WO2014175107A1 - 触媒ならびに当該触媒を用いる電極触媒層、膜電極接合体および燃料電池 - Google Patents
触媒ならびに当該触媒を用いる電極触媒層、膜電極接合体および燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014175107A1 WO2014175107A1 PCT/JP2014/060647 JP2014060647W WO2014175107A1 WO 2014175107 A1 WO2014175107 A1 WO 2014175107A1 JP 2014060647 W JP2014060647 W JP 2014060647W WO 2014175107 A1 WO2014175107 A1 WO 2014175107A1
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- catalyst
- metal
- carrier
- fuel cell
- layer
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a catalyst, particularly an electrode catalyst used in a fuel cell (PEFC), and an electrode catalyst layer, a membrane electrode assembly, and a fuel cell using the catalyst.
- PEFC fuel cell
- a solid polymer fuel cell using a proton conductive solid polymer membrane operates at a lower temperature than other types of fuel cells such as a solid oxide fuel cell and a molten carbonate fuel cell. For this reason, the polymer electrolyte fuel cell is expected as a stationary power source or a power source for a moving body such as an automobile, and its practical use has been started.
- the catalyst used in the polymer electrolyte fuel cell generally takes a form in which a catalytic metal is supported on a carrier such as carbon black.
- a carrier such as carbon black
- the volume occupied by pores having a diameter of 25 to 70 mm (2.5 to 7 nm) is 25% or more of the total pore volume, and highly dispersed on the carbon fine powder.
- a catalyst made of the precious metal particles is disclosed.
- Patent Document 1 describes that the specific surface area of the carbon fine powder constituting the catalyst is preferably 800 m 2 / g or more.
- Patent Document 1 has a problem that gas transport resistance increases (gas transportability is insufficient) and catalyst activity decreases.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a catalyst excellent in gas transportability.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrode catalyst layer, a membrane electrode assembly and a fuel cell provided with a catalyst having excellent gas transportability.
- the present inventors have a pore volume equal to or higher than a specific value, and the specific surface area of the supported catalyst metal is equal to or lower than a specific value.
- the present inventors have found that a catalyst can solve the above problems and have completed the present invention.
- the catalyst of the present embodiment (also referred to as “electrode catalyst” in the present specification) includes a catalyst carrier (also referred to as “support” in the present specification) and a catalyst metal supported on the catalyst support.
- the catalyst has pores having a radius of 1 nm or more and less than 5 nm, the pore volume of the pores is 0.8 cc / g support or more, and the specific surface area of the catalyst metal is 30 m 2 / g support. It is as follows. According to the catalyst having the above-described configuration, the pores contributing to the transport of the reaction gas are sufficiently secured after the pores of the catalyst are suppressed from being filled with water. As a result, a catalyst excellent in gas transportability can be provided.
- holes having a radius of 1 nm or more and less than 5 nm are also referred to as “meso holes”.
- the catalyst metal is supported in a highly dispersed state without agglomeration by setting the pore volume of an appropriate size to a specific ratio or more with respect to the total pore volume. .
- Such catalytic metal is supported in a fine particle state (in the state of particles having a diameter of 1 to 3 nm) and the effective reaction surface area is increased, so that the catalytic activity is improved.
- a carrier having a large pore volume, that is, a specific surface area is used in order to support a fine catalyst metal and increase the effective reaction surface area (specific surface area) of the catalyst metal.
- the reaction gas transport path becomes long and the gas transport resistance increases.
- the water generated by the catalyst reaction is adsorbed on the hydrophilic catalyst metal surface.
- the pores of the catalyst are filled with water, the water in the pores impedes the transport of the reaction gas, and the reaction gas transport resistance increases.
- the catalytic activity is improved by supporting the catalytic metal in a fine particle state, while the gas transportability is reduced due to the large surface area of the catalytic metal. As a result, sufficient catalytic activity cannot be brought out, and the catalyst performance deteriorates particularly under high load conditions.
