WO2015020079A1 - 触媒粒子ならびにこれを用いる電極触媒、電解質膜-電極接合体および燃料電池 - Google Patents
触媒粒子ならびにこれを用いる電極触媒、電解質膜-電極接合体および燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015020079A1 WO2015020079A1 PCT/JP2014/070693 JP2014070693W WO2015020079A1 WO 2015020079 A1 WO2015020079 A1 WO 2015020079A1 JP 2014070693 W JP2014070693 W JP 2014070693W WO 2015020079 A1 WO2015020079 A1 WO 2015020079A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
- C22C5/04—Alloys based on a platinum group metal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/14—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of noble metals or alloys based thereon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to catalyst particles, an electrode catalyst using the catalyst particles, an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly, and a fuel cell.
- the present invention relates to catalyst particles that can exhibit high activity, and electrode catalysts, electrolyte membrane-electrode assemblies, and fuel cells using the same.
- a fuel cell is a clean power generation system in which the product of an electrode reaction is water in principle and has almost no adverse effect on the global environment.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is expected as a power source for electric vehicles because it operates at a relatively low temperature.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell generally has a structure in which an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) is sandwiched between separators.
- MEA electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly
- the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly is formed by sandwiching a polymer electrolyte membrane between a pair of electrode catalyst layers and a gas diffusible electrode (gas diffusion layer; GDL).
- both electrodes (cathode and anode) sandwiching the solid polymer electrolyte membrane are represented by the following reaction formulas according to their polarities. Electrode reaction proceeds to obtain electrical energy. First, hydrogen contained in the fuel gas supplied to the anode (negative electrode) side is oxidized by the catalyst component to become protons and electrons (2H 2 ⁇ 4H + + 4e ⁇ : reaction 1). Next, the generated protons pass through the solid polymer electrolyte contained in the electrode catalyst layer and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane in contact with the electrode catalyst layer, and reach the cathode (positive electrode) side electrode catalyst layer.
- the electrons generated in the anode-side electrode catalyst layer include the conductive carrier constituting the electrode catalyst layer, the gas diffusion layer in contact with the side of the electrode catalyst layer different from the solid polymer electrolyte membrane, the separator, and the outside.
- the cathode side electrode catalyst layer is reached through the circuit.
- the protons and electrons that have reached the cathode electrode catalyst layer react with oxygen contained in the oxidant gas supplied to the cathode side to generate water (O 2 + 4H + + 4e ⁇ ⁇ 2H 2 O: Reaction 2). .
- electricity can be taken out through the above-described electrochemical reaction.
- Patent Document 1 includes a platinum-metal alloy having a face-centered tetragonal structure, and shows a broad peak or a peak divided into two at a 2 ⁇ value of 65 to 75 degrees in an XRD pattern of the platinum-metal alloy. Catalysts have been reported. According to Patent Document 1, a platinum-metal alloy having a face-centered tetragonal structure has a stable structure and therefore has excellent durability.
- Patent Document 1 Although the platinum-metal alloy described in Patent Document 1 has a stable structure as an alloy, a metal other than platinum is present on the surface of the catalyst particles, so that a metal other than platinum is eluted under acidic conditions. . For this reason, the catalyst of patent document 1 is inferior to activity and durability.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide catalyst particles that can exhibit high activity.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide catalyst particles having excellent durability.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrode catalyst, an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly, and a fuel cell using the catalyst particles of the present invention.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive research to solve the above problems. As a result, it has been found that catalyst particles having a highly active crystal plane exposed and having a specific area-average particle size and number-average particle size can solve the above-mentioned problems, and that the above-mentioned problems can be solved. It was.
- the catalyst particles are alloy particles composed of platinum atoms and non-platinum metal atoms. Then, the alloy particles, as the internal structure, the degree of order has an L1 2 structure is 30 ⁇ 100%, LP ratio calculated by CO stripping method, is 10% or more, further, d N / The d A ratio is 0.4 to 1.0.
- FIG. 1 is a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC); 2 is a solid polymer electrolyte membrane; 3 is a catalyst layer; 3a is an anode catalyst layer; 3c is a cathode catalyst layer; 4c is the cathode gas diffusion layer; 5a is the anode separator; 5c is the cathode separator; 6a is the anode gas flow path; 6c is the cathode gas flow path; 7 is the refrigerant flow path; Indicates an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly (MEA).
- PEFC polymer electrolyte fuel cell
- 2 is a solid polymer electrolyte membrane
- 3 is a catalyst layer
- 3a is an anode catalyst layer
- 3c is a cathode catalyst layer
- 4c is the cathode gas diffusion layer
- 5a is the anode separator
- 5c is the cathode separator
- 6a is the anode gas flow path
- the catalyst particles according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention is an alloy particles of platinum atom and a non-platinum metal atoms, (i) the alloy particles have an L1 2 structure as an internal structure, rules of the L1 2 structure 30 to 100%, (ii) the alloy particles have an LP ratio calculated by the CO stripping method of 10% or more, and (iii) the d N / d A ratio of the alloy particles is 0.00.
- the catalyst particles are 4 to 1.0.
- the ratio of the number average particle diameter (d N ) to the area average particle diameter (d A ) is appropriate, so that the activity of the catalyst can be improved.
- an electrode catalyst an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly and a fuel cell using such catalyst particles can be provided.
- “having an L1 2 structure as an internal structure” refers to those rules of the L1 2 structure (Extent of ordering) is greater than 0%.
- “degree of order of the L1 2 structure” is meant a volume ratio of L1 2 structure in the entire alloy grain structure (vol%). The greater this degree of order (with an L1 2 structure at a high volume rate) higher regularity means that an intermetallic compound.
- “rule of the L1 2 structure” simply "order parameter”.
- (I) catalyst particles of the present invention rules of the L1 2 structure, is 30 to 100%. With such a configuration, the activity of the initial activity (before the durability test) can be increased, and the activity after the durability test can also be improved.
- the platinum-metal alloy that constitutes the catalyst of Patent Document 1 cannot exhibit sufficient activity, and cannot prevent chain elution of a metal (for example, Co) that forms an alloy with platinum, which is durable. Inferior to sex.
- the alloy particles according to the present invention have high activity and excellent durability (high activity even after a durability test). The reason why the above effect can be achieved is unknown, but is estimated as follows. In addition, this invention is not limited by the following estimation.
- the platinum-metal alloy constituting the catalyst of Patent Document 1 has a face-centered tetragonal structure, an XRD pattern using a CuK ⁇ line, and has a 2 ⁇ value of 65 to 75 degrees and two broad peaks or peaks. Separate peaks are shown. Therefore, the platinum Patent Document 1 - metal alloy is an intermetallic compound having an L1 0 structure. Intermetallic compound having an L1 0 structure, as the alloy is stable. However, to take the structure of platinum layer and the metal layer is repeated, compared to the intermetallic compound having a L1 2 structure, poor structural stability.
- the platinum-metal alloy described in Patent Document 1 has an acidic structure because a metal other than platinum (for example, Co) exists on the surface of the catalyst particles and has a repeating structure of a platinum metal atomic layer and a non-platinum metal atomic layer.
- a strongly acidic electrolyte for example, an electrolyte such as perfluorosulfonic acid generally used in PEFC
- the chain elution of the metal cannot be sufficiently suppressed, and the metal is eluted.
- the catalyst of patent document 1 is inferior to activity and durability.
- alloy particles according to the present invention have an L1 2 structure as an internal structure, rules of the L1 2 structure, is 30 to 100%.
- the L1 2 structure has four sub-structures of the fcc structure ( ⁇ (000), ⁇ (1/2 1/2 0), ⁇ (1/2 0 1/2), ⁇ (0 1/2 1/2)). Only one of the lattices is different and forms a regular structure with a composition ratio of 3: 1.
- the atomic arrangement of the L1 2 structure has a cubic symmetry.
- non-platinum metal atoms are not coordinated with each other, and the surface of the catalyst particles is substantially covered with platinum atoms (a skin layer of platinum metal atoms is formed).
- the catalyst particles according to the present invention even if there is a surface not covered with platinum atoms, non-platinum metal atoms are not coordinated with each other. Even in this case, the coordinated platinum atoms stop chain elution of non-platinum metal atoms, and a skin layer of platinum metal atoms is formed on the surface of the alloy particles. For this reason, the catalyst particles are highly resistant to elution and are in contact with a strongly acidic electrolyte (for example, an electrolyte such as perfluorosulfonic acid generally used in PEFC) under acidic conditions. However, chain elution of non-platinum metal can be suppressed / prevented. Therefore, the catalyst particles of the present invention can exhibit the effect of non-platinum metal atoms over a long period of time.
- a strongly acidic electrolyte for example, an electrolyte such as perfluorosulfonic acid generally used in PEFC
- the alloy particles according to the present invention have an LP ratio calculated by the CO stripping method (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “LP ratio”) of 10% or more.
- LP ratio calculated by the CO stripping method
- the catalyst particles of the present invention can exhibit high activity (mass specific activity and area specific activity, particularly area specific activity) even with a small platinum content.
- the catalyst particles of the present invention are also excellent in durability (having high activity even after a durability test). For this reason, the electrode catalyst using the catalyst particles of the present invention, the membrane electrode assembly having the electrode catalyst in the catalyst layer, and the fuel cell are excellent in power generation performance.
- the ratio of the number average particle diameter to the area average particle diameter (d A) (d N) (d N / d A) is in the proper (0.4-1.0) Therefore, the activity of the catalyst (mass specific activity and area specific activity, particularly mass specific activity) can be improved.
- the ratio (d N / d A ) of the number average particle size (d N ) to the area average particle size (d A ) is also simply referred to as “d N / d A ratio”.
- the catalyst particles can exhibit high activity (mass specific activity and area specific activity, particularly mass specific activity).
- the mechanism that produces the effect is unknown, but is considered as follows.
- the present invention is not limited by the following mechanism. That is, the alloy particles have a d N / d A ratio of 0.4 or more, and the particle distribution width is small. For this reason, since the specific surface area of the catalyst particles increases, the activity (mass specific activity and area specific activity, particularly mass specific activity) can be improved.
- the alloy (catalyst) particles recited above structure by the L1 2 structure, non-platinum metal atoms to each other without coordination, the catalyst particle surface is covered substantially of platinum atoms (of platinum metal atoms Skin Layer is formed).
- platinum atoms of platinum metal atoms Skin Layer is formed.
- the coordinated platinum atoms stop chain elution of nonmetallic metal atoms and form a skin layer of platinum metal atoms on the surface of the alloy particles.
- the catalyst particles are highly resistant to elution and are in contact with a strongly acidic electrolyte (for example, an electrolyte such as perfluorosulfonic acid generally used in PEFC) under acidic conditions.
- a strongly acidic electrolyte for example, an electrolyte such as perfluorosulfonic acid generally used in PEFC
- chain elution of non-platinum metal can be suppressed / prevented. Therefore, the catalyst particles of the present invention can exhibit the effect of non-platinum metal over a long period of time.
- the catalyst particles of the present invention can exhibit high activity (mass specific activity, area specific activity) even with a small platinum content.
- the catalyst particles of the present invention are also excellent in durability (having high activity even after a durability test).
- the alloy particles are monodispersed on the carrier without agglomeration at a predetermined ratio or more. For this reason, the electrode catalyst using the catalyst particles of the present invention, the membrane electrode assembly having the electrode catalyst in the catalyst layer, and the fuel cell are excellent in power generation performance.
- X to Y indicating a range means “X or more and Y or less”, “weight” and “mass”, “weight%” and “mass%”, “part by weight” and “weight part”. “Part by mass” is treated as a synonym. Unless otherwise specified, the operation and physical properties are measured under conditions of room temperature (20 to 25 ° C.) / Relative humidity 40 to 50%.
- a fuel cell comprises a pair of separators comprising an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly (MEA), an anode separator having a fuel gas passage through which fuel gas flows, and a cathode separator having an oxidant gas passage through which oxidant gas flows And have.
- MEA electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly
- Anode separator having a fuel gas passage through which fuel gas flows
- a cathode separator having an oxidant gas passage through which oxidant gas flows And have.
- the fuel cell of the present invention is excellent in durability and can exhibit high power generation performance.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a basic configuration of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the PEFC 1 first includes a solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2 and a pair of catalyst layers (an anode catalyst layer 3a and a cathode catalyst layer 3c) that sandwich the membrane.
- the laminate of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2 and the catalyst layers (3a, 3c) is further sandwiched between a pair of gas diffusion layers (GDL) (anode gas diffusion layer 4a and cathode gas diffusion layer 4c).
- GDL gas diffusion layers
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2, the pair of catalyst layers (3a, 3c), and the pair of gas diffusion layers (4a, 4c) constitute an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) 10 in a stacked state. To do.
- the MEA 10 is further sandwiched between a pair of separators (anode separator 5a and cathode separator 5c).
- the separators (5 a, 5 c) are illustrated so as to be positioned at both ends of the illustrated MEA 10.
- the separator is generally used as a separator for an adjacent PEFC (not shown).
- the MEAs are sequentially stacked via the separator to form a stack.
- a gas seal portion is disposed between the separator (5a, 5c) and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2, or between the PEFC 1 and another adjacent PEFC.
