer such as polyethylene oxide in which an ion conductive group is introduced.
- polymers include polymethyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol acrylate, polyglycidol, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, Polycarboxylic acid such as polysiloxane, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polyitaconic acid, polyfumaric acid, polycrotonic acid, polyangelic acid, carboxymethylcellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, polystyrene , Polycarbonate, unsaturated polyester copolymerized with maleic anhydride and glycols, Polyethylene oxide derivative having a group, a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene can be exempl
- Polysaccharides are also suitable as the polymer.
- Specific examples of the polysaccharide include glycogen, cellulose, chitin, agarose, carrageenan, heparin, hyaluronic acid, pectin, amylopectin, xyloglucan, and amylose.
- adopt the material containing these polysaccharides as said polymer The agar containing polysaccharides, such as agarose, can be illustrated as the said material.
- the inorganic filler is preferably an inorganic ceramic such as oxide or nitride.
- Inorganic ceramics have hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups on the surface. Therefore, when the functional group attracts the electrolytic solution, a conductive path can be formed in the inorganic ceramic. Furthermore, the inorganic ceramics dispersed in the electrolytic solution can form a network between the inorganic ceramics by the functional groups and serve to contain the electrolytic solution. With such a function of the inorganic ceramics, it is possible to more suitably suppress the leakage of the electrolytic solution in the battery. In order to suitably exhibit the above functions of the inorganic ceramics, the inorganic ceramics preferably have a particle shape, and particularly preferably have a particle size of nano level.
- the inorganic ceramics include general alumina, silica, titania, zirconia, and lithium phosphate. Further, the inorganic ceramic itself may be lithium conductive, and specifically, Li 3 N, LiI, LiI—Li 3 N—LiOH, LiI—Li 2 S—P 2 O 5 , LiI—Li 2 S —P 2 S 5 , LiI—Li 2 S—B 2 S 3 , Li 2 O—B 2 S 3 , Li 2 O—V 2 O 3 —SiO 2 , Li 2 O—B 2 O 3 —P 2 O 5 , Li 2 O—B 2 O 3 —ZnO, Li 2 O—Al 2 O 3 —TiO 2 —SiO 2 —P 2 O 5 , LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Li— ⁇ Al 2 O 3 , LiTaO 3 Can be illustrated.
- Li 3 N LiI, LiI—Li 3 N—LiOH, LiI—Li 2 S—
- Glass ceramics may be employed as the inorganic filler. Since glass ceramics can contain an ionic liquid, the same effect can be expected for the electrolytic solution of the present invention. Glass ceramics include a compound represented by xLi 2 S- (1-x) P 2 S 5 , a compound obtained by substituting a part of S of the compound with another element, and a P of the compound. An example in which the part is replaced with germanium can be exemplified.
- a step of mixing the third electrolytic solution with the polymer and / or the inorganic filler can be added.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention described above exhibits excellent ionic conductivity, it is suitably used as an electrolytic solution for power storage devices such as batteries and capacitors.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention is particularly preferably used as an electrolytic solution for a secondary battery, and particularly preferably used as an electrolytic solution for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the electrolyte solution of this invention is used as an electrolyte solution of an electric double layer capacitor or a lithium ion capacitor.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention employs a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and a lithium salt as a metal salt.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention is provided.
- the negative electrode active material a material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions can be used. Accordingly, there is no particular limitation as long as it is a simple substance, alloy, or compound that can occlude and release lithium ions.
- a negative electrode active material Li, group 14 elements such as carbon, silicon, germanium and tin, group 13 elements such as aluminum and indium, group 12 elements such as zinc and cadmium, group 15 elements such as antimony and bismuth, magnesium , Alkaline earth metals such as calcium, and group 11 elements such as silver and gold may be employed alone.
- silicon or the like is used for the negative electrode active material, a silicon atom reacts with a plurality of lithiums, so that it becomes a high-capacity active material.
- an alloy or compound in which another element such as a transition metal is combined with a simple substance such as silicon as the negative electrode active material.
- the alloy or compound include tin-based materials such as Ag—Sn alloy, Cu—Sn alloy and Co—Sn alloy, carbon-based materials such as various graphites, SiO x (disproportionated into silicon simple substance and silicon dioxide). Examples thereof include silicon-based materials such as 0.3 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), silicon alone, or composites obtained by combining silicon-based materials and carbon-based materials.
- the negative electrode has a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer bound to the surface of the current collector.
- a current collector refers to a chemically inert electronic high conductor that keeps a current flowing through an electrode during discharge or charging of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the current collector at least one selected from silver, copper, gold, aluminum, tungsten, cobalt, zinc, nickel, iron, platinum, tin, indium, titanium, ruthenium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, and stainless steel, etc. Metal materials can be exemplified.
- the current collector may be covered with a known protective layer. What collected the surface of the electrical power collector by the well-known method may be used as an electrical power collector.
- the current collector can take the form of a foil, a sheet, a film, a linear shape, a rod shape, a mesh, or the like. Therefore, for example, a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil, an aluminum foil, and a stainless steel foil can be suitably used as the current collector.
- a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil, an aluminum foil, and a stainless steel foil can be suitably used as the current collector.
- the thickness is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains a negative electrode active material and, if necessary, a binder and / or a conductive aid.
- the binder plays a role of connecting the active material and the conductive auxiliary agent to the surface of the current collector.
- binder examples include fluorine-containing resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and fluororubber, thermoplastic resins such as polypropylene and polyethylene, imide resins such as polyimide and polyamideimide, and alkoxysilyl group-containing resins. be able to.
- fluorine-containing resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and fluororubber
- thermoplastic resins such as polypropylene and polyethylene
- imide resins such as polyimide and polyamideimide
- alkoxysilyl group-containing resins alkoxysilyl group-containing resins.
- a polymer having a hydrophilic group may be employed as the binder.
- the hydrophilic group of the polymer having a hydrophilic group include a phosphate group such as a carboxyl group, a sulfo group, a silanol group, an amino group, a hydroxyl group, and a phosphate group.
- a polymer containing a carboxyl group in the molecule such as polyacrylic acid (PAA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polymethacrylic acid, or a polymer containing a sulfo group such as poly (p-styrenesulfonic acid) is preferable.
- Polymers containing a large amount of carboxyl groups and / or sulfo groups such as polyacrylic acid or a copolymer of acrylic acid and vinyl sulfonic acid, are water-soluble. Therefore, the polymer having a hydrophilic group is preferably a water-soluble polymer, and a polymer containing a plurality of carboxyl groups and / or sulfo groups in one molecule is preferable.
- the polymer containing a carboxyl group in the molecule can be produced by, for example, a method of polymerizing an acid monomer or adding a carboxyl group to the polymer.
- Acid monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, vinyl benzoic acid, crotonic acid, pentenoic acid, angelic acid, tiglic acid, etc., acid monomers having one carboxyl group in the molecule, itaconic acid, mesaconic acid, citraconic acid, fumaric acid
- Examples include maleic acid, 2-pentenedioic acid, methylene succinic acid, allyl malonic acid, isopropylidene succinic acid, 2,4-hexadiene diacid, acetylenedicarboxylic acid, and other acid monomers having two or more carboxyl groups in the molecule. Is done. A copolymer obtained by polymerizing two or more kinds of monomers selected from these may be used.
- a polymer composed of a copolymer of acrylic acid and itaconic acid as described in JP-A-2013-065493, and containing an acid anhydride group formed by condensation of carboxyl groups in the molecule It is also preferable to use as a binder.
- the structure derived from a highly acidic monomer having two or more carboxyl groups in one molecule is considered to facilitate trapping of lithium ions and the like before the electrolytic solution decomposition reaction occurs during charging.
- the acidity is not excessively increased because there are more carboxyl groups and the acidity is higher than polyacrylic acid and polymethacrylic acid, and a predetermined amount of the carboxyl groups are changed to acid anhydride groups. Therefore, a secondary battery having a negative electrode formed using this binder has improved initial efficiency and improved input / output characteristics.
- Conductive aid is added to increase the conductivity of the electrode. Therefore, the conductive auxiliary agent may be added arbitrarily when the electrode conductivity is insufficient, and may not be added when the electrode conductivity is sufficiently excellent.
- the conductive auxiliary agent may be any chemically inert electronic high conductor, such as carbon black, graphite, acetylene black, ketjen black (registered trademark), or vapor grown carbon fiber (Vapor Grown Carbon). Fiber: VGCF) and various metal particles are exemplified. These conductive assistants can be added to the active material layer alone or in combination of two or more.
- the positive electrode used for the lithium ion secondary battery has a positive electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium ions.
- the positive electrode has a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer bound to the surface of the current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material and, if necessary, a binder and / or a conductive aid.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it is a metal that can withstand a voltage suitable for the active material to be used. For example, silver, copper, gold, aluminum, tungsten, cobalt, zinc, nickel, iron, platinum, tin , Indium, titanium, ruthenium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, and metal materials such as stainless steel.
- the potential of the positive electrode is 4 V or higher with respect to lithium, it is preferable to use aluminum as the current collector.
- the positive electrode current collector is preferably made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
- aluminum refers to pure aluminum, and aluminum having a purity of 99.0% or more is referred to as pure aluminum.
- An alloy obtained by adding various elements to pure aluminum is referred to as an aluminum alloy. Examples of the aluminum alloy include Al—Cu, Al—Mn, Al—Fe, Al—Si, Al—Mg, AL—Mg—Si, and Al—Zn—Mg.
- aluminum or aluminum alloy examples include, for example, A1000 series alloys (pure aluminum series) such as JIS A1085 and A1N30, A3000 series alloys (Al-Mn series) such as JIS A3003 and A3004, JIS A8079, A8021, etc. A8000-based alloy (Al-Fe-based).
- the current collector may be covered with a known protective layer. What collected the surface of the electrical power collector by the well-known method may be used as an electrical power collector.
- the current collector can take the form of a foil, a sheet, a film, a linear shape, a rod shape, a mesh, or the like. Therefore, for example, a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil, an aluminum foil, and a stainless steel foil can be suitably used as the current collector.
- a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil, an aluminum foil, and a stainless steel foil can be suitably used as the current collector.
- the thickness is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the binder for the positive electrode and the conductive additive are the same as those described for the negative electrode.
- a positive electrode active material a solid solution composed of a spinel such as LiMn 2 O 4 and a mixture of a spinel and a layered compound, LiMPO 4 , LiMVO 4 or Li 2 MSiO 4 (wherein M is Co, Ni, Mn, And a polyanionic compound represented by (selected from at least one of Fe).
- tavorite compound the M a transition metal
- LiMPO 4 F such as LiFePO 4 F represented by, Limbo 3 such LiFeBO 3 (M is a transition metal
- Limbo 3 such LiFeBO 3 (M is a transition metal
- M is a transition metal
- any metal oxide used as the positive electrode active material may have the above composition formula as a basic composition, and a metal element contained in the basic composition may be substituted with another metal element.
- a charge carrier for example, lithium ion which contributes to charging / discharging.
- sulfur alone (S) a compound in which sulfur and carbon are compounded
- a metal sulfide such as TiS 2
- an oxide such as V 2 O 5 and MnO 2
- conjugated materials such as conjugated diacetate-based organic substances and other known materials can also be used.
- a compound having a stable radical such as nitroxide, nitronyl nitroxide, galvinoxyl, phenoxyl, etc. may be adopted as the positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material that does not contain a charge carrier such as lithium it is necessary to add a charge carrier to the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode in advance by a known method.
- the charge carrier may be added in an ionic state or in a non-ionic state such as a metal.
- the charge carrier when the charge carrier is lithium, it may be integrated by attaching a lithium foil to the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode.
- a current collecting method such as a roll coating method, a die coating method, a dip coating method, a doctor blade method, a spray coating method, or a curtain coating method can be used.
- An active material may be applied to the surface of the body.
- an active material layer-forming composition containing an active material and, if necessary, a binder and a conductive aid is prepared, and an appropriate solvent is added to the composition to make a paste, and then the collection is performed. After applying to the surface of the electric body, it is dried.
- the solvent include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, and water.
- the dried product may be compressed.
- a separator is used for a lithium ion secondary battery as required.
- the separator separates the positive electrode and the negative electrode and allows lithium ions to pass while preventing a short circuit of current due to contact between the two electrodes.