- the catalyst of the present embodiment has pores having a radius of 1 nm or more and less than 5 nm, the pore volume of the pores is 0.8 cc / g or more, and the specific surface area of the catalyst metal is 30 m. 2 / g or less.
- the gas transport resistance in the catalyst can be reduced.
- the catalyst of this embodiment can promote a catalytic reaction and exhibit high catalytic activity.
- the membrane electrode assembly and fuel cell which have a catalyst layer using the catalyst of this embodiment are excellent in electric power generation performance.
- X to Y indicating a range means “X or more and Y or less”, “weight” and “mass”, “weight%” and “mass%”, “part by weight” and “weight part”. “Part by mass” is treated as a synonym. Unless otherwise specified, measurement of operation and physical properties is performed under conditions of room temperature (20 to 25 ° C.) / Relative humidity 40 to 50%.
- a fuel cell includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), a pair of separators including an anode side separator having a fuel gas flow path through which fuel gas flows and a cathode side separator having an oxidant gas flow path through which oxidant gas flows.
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- the fuel cell of this embodiment is excellent in durability and can exhibit high power generation performance.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a basic configuration of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the PEFC 1 first includes a solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2 and a pair of catalyst layers (an anode catalyst layer 3a and a cathode catalyst layer 3c) that sandwich the membrane.
- the laminate of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2 and the catalyst layers (3a, 3c) is further sandwiched between a pair of gas diffusion layers (GDL) (anode gas diffusion layer 4a and cathode gas diffusion layer 4c).
- GDL gas diffusion layers
- the polymer electrolyte membrane 2, the pair of catalyst layers (3a, 3c), and the pair of gas diffusion layers (4a, 4c) constitute a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 10 in a stacked state.
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- the MEA 10 is further sandwiched between a pair of separators (anode separator 5a and cathode separator 5c).
- the separators (5 a, 5 c) are illustrated so as to be positioned at both ends of the illustrated MEA 10.
- the separator is generally used as a separator for an adjacent PEFC (not shown).
- the MEAs are sequentially stacked via the separator to form a stack.
- a gas seal portion is disposed between the separator (5a, 5c) and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2, or between the PEFC 1 and another adjacent PEFC.
- the separators (5a, 5c) are obtained, for example, by forming a concavo-convex shape as shown in FIG. 1 by subjecting a thin plate having a thickness of 0.5 mm or less to a press treatment.
- the convex part seen from the MEA side of the separator (5a, 5c) is in contact with the MEA 10. Thereby, the electrical connection with MEA10 is ensured.
- a recess (space between the separator and the MEA generated due to the concavo-convex shape of the separator) viewed from the MEA side of the separator (5a, 5c) is a gas for circulating gas during operation of the PEFC 1 Functions as a flow path.
- a fuel gas for example, hydrogen
- an oxidant gas for example, air
- the recess viewed from the side opposite to the MEA side of the separator (5a, 5c) serves as a refrigerant flow path 7 for circulating a refrigerant (for example, water) for cooling the PEFC during operation of the PEFC 1.
- a refrigerant for example, water
- the separator is usually provided with a manifold (not shown). This manifold functions as a connection means for connecting cells when a stack is formed. With such a configuration, the mechanical strength of the fuel cell stack can be ensured.
- the separators (5a, 5c) are formed in an uneven shape.
- the separator is not limited to such a concavo-convex shape, and may be any form such as a flat plate shape and a partially concavo-convex shape as long as the functions of the gas flow path and the refrigerant flow path can be exhibited. Also good.
- the fuel cell having the MEA of the present invention as described above exhibits excellent power generation performance.
- the type of the fuel cell is not particularly limited.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell has been described as an example.
- an alkaline fuel cell and a direct methanol fuel cell are used.
- a micro fuel cell is used.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is preferable because it is small and can achieve high density and high output.
- the fuel cell is useful as a stationary power source in addition to a power source for a moving body such as a vehicle in which a mounting space is limited.