- the separators (5a, 5c) are obtained, for example, by forming a concavo-convex shape as shown in FIG. 1 by subjecting a thin plate having a thickness of 0.5 mm or less to a press treatment.
- the convex part seen from the MEA side of the separator (5a, 5c) is in contact with the MEA 10. Thereby, the electrical connection with MEA10 is ensured.
- a recess (space between the separator and the MEA generated due to the concavo-convex shape of the separator) viewed from the MEA side of the separator (5a, 5c) is a gas for circulating gas during operation of the PEFC 1 Functions as a flow path.
- a fuel gas for example, hydrogen
- an oxidant gas for example, air
- the recess viewed from the side opposite to the MEA side of the separator (5a, 5c) serves as a refrigerant flow path 7 for circulating a refrigerant (for example, water) for cooling the PEFC during operation of the PEFC 1.
- a refrigerant for example, water
- the separator is usually provided with a manifold (not shown). This manifold functions as a connection means for connecting cells when a stack is formed. With such a configuration, the mechanical strength of the fuel cell stack can be ensured.
- the separators (5a, 5c) are formed in an uneven shape.
- the separator is not limited to such a concavo-convex shape, and may be any form such as a flat plate shape and a partially concavo-convex shape as long as the functions of the gas flow path and the refrigerant flow path can be exhibited. Also good.
- the fuel cell having the MEA of the present invention as described above exhibits excellent power generation performance.
- the type of the fuel cell is not particularly limited.
- the solid polymer fuel cell has been described as an example.
- an alkaline fuel cell and a direct methanol fuel cell are used.
- a micro fuel cell in addition to the above, an alkaline fuel cell and a direct methanol fuel cell are used. And a micro fuel cell.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is preferable because it is small and can achieve high density and high output.
- the fuel cell is useful as a stationary power source in addition to a power source for a moving body such as a vehicle in which a mounting space is limited.
- the fuel used when operating the fuel cell is not particularly limited.
- hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, secondary butanol, tertiary butanol, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and the like can be used.
- hydrogen and methanol are preferably used in that high output is possible.
- the application application of the fuel cell is not particularly limited, but it is preferably applied to a vehicle.
- the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly of the present invention is excellent in power generation performance and durability, and can be downsized. For this reason, the fuel cell of this invention is especially advantageous when this fuel cell is applied to a vehicle from the point of in-vehicle property.
- the catalyst particles of the present invention are alloy particles composed of platinum atoms and non-platinum metal atoms.
- an alloy is a general term for a metal element having one or more metal elements or non-metal elements added and having metallic properties.
- the catalyst particles of the present invention have an alloy structure in which a component element becomes a separate crystal, that is, a eutectic alloy that is a mixture, a component element completely melted into a solid solution, a component element is an intermetallic compound or Some form a compound of a metal and a nonmetal.
- the catalyst particles may be in any form, but include those in which at least a platinum atom and a non-platinum atom form an intermetallic compound.
- the alloy particles according to the present invention has an L1 2 structure as an internal structure.
- the expression "having an L1 2 structure” refers to the rules of the L1 2 structure exceeds 0%.
- the catalyst particles having the above configuration can exhibit high activity and durability even with a small platinum content.
- Alloy particles according to the present invention has an L1 2 structure as an internal structure, rules of the L1 2 structure is 30 to 100%.
- the catalyst particles having the above configuration can exhibit high activity and durability even with a small platinum content.
- regulations of the L1 2 structure is preferably 40 to 100%, more preferably 45 to 100%, even more preferably from 47 to 95%, a 50 to 90% It is particularly preferred.
- the particles have a structure in which atoms are regularly arranged in a certain ratio or more, the activity can be further improved, and the activity and durability (activity after the durability test) of the catalyst particles can be further improved.
- the catalyst particles are subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD) under the following conditions to obtain an XRD pattern.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the peak area (Ia) observed in the range of 2 ⁇ value of 39 to 41 ° and the peak area (Ib) observed in the range of 31 to 34 ° are measured.
- the peak observed when the 2 ⁇ value is in the range of 39 to 41 ° is a peak peculiar to the lattice plane of platinum.
- the peak observed in the range of 39 to 41 ° is a peak representing the entire alloy particle structure.
- peak 2 ⁇ value is observed in the range of 31 ⁇ 34 ° is a unique peak L1 2 structure of the alloy particles.
- X is a value specific to the non-platinum metal atom constituting the alloy particle. Specifically, X is a value shown in the following table.
- the non-platinum metal atom is not particularly limited, catalytic activity, from the viewpoint of forming easiness of L1 2 structure is preferably a transition metal atom.
- the transition metal atom refers to a Group 3 element to a Group 12 element, and the type of the transition metal atom is not particularly limited.
- Catalytic activity, from the viewpoint of forming easiness of L1 2 structure the transition metal atom, vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu) It is preferably selected from the group consisting of zinc (Zn) and zirconium (Zr). Among these, cobalt (Co) is preferable.
- the activity is increased by including a metal atom that forms an intermetallic compound with platinum (Pt) among the transition metals. Since the transition metal atom easily forms an intermetallic compound with platinum (Pt), the specific mass activity (activity per mass area) can be further improved while reducing the amount of platinum used. Moreover, the alloy of the said transition metal atom and platinum can achieve higher area specific activity (activity per unit area) and durability (activity after an endurance test).
- the transition metal atom may be alloyed with platinum alone, or two or more of them may be alloyed with platinum.
- the LP ratio calculated by the CO stripping method in the alloy particles according to the present invention is 10% or more, more specifically, preferably 12% or more, and more preferably 15% or more.
- a crystal area with high activity mass specific activity and area specific activity, particularly area specific activity
- a higher area specific activity in the initial stage is realized. can do.
- the LP ratio calculated by the CO stripping method in the present invention can be calculated as follows.
- ⁇ Measurement method of LP ratio calculated by CO stripping method> The electrode potential is maintained at 0.05 V (vs. RHE) for 30 minutes in a 0.1 M perchloric acid solution saturated with CO (25 ° C.) to adsorb CO onto the catalyst surface. Thereafter, CO in the solution is replaced with an inert gas such as nitrogen while maintaining the electrode potential at 0.05V. When the replacement is completed, the potential is swept from 0.05 V to 1.2 V at a scanning speed of 20 mV S ⁇ 1 . In the stripping wave accompanying CO oxidation observed at this time, the peak area obtained by peak-separating the peak appearing on the low potential side (specifically, 0.55 to 0.75 V) is calculated as the entire stripping wave. The value divided by the peak area is defined as the LP ratio. The calculation is performed in the same manner in the examples described later.
- the peak on the low potential side (0.55 to 0.75 V) in the CO stripping method of the present invention It is presumed to be derived from at least one of (110) plane, edge and step in the crystal plane of the particle.
- the technical scope of the present invention is not limited by such estimation.
- the electrode catalyst using the catalyst particles of the present invention has a structure in which the active surface is exposed at a specific ratio or more, so that it has a very high activity compared to a conventional platinum catalyst. It is.
- the ratio (d N / d A ) of the number average particle size (d N ) to the area average particle size (d A ) of the alloy particles is 0.4 to 1.0.
- the d N / d A ratio of the alloy particles is within the above range, the specific surface area of the catalyst particles is increased, and hence the mass specific activity is improved. Since the mass specific activity of the catalyst particles is further improved, the d N / d A ratio of the alloy particles is preferably 0.45 to 1.0, more preferably 0.5 to 1.0. preferable.
- the area average particle diameter (d A ) and the number average particle diameter (d N ) of the alloy particles are measured as follows. First, n alloy particles are observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the particle diameter (equivalent circular diameter) when the area is a perfect circle is calculated backward from the projected area of each particle. The particle diameter (d) is measured. Using the particle diameter (d) of the alloy particles thus obtained, the number average particle diameter (d N ) and area average particle diameter (d A ) of the alloy particles are expressed by the following formulas (A) and (B). ) Respectively.
- the number of measured alloy particles (n) is not particularly limited, but is preferably a statistically significant number, preferably at least 200, and more preferably at least 300. .
- n number of samples of alloy particles
- d N number average particle diameter
- d A area average particle diameter
- the number average particle diameter (d N ) of the alloy particles calculated above is divided by the area average particle diameter (d A ), and the number average particle diameter (d A ) relative to the area average particle diameter (d A ) of the alloy particles is calculated. N )) (d N / d A ratio) is obtained.
- the composition of the catalyst particles is not particularly limited. Catalytic activity, ease of control of the d N / d A ratio, from the viewpoint of forming easiness of L1 2 structure, the composition of the catalyst particles, with respect to non-platinum metal atom 1 mol, platinum atom, 1 It is preferably 5 to 15 moles, more preferably 1.6 to 10 moles, still more preferably 1.7 to 7 moles, and particularly preferably 2.2 to 6 moles. With such a composition, the catalyst particles, having sufficiently high degree of order, has an L1 2 structure as an internal structure, it can exhibit and maintain a high activity.
- the composition of the catalyst particles (content of each metal atom in the catalyst particles) is determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP atomic emission spectrometry), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP mass spectrometry), or fluorescent X-ray analysis (XRF). It can be determined by a conventionally known method.
- the size of the catalyst particles is not particularly limited.
- the number average particle diameter (d N ) of the catalyst particles is preferably 20 nm or less, 15 nm or less, 10 nm or less, 9 nm or less, 8 nm or less, 7.5 nm or less, or 7 nm or less in this order.
- the lower limit of the number average particle diameter (d N ) of the catalyst particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 nm or more, more preferably 2 nm or more, and particularly preferably 3 nm or more.
- the area average particle diameter (d A ) of the catalyst particles is not particularly limited as long as the d N / d A ratio is within a predetermined range, but is preferably in the order of 20 nm or less and 15 nm or less.
- the lower limit of the area average particle diameter (d A ) of the catalyst particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 nm or more, more preferably 2 nm or more, even more preferably more than 3 nm, particularly preferably 5 nm or more. is there.
- the particle diameter (number average particle diameter and area average particle diameter) of the catalyst particles is within such a range, the activity per unit catalyst metal amount (mass specific activity and area specific activity, particularly mass specific activity) It is possible to suppress dissolution and aggregation of the catalytic metal during power generation while increasing the power.
- the alloy (catalyst) particles are preferably composed of a core part made of platinum atoms and non-platinum metal atoms and a skin layer made of platinum atoms covering the core part.
- the above structure has a structure in which the surface of the catalyst particles during production (before operation) is substantially covered with a skin layer of platinum atoms, and the skin of platinum atoms over the surface of the catalyst particles over time during use. Includes both structures formed by layers. Depending on the degree of order of the alloy particles or the like, it is determined which one of the forms. In the former form, the alloy particles are covered with a skin layer substantially made of platinum atoms on the surface of the catalyst particles at the time of production (before operation).
- the alloy particles have a portion where a skin layer made of platinum atoms is not formed on the surface.
- the alloy particles have an L1 2 structure in which non-platinum metal atoms are not coordinated as an internal structure, and the degree of order of the L1 2 structure is 30 to 100%.
- non-platinum metal atoms in the vicinity of the surface are eluted under acidic conditions during use (operation) even if the skin layer is not present on the surface of the catalyst particles during production (before operation).
- platinum atoms coordinated to non-platinum metal atoms stop chain elution of non-metal metal atoms, a skin layer of platinum metal atoms is formed on the surface of the alloy particles.
- the alloy (catalyst) particles according to the present invention have high elution resistance and can be used under acidic conditions such as a strongly acidic electrolyte (for example, an electrolyte such as perfluorosulfonic acid generally used in PEFC). Even in the state of contact, chain elution of non-platinum metal can be suppressed / prevented. That is, according to this configuration, in the alloy (catalyst) particles, the skin layer made of platinum atoms having high dissolution resistance covers the core portion containing non-platinum metal atoms that are poor in dissolution resistance.
- a strongly acidic electrolyte for example, an electrolyte such as perfluorosulfonic acid generally used in PEFC.
- the catalyst particles of the present invention can exhibit the effect of non-platinum metal over a long period of time.
- the skin layer only needs to cover at least a part of the alloy (catalyst) particles, but it is preferable to cover the entire surface of the catalyst particles in consideration of an improvement in the effect of suppressing and preventing non-platinum metal elution.
- the platinum atomic layer constituting the skin layer may be a single layer or a laminate of a plurality of layers.
- the skin layer is preferably composed of more than 0 and 6 platinum atomic layers, more preferably 1 to 5 platinum atomic layers, and more preferably 1 to 3 platinum atomic layers. With such a number, elution of non-platinum metal under a potential cycle environment or acidic conditions can be sufficiently suppressed / prevented.
- the non-platinum metal is located in the vicinity of the surface of the catalyst particles, the catalyst particles can sufficiently exhibit the effect of the non-platinum metal, and thus can exhibit high activity.
- the skin layer may be formed after manufacture of a catalyst particle, and may be formed with time. For example, since the catalyst particles are placed in an acidic environment under the operating conditions of the fuel cell, a skin layer may be formed over time.
- the number of platinum atomic layers constituting the skin layer of the catalyst particles (alloy particles) can be measured by a known method.
- energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy EDX
- the number of platinum atomic layers constituting the skin layer of catalyst particles (alloy particles) is measured by STEM-EDX analysis. Specifically, using a STEM-EDX analyzer (trade name: HD-2700, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation), platinum metal elements and non-platinum constituting the catalyst particles from the surface of the catalyst particles toward the center.
- the thickness when the characteristic X-ray peculiar to the non-platinum metal element is detected for the first time becomes the skin layer thickness (nm).
- the skin layer thickness is divided by the atomic diameter of platinum (0.27 nm), and the obtained value is the number of platinum atomic layers constituting the skin layer of the catalyst particles (alloy particles).
- platinum-cobalt alloy particles are analyzed by STEM-EDX
- the number of platinum atomic layers is measured for five or more catalyst particles by the above method, and the average is defined as “the number of platinum atomic layers constituting the skin layer of the catalyst particles (alloy particles)”.
- the catalyst particles described above are preferably supported on a conductive carrier to form an electrode catalyst. That is, the present invention also provides an electrode catalyst having the catalyst particles of the present invention and a conductive carrier for supporting the catalyst particles.
- the electrode catalyst of the present invention can exhibit and maintain high activity even with a small platinum content.
- the conductive carrier functions as a carrier for supporting the above-described catalyst particles and an electron conduction path involved in the transfer of electrons between the catalyst particles and other members. Any conductive carrier may be used as long as it has a specific surface area for supporting the catalyst particles in a desired dispersed state and has sufficient electronic conductivity as a current collector.
- the main component is carbon. Is preferred. “The main component is carbon” means that the main component contains carbon atoms, and is a concept that includes both carbon atoms and substantially carbon atoms. In some cases, elements other than carbon atoms may be included in order to improve the characteristics of the fuel cell. Incidentally, being substantially composed of carbon atoms means that contamination of impurities of about 2 to 3% by weight or less is allowed.
- the conductive carrier include carbon blacks such as acetylene black, channel black, oil furnace black, gas furnace black (for example, Vulcan), lamp black, thermal black, and ketjen black (registered trademark); black pearl Graphitized acetylene black; graphitized channel black; graphitized oil furnace black; graphitized gas furnace black; graphitized lamp black; graphitized thermal black; graphitized Ketjen black; graphitized black pearl; carbon nanotube; Carbon nanohorn, carbon fibril, activated carbon, coke, natural graphite, artificial graphite, and the like.
- examples of the conductive carrier include zeolite template carbon (ZTC) having a structure in which nano-sized band-shaped graphene is regularly connected in a three-dimensional manner.
- the BET specific surface area of the conductive support may be a specific surface area sufficient to support the catalyst particles in a highly dispersed state, but is preferably 10 to 5000 m 2 / g, more preferably 50 to 2000 m 2 / g. Good. With such a specific surface area, sufficient catalyst particles are supported (highly dispersed) on the conductive support, and sufficient power generation performance can be achieved.
- the “BET specific surface area (m 2 / g carrier)” of the carrier is measured by a nitrogen adsorption method.
- the size of the conductive carrier is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of easy loading, catalyst utilization, and control of the thickness of the electrode catalyst layer within an appropriate range, the average particle size is 5 to 200 nm, The thickness is preferably about 10 to 100 nm.
- the “average particle size of the carrier” is the average of the crystallite size obtained from the half-value width of the diffraction peak of the carrier particle in X-ray diffraction (XRD), or the average particle size of the carrier examined by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It can be measured as a value.
- the “average particle size of the carrier” means the average particle size of the carrier particles examined from a transmission electron microscope image of a statistically significant number (for example, at least 200, preferably at least 300) of samples. Value.
- the “particle diameter” means the maximum distance among the distances between any two points on the particle outline.
- the support concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 to 70% by weight with respect to the total amount of the support. It is preferable to set the support concentration in such a range because aggregation of the catalyst particles is suppressed and an increase in the thickness of the electrode catalyst layer can be suppressed. More preferably, it is 5 to 60% by weight, still more preferably more than 5% by weight and 50% by weight or less. Further, from the viewpoint of mass specific activity, it is preferably 10 to 45% by weight.
- the loading amount of the catalyst component can be examined by a conventionally known method such as inductively coupled plasma emission analysis (ICP atomic emission spectrometry), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP mass spectrometry), or fluorescent X-ray analysis (XRF). it can.
- ICP atomic emission spectrometry inductively coupled plasma emission analysis
- ICP mass spectrometry inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
- XRF fluorescent X-ray analysis
- Method for producing the catalyst particles are alloy particles of platinum atom and a non-platinum metal atoms, (i) the alloy particles have an L1 2 structure as an internal structure, rules of the L1 2 structure, 30 - 100%, (ii) the alloy particles have an LP ratio calculated by the CO stripping method of 10% or more, and (iii) the d N / d A ratio of the alloy particles is 0.4-1
- the method is not particularly limited as long as it is a method that can produce catalyst particles of 0.0.
- the method for producing catalyst particles comprises: (1) preparing a mixed solution containing a platinum precursor and a non-platinum metal precursor; and (2) adding a reducing agent to the mixed solution, A step of simultaneously reducing a platinum precursor and a non-platinum metal precursor to obtain a catalyst precursor particle-containing liquid; (3) a lactone group, a hydroxyl group, an ether group, and a carbonyl group on the surface of the catalyst precursor particle-containing liquid; A step of adding a carbon support having a total amount of at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of 0.5 ⁇ mol / m 2 or more to obtain a catalyst precursor particle support; and (4) the catalyst precursor particle support. Heat-treating the carrier.
- the above method is a method for producing an electrode catalyst (particularly a fuel cell electrode catalyst) in which the catalyst particles of the present invention are supported on a conductive carrier.
- An electrode catalyst can be produced.
- the platinum precursor that can be used in this step (1) is not particularly limited, but platinum salts and platinum complexes can be used. More specifically, chloroplatinic acid (typically its hexahydrate; H 2 [PtCl 6 ] ⁇ 6H 2 O), nitrates such as dinitrodiammine platinum, sulfates, ammonium salts, amines, tetraammine platinum and Use ammine salts such as hexaammineplatinum, carbonates, bicarbonates, halides such as platinum chloride, inorganic salts such as nitrite and oxalic acid, carboxylates such as formate, hydroxides, alkoxides, etc. Can do.
- the said platinum precursor may be used individually by 1 type, or may be used as a 2 or more types of mixture.
- the non-platinum metal precursor that can be used in this step (1) is not particularly limited, and non-platinum metal salts and non-platinum metal complexes can be used. More specifically, non-platinum metals such as nitrates, sulfates, ammonium salts, amines, carbonates, bicarbonates, halides such as bromides and chlorides, inorganic salts such as nitrites and oxalic acid, formates, etc. And carboxylates, hydroxides, alkoxides, oxides, and the like. That is, a compound in which the non-platinum metal can be converted into a metal ion in a solvent such as pure water is preferable.
- non-platinum metal salts are more preferred as the non-platinum metal salts.
- the said non-platinum metal precursor may be used individually by 1 type, or may be used as a 2 or more types of mixture.
- the non-platinum metal precursor may be in the form of a hydrate.
- the solvent used for the preparation of the mixed solution containing the platinum precursor and the non-platinum metal precursor is not particularly limited, and is appropriately selected depending on the kind of the platinum precursor and the non-platinum metal precursor to be used.
- the form of the mixed solution is not particularly limited, and includes a solution, a dispersion, and a suspension. In view of uniform mixing, the mixed solution is preferably in the form of a solution. Specific examples include water, organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol and 2-propanol, acids and alkalis. Among these, water is preferable from the viewpoint of sufficiently dissolving the platinum / non-platinum metal ion compound, and it is particularly preferable to use pure water or ultrapure water.
- the said solvent may be used independently or may be used with the form of a 2 or more types of mixture.
- the concentration of the platinum precursor and the non-platinum metal precursor in the mixed solution is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 to 50 (mg / 100 mL), more preferably 0.5 to 45 (mg) in terms of metal. / 100 mL).
- concentration in the liquid mixture of a platinum precursor and a non-platinum metal precursor may be the same, or may differ.
- the mixing ratio of the platinum precursor and the non-platinum metal precursor is not particularly limited, but is preferably a mixing ratio that can achieve the alloy composition as described above.
- the non-platinum metal precursor is used in a proportion of 0.4 to 20 mol, more preferably 0.4 to 18 mol, and particularly preferably 0.5 to 15 mol with respect to 1 mol of the platinum precursor ( It is preferable to mix by metal conversion.
- the ratio of platinum atoms to non-platinum metal atoms in the catalyst particles is appropriately controlled (or platinum atoms are controlled to 1.5 to 15 mol per 1 mol of non-platinum metal atoms). ), it can be satisfactorily formed an L1 2 structure.
- the supported concentration of the catalyst particles supported on the finally prepared carrier is adjusted by the amount of platinum precursor and non-platinum metal precursor. However, even if the same preparation is performed before the heat treatment, the loading concentration may be slightly different if the heat treatment conditions are different.
- the preparation method of the mixed solution containing the platinum precursor and the non-platinum metal precursor is not particularly limited.
- a platinum precursor and a non-platinum metal precursor are added to the solvent; after the platinum precursor is dissolved in the solvent, a non-platinum metal precursor is added thereto; after the non-platinum metal precursor is dissolved in the solvent, Any method of adding a platinum precursor thereto; dissolving the platinum precursor and the non-platinum metal precursor separately in a solvent and then mixing them may be used.
- the stirring conditions are not particularly limited as long as they can be mixed uniformly.
- the mixture can be uniformly dispersed and mixed by using an appropriate stirrer such as a stirrer or a homogenizer, or by applying ultrasonic waves such as an ultrasonic dispersing device.
- the stirring temperature is preferably 0 to 50 ° C., more preferably 5 to 40 ° C.
- the stirring time may be appropriately set so that the dispersion is sufficiently performed, and is usually 1 to 60 minutes, preferably 5 to 40 minutes.
- a reducing agent is added to the mixed solution prepared in the above step (1) to obtain a catalyst precursor particle (platinum-non-platinum metal mixed particle) -containing solution.
- platinum ions derived from the platinum precursor and non-platinum metal ions derived from the non-platinum precursor can be reduced simultaneously, and catalyst precursor particles (intermetallic compound of platinum and non-platinum metal) can be obtained.
- the target product can be obtained in a state where platinum and non-platinum metal are uniformly mixed.
- an ordered structure in which the composition ratio of platinum and non-platinum metal is close to 3: 1 can be formed.
- platinum particles are first supported on a conductive carrier (for example, carbon), and once immersed in a solution containing a complex of a non-platinum metal, followed by heat treatment, platinum and the non-platinum metal are interdiffused. If alloyed (ie, sequentially reduced), the LP ratio cannot be increased to 10% or more.
- a conductive carrier for example, carbon
- catalyst particles having an “LP ratio” of 10% or more and exposing many highly active crystal planes can be obtained.
- the catalyst precursor particles do not necessarily have a degree of order of 30 to 100%.
- the catalyst precursor particles do not necessarily have a d N / d A ratio of 0.4 to 1.0.
- Examples of the reducing agent that can be used in the step (2) include ethanol, methanol, propanol, formic acid, formate such as sodium formate and potassium formate, formaldehyde, sodium thiosulfate, citric acid, sodium citrate, and tricitrate. Citrate salts such as sodium, sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) and hydrazine (N 2 H 4 ) can be used. Of the above reducing agents, trisodium citrate dihydrate can also act as an aggregation inhibitor. These may be in the form of hydrates. Two or more types may be mixed and used.
- the reducing agent may be added to the mixed solution prepared in the above step (1) in the form of a reducing agent solution dissolved in a solvent.
- a solution form is preferable because it can be easily and uniformly mixed.
- the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the reducing agent, and is appropriately selected depending on the type of the reducing agent.
- the same solvent as the solvent used for the preparation of the mixed solution can be used.
- the solvent used for the reducing agent solution need not be the same as the solvent used for preparing the mixed solution, but is preferably the same in consideration of uniform mixing properties.
- the amount of the reducing agent added is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount sufficient to reduce metal ions.
- the addition amount of the reducing agent is preferably 1 to 10 mol, more preferably 1. mol per 1 mol of metal ions (total mol of platinum ions and non-platinum metal ions (in metal conversion)). 5-7 moles. With such an amount, metal ions (platinum ions and non-platinum ions) can be sufficiently reduced simultaneously.
- these total addition amount is the said range.
- step (2) it is preferable to stir after adding the reducing agent-containing liquid.
- the stirring conditions are not particularly limited as long as they can be mixed uniformly.
- the mixture can be uniformly dispersed and mixed by using an appropriate stirrer such as a stirrer or a homogenizer, or by applying ultrasonic waves such as an ultrasonic dispersing device.
- the stirring temperature is preferably 0 to 50 ° C., more preferably 5 to 40 ° C.
- the stirring time is not particularly limited as long as it is a time during which the platinum precursor, the non-platinum metal precursor and the reducing agent can be mixed uniformly.
- the catalyst precursor particles of the present invention are obtained by the above reduction reaction.
- the catalyst precursor particles may be isolated from the catalyst precursor particle-containing liquid.