- natural resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, polyamide, polyaramid (Aromatic polymer), polyester, polyacrylonitrile, etc., polysaccharides such as cellulose, amylose, fibroin, keratin, lignin, suberin, etc. Examples thereof include porous bodies, nonwoven fabrics, and woven fabrics using one or more electrically insulating materials such as polymers and ceramics.
- the separator may have a multilayer structure.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention has a slightly high viscosity and a high polarity
- a membrane in which a polar solvent such as water can easily penetrate is preferable.
- a film in which a polar solvent such as water soaks into 90% or more of the existing voids is more preferable.
- a separator is sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode as necessary to form an electrode body.
- the electrode body may be either a stacked type in which the positive electrode, the separator and the negative electrode are stacked, or a wound type in which the positive electrode, the separator and the negative electrode are sandwiched.
- the electrolyte solution of the present invention is added to the electrode body to form lithium ions.
- a secondary battery may be used.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of this invention should just be charged / discharged in the voltage range suitable for the kind of active material contained in an electrode.
- the shape of the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, and various shapes such as a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a coin shape, and a laminate shape can be adopted.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention may be mounted on a vehicle.
- the vehicle may be a vehicle that uses electric energy from a lithium ion secondary battery for all or a part of its power source, and may be, for example, an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is mounted on a vehicle, a plurality of lithium ion secondary batteries may be connected in series to form an assembled battery.
- devices equipped with lithium ion secondary batteries include various home appliances driven by batteries such as personal computers and portable communication devices, office devices, and industrial devices in addition to vehicles.
- the lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes wind power generation, solar power generation, hydroelectric power generation and other power system power storage devices and power smoothing devices, power supplies for ships and / or auxiliary power supply sources, aircraft, Power supply for spacecraft and / or auxiliary equipment, auxiliary power supply for vehicles that do not use electricity as a power source, power supply for mobile home robots, power supply for system backup, power supply for uninterruptible power supply, You may use for the electrical storage apparatus which stores temporarily the electric power required for charge in the charging station for electric vehicles.
- the electric double layer capacitor and the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention include the electrolytic solution of the present invention, a pair of electrodes, and a separator.
- the electrode is composed of a current collector and a carbon-containing layer formed on the current collector and containing a carbon material.
- a current collector refers to a chemically inert electronic high conductor that keeps current flowing through an electrode during discharge or charging of electricity.
- the current collector may be any one used for ordinary electric double layer capacitors or lithium ion capacitors. Silver, copper, gold, aluminum, tungsten, cobalt, zinc, nickel, iron, platinum, tin, indium, titanium , At least one selected from ruthenium, tantalum, chromium and molybdenum, and metal materials such as stainless steel.
- the current collector may be covered with a known protective film.
- the current collector can take the form of a foil, a sheet, a film, a linear shape, a rod shape, a mesh, or the like. Therefore, for example, a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil, an aluminum foil, and a stainless steel foil can be suitably used as the current collector.
- a metal foil such as a copper foil, a nickel foil, an aluminum foil, and a stainless steel foil can be suitably used as the current collector.
- the thickness is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the carbon-containing layer contains a carbon material and, if necessary, a binder (dispersant) and a conductive aid.
- a carbon material what is necessary is just to be used for a normal electric double layer capacitor, and activated carbon manufactured from various raw materials can be mentioned.
- the activated carbon preferably has a large specific surface area.
- it is a material used in redox capacitors whose capacity increases due to adsorption / desorption of anions such as conductive polymers such as polyacene and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO). May be.
- the carbon material of the carbon-containing layer of the negative electrode of the lithium ion capacitor needs to be a material that can occlude and release lithium ions, it becomes a graphite-containing material such as natural graphite or artificial graphite.
- the binder plays a role of binding the carbon material and the conductive additive to the surface of the current collector.
- the binder is not particularly limited as long as it is used for ordinary electric double layer capacitors or lithium ion capacitors, and includes fluorine-containing resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and fluororubber, and thermoplastic resins such as polypropylene and polyethylene. Examples thereof include imide resins such as polyimide and polyamideimide, and alkoxysilyl group-containing resins.
- Conductive aid is added to increase the conductivity of the electrode. Therefore, the conductive auxiliary agent may be added arbitrarily when the electrode conductivity is insufficient, and may not be added when the electrode conductivity is sufficiently excellent.
- the conductive auxiliary agent any material may be used as long as it is used for a normal electric double layer capacitor or a lithium ion capacitor, and carbon black, natural graphite, artificial graphite, acetylene black, ketjen black (registered trademark), which are carbonaceous fine particles, Examples include vapor grown carbon fiber (Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber: VGCF) and various metal particles.
- These conductive assistants can be added to the carbon-containing layer singly or in combination of two or more.
- the carbon-containing layer of the positive electrode of the lithium ion capacitor may contain lithium oxide, a mixture of lithium oxide and activated carbon, or carbon-coated lithium oxide.
- the lithium oxide include Li a MO 4 (5 ⁇ a ⁇ 6, where M is one or more transition metals). Specifically, Li 5 FeO 4 , Li 6 MnO 4 , A lithium oxide having an inverted fluorite structure such as Li 6 CoO 4 can be given. These lithium oxides correspond to the “transition metal oxides containing excess lithium” described above. The transition metal oxide containing excess lithium is preferably uniformly dispersed in the carbon-containing layer of the positive electrode.
- a current collecting method such as a roll coating method, a die coating method, a dip coating method, a doctor blade method, a spray coating method, or a curtain coating method can be used.
- a carbon material or the like may be applied to the surface of the body. Specifically, a carbon material and, if necessary, a binder, a conductive additive, a solid solution of lithium oxide and activated carbon, and a composition for forming a carbon-containing layer containing carbon-coated lithium oxide are prepared. An appropriate solvent is added to the product to form a paste, which is applied to the surface of the current collector and then dried.
- the solvent examples include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, methanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, and water.
- an appropriate solvent is added to a mixture of a carbon material such as activated carbon and a transition metal oxide containing excess lithium.
- a method of forming a paste and then applying it to the surface of the positive electrode current collector and then drying it can be mentioned.
- the separator is for separating a pair of electrodes from each other and preventing a short circuit of current due to contact between both electrodes.
- the separator may be any material used for ordinary electric double layer capacitors or lithium ion capacitors, and synthetic resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyimide, polyamide, polyaramid (Aromatic polyamide), polyester, polyacrylonitrile, and the like.
- Polysaccharides such as cellulose and amylose, natural polymers such as fibroin, keratin, lignin, and suberin, porous materials using one or more electrical insulating materials such as glass fibers and ceramics, non-woven fabrics, woven fabrics, etc. Can do.
- the separator may have a multilayer structure.
- the electrolytic solution of the present invention has a slightly high viscosity and a high polarity
- a membrane in which a polar solvent such as water can easily penetrate is preferable.
- a film in which a polar solvent such as water soaks into 90% or more of the existing voids is more preferable.
- the thickness of the separator is preferably 5 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 to 80 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 20 to 60 ⁇ m.
- the electric double layer capacitor or lithium ion capacitor of the present invention may be manufactured according to a normal method for manufacturing an electric double layer capacitor or lithium ion capacitor.
- metal lithium may be used in the same manner as the pre-doping of a general lithium ion capacitor.
- the carbon-containing layer of the positive electrode of the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention contains lithium oxide or carbon-covered lithium oxide, lithium ion pre-doping is performed using these lithium oxides. Can do. And what desorbed lithium ion from lithium oxide or carbon covering lithium oxide can function as an active material of a positive electrode.
- the shape of the capacitor of the present invention is not particularly limited, and various shapes such as a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a coin shape, and a laminate shape can be employed.
- the capacitor of the present invention may be mounted on a vehicle.
- the vehicle may be a vehicle that uses electric energy generated by a capacitor for all or a part of its power source.
- the vehicle may be an electric vehicle or a hybrid vehicle.
- the device on which the capacitor is mounted includes various home appliances, office devices, industrial devices, and the like that are driven by a power storage device, such as personal computers and portable communication devices.
- the capacitor of the present invention is a power generation device for wind power generation, solar power generation, hydroelectric power generation, and other power systems, power smoothing device, power supply for ships and / or auxiliary equipment, aircraft, spacecraft, etc.
- Example 1 The electrolytic solution of the present invention was produced as follows.
- the electrolytic solution that exceeds the concentration at the time when the dissolution of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi stagnated corresponds to the supersaturated second electrolytic solution.
- the obtained electrolytic solution had a volume of 20 mL, and (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi contained in this electrolytic solution was 18.38 g.
- the concentration of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi in the electrolytic solution of Example 1 was 3.2 mol / L, and the density was 1.39 g / cm 3 . The density was measured at 20 ° C.
- 1.6 molecules of 1,2-dimethoxyethane are contained per 1 molecule of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- the above production was carried out in a glove box under an inert gas atmosphere.
- Example 2 Using 16.08 g of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, the concentration of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi was 2.8 mol / L and the density was 1.36 g / cm in the same manner as in Example 1. 3 was produced. In the electrolytic solution of Example 2, 2.1 molecules of 1,2-dimethoxyethane are contained per 1 molecule of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 3 About 5 mL of acetonitrile, which is an organic solvent, was placed in a flask equipped with a stir bar. Under stirring conditions, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, which is a lithium salt, was gradually added to and dissolved in acetonitrile in the flask. When 24.11 g of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi was added in total, the mixture was stirred overnight. The resulting electrolyte was transferred to a 20 mL volumetric flask and acetonitrile was added until the volume was 20 mL. This was used as the electrolytic solution of Example 3. The production was performed in a glove box under an inert gas atmosphere.
- the concentration of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi in the electrolytic solution of Example 3 was 4.2 mol / L, and the density was 1.52 g / cm 3 .
- 1.9 molecules of acetonitrile are contained with respect to (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi1 molecules.
- Example 4 Using 19.52 g of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, the electrolytic solution of Example 4 in which the concentration of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi is 3.4 mol / L is produced in the same manner as in Example 3. did. In the electrolyte solution of Example 4, 3 molecules of acetonitrile are contained with respect to 1 molecule of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 5 In the same manner as in Example 3, an electrolytic solution of Example 5 in which the concentration of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi was 3.0 mol / L and the density was 1.31 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Example 6 The same procedure as in Example 3 except that sulfolane was used as the organic solvent, the concentration of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi was 3.0 mol / L, and the density was 1.57 g / cm 3 The electrolyte solution of Example 6 was produced.
- Example 7 The concentration of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi is 3.2 mol / L and the density is 1.49 g / cm 3 in the same manner as in Example 3 except that dimethyl sulfoxide is used as the organic solvent. The electrolyte solution of Example 7 was manufactured.
- Example 8 The concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was 4 in the same manner as in Example 3 except that 14.97 g of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was used as the lithium salt and 1,2-dimethoxyethane was used as the organic solvent.
- 1.5 molecules of 1,2-dimethoxyethane are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 9 Implementation using 13.47 g of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi in the same manner as in Example 8 with a concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi of 3.6 mol / L and a density of 1.29 g / cm 3
- the electrolyte solution of Example 9 was produced.
- 1.9 molecules of 1,2-dimethoxyethane are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 10 In the same manner as in Example 8, the electrolyte solution of Example 10 in which the concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was 2.4 mol / L and the density was 1.18 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Example 11 The electrolyte solution of Example 11 in which the concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi is 5.4 mol / L in the same manner as in Example 3 except that 20.21 g of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was used as the lithium salt. Manufactured. In the electrolyte solution of Example 11, 2 molecules of acetonitrile are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 12 Implementation wherein 18.71 g of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was used and the concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was 5.0 mol / L and the density was 1.40 g / cm 3 in the same manner as in Example 11.
- the electrolyte solution of Example 12 was produced.
- 2.1 molecules of acetonitrile are contained with respect to (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi1 molecule.
- Example 13 (Example 13) Implementation using 16.83 g of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi in the same manner as in Example 11, with a concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi of 4.5 mol / L and a density of 1.34 g / cm 3
- the electrolyte solution of Example 13 was produced.
- 2.4 molecules of acetonitrile are contained per (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi1 molecule.