- the fuel used when operating the fuel cell is not particularly limited.
- hydrogen, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, secondary butanol, tertiary butanol, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and the like can be used.
- hydrogen and methanol are preferably used in that high output is possible.
- the application application of the fuel cell is not particularly limited, but it is preferably applied to a vehicle.
- the electrolyte membrane-electrode assembly of the present invention is excellent in power generation performance and durability, and can be downsized. For this reason, the fuel cell of this invention is especially advantageous when this fuel cell is applied to a vehicle from the point of in-vehicle property.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic sectional explanatory view showing the shape and structure of a catalyst according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the catalyst 20 of the present invention includes a catalyst metal 22 and a catalyst carrier 23. Further, the catalyst 20 has pores (mesopores) 24 having a radius of 1 nm or more and less than 5 nm.
- the catalytic metal 22 is mainly carried inside the mesopores 24. Further, at least a part of the catalyst metal 22 may be supported inside the mesopores 24, and a part of the catalyst metal 22 may be supported on the surface of the catalyst carrier 23.
- the electrolyte electrolyte polymer, ionomer
- substantially all of the catalyst metal 22 is supported inside the mesopores 24. Is preferred.
- the area specific activity of the catalytic metal surface decreases.
- the electrolyte can be prevented from entering the mesopores 24 of the catalyst carrier 23, and the catalyst metal 22 and the electrolyte are physically separated. And as a result of being able to form a three-phase interface with water, the catalytic activity is improved.
- substantially all catalytic metals is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of improving sufficient catalytic activity.
- “Substantially all catalyst metals” are present in an amount of preferably 50 wt% or more (upper limit: 100 wt%), more preferably 80 wt% or more (upper limit: 100 wt%) in all catalyst metals.
- “catalyst metal is supported in the mesopores” can be confirmed by a decrease in the volume of the mesopores before and after the catalyst metal is supported on the support.
- the support has mesopores, and the mesopores have a constant volume.
- the pore volume (mesopores) having a radius of 1 nm or more and less than 5 nm (of the catalyst after supporting the catalyst metal) is 0.8 cc / g or more of the carrier.
- the pore volume of the mesopores is preferably 0.8 to 3 cc / g carrier, particularly preferably 0.8 to 2 cc / g carrier. If the pore volume is in the range as described above, a large number of pores that contribute to the transport of the reaction gas are ensured, so that the transport resistance of the reaction gas can be reduced.
- the catalytic metal is effectively used. Furthermore, if the mesopore volume is in the above range, the catalyst metal can be stored (supported) in the mesopore, and the electrolyte and catalyst metal in the catalyst layer can be physically separated (catalyst metal and electrolyte). Can be more effectively suppressed / prevented). As described above, the above-described embodiment in which the contact between the catalyst metal in the mesopores and the electrolyte is suppressed, the activity of the catalyst is more effective than when the amount of the catalyst metal supported on the support surface is large. Available to: In the present specification, the void volume of holes having a radius of 1 nm or more and less than 5 nm is also simply referred to as “mesopore void volume”.
- the BET specific surface area (of the catalyst after supporting the catalyst metal) [the BET specific surface area of the catalyst per 1 g of support (m 2 / g support)] is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1000 m 2 / g support or more and 1500 m 2. / G carrier or more is more preferable.
- the upper limit of the BET specific surface area of the catalyst is not particularly limited, preferably is not more than 3000 m 2 / g carrier, and more preferably is not more than 1800 m 2 / g carrier. With the specific surface area as described above, sufficient mesopores can be secured and the catalyst metal particles can be supported with good dispersibility.
- the catalyst metal particles have good dispersibility refers to a state in which the catalyst metal particles are supported in a state of being separated from each other without agglomerating each other.
- the catalyst metal particles are aggregated to form a lump, the local flux of gas increases in the vicinity of the lump catalyst metal, and the gas transport resistance increases.