- the isolation method is not particularly limited, and the catalyst precursor particles may be filtered and dried. If necessary, the catalyst precursor particles may be filtered and then washed (for example, washed with water). Further, the filtration and the washing step may be repeated if necessary. Further, the catalyst precursor particles may be dried after filtration or washing. Here, drying of the catalyst precursor particles may be performed in air or may be performed under reduced pressure.
- the drying temperature is not particularly limited, but can be performed, for example, in the range of about 10 to 100 ° C., preferably about room temperature (25 ° C.) to about 80 ° C.
- the drying time is not particularly limited. For example, the drying time can be 1 to 60 hours, preferably 5 to 50 hours.
- the catalyst precursor particle-containing liquid obtained in step (2) above has a total amount of at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a lactone group, a hydroxyl group, an ether group, and a carbonyl group on the surface.
- a carbon support having 0.5 ⁇ mol / m 2 or more (hereinafter also simply referred to as “conductive support”) is added to obtain a catalyst precursor particle-supported support.
- the conductive precursor is put into a catalyst precursor particle-containing liquid that is a dispersion of catalyst precursor particles, and the catalyst precursor particles are adsorbed on the conductive support by stirring. Thereafter, the conductive carrier on which the catalyst precursor particles are adsorbed is filtered and washed to obtain a catalyst particle-supported carrier on which the catalyst precursor particles are supported.
- the conductive support added to the catalyst precursor particle-containing liquid has a total amount of at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a lactone group, a hydroxyl group, an ether group, and a carbonyl group on the surface.
- a carbon carrier having 0.5 ⁇ mol / m 2 or more.
- the carbon support has a total amount of 0.8 to 5 ⁇ mol / m 2 of at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a lactone group, a hydroxyl group, an ether group, and a carbonyl group on the surface.
- the degree of order of the obtained catalyst particles can be more easily controlled, and the activity (mass specific activity and area specific activity, particularly mass specific activity) can be further improved. This is considered to be because the aggregation of the alloy particles can be suppressed even by the heat treatment for obtaining the catalyst particles, and the decrease in the specific surface area of the entire supported catalyst particles can be suppressed.
- the carbon support has at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a lactone group, a hydroxyl group, an ether group, and a carbonyl group on the surface. It is preferable.
- the value measured by the temperature programmed desorption method is adopted as the method for measuring the functional group amount.
- the temperature programmed desorption method is a technique in which a sample is heated at a constant speed under an ultra-high vacuum and gas components (molecules / atoms) released from the sample are detected in real time by a quadrupole mass spectrometer.
- the temperature at which a gas component is released depends on the adsorption / chemical binding state of that component on the sample surface, ie, components that require large energy for desorption / dissociation are detected at relatively high temperatures.
- the surface functional groups formed on the carbon are discharged as CO or CO 2 at different temperatures depending on the type.
- the temperature-programmed desorption curve obtained for CO or CO 2 is peak-separated, the integrated intensity T of each peak is measured, and the amount ( ⁇ mol) of each functional group component can be calculated from the integrated intensity T. From this amount ( ⁇ mol), the functional group amount is calculated by the following formula.
- Desorption gas and temperature due to temperature rise of each functional group are as follows; lactone group CO 2 (700 ° C.), hydroxyl group CO (650 ° C.), ether group CO (700 ° C.), carbonyl group CO (800 ° C.) .
- the BET specific surface area of the conductive support added to the catalyst precursor particle-containing liquid is preferably 10 to 5000 m 2 / g, more preferably 50 to 50, because an appropriate specific surface area can be secured even after heat treatment. 2000 m 2 / g.
- the size of the conductive carrier added to the catalyst precursor particle-containing liquid can ensure an appropriate size even after the heat treatment, so that the average particle size is 5 to 200 nm, preferably 10 to 100 nm. It is good to be about.
- the method for producing a carbon carrier having a specific functional group is not particularly limited.
- the carbon materials listed above as a conductive carrier are brought into contact with an acidic solution (hereinafter, this treatment is also referred to as acid treatment).
- the acid used in the acidic solution is not particularly limited, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid and the like can be mentioned. Among these, from the viewpoint of surface functional group formation, it is preferable to use at least one of sulfuric acid and nitric acid.
- the carbon material to be contacted with the acidic solution is not particularly limited, but is preferably carbon black because it has a large specific surface area and is stable even by acid treatment.
- the acid treatment may be repeated not only when the carrier is brought into contact with the acidic solution once but also multiple times. Moreover, when performing acid treatment in multiple times, you may change the kind of acidic solution for every process.
- the concentration of the acidic solution is appropriately set in consideration of the carbon material, the type of acid, etc., but is preferably 0.1 to 10 mol / L.
- the method of bringing the carbon material into contact with the acidic solution is not particularly limited, but the step of preparing the carbon material dispersion by mixing the carbon material with the acidic solution (step X), and the carbon material dispersion It is preferable to include a step (step Y) of applying a functional group to the surface of the carbon material by heating.
- step X it is preferable to mix a carbon material into the acidic solution. Moreover, it is preferable to stir the carbon material dispersion in order to mix it sufficiently uniformly.
- the stirring conditions are not particularly limited as long as they can be mixed uniformly.
- the mixture can be uniformly dispersed and mixed by using an appropriate stirrer such as a stirrer or a homogenizer, or by applying ultrasonic waves such as an ultrasonic dispersing device.
- the stirring temperature is preferably 5 to 40 ° C.
- the stirring time may be appropriately set so that the dispersion is sufficiently performed, and is usually 1 to 60 minutes, preferably 3 to 30 minutes.
- Step Y the carbon material dispersion prepared in Step X is heated to give a functional group to the surface of the carbon material.
- the heating condition is not particularly limited as long as the functional group can be imparted to the surface of the carbon material.
- the heating temperature is preferably 60 to 90 ° C.
- the heating time is preferably 1 to 4 hours. Under such conditions, sufficient functional groups can be imparted to the surface of the carbon material.
- an acid-treated carbon carrier (a carbon carrier having a specific functional group) can be obtained.
- the acid-treated carbon carrier (carbon carrier having a specific functional group) may be added to a suitable solvent (for example, ultrapure water) to form a suspension.
- a suitable solvent for example, ultrapure water
- the suspension is preferably stirred until it is mixed with the catalyst precursor particle-containing liquid.
- the mixing ratio of the catalyst precursor particles and the conductive carrier is not particularly limited, but is preferably an amount that provides the above-described catalyst particle loading concentration (loading amount).
- the stirring conditions are not particularly limited as long as they can be mixed uniformly.
- the mixture can be uniformly dispersed and mixed by using an appropriate stirrer such as a stirrer or a homogenizer, or by applying ultrasonic waves such as an ultrasonic dispersing device.
- the stirring temperature is preferably 0 to 50 ° C., more preferably 5 to 40 ° C.
- the stirring time is preferably 1 to 90 hours, more preferably 5 to 80 hours.
- the catalyst precursor particles can be highly dispersed and supported by the conductive carrier.
- the unreduced platinum precursor or non-platinum metal precursor can be further reduced with a reducing agent, the catalyst precursor particles can be efficiently dispersed and supported by the conductive carrier.
- the conductive carrier may be added to the catalyst precursor particle-containing liquid only by adding the conductive carrier or in the form of a suspension as described above.
- a conductive carrier (catalyst precursor particle-supporting carrier or supporting carrier) carrying catalyst precursor particles is obtained.
- this carrier may be isolated.
- the isolation method is not particularly limited, and the supported carrier may be filtered and dried. If necessary, the supported carrier may be filtered and then washed (for example, washed with water). Further, the filtration and the washing step may be repeated if necessary. Further, after the filtration or washing, the supported carrier may be dried. Here, the support carrier may be dried in air or under reduced pressure.
- the drying temperature is not particularly limited, but can be performed, for example, in the range of 10 to 100 ° C., more preferably in the range of room temperature (25 ° C.) to 80 ° C.
- the drying time is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1 to 60 hours, preferably 5 to 48 hours.
- the catalyst precursor particles are supported on the conductive support by the impregnation method, but the present invention is not limited to the above method.
- known methods such as a liquid phase reduction support method, an evaporation to dryness method, a colloid adsorption method, a spray pyrolysis method, and a reverse micelle (microemulsion method) can be used.
- any method is used for simultaneous reduction.
- the catalyst precursor particle-supported carrier obtained in the above step (3) is heat-treated.
- the degree of order of the L1 2 structure of the catalyst precursor particles can be increased to 30 to 100%, and the d N / d A ratio of the catalyst precursor particles can be adjusted to 0.4 to 1.0,
- a catalyst (electrode catalyst) obtained by supporting the catalyst particles of the present invention on a conductive carrier can be obtained.
- the heat treatment is performed after the catalyst particles are supported on the conductive support. By this method, control of d N / d A ratio, regularity and loading can be performed simultaneously.
- the heat treatment conditions are not particularly limited as long as the degree of order can be increased to 30 to 100% and the d N / d A ratio can be adjusted to 0.4 to 1.0, but the temperature and time of the heat treatment can be controlled. is important.
- the heat treatment temperature is 350 to 450 ° C.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed for a time exceeding 120 minutes, more preferably 240 minutes or more.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment time at the above heat treatment temperature is not particularly limited as long as it is a temperature at which the catalyst particles can be supported on the conductive support, and is appropriately selected depending on the particle size and type of the catalyst particles.
- the heat treatment time is usually 36 hours or less, preferably 24 hours or less, more preferably 10 hours or less, and even more preferably 5 hours or less.
- the heat treatment atmosphere in the case where the heat treatment temperature is 350 to 450 ° C. is not particularly limited, but the heat treatment is performed to suppress and prevent oxidation of the alloy (platinum and non-platinum metal) and / or reduction to platinum or non-platinum metal. It is preferable to carry out in a non-oxidizing atmosphere in order to further advance the process.
- the non-oxidizing atmosphere include an inert gas atmosphere and a reducing gas atmosphere.
- the inert gas is not particularly limited, but helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), nitrogen (N 2 ), and the like can be used.
- the said inert gas may be used independently or may be used with the form of 2 or more types of mixed gas.
- the reducing gas atmosphere is not particularly limited as long as the reducing gas is contained, but a mixed gas atmosphere of the reducing gas and the inert gas is more preferable.
- the reducing gas is not particularly limited, but hydrogen (H 2 ) gas and carbon monoxide (CO) gas are preferable.
- the concentration of the reducing gas contained in the inert gas is not particularly limited, but the content of the reducing gas in the inert gas is preferably 10 to 100% by volume, more preferably 50 to 100% by volume. It is. With such a concentration, the oxidation of the alloy (platinum and non-platinum metal) can be sufficiently suppressed / prevented.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in a reducing gas atmosphere.
- the catalyst particles can effectively achieve the desired d N / d A ratio without agglomerating on the support.
- the degree of order of the obtained catalyst particles (alloy particles) can be effectively controlled by 30 to 100% while suppressing an increase in the catalyst particle diameter.
- the heat treatment temperature is higher than 450 ° C. and lower than 750 ° C., it is preferable to perform the heat treatment for 10 minutes or more, more preferably for 20 minutes or more.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment time at the heat treatment temperature is not particularly limited as long as it is a temperature at which the catalyst particles can be supported on the conductive support, and is appropriately selected depending on the particle size and type of the catalyst particles.
- the heat treatment time is usually 36 hours or less, preferably 24 hours or less, more preferably 10 hours or less, and even more preferably 5 hours or less.
- the heat treatment atmosphere when the heat treatment temperature is higher than 450 ° C. and lower than 750 ° C. is not particularly limited, but the heat treatment is performed to suppress and prevent oxidation of the alloy (platinum and non-platinum metal) and / or platinum or non-platinum metal. In order to make the reduction to more proceed, it is preferably performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- the non-oxidizing atmosphere has the same definition as that in the case where the heat treatment temperature is 350 to 450 ° C. or lower, description thereof is omitted here.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere or a reducing gas atmosphere.
- the catalyst particles can effectively achieve the desired d N / d A ratio without agglomerating on the support. Further, under the above conditions, the degree of order of the obtained catalyst particles (alloy particles) can be effectively controlled by 30 to 100% while suppressing an increase in the catalyst particle diameter.
- the heat treatment temperature exceeds 750 ° C.
- the heat treatment is performed in an inert gas atmosphere for 10 to 120 minutes, more preferably 30 to 100 minutes, particularly preferably more than 45 minutes and 90 minutes or less. It is preferable.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature is not particularly limited as long as it is a temperature at which the catalyst particles can be supported on the conductive support, and is appropriately selected depending on the particle size and type of the catalyst particles. Further, although the degree of order increases in proportion to the temperature and time during the heat treatment, the particle diameter tends to increase due to sintering. Considering the above points, for example, the heat treatment temperature may be 1000 ° C. or less. Under such conditions, it is possible to control the desired d N / d A ratio by suppressing the increase of the catalyst particle diameter and further suppressing the aggregation of the obtained catalyst particles (alloy particles) on the carrier.
- inert gas atmosphere and “reducing gas atmosphere” have the same definitions as those in the case where the heat treatment temperature is 350 to 450 ° C. or lower, and thus the description thereof is omitted here.