- Example 14 Using 15.72 g of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi, an electrolytic solution of Example 14 having a concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi of 4.2 mol / L was produced in the same manner as in Example 11. In the electrolyte solution of Example 14, 3 molecules of acetonitrile are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 15 About 5 mL of dimethyl carbonate, which is an organic solvent, was placed in a flask equipped with a stir bar. Under stirring conditions, (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi, which is a lithium salt, was gradually added to dimethyl carbonate in the flask and dissolved. When (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was added in a total amount of 14.64 g, the mixture was stirred overnight. The resulting electrolyte was transferred to a 20 mL volumetric flask and dimethyl carbonate was added until the volume was 20 mL. This was used as the electrolytic solution of Example 15. The production was performed in a glove box under an inert gas atmosphere.
- the concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi in the electrolytic solution of Example 15 was 3.9 mol / L, and the density was 1.44 g / cm 3 .
- two molecules of dimethyl carbonate are contained with respect to one molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 16 Dimethyl carbonate was added to the electrolyte solution of Example 15 for dilution to obtain an electrolyte solution of Example 16 having a (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 3.4 mol / L. In the electrolyte solution of Example 16, 2.5 molecules of dimethyl carbonate are contained with respect to (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi1 molecules.
- Example 17 Dimethyl carbonate was added to the electrolyte solution of Example 15 for dilution to obtain an electrolyte solution of Example 17 having a (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 2.9 mol / L. In the electrolyte solution of Example 17, 3 molecules of dimethyl carbonate are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi. The density of the electrolytic solution of Example 17 was 1.36 g / cm 3 .
- Example 18 Dimethyl carbonate was added to the electrolyte solution of Example 15 for dilution to obtain an electrolyte solution of Example 18 having a (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 2.6 mol / L. In the electrolytic solution of Example 18, 3.5 molecules of dimethyl carbonate are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 19 Dimethyl carbonate was added to the electrolyte solution of Example 15 and diluted to obtain an electrolyte solution of Example 19 having a (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 2.0 mol / L. In the electrolytic solution of Example 19, 5 molecules of dimethyl carbonate are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 20 About 5 mL of ethyl methyl carbonate, which is an organic solvent, was placed in a flask equipped with a stir bar. Under stirring conditions, (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi, which is a lithium salt, was gradually added to and dissolved in ethyl methyl carbonate in the flask. When 12.81 g of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was added in total, the mixture was stirred overnight. The obtained electrolytic solution was transferred to a 20 mL volumetric flask, and ethyl methyl carbonate was added until the volume became 20 mL. This was used as the electrolytic solution of Example 20. The production was performed in a glove box under an inert gas atmosphere.
- the concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi in the electrolytic solution of Example 20 was 3.4 mol / L, and the density was 1.35 g / cm 3 .
- two molecules of ethyl methyl carbonate are contained with respect to one molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 21 The electrolyte solution of Example 20 was diluted by adding ethyl methyl carbonate to obtain the electrolyte solution of Example 21 having a concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi of 2.9 mol / L. In the electrolytic solution of Example 21, 2.5 molecules of ethyl methyl carbonate are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 22 The electrolyte solution of Example 20 was diluted by adding ethyl methyl carbonate to obtain the electrolyte solution of Example 22 having a (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 2.2 mol / L. In the electrolyte solution of Example 22, 3.5 molecules of ethyl methyl carbonate are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 23 About 5 mL of diethyl carbonate, which is an organic solvent, was placed in a flask equipped with a stirring bar. Under stirring conditions, (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi, which is a lithium salt, was gradually added to and dissolved in diethyl carbonate in the flask. When 11.37 g of the total amount of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was added, the mixture was stirred overnight. The resulting electrolyte was transferred to a 20 mL volumetric flask and diethyl carbonate was added until the volume was 20 mL. This was used as the electrolytic solution of Example 23. The production was performed in a glove box under an inert gas atmosphere.
- the concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi in the electrolytic solution of Example 23 was 3.0 mol / L, and the density was 1.29 g / cm 3 .
- two molecules of diethyl carbonate are contained with respect to one molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 24 Diethyl carbonate was added to the electrolytic solution of Example 23 for dilution to obtain an electrolytic solution of Example 24 having a (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 2.6 mol / L. In the electrolytic solution of Example 24, 2.5 molecules of diethyl carbonate are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 25 Diethyl carbonate was added to the electrolyte solution of Example 23 for dilution to obtain an electrolyte solution of Example 25 having a (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 2.0 mol / L. In the electrolytic solution of Example 25, 3.5 molecules of diethyl carbonate are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Example 26 An electrolytic solution of Example 26 having a LiBF 4 concentration of 4.9 mol / L was produced in the same manner as in Example 15, except that 9.23 g of LiBF 4 was used as the lithium salt. In the electrolyte solution of Example 26, two molecules of dimethyl carbonate are contained with respect to one molecule of LiBF 4 . The density of the electrolyte solution of Example 26 was 1.30 g / cm 3 .
- Example 27 An electrolytic solution of Example 27 in which the concentration of LiPF 6 was 4.4 mol / L was produced in the same manner as in Example 15 except that 13.37 g of LiPF 6 was used as the lithium salt. In the electrolytic solution of Example 27, two molecules of dimethyl carbonate are contained with respect to one molecule of LiPF 6 . The density of the electrolyte solution of Example 27 was 1.46 g / cm 3 .
- Comparative Example 1 Using 1,2-dimethoxyethane as the organic solvent, the concentration of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi is 1.6 mol / L and the density is 1.18 g / cm 3 in the same manner as in Example 3. The electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 1 was produced.
- Comparative Example 2 In the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 2 having a (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 1.2 mol / L and a density of 1.09 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Comparative Example 3 In the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 3 having a (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 1.0 mol / L and a density of 1.06 g / cm 3 was produced. In the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 3, 8.3 molecules of 1,2-dimethoxyethane are contained per 1 molecule of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Comparative Example 4 In the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 4 having a (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 0.5 mol / L and a density of 0.96 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Comparative Example 5 In the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 5 having a (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 0.2 mol / L and a density of 0.91 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Comparative Example 6 In the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 6 having a (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 0.1 mol / L and a density of 0.89 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Comparative Example 7 In the same manner as in Example 3, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 7 having a (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 1.0 mol / L and a density of 0.96 g / cm 3 was produced. In the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 7, 16 molecules of acetonitrile are contained per 1 molecule of (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Comparative Example 8 In the same manner as in Example 6, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 8 having a (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 1.0 mol / L and a density of 1.38 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Comparative Example 9 In the same manner as in Example 7, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 9 having a (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 1.0 mol / L and a density of 1.22 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Comparative Example 10 In the same manner as in Example 8, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 10 in which the concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was 2.0 mol / L and the density was 1.13 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Comparative Example 11 In the same manner as in Example 8, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 11 having a (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 1.0 mol / L and a density of 1.01 g / cm 3 was produced. In the electrolyte solution of Comparative Example 11, 8.8 molecules of 1,2-dimethoxyethane are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Comparative Example 12 In the same manner as in Example 8, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 12 having a concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi of 0.5 mol / L and a density of 0.94 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Comparative Example 13 In the same manner as in Example 8, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 13 having a (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi concentration of 0.1 mol / L and a density of 0.88 g / cm 3 was produced.
- Comparative Example 14 In the same manner as in Example 12, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 14 having a concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi of 1.0 mol / L and a density of 0.91 g / cm 3 was produced. In the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 14, 17 molecules of acetonitrile are contained with respect to 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Comparative Example 16 The electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 16 was diluted by adding ethyl methyl carbonate to the electrolytic solution of Example 20, and the concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was 1.1 mol / L and the density was 1.12 g / cm 3. Manufactured. In the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 16, 8 molecules of ethyl methyl carbonate are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Comparative Example 17 The electrolyte solution of Comparative Example 17 was diluted by adding diethyl carbonate to the electrolyte solution of Example 23, and the concentration of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi was 1.1 mol / L and the density was 1.08 g / cm 3. Manufactured. In the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 17, 7 molecules of diethyl carbonate are contained per 1 molecule of (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- Comparative Example 18 A mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate (volume ratio 3: 7) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “EC / DEC”) was used as the organic solvent, and 3.04 g of LiPF 6 was used as the lithium salt. In the same manner as in Example 3, an electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 18 having a LiPF 6 concentration of 1.0 mol / L was produced.
- Tables 4 and 5 show a list of electrolyte solutions of Examples and Comparative Examples. A blank in the table means uncalculated.
- Tables 6 and 7 show a list of density and d / c of the electrolyte solutions of Examples and Comparative Examples.
- a blank in the table means unmeasured or uncalculated.
- IR measurement was performed on the electrolytic solutions of Examples 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 15 to 17, and dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate under the following conditions.
- IR spectra in the range of 1900 to 1600 cm ⁇ 1 are shown in FIGS. 11 to 27, respectively.
- FIG. 28 shows an IR spectrum in the range of 1900 to 1600 cm ⁇ 1 for (FSO 2 ) 2 NLi.
- the horizontal axis in the figure is the wave number (cm ⁇ 1 ), and the vertical axis is the absorbance (reflection absorbance).
- IR measurement was performed on the electrolytic solutions of Example 26 and Example 27 under the following conditions.
- IR spectra in the range of 1900 to 1600 cm ⁇ 1 are shown in FIGS. 29 to 30, respectively.
- the horizontal axis in the figure is the wave number (cm ⁇ 1 ), and the vertical axis is the absorbance (reflection absorbance).
- IR measurement conditions Device FT-IR (Bruker Optics) Measurement conditions: ATR method (using diamond) Measurement atmosphere: Inert gas atmosphere
- the relationship between the peak intensities of Is and Io was Is> Io.
- Ionic conductivity measurement conditions In an Ar atmosphere, an electrolytic solution was sealed in a glass cell with a platinum constant and a known cell constant, and impedance at 30 ° C. and 1 kHz was measured. The ion conductivity was calculated from the impedance measurement result.
- Solartron 147055BEC Solartron
- electrolyte solutions of Examples 1 to 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 26, and 27 all exhibited ion conductivity. Therefore, it can be understood that any of the electrolyte solutions of the present invention can function as various electrolyte solutions.
- Viscosity measurement conditions Using a falling ball viscometer (Lovis 2000M manufactured by Anton Paar GmbH (Anton Paar)), an electrolytic solution was sealed in a test cell under an Ar atmosphere, and the viscosity was measured at 30 ° C.
- the viscosity of the electrolyte solution of each example was significantly higher than the viscosity of the electrolyte solution of each comparative example. Therefore, if the battery uses the electrolytic solution of the present invention, leakage of the electrolytic solution is suppressed even if the battery is damaged. Moreover, if the capacitor uses the electrolytic solution of the present invention, even if the capacitor is damaged, electrolytic solution leakage is suppressed.
- the maximum volatilization rate of the electrolytes of Examples 2, 3, 13, 15, and 17 was significantly smaller than the maximum volatilization rate of Comparative Examples 3, 7, 14, and 15. Therefore, even if the battery using the electrolytic solution of the present invention is damaged, the volatilization rate of the electrolytic solution is small, so that rapid volatilization of the organic solvent to the outside of the battery is suppressed. In addition, even if the capacitor using the electrolytic solution of the present invention is damaged, the volatilization rate of the electrolytic solution is low, so that rapid volatilization of the organic solvent to the outside of the capacitor is suppressed.
- the electrolyte solution of Example 3 did not ignite even after indirect flame for 15 seconds. On the other hand, the electrolyte solution of Comparative Example 7 burned out in about 5 seconds.
- the Li transport number of the electrolyte solutions of Examples 2 and 13 was significantly higher than the Li transport number of the electrolyte solutions of Comparative Examples 14 and 18.
- the Li ion conductivity of the electrolytic solution can be calculated by multiplying the ionic conductivity (total ionic conductivity) contained in the electrolytic solution by the Li transport number. If it does so, it can be said that the electrolyte solution of this invention has the high transport rate of lithium ion (cation) compared with the conventional electrolyte solution which shows comparable ionic conductivity.
- FIGS. 31 to 37 show Raman spectra in which peaks derived from the anion portion of the metal salt of each electrolytic solution were observed.
- the horizontal axis represents the wave number (cm ⁇ 1 )
- the vertical axis represents the scattering intensity.