- the individual catalyst metal particles are supported in a dispersed state, the local flux in the vicinity of the individual particles is smaller than that in the above embodiment. Therefore, the transport resistance of the reaction gas is reduced, and the catalytic metal is effectively used.
- the “BET specific surface area (m 2 / g support)” of the catalyst is measured by a nitrogen adsorption method. Specifically, about 0.04 to 0.07 g of catalyst powder is precisely weighed and sealed in a sample tube. This sample tube is preliminarily dried at 90 ° C. for several hours in a vacuum dryer to obtain a measurement sample. For weighing, an electronic balance (AW220) manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation is used. In the case of a coated sheet, a net weight of about 0.03 to 0.04 g of the coated layer obtained by subtracting the weight of Teflon (registered trademark) (base material) of the same area from the total weight is used as the sample weight. .
- the BET specific surface area is measured under the following measurement conditions. On the adsorption side of the adsorption / desorption isotherm, a BET specific surface area is calculated from the slope and intercept by creating a BET plot from the relative pressure (P / P0) range of about 0.00 to 0.45.
- “Mesopore vacancy radius (nm)” means the vacancy radius measured by the nitrogen adsorption method (DH method).
- the upper limit of the pore radius of the mesopore is not particularly limited, but is 100 nm or less.
- Mesopore void volume means the total volume of mesopores having a radius of 1 nm or more and less than 5 nm present in the catalyst, and is represented by the volume per gram of support (cc / g support).
- the “mesopore pore volume (cc / g carrier)” is calculated as the area (integrated value) below the differential pore distribution curve obtained by the nitrogen adsorption method (DH method).
- the “differential pore distribution” is a distribution curve in which the pore diameter is plotted on the horizontal axis and the pore volume corresponding to the pore diameter in the catalyst is plotted on the vertical axis. That is, when the pore volume of the catalyst obtained by the nitrogen adsorption method (DH method) is V and the pore diameter is D, the differential pore volume dV is divided by the logarithmic difference d (log D) of the pore diameter. A value (dV / d (logD)) is obtained. A differential pore distribution curve is obtained by plotting this dV / d (logD) against the average pore diameter of each section.
- the differential hole volume dV refers to an increase in the hole volume between measurement points.
- the method for measuring the mesopore radius and the pore volume by the nitrogen adsorption method is not particularly limited.
- “Science of adsorption” (2nd edition, Seiichi Kondo, Tatsuo Ishikawa, Abe Tatsuo, co-authored by Maruzen Co., Ltd.) and “Fuel cell analysis method” (Yoshio Takasu, Yuu Yoshitake, Tatsumi Ishihara, edited by Chemistry), D. Dollion, G. R. Heal: J. Appl. Chem., 14, 109
- a method described in a known document such as (1964) can be employed.
- the mesopore radius and pore volume by nitrogen adsorption method (DH method) are described in D. Dollion, G. R. Heal: J. Appl. Chem., 14, 109 (1964). The value measured by the method.
- the method for producing a catalyst having a specific pore volume as described above is not particularly limited, but it is important that the mesopore volume of the support has a pore distribution as described above.
- a method for producing a carrier having mesopores and having a mesopore pore volume of 0.8 cc / g or more is disclosed in JP 2010-208887 A (US Patent Application Publication No. 2011/2011). No. 318254, the same applies hereinafter), International Publication No. 2009/075264 (US Patent Application Publication No. 2011/058308, the same applies hereinafter) and the like.
- the material of the carrier is a specific surface area sufficient to form pores (primary pores) having the above-described pore volume inside the carrier and to carry the catalyst component in a dispersed state inside the mesopores. And sufficient electron conductivity are not particularly limited.
- the main component is carbon. Specific examples include carbon particles made of carbon black (Ketjen black, oil furnace black, channel black, lamp black, thermal black, acetylene black, etc.), activated carbon, and the like. “The main component is carbon” means that the main component contains carbon atoms, and is a concept that includes both carbon atoms and substantially carbon atoms. It may be included. “Substantially consists of carbon atoms” means that contamination of impurities of about 2 to 3% by weight or less can be allowed.