- the catalyst particles can effectively achieve the desired d N / d A ratio without agglomerating on the support.
- the degree of order of the obtained catalyst particles (alloy particles) can be effectively controlled by 30 to 100% while suppressing an increase in the catalyst particle diameter.
- the heat treatment of the catalyst precursor particle-supported carrier takes (a) a time exceeding 120 minutes at a temperature of 350 to 450 ° C. in a reducing gas atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere. (B) performed in a reducing gas atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere at a temperature of 450 ° C. or higher and 750 ° C. or lower for 10 minutes or more; (c) a temperature of 750 ° C. or higher in an inert gas atmosphere. For 10 to 120 minutes; or (d) for 10 to 45 minutes at a temperature above 750 ° C. in a reducing gas atmosphere.
- the LP ratio can be increased before heat treatment (that is, at the time of simultaneous reduction), from the viewpoint of maintaining the state, it is shorter when considering factors other than the heat treatment time. It is estimated that the LP ratio can be increased. Also, assuming that the conditions before the heat treatment are the same and other conditions are fixed, it is assumed that the LP ratio can be further increased by firing in a hydrogen atmosphere.
- the present invention d N / d A ratio of platinum atoms and a non-platinum metal atoms is 0.4-1.0 Catalyst particles (alloy particles) or an electrode catalyst in which such catalyst particles (alloy particles) are supported on a conductive carrier can be produced.
- the electrode catalyst thus obtained can exhibit high activity (area specific activity, mass specific activity) even with a small platinum content. Moreover, the said electrode catalyst is excellent also in durability (it has high activity after an endurance test).
- Electrode membrane-electrode assembly (MEA)
- the electrode catalyst described above can be suitably used for an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). That is, the present invention also provides an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) containing the electrode catalyst of the present invention, particularly an electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) for fuel cells.
- the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) of the present invention can exhibit high power generation performance and durability.
- MEA electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly
- the MEA is composed of an electrolyte membrane, an anode catalyst layer and an anode gas diffusion layer, a cathode catalyst layer and a cathode gas diffusion layer which are sequentially formed on both surfaces of the electrolyte membrane.
- the electrode catalyst of the present invention is used for at least one of the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer.
- the electrolyte membrane is composed of, for example, a solid polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane has a function of selectively allowing protons generated in the anode catalyst layer during operation of a fuel cell (such as PEFC) to permeate the cathode catalyst layer along the film thickness direction.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane also has a function as a partition for preventing the fuel gas supplied to the anode side and the oxidant gas supplied to the cathode side from being mixed.
- the electrolyte material constituting the solid polymer electrolyte membrane is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge can be appropriately referred to.
- the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte and the hydrocarbon-based polymer electrolyte described as the polymer electrolyte in the following catalyst layer can be used in the same manner. At this time, it is not always necessary to use the same polymer electrolyte used for the catalyst layer.
- the thickness of the electrolyte membrane may be appropriately determined in consideration of the characteristics of the obtained fuel cell, and is not particularly limited.
- the thickness of the electrolyte membrane is usually about 5 to 300 ⁇ m. When the thickness of the electrolyte membrane is within such a range, the balance of strength during film formation, durability during use, and output characteristics during use can be appropriately controlled.
- the catalyst layer is a layer where the battery reaction actually proceeds. Specifically, the oxidation reaction of hydrogen proceeds in the anode catalyst layer, and the reduction reaction of oxygen proceeds in the cathode catalyst layer.
- the catalyst of the present invention may be present in either the cathode catalyst layer or the anode catalyst layer. Considering the necessity of improving the oxygen reduction activity, it is preferable that the electrode catalyst of the present invention is used at least for the cathode catalyst layer.
- the catalyst layer according to the above embodiment may be used as an anode catalyst layer, or may be used as both a cathode catalyst layer and an anode catalyst layer, and is not particularly limited.
- the catalyst layer contains the electrode catalyst of the present invention and an electrolyte.
- the electrolyte is not particularly limited, but is preferably an ion conductive polymer electrolyte. Since the polymer electrolyte plays a role of transmitting protons generated around the catalyst active material on the fuel electrode side, it is also called a proton conductive polymer.
- the polymer electrolyte is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge can be appropriately referred to.
- Polymer electrolytes are roughly classified into fluorine-based polymer electrolytes and hydrocarbon-based polymer electrolytes depending on the type of ion exchange resin that is a constituent material.
- ion exchange resins constituting the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte include Nafion (registered trademark, manufactured by DuPont), Aciplex (registered trademark, manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.), Flemion (registered trademark, manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- Perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymer perfluorocarbon phosphonic acid polymer, trifluorostyrene sulfonic acid polymer, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene-g-styrene sulfonic acid polymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride-per Examples thereof include fluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymers. From the viewpoint of excellent heat resistance, chemical stability, durability, and mechanical strength, these fluorine-based polymer electrolytes are preferably used, and particularly preferably fluorine-based polymer electrolytes composed of perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymers. Is used.
- hydrocarbon electrolyte examples include sulfonated polyethersulfone (S-PES), sulfonated polyaryletherketone, sulfonated polybenzimidazole alkyl, phosphonated polybenzimidazole alkyl, sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated poly Examples include ether ether ketone (S-PEEK) and sulfonated polyphenylene (S-PPP).
- S-PES sulfonated polyethersulfone
- S-PEEK ether ketone
- S-PPP sulfonated polyphenylene
- the catalyst layer of this embodiment contains a polymer electrolyte having a small EW.
- the catalyst layer of this embodiment preferably has an EW of 1500 g / eq.
- the following polymer electrolyte is contained, More preferably, it is 1200 g / eq.
- the following polymer electrolyte is included, and particularly preferably 1000 g / eq.
- the following polymer electrolytes are included.
- the EW of the polymer electrolyte is preferably 600 or more.
- EW Equivalent Weight
- the equivalent weight is the dry weight of the ion exchange membrane per equivalent of ion exchange group, and is expressed in units of “g / eq”.
- the catalyst layer includes two or more types of polymer electrolytes having different EWs in the power generation surface.
- the polymer electrolyte having the lowest EW among the polymer electrolytes has a relative humidity of 90% or less of the gas in the flow path. It is preferable to use in the region. By adopting such a material arrangement, the resistance value becomes small regardless of the current density region, and the battery performance can be improved.
- the EW of the polymer electrolyte used in the region where the relative humidity of the gas in the flow channel is 90% or less, that is, the polymer electrolyte having the lowest EW is 900 g / eq. The following is desirable. Thereby, the above-mentioned effect becomes more reliable and remarkable.
- the polymer electrolyte having the lowest EW is within 3/5 from the gas supply port of at least one of the fuel gas and the oxidant gas with respect to the channel length. It is desirable to use it in the range area.
- a water repellent such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, a dispersing agent such as a surfactant, glycerin, ethylene glycol (EG), as necessary.
- a thickener such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and propylene glycol (PG), and an additive such as a pore-forming agent may be contained.
- the film thickness (dry film thickness) of the catalyst layer is preferably 0.05 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 20 ⁇ m, still more preferably 2 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the above applies to both the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer.
- the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer may be the same or different.
- the gas diffusion layers are catalyst layers (3a, 3c) of gas (fuel gas or oxidant gas) supplied via the gas flow paths (6a, 6c) of the separator. ) And a function as an electron conduction path.
- the material which comprises the base material of a gas diffusion layer (4a, 4c) is not specifically limited, A conventionally well-known knowledge can be referred suitably.
- a sheet-like material having conductivity and porosity such as a carbon woven fabric, a paper-like paper body, a felt, and a non-woven fabric can be used.
- the thickness of the substrate may be appropriately determined in consideration of the characteristics of the obtained gas diffusion layer, but may be about 30 to 500 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the substrate is within such a range, the balance between mechanical strength and diffusibility such as gas and water can be appropriately controlled.
- the gas diffusion layer preferably contains a water repellent for the purpose of further improving water repellency and preventing flooding.
- the water repellent is not particularly limited, but fluorine-based high repellents such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyhexafluoropropylene, and tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP). Examples thereof include molecular materials, polypropylene, and polyethylene.
- the gas diffusion layer has a carbon particle layer (microporous layer; MPL, not shown) made of an aggregate of carbon particles containing a water repellent agent on the catalyst layer side of the substrate. You may have.
- MPL microporous layer
- the carbon particles contained in the carbon particle layer are not particularly limited, and conventionally known materials such as carbon black, graphite, and expanded graphite can be appropriately employed. Among them, carbon black such as oil furnace black, channel black, lamp black, thermal black, acetylene black and the like can be preferably used because of excellent electron conductivity and a large specific surface area.
- the average particle size of the carbon particles is preferably about 10 to 100 nm. Thereby, while being able to obtain the high drainage property by capillary force, it becomes possible to improve contact property with a catalyst layer.
- Examples of the water repellent used for the carbon particle layer include the same water repellents as described above.
- fluorine-based polymer materials can be preferably used because of excellent water repellency, corrosion resistance during electrode reaction, and the like.
- the mixing ratio of the carbon particles to the water repellent in the carbon particle layer is about 90:10 to 40:60 (carbon particles: water repellent) by weight in consideration of the balance between water repellency and electronic conductivity. It is good.
- the method for producing the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known method can be used. For example, a method of joining a gas diffusion layer to a catalyst layer transferred or applied to an electrolyte membrane by hot pressing and drying it, or a microporous layer side of the gas diffusion layer (when a microporous layer is not included)
- GDE gas diffusion electrodes
- the application and joining conditions such as hot pressing can be adjusted as appropriate depending on the type of polymer electrolyte in the solid polymer electrolyte membrane or catalyst layer (perfluorosulfonic acid type or hydrocarbon type). Good.
- the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) described above can be suitably used for a fuel cell. That is, the present invention also provides a fuel cell using the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) of the present invention.
- the fuel cell of the present invention can exhibit high power generation performance and durability.
- the fuel cell of the present invention has a pair of anode separator and cathode separator that sandwich the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly of the present invention.
- the separator has a function of electrically connecting each cell in series when a plurality of single cells of a fuel cell such as a polymer electrolyte fuel cell are connected in series to form a fuel cell stack.
- the separator also functions as a partition that separates the fuel gas, the oxidant gas, and the coolant from each other.
- each of the separators is preferably provided with a gas flow path and a cooling flow path.
- a material constituting the separator conventionally known materials such as dense carbon graphite, carbon such as a carbon plate, and metal such as stainless steel can be appropriately employed without limitation.
- the thickness and size of the separator and the shape and size of each flow path provided are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately determined in consideration of the desired output characteristics of the obtained fuel cell.
- the manufacturing method of the fuel cell is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge can be appropriately referred to in the field of the fuel cell.
- a fuel cell stack having a structure in which a plurality of electrolyte membrane-electrode assemblies are stacked and connected in series via a separator may be formed so that the fuel cell can exhibit a desired voltage.
- the shape of the fuel cell is not particularly limited, and may be determined as appropriate so that desired battery characteristics such as voltage can be obtained.
- the above-mentioned PEFC and electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly use a catalyst layer having excellent power generation performance and durability. Therefore, the PEFC and the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly are excellent in power generation performance and durability.
- the PEFC of this embodiment and the fuel cell stack using the same can be mounted on a vehicle as a driving power source, for example.
- each operation is performed under conditions of room temperature (25 ° C.) / Relative humidity of 40 to 50%.
- Example 1-1 2 g of carbon support (Ketjen Black (registered trademark) KetjenBlackEC300J, average particle size: 40 nm, BET specific surface area: 800 m 2 / g, manufactured by Lion Corporation) is added to 500 mL of 0.5 M HNO 3 solution in a beaker. The mixture was stirred and mixed with a stirrer at 300 rpm for 30 minutes at room temperature (25 ° C.). Subsequently, a carbon support was obtained by performing a heat treatment at 80 ° C. for 2 hours under stirring at 300 rpm. Then, after filtering the carbon support, it was washed with ultrapure water. The above filtration and washing operations were repeated a total of 3 times.
- carbon support Ketjen Black (registered trademark) KetjenBlackEC300J, average particle size: 40 nm, BET specific surface area: 800 m 2 / g, manufactured by Lion Corporation
- the carbon support was dried at 60 ° C. for 24 hours, and then an acid-treated carbon support A was obtained.
- the amount of at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a lactone group, a hydroxyl group, an ether group, and a carbonyl group formed on the surface of the obtained acid-treated carbon carrier A is 1.25 ⁇ mol / m 2 .
- the BET specific surface area was 850 m 2 / g, and the average particle size was 40 nm.
- 0.2 g of acid-treated carbon carrier A was added to 100 ml of ultrapure water placed in a beaker and subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 15 minutes to obtain carrier suspension A.
- the carrier suspension A was continuously stirred at 150 rpm at room temperature (25 ° C.) until it was added to the catalyst precursor particles.
- catalyst precursor particles Pt—Co mixed
- a solution containing particles was obtained.
- support suspension A containing 0.2 g of acid-treated carbon support A is added to this solution, and stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 48 hours to support the catalyst precursor particles on the support. did.
- the catalyst precursor particle-supported carrier was filtered and washed with ultrapure water. The filtration and washing operations were repeated a total of 3 times, followed by filtration to obtain a catalyst particle-supporting carrier.