- the Raman spectra of the electrolytes of Examples 12, 13 and Comparative Example 14 shown in FIGS. 31 to 33 have a characteristic spectrum derived from (FSO 2 ) 2 N of LiFSA dissolved in acetonitrile at 700 to 800 cm ⁇ 1. A strong peak was observed. Here, it can be seen from FIGS. 31 to 33 that the peak shifts to the higher wavenumber side as the LiFSA concentration increases. As the electrolyte concentration increases, (FSO 2 ) 2 N corresponding to the anion of the salt interacts with Li. In other words, when the concentration is low, Li and the anion become SSIP (Solvent-separated ion pairs).
- FSO 2 N dimethyl carbonate
- FIGS. 34 to 37 it can be seen from FIGS. 34 to 37 that the peak shifts to the higher wavenumber side as the LiFSA concentration increases.
- This phenomenon is similar to that discussed in the preceding paragraph, in accordance with the electrolytic solution is highly concentrated, corresponds to the anion of the salt (FSO 2) 2 N is ready to interact with Li, and, in this state It can be considered that the change was observed as a peak shift of the Raman spectrum.
- Example A A half cell using the electrolytic solution of Example 13 was produced as follows.
- the counter electrode was metal Li.
- a half cell is constructed by storing Whatman glass fiber filter paper having a thickness of 400 ⁇ m as a separator sandwiched between a working electrode, a counter electrode, and both, and an electrolyte of Example 13 in a battery case (CR2032 type coin cell case manufactured by Hosen Co., Ltd.). did. This was designated as the half cell of Example A.
- Comparative Example A A half cell of Comparative Example A was produced in the same manner as in Example A except that the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 18 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the half cell is charged at a rate of 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, and 2 C (1 C means a current value required to fully charge or discharge the battery in one hour at a constant current).
- discharge was performed, and the capacity (discharge capacity) of the working electrode at each speed was measured.
- the counter electrode is regarded as a negative electrode and the working electrode is regarded as a positive electrode.
- the ratio (rate characteristic) of the capacity at other rates to the capacity of the working electrode at the 0.1 C rate was calculated. The results are shown in Table 13.
- the half cell of Example A shows excellent rate characteristics because the decrease in capacity is suppressed compared to the half cell of Comparative Example A at any rate of 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, and 2C. It was. It was confirmed that the secondary battery using the electrolytic solution of the present invention exhibits excellent rate characteristics.
- the half cell of Comparative Example A has a tendency to increase the polarization when a current is passed at a rate of 1 C as charging and discharging are repeated, and the capacity obtained before reaching 2 V to 0.01 V rapidly decreases. On the other hand, even if charging and discharging were repeated, the half cell of Example A maintained the capacity suitably with almost no increase or decrease in polarization as can be confirmed from the overlapping of the three curves in FIG.
- the reason why the polarization increased in Comparative Example A is that the electrolyte solution cannot supply a sufficient amount of Li to the reaction interface with the electrode due to the uneven Li concentration generated in the electrolyte solution when charging and discharging are rapidly repeated. That is, uneven distribution of the Li concentration of the electrolytic solution can be considered.
- Example A it is considered that the uneven distribution of Li concentration in the electrolyte solution could be suppressed by using the electrolyte solution of the present invention having a high Li concentration. It was confirmed that the secondary battery using the electrolytic solution of the present invention exhibits excellent responsiveness to rapid charge / discharge. Moreover, it can be said that the graphite-containing electrode exhibits excellent responsiveness to rapid charge / discharge in the presence of the electrolytic solution of the present invention.
- the lithium ion capacitor involves an electrochemical reaction (battery reaction) between the negative electrode and the electrolytic solution that is equal to that of the lithium ion secondary battery during charging and discharging, the electrochemical generated between the negative electrode and the electrolytic solution.
- the reaction requires reversibility and speed.
- the reversibility and speed of the electrochemical reaction (battery reaction) that occurs between the negative electrode and the electrolyte solution required for the lithium ion capacitor can be evaluated in the evaluation examples for the half cell described above or below. From the results in Table 13, it can be said that the graphite-containing electrode of the lithium ion capacitor exhibits excellent rate characteristics and reversibility in the presence of the electrolytic solution of the present invention.
- Example B A lithium ion secondary battery using the electrolytic solution of Example 13 was produced as follows.
- a lithium-containing metal oxide having a layered rock salt structure represented by LiNi 5/10 Co 2/10 Mn 3/10 O 2 as a positive electrode active material, 3 parts by mass of acetylene black as a conductive auxiliary agent, and a binder 3 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride as an agent was mixed. This mixture was dispersed in an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to prepare a slurry. An aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was prepared as a positive electrode current collector. The slurry was applied to the surface of the aluminum foil using a doctor blade so as to form a film. The aluminum foil coated with the slurry was dried at 80 ° C.
- experimental filter paper As a separator, experimental filter paper (Toyo Filter Paper Co., Ltd., cellulose, thickness 260 ⁇ m) was prepared.
- a separator was sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to form an electrode plate group.
- the electrode plate group was covered with a set of two laminated films, and the three sides were sealed, and then the electrolyte solution of Example 13 was injected into the bag-like laminated film. Thereafter, the remaining one side was sealed to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery in which the four sides were hermetically sealed and the electrode plate group and the electrolyte were sealed.
- This battery was referred to as a lithium ion secondary battery of Example B.
- Comparative Example B A lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example B was produced in the same manner as in Example B, except that the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 18 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- FIG. 39 is a DSC chart of the lithium ion secondary battery of Example B in which the charged positive electrode and the electrolyte solution coexist.
- FIG. 39 shows the charged state positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery in Comparative Example B and the electrolyte solution.
- FIG. 40 shows DSC charts in the case of the above.
- the DSC curve in the case where the charged positive electrode and the electrolyte solution coexist in the lithium ion secondary battery of Example B showed almost no endothermic peak.
- an exothermic peak was observed around 300 ° C. in the DSC curve when the positive electrode in the charged state of the lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example B and the electrolyte were present. This exothermic peak is presumed to have occurred as a result of the reaction between the positive electrode active material and the electrolytic solution.
- the lithium ion secondary battery using the electrolytic solution of the present invention has a lower reactivity between the positive electrode active material and the electrolytic solution than the lithium ion secondary battery using the conventional electrolytic solution, It turns out that it is excellent in thermal stability.
- Example C A lithium ion secondary battery of Example C using the electrolytic solution of Example 13 was produced as follows.
- the positive electrode was produced in the same manner as the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery of Example B.
- a cellulose nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was prepared as a separator.
- a separator was sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to form an electrode plate group.
- the electrode plate group was covered with a set of two laminated films, and the three sides were sealed, and then the electrolyte solution of Example 13 was injected into the bag-like laminated film. Thereafter, the remaining one side was sealed to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery in which the four sides were hermetically sealed and the electrode plate group and the electrolyte were sealed.
- This battery was referred to as a lithium ion secondary battery of Example C.
- Example D A lithium ion secondary battery of Example D using the electrolytic solution of Example 13 was produced as follows.
- the positive electrode was produced in the same manner as the positive electrode of the lithium ion secondary battery of Example B.
- a cellulose nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was prepared as a separator.
- a separator was sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to form an electrode plate group.
- the electrode plate group was covered with a set of two laminated films, and the three sides were sealed, and then the electrolyte solution of Example 13 was injected into the bag-like laminated film. Thereafter, the remaining one side was sealed to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery in which the four sides were hermetically sealed and the electrode plate group and the electrolyte were sealed.
- This battery was referred to as a lithium ion secondary battery of Example D.
- Comparative Example C A lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example C was produced in the same manner as Example C except that the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 18 was used.
- Comparative Example D A lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example D was produced in the same manner as Example D except that the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 18 was used.
- Evaluation Example 12 Input / output characteristics of a lithium ion secondary battery
- the output characteristics of the lithium ion secondary batteries of Examples C and D and Comparative Examples C and D were evaluated under the following conditions.
- the battery output density (W / L) at 25 ° C. for 2 seconds was calculated.
- Table 14 shows the evaluation results of the input characteristics. “2-second input” in Table 14 means an input after 2 seconds from the start of charging, and “5-second input” means an input after 5 seconds from the start of charging.
- the input of the battery of Example C was significantly higher than the input of the battery of Comparative Example C regardless of the temperature difference.
- the input of the battery of Example D was significantly higher than the input of the battery of Comparative Example D.
- the battery input density of the battery of Example C was significantly higher than the battery input density of the battery of Comparative Example C.
- the battery input density of the battery of Example D was significantly higher than the battery input density of the battery of Comparative Example D.
- Evaluation of output characteristics at 0 ° C. or 25 ° C. and SOC 20% Evaluation conditions were a state of charge (SOC) 20%, 0 ° C. or 25 ° C., operating voltage range 3V-4.2V, and capacity 13.5 mAh.
- SOC 20%, 0 ° C. is a region where output characteristics are difficult to be obtained, for example, when used in a refrigerator room.
- the output characteristics were evaluated three times for each battery for the 2-second output and 5-second output.
- the battery output density (W / L) at 25 ° C. for 2 seconds output was calculated.
- Table 14 shows the evaluation results of the output characteristics.
- “2 seconds output” means an output 2 seconds after the start of discharge
- “5 seconds output” means an output 5 seconds after the start of discharge.
- the output of the battery of Example C was significantly higher than the output of the battery of Comparative Example C, regardless of the difference in temperature.
- the output of the battery of Example D was significantly higher than the output of the battery of Comparative Example D.
- the battery output density of the battery of Example C was significantly higher than the battery output density of the battery of Comparative Example C.
- the battery output density of the battery of Example D was significantly higher than the battery output density of the battery of Comparative Example D.
- Example E A half cell using the electrolytic solution of Example 13 was produced as follows.
- the working electrode was 0.68 mg.
- the density of graphite and polyvinylidene fluoride before pressing was 0.68 g / cm 3
- the density of the active material layer after pressing was 1.025 g / cm 3 .
- the counter electrode was metal Li.
- Example E A working case, a counter electrode, 400 ⁇ m-thick mWhatman glass fiber filter paper sandwiched between them, and the electrolyte solution of Example 13 were used in a battery case with a diameter of 13.82 mm (CR2032-type coin cell case manufactured by Hosen Co., Ltd.). And a half cell was constructed. This was designated as the half cell of Example E.
- Example F A half cell of Example F was produced in the same manner as in Example E except that the electrolytic solution of Example 15 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- Example G A half cell of Example G was produced in the same manner as in Example E, except that the electrolytic solution of Example 20 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- Example H A half cell of Example H was produced in the same manner as in Example E except that the electrolytic solution of Example 23 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- Comparative Example E A half cell of Comparative Example E was produced in the same manner as in Example E, except that the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 18 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- Each half cell is charged with a 2.0V-0.01V charge / discharge cycle in which CC charging (constant current charging) is performed to 25 ° C. and voltage 2.0V, and CC discharging (constant current discharging) is performed to voltage 0.01V. Perform 3 cycles at a discharge rate of 0.1C, then charge and discharge 3 cycles at each charge / discharge rate in the order of 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C, 5C, 10C, and finally 3 at 0.1C. Cycle charge / discharge was performed. The capacity retention rate (%) of each half cell was determined by the following formula.
- Capacity maintenance rate (%) B / A ⁇ 100
- A Discharge capacity of the second working electrode in the first 0.1 C charge / discharge cycle
- B Discharge capacity of the second working electrode in the last 0.1 C charge / discharge cycle
- Table 16 shows the results.
- the counter electrode is regarded as a negative electrode and the working electrode is regarded as a positive electrode.
- Example I A half cell using the electrolytic solution of Example 13 was produced as follows. An aluminum foil (JIS A1000 series) having a diameter of 13.82 mm, an area of 1.5 cm 2 and a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was used as a working electrode, and the counter electrode was metal Li. As the separator, Whatman glass filter nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 400 ⁇ m: product number 1825-055 was used. The working electrode, the counter electrode, the separator, and the electrolyte solution of Example 13 were accommodated in a battery case (CR2032-type coin cell case manufactured by Hosen Co., Ltd.) to form a half cell. This was designated as the half cell of Example I.
- a battery case CR2032-type coin cell case manufactured by Hosen Co., Ltd.
- Example J A half cell of Example J was produced in the same manner as the half cell of Example I except that the electrolyte solution of Example 15 was used.
- Example K A half cell of Example K was produced in the same manner as the half cell of Example I except that the electrolyte solution of Example 17 was used.
- Example L A half cell of Example L was produced in the same manner as the half cell of Example I except that the electrolytic solution of Example 20 was used.
- Example M A half cell of Example M was produced in the same manner as the half cell of Example I except that the electrolyte solution of Example 23 was used.
- Comparative Example F A half cell of Comparative Example F was produced in the same manner as the half cell of Example I except that the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 18 was used.
- Comparative Example G A half cell of Comparative Example G was produced in the same manner as the half cell of Example I except that the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 15 was used.
- FIG. 54 shows that in the half cell of Comparative Example F, a current flows from 3.1 V to 4.6 V after the second cycle, and the current increases as the potential increases. Also, from FIGS. 59 and 60, in the half cell of Comparative Example G as well, the current flows from 3.0 V to 4.5 V after the second cycle, and the current increases as the potential increases. This current is presumed to be the oxidation current of Al due to the corrosion of the working electrode aluminum.
- each electrolyte solution of Example 13, Example 15, Example 17, Example 20 and Example 23 is low even under high potential conditions exceeding 5V. That is, it can be said that each electrolyte solution of Example 13, Example 15, Example 17, Example 20 and Example 23 is a preferable electrolyte solution for batteries and capacitors using aluminum as a current collector or the like.
- Example N A lithium ion secondary battery of Example N was obtained in the same manner as in Example A except that the electrolytic solution of Example 12 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- Comparative Example H A lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example H was obtained in the same manner as in Example N except that the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 18 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the voltage curve of the lithium ion secondary battery of Example N at each current rate shows a higher voltage than the voltage curve of the lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example H. Recognize.
- the graphite-containing electrode exhibits excellent rate characteristics even in a low temperature environment. That is, it was confirmed that the lithium ion secondary battery and the lithium ion capacitor using the electrolytic solution of the present invention exhibit excellent rate characteristics even in a low temperature environment.
- Example O A lithium ion secondary battery of Example O using the electrolytic solution of Example 13 was produced as follows.
- a lithium-containing metal oxide having a layered rock salt structure represented by LiNi 5/10 Co 2/10 Mn 3/10 O 2 as a positive electrode active material, 8 parts by mass of acetylene black as a conductive auxiliary agent, and a binder 2 parts by mass of polyvinylidene fluoride as an agent was mixed. This mixture was dispersed in an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone to prepare a slurry. An aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was prepared as a positive electrode current collector. The slurry was applied to the surface of the aluminum foil using a doctor blade so as to form a film. The aluminum foil coated with the slurry was dried at 80 ° C.
- a cellulose nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m was prepared as a separator.
- a separator was sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to form an electrode plate group.
- the electrode plate group was covered with a set of two laminated films, and the three sides were sealed, and then the electrolyte solution of Example 13 was injected into the bag-like laminated film. Thereafter, the remaining one side was sealed to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery in which the four sides were hermetically sealed and the electrode plate group and the electrolyte were sealed.
- This battery was referred to as the lithium ion secondary battery of Example O.
- Example P A lithium ion secondary battery of Example P was obtained in the same manner as in Example O except that the electrolytic solution of Example 15 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- Example Q A lithium ion secondary battery of Example Q was obtained in the same manner as in Example O except that the electrolytic solution of Example 17 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- Comparative Example I A lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example I was obtained in the same manner as in Example O except that the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 18 was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the arc on the left side of the figure (that is, the side where the real part of the complex impedance is small) is called the first arc.
- the arc on the right side in the figure is called the second arc.
- the reaction resistance of the negative electrode was analyzed based on the size of the first arc
- the reaction resistance of the positive electrode was analyzed based on the size of the second arc.
- the resistance of the electrolytic solution was analyzed based on the leftmost plot in FIG. 63 continuous with the first arc.
- Table 17 shows the resistance (so-called solution resistance) of the electrolytic solution after the first charge / discharge, the reaction resistance of the negative electrode, and the reaction resistance of the positive electrode
- Table 18 shows each resistance after 100 cycles.
- the negative electrode reaction resistance and the positive electrode reaction resistance after 100 cycles tend to be lower than the respective resistances after the first charge / discharge.
- the negative electrode reaction resistance and the positive electrode reaction resistance of the lithium ion secondary batteries of Examples O to Q were the negative electrode reaction resistance and the positive electrode reaction resistance of the lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example I. Low compared to
- the solution resistance of the electrolyte solution in the lithium ion secondary batteries of Examples O and Q and Comparative Example I is substantially the same, and the solution resistance of the electrolyte solution in the lithium ion secondary battery of Example P is the same as that of Example O, Higher than Q and Comparative Example I.
- the solution resistance of each electrolyte solution in each lithium ion secondary battery is the same after the first charge / discharge and after 100 cycles. For this reason, it is considered that the durability deterioration of each electrolytic solution does not occur, and the difference between the negative electrode reaction resistance and the positive electrode reaction resistance generated in the comparative examples and examples described above is not related to the durability deterioration of the electrolyte solution but the electrode. It is thought to have occurred in itself.
- the internal resistance of the lithium ion secondary battery can be comprehensively determined from the solution resistance of the electrolytic solution, the reaction resistance of the negative electrode, and the reaction resistance of the positive electrode. Based on the results of Table 17 and Table 18, from the viewpoint of suppressing the increase in internal resistance of the lithium ion secondary battery, the lithium ion secondary batteries of Examples P and Q are the most durable, and then Example O It can be said that the lithium ion secondary battery is excellent in durability.
- the lithium ion secondary batteries of Examples O to Q were 100 equivalent to the lithium ion secondary battery of Comparative Example I containing EC, although it did not contain EC as a material for SEI.
- the capacity retention rate during the cycle was shown. This is presumably because the positive electrode and negative electrode in the lithium ion secondary batteries of Examples O to Q have films derived from the electrolytic solution of the present invention.
- capacitance maintenance factor was shown also after 500 cycles progress, and it was excellent in especially durability. From this result, it can be said that when DMC is selected as the organic solvent of the electrolytic solution, durability is further improved as compared with the case where AN is selected.
- Example R The capacitor of the present invention was manufactured as follows.
- MDLC-105N2 manufactured by Hosen Co., Ltd. was used as the positive and negative electrodes of the capacitor of the present invention.
- a coin-type cell was created with the electrolyte solution of Example 11 soaked in a glass filter and the positive electrode and the negative electrode. This cell was used as the capacitor of Example R.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were vacuum-dried at 120 ° C. for 24 hours before cell preparation, and the cell preparation was performed in an inert gas atmosphere in a glove box adjusted to a dew point of ⁇ 70 ° C. or less.
- Comparative Example J A capacitor of Comparative Example J was produced in the same manner as in Example R, except that 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) amide was used as the electrolytic solution.
- Example 20 The capacitors of Example R and Comparative Example J were tested as follows. Each capacitor was charged and discharged 10 times at a current density of 100 mA / g and a cut-off voltage of 0 to 1 V, and this was used as conditioning.
- FIG. 64 shows the final charge / discharge curve of conditioning in each capacitor. From FIG. 64, it can be seen that the capacitor of Example R has a larger capacity than the capacitor of Comparative Example J.
- the capacitors of Example R and Comparative Example J that had been charged and discharged were charged and discharged at a current density of 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mA / g at a cut-off voltage of 0 to 2 V.
- Table 20 The results are shown in Table 20.
- the capacitor of Example R exhibited a capacity equal to or greater than that of Comparative Example J. In particular, the capacitor of Example R showed sufficient capacity even at high rate charge / discharge.
- Example S MDLC-105N2 manufactured by Hosen Co., Ltd. was prepared as the positive and negative electrodes of the capacitor.
- a coin-type cell was prepared using the electrolytic solution of Example 26, a cellulose nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, the positive electrode, and the negative electrode. This cell was used as the capacitor of Example S.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were vacuum-dried at 120 ° C. for 24 hours before cell preparation, and the cell preparation was performed in an inert gas atmosphere in a glove box adjusted to a dew point of ⁇ 70 ° C. or less.
- Comparative Example K A capacitor of Comparative Example K was produced in the same manner as Example S, except that 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide was used as the electrolyte.
- Example 21 The following tests were conducted on the capacitors of Example S and Comparative Example K. Each capacitor was charged and discharged 10 times at a current density of 100 mA / g and a cut-off voltage of 0 to 1 V. Each capacitor subjected to the charge / discharge was charged / discharged at a cut-off voltage of 0 to 2.5 V and a current density of 100 mA / g. The results are shown in FIG. The charge / discharge efficiency is the ratio of the discharge capacity to the charge capacity.
- Example S was charged and discharged at a current density of 100 mA / g at a cut-off voltage of 0 to 2 V, 0 to 2.5 V, 0 to 3 V, and 0 to 4 V.
- Charge-discharge curves of cut-off voltages 0 to 2 V, 0 to 2.5 V, and 0 to 3 V are shown in FIGS. 66 to 68, each discharge curve is shown in FIG. 69, and each discharge capacity is shown in Table 22.
- the charging curve of the capacitor of Comparative Example K deviates from a straight line during charging.
- the slope of the charging curve particularly when the voltage exceeds 2 V is small, and the voltage is difficult to increase. This phenomenon is presumed to be because the applied current is used for unwanted irreversible reactions such as decomposition of the electrolyte.
- the charge / discharge efficiency of the capacitor of Comparative Example K is inferior.
- the charging curve of the capacitor of Example S is a straight line and the charge / discharge efficiency is 100%, in the capacitor of Example S, the applied current is used for irreversible reactions such as decomposition of the electrolyte. Therefore, it can be considered that the capacitor works as a capacitor capacity, and it can be said that the capacitor of Example S operates stably.
- the capacitor of Example S operated suitably at each potential.
- the capacitor of Example S was suitably operated even at the charging potential of 4V. From the results of Table 22, it can be seen that the discharge capacity of the capacitor of Example S suitably increases as the charging potential increases.
- Example T The lithium ion capacitor of the present invention was manufactured as follows.
- the negative electrode was manufactured as follows.
- Natural graphite, polyvinylidene fluoride, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were added and mixed to prepare a slurry-like negative electrode mixture.
- This slurry-like negative electrode mixture was applied to the surface of an electrolytic copper foil (current collector) having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m using a doctor blade, thereby forming a negative electrode active material layer on the copper foil. Then, it dried at 80 degreeC for 20 minute (s), and the organic solvent was volatilized and removed from the negative electrode active material layer. After drying, the current collector and the negative electrode active material layer were firmly and closely joined with a roll press. This was vacuum-dried at 120 ° C. for 6 hours to form a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material layer weight per unit area of 0.9 mg / cm 2 and a density of 0.5 g / cm 3 .
- a cell was produced with the negative electrode, the electrolyte solution of Example 15, a cellulose nonwoven fabric having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, and the same positive electrode as the positive electrode of the capacitor of Example R, and this cell was designated as the lithium ion capacitor of Example T. .
- Example 22 The lithium ion capacitor of Example T was tested as follows. The capacitor was charged and discharged at a current density of 20 mA / g and a cut-off voltage of 0 to 1 V until the charge / discharge curve was stabilized. The capacitor charged and discharged is charged to 4.5 V at a current density of 20 mA / g, held for 2 hours at a voltage of 4.5 V, and then discharged to 2.5 V at a current density of 20 mA / g. Charging / discharging was performed several times until the charging / discharging curve of the capacitor was stabilized. The last charge / discharge curve is shown in FIG.
- the lithium ion capacitor of Example T uses graphite for the negative electrode and uses the electrolytic solution of the present invention containing a lithium salt at a high concentration.
- a lithium ion capacitor using graphite as a negative electrode is required to be previously doped with lithium ions in order to lower the negative electrode potential.
- the lithium ion capacitor of Example T using the electrolytic solution of the present invention stably operated as a lithium ion capacitor at a high potential, even though the negative graphite was not pre-doped with lithium ions.
- the lithium ion capacitor is operated at a high potential in an environment using the electrolytic solution of the present invention in which lithium ions are present in a large excess in comparison with the conventional electrolytic solution. It can be said that the graphite of the negative electrode is gradually doped. That is, the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention has the advantage that lithium pre-doping from outside the system is unnecessary. In addition, as shown in the following Example U, the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention can be manufactured even by performing lithium pre-doping performed in a normal lithium ion capacitor.