- the catalyst particle-supported carrier was dried at 60 ° C. for 12 hours, and then a heat treatment step was performed at 600 ° C. for 120 minutes in an argon gas atmosphere. As a result, an electrode catalyst 1-1 was obtained. With respect to this electrode catalyst 1-1, the degree of order was measured and found to be 66%.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of the electrode catalyst 1-1 is 32.4% by weight (Pt: 28.0% by weight, Co: 4.4% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle diameter (d N ) was 5.1 nm, and the LP ratio was 17.4.
- the supported concentration was measured by ICP analysis. The same applies hereinafter.
- the electrode catalyst 1-1 was subjected to a potential scan from 0.2 V to 1.2 V at a rate of 10 mV / s in 0.1 M perchloric acid saturated with oxygen at 25 ° C., and the skin layer was measured. There were 0 to 1 layers.
- Example 2-1 To 1000 ml ultrapure water in a beaker, 7.3 mL of 0.105 M cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O) aqueous solution (45 mg in Co amount), 0.12 mL of 1.32 M chloroplatinic acid aqueous solution (in platinum amount) 30.7 mg). This was stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 5 minutes to prepare a mixed solution.
- CoCl 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O cobalt chloride
- the catalyst particle-supported carrier was dried at 60 ° C. for 12 hours, and then a heat treatment step was performed at 600 ° C. for 120 minutes in a 100% by volume hydrogen gas atmosphere. As a result, an electrode catalyst 2-1 was obtained. With respect to this electrode catalyst 2-1, the degree of order was measured and found to be 47%.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of the electrode catalyst 2-1 was 14.3% by weight (Pt: 11.8% by weight, Co: 2.5% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the average particle size (d N ) was 6.0 nm and the LP ratio was 13.4.
- Example 3-1 To 1000 ml of ultrapure water in a beaker, 36.3 mL of 0.105 M cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 .6H 2 O) aqueous solution (225 mg in Co amount), 1.32 M chloroplatinic acid (H 2 [PtCl 6 ]. 6 mL of 6H 2 O) aqueous solution (153 mg in terms of platinum) was added. This was stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 5 minutes to prepare a mixed solution.
- catalyst precursor particles Pt—Co mixed
- a solution containing particles was obtained.
- 100 mL of carrier suspension A containing 0.2 g of acid-treated carbon carrier A is added to this solution, and stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 48 hours to carry catalyst precursor particles on the carrier. did.
- the catalyst precursor particle-supported carrier was filtered and washed with ultrapure water. The filtration and washing operations were repeated a total of 3 times, followed by filtration to obtain a catalyst particle-supporting carrier.
- the catalyst particle-supported carrier was dried at 60 ° C. for 12 hours, and then a heat treatment step was performed at 600 ° C. for 120 minutes in a 100% by volume hydrogen gas atmosphere.
- an electrode catalyst 3-1 was obtained. With respect to this electrode catalyst 3-1, the degree of order was measured and found to be 68%.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of the electrode catalyst 3-1 is 49.1% by weight (Pt: 42.0% by weight, Co: 7.1% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle diameter (d N ) was 5.5 nm, and the LP ratio was 29.0.
- Example 4-1 The same operation as in Example 1-1 was performed, except that the heat treatment was performed at 700 ° C. for 120 minutes in an argon gas atmosphere, to obtain an electrode catalyst 4-1. With respect to this electrode catalyst 4-1, the degree of order was measured and found to be 60%.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of the electrode catalyst 4-1 is 34.5% by weight (Pt: 29.7% by weight, Co: 4.8% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the average particle size (d N ) was 5.5 nm, and the LP ratio was 24.7.
- Example 5-1 An electrode catalyst 5-1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except that the heat treatment was performed at 800 ° C. for 30 minutes in a 100% by volume hydrogen gas atmosphere in Example 1-1. . With respect to this electrode catalyst 5-1, the degree of order was measured and found to be 49%.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of this electrode catalyst 5-1 was 34.6% by weight (Pt: 30.0% by weight, Co: 4.6% by weight) with respect to the support, and the number average The particle diameter (d N ) was 7.0 nm and the LP ratio was 16.7.
- the skin layer was measured after potential scanning was performed at a rate of 10 mV / s from 0.2 V to 1.2 V in 0.1 M perchloric acid saturated with oxygen at 25 ° C. There were 1 to 2 layers.
- Example 6-1 An electrode catalyst 6-1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that the heat treatment was performed at 800 ° C. for 60 minutes in an argon gas atmosphere in Example 1-1. With respect to this electrode catalyst 6-1, the degree of order was measured and found to be 62%.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of the electrode catalyst 6-1 was 34.9% by weight (Pt: 30.1% by weight, Co: 4.8% by weight) with respect to the support, and the number average The particle diameter (d N ) was 5.6 nm, and the LP ratio was 24.0.
- Example 1-1 A comparative electrode catalyst 1-1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that the heat treatment was not performed in Example 1-1. With respect to this comparative electrode catalyst 1-1, the degree of order was measured and found to be 0%.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of the comparative electrode catalyst 1-1 is 33.8% by weight (Pt: 28.9% by weight, Co: 4.9% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle diameter (d N ) was 2.8 nm, and the LP ratio was 41.7.
- the carrier suspension A was continuously stirred at 150 rpm at room temperature (25 ° C.) until it was added to the catalyst precursor particles.
- catalyst precursor particles Pt—Co mixed
- a solution containing particles was obtained.
- the carrier suspension A containing 0.2 g of the acid-treated carbon carrier A was added to this solution, and stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 48 hours to carry the catalyst precursor particles on the carrier. .
- the catalyst precursor particle-supported carrier was filtered and washed with ultrapure water. The filtration and washing operations were repeated a total of 3 times, followed by filtration to obtain a catalyst particle-supporting carrier.
- the catalyst particle-supported carrier was dried at 60 ° C. for 12 hours and then subjected to a heat treatment step at 600 ° C. for 120 minutes in an argon atmosphere. As a result, an electrode catalyst 1-2 was obtained.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of the electrode catalyst 1-2 was 32.4% by weight (Pt: 28.0% by weight, Co: 4.4% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the supported concentration was measured by ICP analysis. The same applies hereinafter.
- the number average particle size (d N ) and the area average particle size (d A ) were calculated and found to be 5.1 nm and 8.5 nm, respectively. For this reason, the d N / d A ratio of the electrode catalyst 1-2 was 0.60. Further, the degree of order of the electrode catalyst 1-2 was measured and found to be 66%. The LP ratio was 17.4%.
- the electrode catalyst 1-2 was subjected to potential scanning from 0.2 V to 1.2 V at a rate of 10 mV / s in 0.1 M perchloric acid saturated with oxygen at 25 ° C., and then the skin layer was measured. As a result, there were 0 to 1 layers.
- Example 2-2 An electrode catalyst 2-2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1-2, except that the heat treatment was performed at 700 ° C. for 120 minutes in an argon gas atmosphere in Example 1-2.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of this electrode catalyst 2-2 was 34.5% by weight (Pt: 29.7% by weight, Co: 4.8% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle diameter (d N ) and the area average particle diameter (d A ) were calculated and were 5.5 nm and 10.4 nm, respectively. For this reason, the d N / d A ratio of the electrode catalyst 2-2 was 0.53. Further, when the degree of order of the electrode catalyst 2-2 was measured, it was 60%. The LP ratio was 24.7%.
- Example 3-2 An electrode catalyst 3-2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1-2, except that the heat treatment was performed at 400 ° C. for 4 hours in a 100% by volume hydrogen gas atmosphere in Example 1-2. .
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of this electrode catalyst 3-2 was 34.6% by weight (Pt: 28.9% by weight, Co: 4.9% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle size (d N ) and the area average particle size (d A ) were calculated, and were 6.1 nm and 11.8 nm, respectively. For this reason, the d N / d A ratio of the electrode catalyst 3-2 was 0.52. Further, the degree of order of electrode catalyst 3-2 was measured and found to be 31%. The LP ratio was 10% or more.
- the electrode catalyst 3-2 was subjected to a potential scan from 0.2 V to 1.2 V at a rate of 10 mV / s in 0.1 M perchloric acid saturated with oxygen at 25 ° C., and then the skin layer was measured. As a result, there were 1 to 3 layers.
- Example 4-2 An electrode catalyst 4-2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1-2, except that the heat treatment was performed at 600 ° C. for 2 hours in a 100% by volume hydrogen gas atmosphere in Example 1-2. .
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of this electrode catalyst 4-2 was 34% by weight (Pt: 29.2% by weight, Co: 4.8% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle diameter (d N ) and the area average particle diameter (d A ) of the electrode catalyst 4-2 were calculated and were 5.8 nm and 9.7 nm, respectively. Therefore, the d N / d A ratio of the electrode catalyst 4-2 was 0.59. Further, the degree of order of the electrode catalyst 4-2 was measured and found to be 59%. The LP ratio was 10% or more.
- the electrode catalyst 4-2 was subjected to potential scanning from 0.2 V to 1.2 V at a rate of 10 mV / s in 0.1 M perchloric acid saturated with oxygen at 25 ° C., and then the skin layer was measured. As a result, there were 0 to 2 layers.
- Example 5-2> To 1000 ml ultrapure water in a beaker, 7.3 mL of 0.105 M cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 .6H 2 O) aqueous solution (45 mg in Co amount), 1.32 M chloroplatinic acid (H 2 [PtCl 6 ]. 6H 2 O) aqueous solution 0.12 mL (30.7 mg in terms of platinum) was added. This was stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 5 minutes to prepare a mixed solution.
- CoCl 2 .6H 2 O cobalt chloride
- 6H 2 O 6H 2 O
- the mixture was stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 48 hours to support the catalyst precursor particles on the support.
- the catalyst precursor particle-supported carrier was filtered and washed with ultrapure water. The filtration and washing operations were repeated a total of 3 times, followed by filtration to obtain a catalyst particle-supporting carrier.
- the catalyst particle-supported carrier was dried at 60 ° C. for 12 hours, and then a heat treatment step was performed at 600 ° C. for 120 minutes in a 100% by volume hydrogen gas atmosphere. As a result, an electrode catalyst 5-2 was obtained.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of this electrode catalyst 5-2 was 14.3% by weight (Pt: 11.8% by weight, Co: 2.5% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle size (d N ) and the area average particle size (d A ) were calculated and were 6.0 nm and 8.1 nm, respectively. For this reason, the d N / d A ratio of the electrode catalyst 5-2 was 0.74. Further, when the degree of order of the electrode catalyst 5-2 was measured, it was 47%. The LP ratio was 13.4%.
- the electrode catalyst 5-2 was subjected to potential scanning from 0.2 V to 1.2 V at a rate of 10 mV / s in 0.1 M perchloric acid saturated with oxygen at 25 ° C., and then the skin layer was measured. As a result, there were 0 to 1 layers.
- Example 6-2 To 1000 ml of ultrapure water in a beaker, 36.3 mL of 0.105 M cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 .6H 2 O) aqueous solution (225 mg in Co amount), 1.32 M chloroplatinic acid (H 2 [PtCl 6 ]. 6 mL of 6H 2 O) aqueous solution (153 mg in terms of platinum) was added. This was stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 5 minutes to prepare a mixed solution.
- the mixture was stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 48 hours to support the catalyst precursor particles on the support. Thereafter, the catalyst precursor particle-supported carrier was filtered and washed with ultrapure water. The filtration and washing operations were repeated a total of 3 times, followed by filtration to obtain a catalyst particle-supporting carrier.
- the catalyst particle-supported carrier was dried at 60 ° C. for 12 hours, and then a heat treatment step was performed at 600 ° C. for 120 minutes in a 100% by volume hydrogen gas atmosphere. As a result, an electrode catalyst 6-2 was obtained.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of this electrode catalyst 6-2 was 49.1% by weight (Pt: 42.0% by weight, Co: 7.1% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the LP ratio was 29.0%.
- the number average particle size (d N ) and the area average particle size (d A ) were calculated and were 5.5 nm and 11.8 nm, respectively. For this reason, the d N / d A ratio of the electrode catalyst 6-2 was 0.47. Further, the degree of order of the electrode catalyst 6-2 was measured and found to be 68%.
- Example 7-2 An electrode catalyst 7-2 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1-2, except that the heat treatment was performed at 800 ° C. for 30 minutes in a 100% by volume hydrogen gas atmosphere in Example 1-2. .
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of this electrode catalyst 7-2 was 34.6% by weight (Pt: 30.0% by weight, Co: 4.6% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle size (d N ) and the area average particle size (d A ) were calculated, and were 7.0 nm and 14.1 nm, respectively. For this reason, the d N / d A ratio of the electrode catalyst 7-2 was 0.50. Further, when the degree of order of the electrode catalyst 7-2 was measured, it was 49%. The LP ratio was 16.7%.
- the electrode catalyst 7-2 was subjected to potential scanning from 0.2 V to 1.2 V at a rate of 10 mV / s in 0.1 M perchloric acid saturated with oxygen at 25 ° C., and then the skin layer was measured. As a result, there were 1 to 2 layers.