- the lithium ions in the electrolytic solution of the present invention can be converted into graphite by charge / discharge without pre-doping the graphite with lithium ions. It was proved that the negative electrode potential of the capacitor was lowered to become a lithium ion capacitor.
- graphite can insert and desorb cations and anions contained in an electrolyte depending on potential. Therefore, it is possible to provide a capacitor of the type in which anions are inserted and removed from the positive electrode, that is, a capacitor using graphite as the positive electrode.
- the lithium ion capacitor of the present invention when lithium pre-doping is performed in a normal lithium ion capacitor can be manufactured as follows.
- This slurry-like negative electrode mixture is applied to the surface of an electrolytic copper foil (current collector) having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m by using a doctor blade to form a negative electrode active material layer on the copper foil. Thereafter, drying is performed at 80 ° C. for 20 minutes, and the organic solvent is volatilized and removed from the negative electrode active material layer. After drying, the current collector and the negative electrode active material layer are tightly bonded tightly with a roll press. This is vacuum-dried at 120 ° C. for 6 hours to form a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material layer weight per unit area of 0.9 mg / cm 2 and a density of 0.5 g / cm 3 .
- Metal lithium is pressure-bonded to the negative electrode active material layer of the negative electrode, and a cell is prepared with this, the electrolytic solution of Comparative Example 18, and a known carbon electrode, and a cell for lithium pre-doping is obtained.
- the lithium pre-doping cell is charged and discharged several cycles, the cell is disassembled in a discharged state (a state where lithium is doped into the negative electrode active material), and the lithium pre-doped negative electrode is taken out.
- a cell was prepared with a lithium pre-doped negative electrode, an electrolyte solution of Example 15 immersed in a glass filter, and the same positive electrode as the positive electrode of the capacitor of Example R above. An ion capacitor is used.
Abstract
Description
(R1は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
R2は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、R1とR2は、互いに結合して環を形成しても良い。
X1は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RaP=O、RbP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X2は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RcP=O、RdP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Ra、Rb、Rc、Rdは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Ra、Rb、Rc、Rdは、R1又はR2と結合して環を形成しても良い。)
(R3は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
X3は、SO2、C=O、C=S、ReP=O、RfP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Re、Rfは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Re、Rfは、R3と結合して環を形成しても良い。
Yは、O、Sから選択される。)
(R4は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
R5は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
R6は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、R4、R5、R6のうち、いずれか2つ又は3つが結合して環を形成しても良い。
X4は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RgP=O、RhP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X5は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RiP=O、RjP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X6は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RkP=O、RlP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Rg、Rh、Ri、Rj、Rk、Rlは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Rg、Rh、Ri、Rj、Rk、Rlは、R4、R5又はR6と結合して環を形成しても良い。)
(R7、R8は、それぞれ独立に、CnHaFbClcBrdIe(CN)f(SCN)g(OCN)hである。
n、a、b、c、d、e、f、g、hはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。
また、R7とR8は、互いに結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合は、2n=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。
X7は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RmP=O、RnP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X8は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RoP=O、RpP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Rm、Rn、Ro、Rpは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Rm、Rn、Ro、Rpは、R7又はR8と結合して環を形成しても良い。)
(R9は、CnHaFbClcBrdIe(CN)f(SCN)g(OCN)hである。
n、a、b、c、d、e、f、g、hはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。
X9は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RqP=O、RrP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Rq、Rrは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Rq、Rrは、R9と結合して環を形成しても良い。
Yは、O、Sから選択される。)
(R10、R11、R12は、それぞれ独立に、CnHaFbClcBrdIe(CN)f(SCN)g(OCN)hである。
n、a、b、c、d、e、f、g、hはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。
R10、R11、R12のうちいずれか2つが結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合、環を形成する基は2n=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。また、R10、R11、R12の3つが結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合、3つのうち2つの基が2n=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たし、1つの基が2n-1=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。
X10は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RsP=O、RtP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X11は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RuP=O、RvP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X12は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RwP=O、RxP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Rs、Rt、Ru、Rv、Rw、Rxは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Rs、Rt、Ru、Rv、Rw、Rxは、R10、R11又はR12と結合して環を形成しても良い。)
(R13、R14は、それぞれ独立に、CnHaFbClcBrdIeである。
n、a、b、c、d、eはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。
また、R13とR14は、互いに結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合は、2n=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。)
(R15は、CnHaFbClcBrdIeである。
n、a、b、c、d、eはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。)
(R16、R17、R18は、それぞれ独立に、CnHaFbClcBrdIeである。
n、a、b、c、d、eはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。
R16、R17、R18のうちいずれか2つが結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合、環を形成する基は2n=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。また、R16、R17、R18の3つが結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合、3つのうち2つの基が2n=a+b+c+d+eを満たし、1つの基が2n-1=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。)
上記一般式(7)~(9)で表される化学構造において、nは0~6の整数が好ましく、0~4の整数がより好ましく、0~2の整数が特に好ましい。なお、上記一般式(7)~(9)で表される化学構造の、R13とR14が結合、又は、R16、R17、R18が結合して環を形成している場合には、nは1~8の整数が好ましく、1~7の整数がより好ましく、1~3の整数が特に好ましい。
(R19、R20は、それぞれ独立に、鎖状アルキルであるCnHaFbClcBrdIe、又は、環状アルキルを化学構造に含むCmHfFgClhBriIjのいずれかから選択される。n、a、b、c、d、e、m、f、g、h、i、jはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+e、2m=f+g+h+i+jを満たす。)
炭素材料としては、通常の電気二重層キャパシタに用いられるものであればよく、種々の原料から製造した活性炭を挙げることができる。活性炭は、比表面積の大きなものが好ましい。また、ポリアセンなどの導電性高分子や2,2,6,6-テトラメチルピペリジン-N -オキシル(TEMPO)のようにアニオンの吸脱着により容量が大きくなるようなレドックスキャパシタに使われる材料であっても良い。
本発明の電解液を以下のとおり製造した。
16.08gの(CF3SO2)2NLiを用い、実施例1と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が2.8mol/Lであり、密度が1.36g/cm3である実施例2の電解液を製造した。実施例2の電解液においては、(CF3SO2)2NLi1分子に対し1,2-ジメトキシエタン2.1分子が含まれている。
有機溶媒であるアセトニトリル約5mLを、撹拌子を備えたフラスコに入れた。撹拌条件下にて、上記フラスコ中のアセトニトリルに対し、リチウム塩である(CF3SO2)2NLiを徐々に加え、溶解させた。(CF3SO2)2NLiを全量で24.11g加えたところで一晩撹拌した。得られた電解液を20mLメスフラスコに移し、容積が20mLとなるまでアセトニトリルを加えた。これを実施例3の電解液とした。なお、上記製造は不活性ガス雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で行った。
19.52gの(CF3SO2)2NLiを用い、実施例3と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が3.4mol/Lである実施例4の電解液を製造した。実施例4の電解液においては、(CF3SO2)2NLi1分子に対しアセトニトリル3分子が含まれている。
実施例3と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が3.0mol/Lであり、密度が1.31g/cm3である、実施例5の電解液を製造した。
有機溶媒としてスルホランを用いた以外は、実施例3と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が3.0mol/Lであり、密度が1.57g/cm3である、実施例6の電解液を製造した。
有機溶媒としてジメチルスルホキシドを用いた以外は、実施例3と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が3.2mol/Lであり、密度が1.49g/cm3である、実施例7の電解液を製造した。
リチウム塩として14.97gの(FSO2)2NLiを用い、有機溶媒として1,2-ジメトキシエタンを用いた以外は、実施例3と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が4.0mol/Lであり、密度が1.33g/cm3である実施例8の電解液を製造した。実施例8の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対し1,2-ジメトキシエタン1.5分子が含まれている。
13.47gの(FSO2)2NLiを用い、実施例8と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が3.6mol/Lであり、密度が1.29g/cm3である実施例9の電解液を製造した。実施例9の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対し1,2-ジメトキシエタン1.9分子が含まれている。
実施例8と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が2.4mol/Lであり、密度が1.18g/cm3である、実施例10の電解液を製造した。
リチウム塩として20.21gの(FSO2)2NLiを用いた以外は、実施例3と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が5.4mol/Lである実施例11の電解液を製造した。実施例11の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しアセトニトリル2分子が含まれている。
18.71gの(FSO2)2NLiを用い、実施例11と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が5.0mol/Lであり、密度が1.40g/cm3である実施例12の電解液を製造した。実施例12の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しアセトニトリル2.1分子が含まれている。
16.83gの(FSO2)2NLiを用い、実施例11と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が4.5mol/Lであり、密度が1.34g/cm3である実施例13の電解液を製造した。実施例13の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しアセトニトリル2.4分子が含まれている。
15.72gの(FSO2)2NLiを用い、実施例11と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が4.2mol/Lである実施例14の電解液を製造した。実施例14の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しアセトニトリル3分子が含まれている。
有機溶媒であるジメチルカーボネート約5mLを、撹拌子を備えたフラスコに入れた。撹拌条件下にて、上記フラスコ中のジメチルカーボネートに対し、リチウム塩である(FSO2)2NLiを徐々に加え、溶解させた。(FSO2)2NLiを全量で14.64g加えたところで一晩撹拌した。得られた電解液を20mLメスフラスコに移し、容積が20mLとなるまでジメチルカーボネートを加えた。これを実施例15の電解液とした。なお、上記製造は不活性ガス雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で行った。
実施例15の電解液にジメチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が3.4mol/Lの実施例16の電解液とした。実施例16の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しジメチルカーボネート2.5分子が含まれている。
実施例15の電解液にジメチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が2.9mol/Lの実施例17の電解液とした。実施例17の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しジメチルカーボネート3分子が含まれている。実施例17の電解液の密度は、1.36g/cm3であった。
実施例15の電解液にジメチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が2.6mol/Lの実施例18の電解液とした。実施例18の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しジメチルカーボネート3.5分子が含まれている。
実施例15の電解液にジメチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が2.0mol/Lの実施例19の電解液とした。実施例19の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しジメチルカーボネート5分子が含まれている。
有機溶媒であるエチルメチルカーボネート約5mLを、撹拌子を備えたフラスコに入れた。撹拌条件下にて、上記フラスコ中のエチルメチルカーボネートに対し、リチウム塩である(FSO2)2NLiを徐々に加え、溶解させた。(FSO2)2NLiを全量で12.81g加えたところで一晩撹拌した。得られた電解液を20mLメスフラスコに移し、容積が20mLとなるまでエチルメチルカーボネートを加えた。これを実施例20の電解液とした。なお、上記製造は不活性ガス雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で行った。
実施例20の電解液にエチルメチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が2.9mol/Lの実施例21の電解液とした。実施例21の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しエチルメチルカーボネート2.5分子が含まれている。
実施例20の電解液にエチルメチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が2.2mol/Lの実施例22の電解液とした。実施例22の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しエチルメチルカーボネート3.5分子が含まれている。
有機溶媒であるジエチルカーボネート約5mLを、撹拌子を備えたフラスコに入れた。撹拌条件下にて、上記フラスコ中のジエチルカーボネートに対し、リチウム塩である(FSO2)2NLiを徐々に加え、溶解させた。(FSO2)2NLiを全量で11.37g加えたところで一晩撹拌した。得られた電解液を20mLメスフラスコに移し、容積が20mLとなるまでジエチルカーボネートを加えた。これを実施例23の電解液とした。なお、上記製造は不活性ガス雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で行った。
実施例23の電解液にジエチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が2.6mol/Lの実施例24の電解液とした。実施例24の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しジエチルカーボネート2.5分子が含まれている。
実施例23の電解液にジエチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が2.0mol/Lの実施例25の電解液とした。実施例25の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しジエチルカーボネート3.5分子が含まれている。
リチウム塩として9.23gのLiBF4を用いた以外は、実施例15と同様の方法で、LiBF4の濃度が4.9mol/Lである実施例26の電解液を製造した。実施例26の電解液においては、LiBF41分子に対しジメチルカーボネート2分子が含まれている。実施例26の電解液の密度は1.30g/cm3であった。
リチウム塩として13.37gのLiPF6を用いた以外は、実施例15と同様の方法で、LiPF6の濃度が4.4mol/Lである実施例27の電解液を製造した。実施例27の電解液においては、LiPF61分子に対しジメチルカーボネート2分子が含まれている。実施例27の電解液の密度は1.46g/cm3であった。
有機溶媒として1,2-ジメトキシエタンを用い、実施例3と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が1.6mol/Lであり、密度が1.18g/cm3である、比較例1の電解液を製造した。
比較例1と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が1.2mol/Lであり、密度が1.09g/cm3である、比較例2の電解液を製造した。
比較例1と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が1.0mol/Lであり、密度が1.06g/cm3である、比較例3の電解液を製造した。比較例3の電解液においては、(CF3SO2)2NLi1分子に対し1,2-ジメトキシエタン8.3分子が含まれている。
比較例1と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が0.5mol/Lであり、密度が0.96g/cm3である、比較例4の電解液を製造した。
比較例1と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が0.2mol/Lであり、密度が0.91g/cm3である、比較例5の電解液を製造した。
比較例1と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が0.1mol/Lであり、密度が0.89g/cm3である、比較例6の電解液を製造した。
実施例3と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が1.0mol/Lであり、密度が0.96g/cm3である、比較例7の電解液を製造した。比較例7の電解液においては、(CF3SO2)2NLi1分子に対しアセトニトリル16分子が含まれている。
実施例6と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が1.0mol/Lであり、密度が1.38g/cm3である、比較例8の電解液を製造した。
実施例7と同様の方法で、(CF3SO2)2NLiの濃度が1.0mol/Lであり、密度が1.22g/cm3である、比較例9の電解液を製造した。
実施例8と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が2.0mol/Lであり、密度が1.13g/cm3である、比較例10の電解液を製造した。
実施例8と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が1.0mol/Lであり、密度が1.01g/cm3である、比較例11の電解液を製造した。比較例11の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対し1,2-ジメトキシエタン8.8分子が含まれている。
実施例8と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が0.5mol/Lであり、密度が0.94g/cm3である、比較例12の電解液を製造した。
実施例8と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が0.1mol/Lであり、密度が0.88g/cm3である、比較例13の電解液を製造した。
実施例12と同様の方法で、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が1.0mol/Lであり、密度が0.91g/cm3である、比較例14の電解液を製造した。比較例14の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しアセトニトリル17分子が含まれている。
実施例15の電解液にジメチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が1.1mol/Lであり、密度が1.16g/cm3である、比較例15の電解液を製造した。比較例15の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しジメチルカーボネート10分子が含まれている。
実施例20の電解液にエチルメチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が1.1mol/Lであり、密度が1.12g/cm3である、比較例16の電解液を製造した。比較例16の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しエチルメチルカーボネート8分子が含まれている。
実施例23の電解液にジエチルカーボネートを加えて希釈し、(FSO2)2NLiの濃度が1.1mol/Lであり、密度が1.08g/cm3である、比較例17の電解液を製造した。比較例17の電解液においては、(FSO2)2NLi1分子に対しジエチルカーボネート7分子が含まれている。
有機溶媒としてエチレンカーボネート及びジエチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(体積比3:7)(以下、「EC/DEC」ということがある。)を用い、リチウム塩として3.04gのLiPF6を用いた以外は、実施例3と同様の方法で、LiPF6の濃度が1.0mol/Lである比較例18の電解液を製造した。
実施例3、実施例4、実施例11、実施例13、実施例14、比較例7、比較例14の電解液、並びに、アセトニトリル、(CF3SO2)2NLi、(FSO2)2NLiにつき、以下の条件でIR測定を行った。2100~2400cm-1の範囲のIRスペクトルをそれぞれ図1~図10に示す。図の横軸は波数(cm-1)であり、縦軸は吸光度(反射吸光度)である。
装置:FT-IR(ブルカーオプティクス社製)
測定条件:ATR法(ダイヤモンド使用)
測定雰囲気:不活性ガス雰囲気下
実施例1~3、8、9、12、13、15、17、20、23、26、27の電解液のイオン伝導度を以下の条件で測定した。結果を表8に示す。
Ar雰囲気下、白金極を備えたセル定数既知のガラス製セルに、電解液を封入し、30℃、1kHzでのインピーダンスを測定した。インピーダンスの測定結果から、イオン伝導度を算出した。測定機器はSolartron 147055BEC(ソーラトロン社)を使用した。
実施例1~3、8、9、12、13、15、17、20、23並びに比較例3、7、11、14~17の電解液の粘度を以下の条件で測定した。結果を表9に示す。
落球式粘度計(AntonPaar GmbH(アントンパール社)製 Lovis 2000M)を用い、Ar雰囲気下、試験セルに電解液を封入し、30℃の条件下で粘度を測定した。
実施例2、3、13、15、17、比較例3、7、14、15の電解液の揮発性を以下の方法で測定した。
実施例3、比較例7の電解液の燃焼性を以下の方法で試験した。
実施例2、13、比較例14、18の電解液のLi輸率を以下の条件で測定した。結果を表11に示す。
電解液を入れたNMR管をPFG-NMR装置(ECA-500、日本電子)に供し、7Li、19Fを対象として、スピンエコー法を用い、磁場パルス幅を変化させながら、各電解液中のLiイオン及びアニオンの拡散係数を測定した。Li輸率は以下の式で算出した。
Li輸率=(Liイオン拡散係数)/(Liイオン拡散係数+アニオン拡散係数)
実施例15、17、20、23の各電解液をそれぞれ容器に入れ、不活性ガスを充填して密閉した。これらを-30℃の冷凍庫に2日間保管した。保管後に各電解液を観察した。いずれの電解液も固化せず液体状態を維持しており、塩の析出も観察されなかった。
実施例12、実施例13、比較例14、並びに、実施例15、実施例17、実施例19、比較例15の電解液につき、以下の条件でラマンスペクトル測定を行った。各電解液の金属塩のアニオン部分に由来するピークが観察されたラマンスペクトルをそれぞれ図31~図37に示す。図の横軸は波数(cm-1)であり、縦軸は散乱強度である。
装置:レーザーラマン分光光度計(日本分光株式会社NRSシリーズ)
レーザー波長:532nm
不活性ガス雰囲気下で電解液を石英セルに密閉し、測定に供した。
実施例13の電解液を用いたハーフセルを以下のとおり製造した。
電解液として比較例18の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Aと同様の方法で、比較例Aのハーフセルを製造した。
実施例A、比較例Aのハーフセルのレート特性を以下の方法で試験した。
実施例A、比較例Aのハーフセルに対し、1Cレートで充放電を3回繰り返した際の、容量と電圧の変化を観察した。結果を図38に示す。
実施例13の電解液を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池を以下のとおり製造した。
電解液として比較例18の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Bと同様の方法で、比較例Bのリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
実施例B、比較例Bのリチウムイオン二次電池の充電状態の正極に対する電解液の熱安定性を以下の方法で評価した。
実施例13の電解液を用いた実施例Cのリチウムイオン二次電池を以下のとおり製造した。
実施例13の電解液を用いた実施例Dのリチウムイオン二次電池を以下のとおり製造した。
比較例18の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Cと同様に、比較例Cのリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
比較例18の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Dと同様に、比較例Dのリチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
(評価例12:リチウムイオン二次電池の入出力特性)
実施例C、D、比較例C、Dのリチウムイオン二次電池の出力特性を以下の条件で評価した。
評価条件は、充電状態(SOC)80%、0℃又は25℃、使用電圧範囲3V―4.2V、容量13.5mAhとした。入力特性の評価は、2秒入力と5秒入力について電池毎にそれぞれ3回行った。
評価条件は、充電状態(SOC)20%、0℃又は25℃、使用電圧範囲3V―4.2V、容量13.5mAhとした。SOC20%、0℃は、例えば、冷蔵室などで使用する場合のように出力特性が出にくい領域である。出力特性の評価は、2秒出力と5秒出力について電池毎にそれぞれ3回行った。
実施例13の電解液を用いたハーフセルを以下のとおり製造した。
電解液として実施例15の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Eと同様の方法で、実施例Fのハーフセルを製造した。
電解液として実施例20の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Eと同様の方法で、実施例Gのハーフセルを製造した。
電解液として実施例23の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Eと同様の方法で、実施例Hのハーフセルを製造した。
電解液として比較例18の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Eと同様の方法で、比較例Eのハーフセルを製造した。
実施例E~H、比較例Eのハーフセルのレート特性を以下の方法で試験した。ハーフセルに対し、0.1C、0.2C、0.5C、1C、2Cレート(1Cとは一定電流において1時間で電池を完全充電または放電させるために要する電流値を意味する。)で充電を行った後に放電を行い、それぞれの速度における作用極の容量(放電容量)を測定した。なお、ここでの記述は、対極を負極、作用極を正極とみなしている。0.1Cレートでの作用極の容量に対する他のレートにおける容量の割合(レート特性)を算出した。結果を表15に示す。
実施例E~H、比較例Eのハーフセルの容量維持率を以下の方法で試験した。
容量維持率(%)=B/A×100
A:最初の0.1C充放電サイクルにおける2回目の作用極の放電容量
B:最後の0.1Cの充放電サイクルにおける2回目の作用極の放電容量
結果を表16に示す。なお、ここでの記述は、対極を負極、作用極を正極とみなしている。
実施例E~H、比較例Eのハーフセルに対し、25℃、電圧2.0VまでCC充電(定電流充電)し、電圧0.01VまでCC放電(定電流放電)を行う2.0V-0.01Vの充放電サイクルを、充放電レート0.1Cで3サイクル行った。各ハーフセルの充放電曲線を図41~45に示す。
実施例13の電解液を用いたハーフセルを以下のとおり製造した。
径13.82mm、面積1.5cm2、厚み20μmのアルミニウム箔(JIS A1000番系)を作用極とし、対極は金属Liとした。セパレータは、厚み400μmのWhatmanガラスフィルター不織布:品番1825-055を用いた。
作用極、対極、セパレータおよび実施例13の電解液を電池ケース(宝泉株式会社製 CR2032型コインセルケース)に収容しハーフセルを構成した。これを実施例Iのハーフセルとした。
実施例15の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Iのハーフセルと同様にして、実施例Jのハーフセルを作製した。
実施例17の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Iのハーフセルと同様にして、実施例Kのハーフセルを作製した。
実施例20の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Iのハーフセルと同様にして、実施例Lのハーフセルを作製した。
実施例23の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Iのハーフセルと同様にして、実施例Mのハーフセルを作製した。
比較例18の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Iのハーフセルと同様にして、比較例Fのハーフセルを作製した。
比較例15の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Iのハーフセルと同様にして、比較例Gのハーフセルを作製した。
実施例I~J、L~Mおよび比較例Fのハーフセルに対して、3.1V~4.6V、1mV/sの条件で5サイクルのサイクリックボルタンメトリー評価を行い、その後、3.1V~5.1V、1mV/sの条件で5サイクルのサイクリックボルタンメトリー評価を行った。実施例I~J、L~Mおよび比較例Fのハーフセルに対する電位と応答電流との関係を示すグラフを図46~図54に示す。
電解液として実施例12の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Aと同様の方法で、実施例Nのリチウムイオン二次電池を得た。
電解液として比較例18の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Nと同様の方法で、比較例Hのリチウムイオン二次電池を得た。
実施例Nと比較例Hのリチウムイオン二次電池を用い、-20℃でのレート特性を以下のとおり評価した。結果を図61及び図62に示す。
(1) 負極(評価極)へのリチウム吸蔵が進行する向きに電流を流す。
(2) 電圧範囲:2V→0.01V(v.s.Li/Li+)
(3) レート:0.02C、0.05C、0.1C、0.2C、0.5C (0.01V到達後に電流を停止)
なお、1Cは、一定電流において1時間で電池を完全充電、又は放電させるために要する電流値を示す。