- Example 8-2 To 1000 ml ultrapure water in a beaker, 65.4 mL of 0.105 M cobalt chloride (CoCl 2 .6H 2 O) aqueous solution (405 mg in Co amount), 1.32 M chloroplatinic acid (H 2 [PtCl 6 ]. 6H 2 O) aqueous solution 0.36 mL (92 mg in terms of platinum) was added. This was stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 5 minutes to prepare a mixed solution.
- the mixture was stirred and mixed with a stirrer at room temperature (25 ° C.) for 48 hours to support the catalyst precursor particles on the support.
- the catalyst precursor particle-supported carrier was filtered and washed with ultrapure water. The filtration and washing operations were repeated a total of 3 times, followed by filtration to obtain a catalyst particle-supporting carrier.
- the catalyst particle-supported carrier was dried at 60 ° C. for 12 hours, and then a heat treatment step was performed at 600 ° C. for 120 minutes in a 100% by volume hydrogen gas atmosphere. As a result, an electrode catalyst 8-2 was obtained.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of this electrode catalyst 8-2 was 33% by weight (Pt: 28.7% by weight, Co: 4.3% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle size (d N ) and the area average particle size (d A ) were calculated to be 4.6 nm and 9.2 nm, respectively. For this reason, the d N / d A ratio of the electrode catalyst 8-2 was 0.49. Further, the degree of order of the electrode catalyst 8-2 was measured and found to be 58%. The LP ratio was 10% or more.
- the electrode layer 8-2 was subjected to potential scanning from 0.2 V to 1.2 V at a rate of 10 mV / s in 0.1 M perchloric acid saturated with oxygen at 25 ° C., and then the skin layer was measured. As a result, there were 0 to 3 layers.
- Example 1-2 The same procedure as in Example 1-2 was performed except that the heat treatment was performed at 400 ° C. for 120 minutes in a 100% by volume hydrogen gas atmosphere in Example 1-2. Obtained.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of the catalyst particles of this electrode catalyst 9 was 33.8% by weight (Pt: 28.4% by weight, Co: 5.4% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle diameter (d N ) and the area average particle diameter (d A ) were calculated, and were 5.7 nm and 9.1 nm, respectively. For this reason, the d N / d A ratio of the comparative electrode catalyst 1-2 was 0.63. Further, the degree of order of the comparative electrode catalyst 1-2 was measured and found to be 24%.
- the comparative electrode catalyst 1-2 was subjected to a potential scan from 0.2 V to 1.2 V at a rate of 10 mV / s in 0.1 M perchloric acid saturated with oxygen at 25 ° C., and then the skin layer was removed. As a result of the measurement, it was 0 to 2 layers.
- Example 1-2 except that the heat treatment was not performed, the same operation as in Example 1-2 was performed to obtain a comparative electrode catalyst 2-2.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of catalyst particles of this comparative electrode catalyst 2-2 was 33.8% by weight (Pt: 28.9% by weight, Co: 4.9% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle diameter (d N ) and the area average particle diameter (d A ) were calculated and were 2.8 nm and 3.0 nm, respectively. Therefore, the d N / d A ratio of the comparative electrode catalyst 2-2 was 0.93. Further, when the regularity of the comparative electrode catalyst 2-2 was measured, it was 0%.
- Example 1-2 the same procedure as in Example 1-2 was performed except that the heat treatment was performed at 100 ° C. in a hydrogen gas atmosphere at 800 ° C. for 60 minutes. Obtained.
- the supported concentration (supported amount) of catalyst particles of this comparative electrode catalyst 3-2 was 35.5% by weight (Pt: 30.3% by weight, Co: 5.2% by weight) with respect to the support.
- the number average particle diameter (d N ) and the area average particle diameter (d A ) were calculated, and were 9.5 nm and 41.8 nm, respectively. For this reason, the d N / d A ratio of the comparative electrode catalyst 3-2 was 0.23. Further, the degree of order of the comparative electrode catalyst 3-2 was measured and found to be 71%.
- Heat treatment conditions, supported concentration, number average particle diameter (d N ), area average particle diameter (d) of each of the electrode catalysts in Examples 1-2 to 8-2 and Comparative Examples 1-2 to 3-2. A ), d N / d A ratio and degree of order are summarized in Table 1 below.
- the electrode catalyst (comparative electrode catalyst) of each example and each comparative example was 34 ⁇ g ⁇ cm ⁇ 2 on a rotating disk electrode (geometric area: 0.19 cm 2 ) composed of a glassy carbon disk having a diameter of 5 mm. In this manner, a performance evaluation electrode was produced by uniformly dispersing and supporting with Nafion.
- a potential scan was performed from 0.2 V to 1.2 V at a rate of 10 mV / s in 0.1 M perchloric acid saturated at 25 ° C. with oxygen. Further, the current value at 0.9 V was extracted from the current obtained by the potential scanning after correcting the influence of mass transfer (oxygen diffusion) using the Koutecky-Levic equation. A value obtained by dividing the obtained current value by the above-described electrochemical surface area was defined as area specific activity ( ⁇ Acm ⁇ 2 ).
- a method using the Koutecky-Levic equation is described in, for example, Electrochemistry Vol. 79, no. 2, p.
- the area specific activity was measured for the electrode catalysts before and after the durability test. The results are shown in Table 2 below. In the following Table 2, the durability test before the area specific activity ( ⁇ Acm -2), and the area specific activity after the durability test ( ⁇ Acm -2), respectively, are described.
- the electrode catalyst (catalyst particles) of the present invention has both significantly high initial activity and activity after the durability test.
- Each of the electrocatalysts of the example and the comparative example had a supported amount per unit area of 34 ⁇ g / cm 2 on a rotating disk electrode (geometric area: 0.19 cm 2 ) composed of a glassy carbon disk having a diameter of 5 mm.
- the electrode for performance evaluation was prepared by uniformly dispersing and supporting with Nafion.
- the mass specific activity of the electrode catalyst before and after the durability test was measured. The results are shown in Table 3 below. In Table 3 below, the mass specific activity (A / g) before the durability test and the mass specific activity (A / g) after the durability test are described, respectively.
- the electrode catalyst of the present invention (catalyst particles), and Comparative Example 2-2 having no L1 2 structure as an internal structure, rules of the L1 2 structure, Ya Comparative Examples 1-2 of less than 30% It is shown that both the initial mass specific activity and the mass specific activity after the durability test are significantly higher than those of Comparative Example 3-2 in which the d N / d A ratio is less than 0.4. Moreover, it can be seen from Table 3 that the mass specific activity can be further improved by setting the degree of order to 30% or more.
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Abstract
Description
燃料電池は、電解質膜-電極接合体(MEA)と、燃料ガスが流れる燃料ガス流路を有するアノード側セパレータと酸化剤ガスが流れる酸化剤ガス流路を有するカソード側セパレータとからなる一対のセパレータとを有する。本発明の燃料電池は、耐久性に優れ、かつ高い発電性能を発揮できる。
本発明の触媒粒子は、白金原子と非白金金属原子からなる合金粒子である。ここで、合金とは、一般に金属元素に1種以上の金属元素または非金属元素を加えたものであって、金属的性質をもっているものの総称である。本発明の触媒粒子は、その合金の組織には、成分元素が別個の結晶となるいわば混合物である共晶合金、成分元素が完全に溶け合い固溶体となっているもの、成分元素が金属間化合物または金属と非金属との化合物を形成しているものなどがある。本発明では、触媒粒子は、いずれの形態であってもよいが、少なくとも白金原子および非白金原子が金属間化合物を形成しているものを含む。
触媒粒子を、下記条件によりX線回折(X-ray diffraction)(XRD)を行い、XRDパターンを得る。得られたXRDパターンにおいて、2θ値が39~41°の範囲に観測されるピーク面積(Ia)および31~34°の範囲に観測されるピーク面積(Ib)を測定する。ここで、2θ値が39~41°の範囲に観測されるピークは、白金の格子面に固有のピークである。39~41°の範囲に観測されるピークは、合金粒子構造全体を表すピークである。また、2θ値が31~34°の範囲に観測されるピークは、合金粒子のL12構造に固有のピークである。
COを飽和した0.1M過塩素酸溶液中(25℃)で電極電位を0.05V(vs.RHE)に30分間保持し、触媒表面上にCOを吸着させる。その後、電極電位は0.05Vに保持したまま溶液中のCOを窒素等の不活性ガスで置換する。置換が完了したら0.05Vから1.2Vまで走査速度20 mV S-1で電位をスイープする。この時に観察されるCOの酸化に伴うストリッピング波において、低電位側(具体的には、0.55~0.75V)に現れるピークをピーク分離して求めたピーク面積を、ストリッピング波全体のピーク面積で除算したものをLP比と定義する。後述の実施例においても同様にして算出している。