実施例13の電解液を用いた実施例Oのリチウムイオン二次電池を以下のとおり製造した。
電解液として実施例15の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Oと同様の方法で、実施例Pのリチウムイオン二次電池を得た。
電解液として実施例17の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Oと同様の方法で、実施例Qのリチウムイオン二次電池を得た。
電解液として比較例18の電解液を用いた以外は、実施例Oと同様の方法で、比較例Iのリチウムイオン二次電池を得た。
実施例O~Qおよび比較例Iのリチウムイオン二次電池を準備し、電池の内部抵抗を評価した。
各リチウムイオン二次電池について、室温、3.0V~4.1V(vs.Li基準)の範囲でCC充放電、つまり定電流充放電を繰り返した。そして、初回充放電後の交流インピーダンス、および、100サイクル経過後の交流インピーダンスを測定した。得られた複素インピーダンス平面プロットを基に、電解液、負極および正極の反応抵抗を各々解析した。図63に示すように、複素インピーダンス平面プロットには、二つの円弧がみられた。図中左側(つまり複素インピーダンスの実部が小さい側)の円弧を第1円弧と呼ぶ。図中右側の円弧を第2円弧と呼ぶ。第1円弧の大きさを基に負極の反応抵抗を解析し、第2円弧の大きさを基に正極の反応抵抗を解析した。第1円弧に連続する図63中最左側のプロットを基に電解液の抵抗を解析した。解析結果を表17および表18に示す。なお、表17は、初回充放電後の電解液の抵抗(所謂溶液抵抗)、負極の反応抵抗、正極の反応抵抗を示し、表18は100サイクル経過後の各抵抗を示す。
実施例O~Qおよび比較例Iのリチウムイオン二次電池について、室温、3.0V~4.1V(vs.Li基準)の範囲でCC充放電を繰り返し、初回充放電時の放電容量、100サイクル時の放電容量、および500サイクル時の放電容量を測定した。そして、初回充放電時の各リチウムイオン二次電池の容量を100%とし、100サイクル時および500サイクル時の各リチウムイオン二次電池の容量維持率(%)を算出した。結果を表19に示す。
本発明のキャパシタを以下のとおり製造した。
電解液として1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム ビス(フルオロスルホニル)アミドを用いた以外は、実施例Rと同様の方法で、比較例Jのキャパシタを製造した。
実施例R及び比較例Jのキャパシタにつき、以下の試験を行った。
各キャパシタに対し、電流密度100mA/g、Cut-off電圧0~1Vにて、10回の充放電を行い、これをコンディショニングとした。各キャパシタにおけるコンディショニングの最後の充放電曲線を図64に示す。
図64から、実施例Rのキャパシタは比較例Jのキャパシタと比較して容量が大きいのがわかる。
また、上記充放電を経た実施例R及び比較例Jのキャパシタに対し、Cut-off電圧0~2Vにて、電流密度100、500、1000、2000mA/gで充放電を行った。結果を表20に示す。
キャパシタの正極及び負極として、宝泉株式会社製のMDLC-105N2を準備した。実施例26の電解液、厚さ20μmのセルロース製不織布、上記正極及び上記負極とで、コイン型のセルを作成した。このセルを実施例Sのキャパシタとした。なお、正極及び負極はセル作製前に120℃で24時間真空乾燥させたものを使用し、セル作製は不活性ガス雰囲気下、露点が-70℃以下に調整したグローブボックス内で行った。
電解液として1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム ビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミドを用いた以外は、実施例Sと同様の方法で、比較例Kのキャパシタを製造した。
実施例S及び比較例Kのキャパシタにつき、以下の試験を行った。
各キャパシタに対し、電流密度100mA/g、Cut-off電圧0~1Vにて、10回の充放電を行った。上記充放電を経た各キャパシタに対し、Cut-off電圧0~2.5Vにて、電流密度100mA/gで充放電を行った。結果を図65及び表21に示す。なお、充放電効率とは、充電容量に対する放電容量の割合である。上記と同様にして、実施例Sのキャパシタに対し、Cut-off電圧0~2V、0~2.5V、0~3V、0~4Vにて、電流密度100mA/gで充放電を行った。Cut-off電圧0~2V、0~2.5V、0~3Vの充放電曲線を図66~68に示し、各放電曲線を図69に示し、各放電容量を表22に示す。
本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタを以下のとおり製造した。
負極は、以下のように製造した。
実施例Tのリチウムイオンキャパシタにつき、以下の試験を行った。
キャパシタに対し、電流密度20mA/g、Cut-off電圧0~1Vにて、充放電曲線が安定するまで充放電を行った。上記充放電を経たキャパシタに対し、電流密度20mA/gで4.5Vまで充電を行い、電圧4.5Vで2時間保持し、次いで、電流密度20mA/gで2.5Vまで放電を行うとの充放電を、キャパシタの充放電曲線が安定するまで複数回行った。最後の充放電曲線を図70に示す。
通常のリチウムイオンキャパシタで行われるリチウムのプレドープを実施した場合の本発明のリチウムイオンキャパシタは以下のとおり製造できる。
天然黒鉛と、ポリフッ化ビニリデンと、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンを添加混合し、スラリー状の負極合材を調製する。スラリー中の各成分(固形分)の組成比は、黒鉛:ポリフッ化ビニリデン=90:10(質量比)である。
Claims (19)
- アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属又はアルミニウムをカチオンとする塩と、ヘテロ元素を有する有機溶媒とを含む電解液であって、
前記電解液の振動分光スペクトルにおける前記有機溶媒由来のピーク強度につき、前記有機溶媒本来のピークの強度をIoとし、前記ピークがシフトしたピークの強度をIsとした場合、Is>Ioであることを特徴とする電解液。 - アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属又はアルミニウムをカチオンとする塩と、ヘテロ元素を有する有機溶媒とを含む電解液であって、
電解液の密度d(g/cm3)を電解液の塩濃度c(mol/L)で除したd/cが0.15≦d/c≦0.71であることを特徴とする電解液。 - アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属又はアルミニウムをカチオンとする塩と、ヘテロ元素を有する有機溶媒とを含む電解液であって、
前記電解液の粘度η(mPa・s)が10<η<500であり、かつ、前記電解液のイオン伝導度σ(mS/cm)が1≦σであることを特徴とする電解液。 - 前記塩のカチオンがリチウムである請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 前記塩のアニオンの化学構造が、ハロゲン、ホウ素、窒素、酸素、硫黄又は炭素から選択される少なくとも1つの元素を含む請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 前記塩のアニオンの化学構造が下記一般式(1)、一般式(2)又は一般式(3)で表される請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の電解液。
(R1X1)(R2X2)N 一般式(1)
(R1は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
R2は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、R1とR2は、互いに結合して環を形成しても良い。
X1は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RaP=O、RbP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X2は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RcP=O、RdP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Ra、Rb、Rc、Rdは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Ra、Rb、Rc、Rdは、R1又はR2と結合して環を形成しても良い。)
R3X3Y 一般式(2)
(R3は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
X3は、SO2、C=O、C=S、ReP=O、RfP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Re、Rfは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Re、Rfは、R3と結合して環を形成しても良い。
Yは、O、Sから選択される。)
(R4X4)(R5X5)(R6X6)C 一般式(3)
(R4は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
R5は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
R6は、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、R4、R5、R6のうち、いずれか2つ又は3つが結合して環を形成しても良い。
X4は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RgP=O、RhP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X5は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RiP=O、RjP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X6は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RkP=O、RlP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Rg、Rh、Ri、Rj、Rk、Rlは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Rg、Rh、Ri、Rj、Rk、Rlは、R4、R5又はR6と結合して環を形成しても良い。) - 前記塩のアニオンの化学構造が下記一般式(4)、一般式(5)又は一般式(6)で表される請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の電解液。
(R7X7)(R8X8)N 一般式(4)
(R7、R8は、それぞれ独立に、CnHaFbClcBrdIe(CN)f(SCN)g(OCN)hである。
n、a、b、c、d、e、f、g、hはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。
また、R7とR8は、互いに結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合は、2n=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。
X7は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RmP=O、RnP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X8は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RoP=O、RpP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Rm、Rn、Ro、Rpは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Rm、Rn、Ro、Rpは、R7又はR8と結合して環を形成しても良い。)
R9X9Y 一般式(5)
(R9は、CnHaFbClcBrdIe(CN)f(SCN)g(OCN)hである。
n、a、b、c、d、e、f、g、hはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。
X9は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RqP=O、RrP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Rq、Rrは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Rq、Rrは、R9と結合して環を形成しても良い。
Yは、O、Sから選択される。)
(R10X10)(R11X11)(R12X12)C 一般式(6)
(R10、R11、R12は、それぞれ独立に、CnHaFbClcBrdIe(CN)f(SCN)g(OCN)hである。
n、a、b、c、d、e、f、g、hはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。
R10、R11、R12のうちいずれか2つが結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合、環を形成する基は2n=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。また、R10、R11、R12の3つが結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合、3つのうち2つの基が2n=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たし、1つの基が2n-1=a+b+c+d+e+f+g+hを満たす。
X10は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RsP=O、RtP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X11は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RuP=O、RvP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
X12は、SO2、C=O、C=S、RwP=O、RxP=S、S=O、Si=Oから選択される。
Rs、Rt、Ru、Rv、Rw、Rxは、それぞれ独立に、水素、ハロゲン、置換基で置換されていても良いアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良いシクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和シクロアルキル基、置換基で置換されていても良い芳香族基、置換基で置換されていても良い複素環基、置換基で置換されていても良いアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和アルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良いチオアルコキシ基、置換基で置換されていても良い不飽和チオアルコキシ基、OH、SH、CN、SCN、OCNから選択される。
また、Rs、Rt、Ru、Rv、Rw、Rxは、R10、R11又はR12と結合して環を形成しても良い。) - 前記塩のアニオンの化学構造が下記一般式(7)、一般式(8)又は一般式(9)で表される請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の電解液。
(R13SO2)(R14SO2)N 一般式(7)
(R13、R14は、それぞれ独立に、CnHaFbClcBrdIeである。
n、a、b、c、d、eはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。
また、R13とR14は、互いに結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合は、2n=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。)
R15SO3 一般式(8)
(R15は、CnHaFbClcBrdIeである。
n、a、b、c、d、eはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。)
(R16SO2)(R17SO2)(R18SO2)C 一般式(9)
(R16、R17、R18は、それぞれ独立に、CnHaFbClcBrdIeである。
n、a、b、c、d、eはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。
R16、R17、R18のうちいずれか2つが結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合、環を形成する基は2n=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。また、R16、R17、R18の3つが結合して環を形成しても良く、その場合、3つのうち2つの基が2n=a+b+c+d+eを満たし、1つの基が2n-1=a+b+c+d+eを満たす。) - 前記塩が(CF3SO2)2NLi、(FSO2)2NLi、(C2F5SO2)2NLi、FSO2(CF3SO2)NLi、(SO2CF2CF2SO2)NLi、又は(SO2CF2CF2CF2SO2)NLiである請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 前記有機溶媒のヘテロ元素が窒素、酸素、硫黄、ハロゲンから選択される少なくとも1つである請求項1~9のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 前記有機溶媒が非プロトン性溶媒である請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 前記有機溶媒がアセトニトリル又は1,2-ジメトキシエタンから選択される請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 前記有機溶媒が下記一般式(10)で示される鎖状カーボネートから選択される請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の電解液。
R19OCOOR20 一般式(10)
(R19、R20は、それぞれ独立に、鎖状アルキルであるCnHaFbClcBrdIe、又は、環状アルキルを化学構造に含むCmHfFgClhBriIjのいずれかから選択される。n、a、b、c、d、e、m、f、g、h、i、jはそれぞれ独立に0以上の整数であり、2n+1=a+b+c+d+e、2m=f+g+h+i+jを満たす。) - 前記有機溶媒がジメチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート又はジエチルカーボネートから選択される請求項1~11、13のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 前記電解液が電池用電解液である請求項1~14のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 前記電解液が二次電池用電解液である請求項1~15のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 前記電解液がリチウムイオン二次電池用電解液である請求項1~16のいずれかに記載の電解液。
- 請求項1に記載の電解液を具備することを特徴とするキャパシタ。
- ヘテロ元素を有する有機溶媒と、アルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属又はアルミニウムをカチオンとする塩とを混合し、当該塩を溶解して、第1電解液を調製する第1溶解工程と、
撹拌及び/又は加温条件下、前記第1電解液に前記塩を加え、前記塩を溶解し、過飽和状態の第2電解液を調製する第2溶解工程と、
撹拌及び/又は加温条件下、前記第2電解液に前記塩を加え、前記塩を溶解し、第3電解液を調製する第3溶解工程を含むことを特徴とする電解液の製造方法。
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