上述した触媒粒子は好適には導電性担体に担持して電極触媒とする。すなわち、本発明は、本発明の触媒粒子、および前記触媒粒子を担持する導電性担体を有する電極触媒をも提供する。本発明の電極触媒は、少ない白金含有量であっても、高い活性を発揮・維持できる。
上記触媒粒子の製造方法は、白金原子と非白金金属原子からなる合金粒子であり、(i)前記合金粒子は、内部構造としてL12構造を有し、L12構造の規則度が、30~100%であり、(ii)前記合金粒子は、COストリッピング法により算出されるLP比が、10%以上であり、(iii)合金粒子のdN/dA比が、0.4~1.0である、触媒粒子を製造できる方法であれば、特に限定されるものではない。
本工程では、白金前駆体および非白金金属前駆体を含む混合液を調製する。
本工程では、上記工程(1)で調製された混合液に還元剤を添加して、触媒前駆粒子(白金-非白金金属混合粒子)含有液を得る。当該工程により、白金前駆体由来の白金イオンおよび非白金前駆体由来の非白金金属イオンを同時に還元させることができ、触媒前駆粒子(白金と非白金金属の金属間化合物)を得ることができる。
本工程では、上記工程(2)で得られた触媒前駆粒子含有液に表面上にラクトン基、水酸基、エーテル基、およびカルボニル基からなる群より選択される少なくとも一つ以上の官能基を総量として0.5μmol/m2以上を有するカーボン担体(以下単に「導電性担体」とも称する)を添加し、触媒前駆粒子担持担体を得る。
試料室真空度:10-7~10-8Paオーダー
加熱方式:赤外線
昇温速度:60℃/min
触媒前駆粒子含有液に添加される導電性担体のBET比表面積は、熱処理後であっても適切な比表面積を確保することができることから、好ましくは10~5000m2/g、より好ましくは50~2000m2/gである。
本工程では、上記工程(3)で得られた触媒前駆粒子担持担体を熱処理する。当該工程により、触媒前駆粒子のL12構造の規則度を30~100%にまで増加させて、触媒前駆粒子のdN/dA比を0.4~1.0に調整することができ、本発明の触媒粒子が導電性担体に担持してなる触媒(電極触媒)を得ることができる。なお、熱処理条件を選択することで、触媒前駆粒子のL12構造の規則度を制御することができる。なお、熱処理は、導電性担体上に触媒粒子を担持させた後に行う。当該方法により、dN/dA比、規則度の制御および担持を同時に行うことができる。
上述した電極触媒は、電解質膜-電極接合体(MEA)に好適に使用できる。すなわち、本発明は、本発明の電極触媒を含む電解質膜-電極接合体(MEA)、特に燃料電池用電解質膜-電極接合体(MEA)をも提供する。本発明の電解質膜-電極接合体(MEA)は、高い発電性能および耐久性を発揮できる。
電解質膜は、例えば、固体高分子電解質膜から構成される。この固体高分子電解質膜は、例えば、燃料電池(PEFC等)の運転時にアノード触媒層で生成したプロトンを膜厚方向に沿ってカソード触媒層へと選択的に透過させる機能を有する。また、固体高分子電解質膜は、アノード側に供給される燃料ガスとカソード側に供給される酸化剤ガスとを混合させないための隔壁としての機能をも有する。
触媒層は、実際に電池反応が進行する層である。具体的には、アノード触媒層では水素の酸化反応が進行し、カソード触媒層では酸素の還元反応が進行する。ここで、本発明の触媒は、カソード触媒層またはアノード触媒層のいずれに存在してもいてもよい。酸素還元活性の向上の必要性を考慮すると、少なくともカソード触媒層に本発明の電極触媒が使用されることが好ましい。ただし、上記形態に係る触媒層は、アノード触媒層として用いてもよいし、カソード触媒層およびアノード触媒層双方として用いてもよいなど、特に制限されるものではない。
ガス拡散層(アノードガス拡散層4a、カソードガス拡散層4c)は、セパレータのガス流路(6a、6c)を介して供給されたガス(燃料ガスまたは酸化剤ガス)の触媒層(3a、3c)への拡散を促進する機能、および電子伝導パスとしての機能を有する。
電解質膜-電極接合体の作製方法としては、特に制限されず、従来公知の方法を使用できる。例えば、電解質膜に触媒層をホットプレスで転写または塗布し、これを乾燥したものに、ガス拡散層を接合する方法や、ガス拡散層の微多孔質層側(微多孔質層を含まない場合には、基材層の片面に触媒層を予め塗布して乾燥することによりガス拡散電極(GDE)を2枚作製し、固体高分子電解質膜の両面にこのガス拡散電極をホットプレスで接合する方法を使用することができる。ホットプレス等の塗布、接合条件は、固体高分子電解質膜や触媒層内の高分子電解質の種類(パ-フルオロスルホン酸系や炭化水素系)によって適宜調整すればよい。
上述した電解質膜-電極接合体(MEA)は、燃料電池に好適に使用できる。すなわち、本発明は、本発明の電解質膜-電極接合体(MEA)を用いてなる燃料電池をも提供する。本発明の燃料電池は、高い発電性能および耐久性を発揮できる。ここで、本発明の燃料電池は、本発明の電解質膜-電極接合体を挟持する一対のアノードセパレータおよびカソードセパレータを有する。
セパレータは、固体高分子形燃料電池などの燃料電池の単セルを複数個直列に接続して燃料電池スタックを構成する際に、各セルを電気的に直列に接続する機能を有する。また、セパレータは、燃料ガス、酸化剤ガス、および冷却剤を互に分離する隔壁としての機能も有する。これらの流路を確保するため、上述したように、セパレータのそれぞれにはガス流路および冷却流路が設けられていることが好ましい。セパレータを構成する材料としては、緻密カーボングラファイト、炭素板などのカーボンや、ステンレスなどの金属など、従来公知の材料が適宜制限なく採用できる。セパレータの厚さやサイズ、設けられる各流路の形状やサイズなどは特に限定されず、得られる燃料電池の所望の出力特性などを考慮して適宜決定できる。
ビーカーにいれた0.5MのHNO3溶液500mLに、カーボン担体(ケッチェンブラック(登録商標)KetjenBlackEC300J、平均粒子径:40nm、BET比表面積:800m2/g、ライオン株式会社製)2gを添加し、室温(25℃)で30分、300rpmでスターラーで撹拌・混合した。続いて、300rpmの撹拌下で、80℃、2時間の熱処理を行ってカーボン担体を得た。そして、カーボン担体をろ過した後、超純水で洗浄した。上記ろ過・洗浄操作を計3回繰り返した。このカーボン担体を60℃で24時間乾燥させた後、酸処理カーボン担体Aを得た。得られた酸処理カーボン担体Aの表面に形成されたラクトン基、水酸基、エーテル基、およびカルボニル基からなる群より選択される少なくとも一つ以上の官能基量は、1.25μmol/m2であり、BET比表面積は850m2/gであり、平均粒子径は40nmであった。
ビーカーに入れた1000ml超純水に、0.105Mの塩化コバルト(CoCl2・6H2O)水溶液 7.3mL(Co量で45mg)、1.32Mの塩化白金酸水溶液 0.12mL(白金量で30.7mg)を投入した。これを、室温(25℃)で5分間、スターラーで撹拌・混合して、混合液を調製した。
ビーカーに入れた1000ml超純水に、0.105Mの塩化コバルト(CoCl2・6H2O)水溶液 36.3mL(Co量で225mg)、1.32Mの塩化白金酸(H2[PtCl6]・6H2O)水溶液 0.6mL(白金量で153mg)を投入した。これを、室温(25℃)で5分間、スターラーで撹拌・混合して、混合液を調製した。
実施例1-1において、熱処理を、アルゴンガス雰囲気下で、700℃で120分間行った以外は、実施例1-1と同様の操作を行い、電極触媒4-1を得た。この電極触媒4-1について、規則度を測定したところ、60%であった。また、電極触媒4-1の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、34.5重量%(Pt:29.7重量%、Co:4.8重量%)であり、個数平均粒子径(dN)は5.5nmであり、LP比は、24.7であった。
実施例1-1において、熱処理を、100体積%の水素ガス雰囲気下で、800℃で30分間行った以外は、実施例1-1と同様の操作を行い、電極触媒5-1を得た。この電極触媒5-1について、規則度を測定したところ、49%であった。この電極触媒5-1の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、34.6重量%(Pt:30.0重量%、Co:4.6重量%)であり、個数平均粒子径(dN)は7.0nmであり、LP比は、16.7であった。
実施例1-1において、熱処理を、アルゴンガス雰囲気下で、800℃で60分間行った以外は、実施例1-1と同様の操作を行い、電極触媒6-1を得た。この電極触媒6-1について、規則度を測定したところ、62%であった。この電極触媒6-1の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、34.9重量%(Pt:30.1重量%、Co:4.8重量%)であり、個数平均粒子径(dN)は5.6nmであり、LP比は、24.0であった。
実施例1-1において、熱処理を行わなかった以外は、実施例1-1と同様の操作を行い、比較電極触媒1-1を得た。この比較電極触媒1-1について、規則度を測定したところ、0%であった。また、比較電極触媒1-1の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、33.8重量%(Pt:28.9重量%、Co:4.9重量%)であり、個数平均粒子径(dN)2.8nmであり、LP比は、41.7であった。
ビーカーに入れた100ml超純水に、酸処理カーボン担体A 0.2gを添加し、15分間超音波処理を行って担体懸濁液Aを得た。触媒前駆粒子に添加するまで、担体懸濁液Aを室温(25℃)、150rpmで撹拌し続けた。 ビーカーに入れた1000ml超純水に、0.105Mの塩化コバルト(CoCl2・6H2O)水溶液 21.8mL(Co量で135mg)、1.32Mの塩化白金酸(H2[PtCl6]・6H2O)水溶液 0.36mL(白金量で92mg)を投入した。これを、室温(25℃)で5分間、スターラーで撹拌・混合して、混合液を調製した。
実施例1-2において、熱処理を、アルゴンガス雰囲気下で、700℃で120分間行った以外は、実施例1-2と同様の操作を行い、電極触媒2-2を得た。この電極触媒2-2の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、34.5重量%(Pt:29.7重量%、Co:4.8重量%)であった。
実施例1-2において、熱処理を、100体積%の水素ガス雰囲気下で、400℃で4時間行った以外は、実施例1-2と同様の操作を行い、電極触媒3-2を得た。この電極触媒3-2の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、34.6重量%(Pt:28.9重量%、Co:4.9重量%)であった。
実施例1-2において、熱処理を、100体積%の水素ガス雰囲気下で、600℃で2時間行った以外は、実施例1-2と同様の操作を行い、電極触媒4-2を得た。この電極触媒4-2の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、34重量%(Pt:29.2重量%、Co:4.8重量%)であった。
ビーカーに入れた1000ml超純水に、0.105Mの塩化コバルト(CoCl2・6H2O)水溶液 7.3mL(Co量で45mg)、1.32Mの塩化白金酸(H2[PtCl6]・6H2O)水溶液 0.12mL(白金量で30.7mg)を投入した。これを、室温(25℃)で5分間、スターラーで撹拌・混合して、混合液を調製した。
ビーカーに入れた1000ml超純水に、0.105Mの塩化コバルト(CoCl2・6H2O)水溶液 36.3mL(Co量で225mg)、1.32Mの塩化白金酸(H2[PtCl6]・6H2O)水溶液 0.6mL(白金量で153mg)を投入した。これを、室温(25℃)で5分間、スターラーで撹拌・混合して、混合液を調製した。
実施例1-2において、熱処理を、100体積%の水素ガス雰囲気下で、800℃で30分間行った以外は、実施例1-2と同様の操作を行い、電極触媒7-2を得た。この電極触媒7-2の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、34.6重量%(Pt:30.0重量%、Co:4.6重量%)であった。
ビーカーに入れた1000ml超純水に、0.105Mの塩化コバルト(CoCl2・6H2O)水溶液 65.4mL(Co量で405mg)、1.32Mの塩化白金酸(H2[PtCl6]・6H2O)水溶液 0.36mL(白金量で92mg)を投入した。これを、室温(25℃)で5分間、スターラーで撹拌・混合して、混合液を調製した。
実施例1-2において、熱処理を、100体積%の水素ガス雰囲気下で、400℃で120分間、行った以外は、実施例1-2と同様の操作を行い、比較電極触媒1-2を得た。この電極触媒9の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、33.8重量%(Pt:28.4重量%、Co:5.4重量%)であった。
実施例1-2において、熱処理を行わなかった以外は、実施例1-2と同様の操作を行い、比較電極触媒2-2を得た。この比較電極触媒2-2の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、33.8重量%(Pt:28.9重量%、Co:4.9重量%)であった。
実施例1-2において、熱処理を、100体積%の水素ガス雰囲気下で、800℃で60分間、行った以外は、実施例1-2と同様の操作を行い、比較電極触媒3-2を得た。この比較電極触媒3-2の触媒粒子の担持濃度(担持量)は、担体に対して、35.5重量%(Pt:30.3重量%、Co:5.2重量%)であった。
<耐久試験>
各実施例および各比較例の電極触媒(比較電極触媒)について、次の試験を行った。N2ガスで飽和した60℃の0.1M過塩素酸中において、可逆水素電極(RHE)に対して電極電位を0.6Vに3秒間保持した後、瞬時に1.0Vに電位を上げ、1.0Vを3秒間保持した後、0.6Vに瞬時に戻すというサイクルを1万サイクル繰り返した。なお、電圧をかけるために、耐久試験を行う際も、下記のように、回転ディスク電極に担持させている。
各実施例および各比較例の電極触媒(比較電極触媒)を、それぞれ、直径5mmのグラッシーカーボンディスクにより構成される回転ディスク電極(幾何面積:0.19cm2)上に34μg・cm-2となるように均一にNafionと共に分散担持し、性能評価用電極を作製した。
実施例および比較例の電極触媒を、それぞれ、直径5mmのグラッシーカーボンディスクにより構成される回転ディスク電極(幾何面積:0.19cm2)上に白金の単位面積当たりの担持量が34μg/cm2となるように均一にNafionと共に分散担持し、性能評価用電極を作製した。
Claims (11)
- 白金原子と非白金金属原子からなる合金粒子であり、
(i)前記合金粒子は、内部構造としてL12構造を有し、L12構造の規則度が、30~100%であり、
(ii)前記合金粒子は、COストリッピング法により算出されるLP比が、10%以上であり、
(iii)合金粒子のdN/dA比が、0.4~1.0である、触媒粒子。 - 前記規則度が、47~95%である、請求項1に記載の触媒粒子。
- 前記非白金金属原子が、遷移金属原子である、請求項1または2に記載の触媒粒子。
- 前記遷移金属原子が、バナジウム(V)、クロム(Cr)、マンガン(Mn)、鉄(Fe)、コバルト(Co)、銅(Cu)、亜鉛(Zn)およびジルコニウム(Zr)からなる群より選択される、請求項3に記載の触媒粒子。
- 前記遷移金属原子が、コバルト(Co)である、請求項4に記載の触媒粒子。
- (1)白金前駆体および非白金金属前駆体を含む混合液を調製し;
(2)前記混合液に還元剤を添加し、前記白金前駆体および非白金金属前駆体を同時還元して、触媒前駆粒子含有液を得;
(3)前記触媒前駆粒子含有液に、表面上にラクトン基、水酸基、エーテル基、およびカルボニル基からなる群より選択される少なくとも一つ以上の官能基を総量として0.5μmol/m2以上を有するカーボン担体を添加し、触媒前駆粒子担持担体を得;
(4)前記触媒前駆粒子担持担体を熱処理すること;
を有する、触媒粒子の製造方法。 - 前記カーボン担体が、カーボン材料を酸性溶液に接触させた後、熱処理を行うことによって得られる、請求項6に記載の製造方法。
- 前記白金前駆体に含まれる白金に対する前記非白金金属前駆体に含まれる非白金金属の比(非白金金属/白金のモル比)が、0.4~20である、請求項6または7に記載の製造方法。
- 前記触媒前駆粒子担持担体の熱処理が、
(a)還元性ガス雰囲気または不活性ガス雰囲気下で、350~450℃の温度で、120分を超える時間行われる;
(b)還元性ガス雰囲気または不活性ガス雰囲気下で、450℃を超え750℃以下の温度で、10分以上行われる;
(c)不活性ガス雰囲気下で、750℃を超える温度で、10~120分の時間行われる;または
(d)還元性ガス雰囲気下で、750℃を超える温度で、10~45分の時間行われる、請求項6~8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に電極触媒または請求項6~9のいずれか1項に記載の方法によって製造される電極触媒を含む、電解質膜-電極接合体。
- 請求項10に記載の電解質膜-電極接合体を用いてなる、燃料電池。
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JP2015530918A JP6172281B2 (ja) | 2013-08-09 | 2014-08-06 | 触媒粒子ならびにこれを用いる電極触媒、電解質膜−電極接合体および燃料電池 |
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JP2018116815A (ja) * | 2017-01-17 | 2018-07-26 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 電極触媒ならびに当該電極触媒を用いる膜電極接合体および燃料電池 |
KR20180128938A (ko) * | 2016-04-19 | 2018-12-04 | 닛산 지도우샤 가부시키가이샤 | 전극 촉매 그리고 당해 전극 촉매를 사용하는 막 전극 접합체 및 연료 전지 |
JP2019153478A (ja) * | 2018-03-05 | 2019-09-12 | 地方独立行政法人神奈川県立産業技術総合研究所 | ナノ粒子連結触媒およびその製造方法、ガス拡散電極用触媒層、膜電極接合体並びに燃料電池 |
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