- carbon black since it is easy to form a desired pore region inside the support, it is desirable to use carbon black, and particularly preferably in public relations such as Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-208887 and International Publication No. 2009/075264. A carrier produced by the method described is used.
- porous metals such as Sn (tin) and Ti (titanium), and conductive metal oxides can also be used as carriers.
- the BET specific surface area of the support may be a specific surface area sufficient to support the catalyst component in a highly dispersed state.
- the BET specific surface area of the support is substantially equivalent to the BET specific surface area of the catalyst.
- the BET specific surface area of the carrier is preferably 1000 m 2 / g or more, and more preferably 1500 m 2 / g or more.
- the upper limit of the BET specific surface area of the support is not particularly limited, preferably is not more than 3000 m 2 / g carrier, and more preferably is not more than 1800 m 2 / g carrier.
- the average particle size of the carrier is preferably 20 to 2000 nm. Within such a range, the mechanical strength can be maintained and the thickness of the catalyst layer can be controlled within an appropriate range even when the support is provided with the above-described pore structure.
- the value of the “average particle diameter of the carrier” is observed in several to several tens of fields using an observation means such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM) unless otherwise specified. The value calculated as the average value of the particle diameter of the particles shall be adopted.
- the “particle diameter” means the maximum distance among the distances between any two points on the particle outline.
- examples of the carrier include a non-porous conductive carrier, a non-woven fabric made of carbon fibers constituting a gas diffusion layer, carbon paper, and carbon cloth.
- the catalyst can be supported on these non-porous conductive carriers, or directly attached to a non-woven fabric made of carbon fibers, carbon paper, carbon cloth, etc. constituting the gas diffusion layer of the membrane electrode assembly. It is.
- the catalytic metal that can be used in the present invention has a function of catalyzing an electrochemical reaction.
- the catalyst metal used in the anode catalyst layer is not particularly limited as long as it has a catalytic action in the oxidation reaction of hydrogen, and a known catalyst can be used in the same manner.
- the catalyst metal used in the cathode catalyst layer is not particularly limited as long as it has a catalytic action for the oxygen reduction reaction, and a known catalyst can be used in the same manner.
- metals such as platinum, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, tungsten, lead, iron, copper, silver, chromium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum, gallium, aluminum, and alloys thereof Can be selected.
- the catalyst metal is preferably platinum or contains a metal component other than platinum and platinum, and more preferably platinum or a platinum-containing alloy.
- a catalytic metal can exhibit high activity.
- the composition of the alloy depends on the type of metal to be alloyed, the content of platinum is preferably 30 to 90 atomic%, and the content of the metal to be alloyed with platinum is preferably 10 to 70 atomic%.
- an alloy is a generic term for a metal element having one or more metal elements or non-metal elements added and having metallic properties.
- the alloy structure consists of a eutectic alloy, which is a mixture of the component elements as separate crystals, a component element completely melted into a solid solution, and a component element composed of an intermetallic compound or a compound of a metal and a nonmetal.
- the catalyst metal used for the anode catalyst layer and the catalyst metal used for the cathode catalyst layer can be appropriately selected from the above.
- the description of the catalyst metal for the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer has the same definition for both.
- the catalyst metals of the anode catalyst layer and the cathode catalyst layer do not have to be the same, and can be appropriately selected so as to exhibit the desired action as described above.
- the catalyst metal (catalyst component) has a specific surface area of 30 m 2 / g or less.
- the specific surface area of the catalyst metal is preferably 5 to 30 m 2 / g support, particularly preferably 10 to 20 m 2 / g support. Since the surface of the catalytic metal is hydrophilic and water generated by the catalytic reaction is easily adsorbed, water is easily retained in the mesopores in which the catalytic metal is stored. When water is held in the mesopores, the gas transport path becomes narrow and the diffusion rate of the reaction gas in water is slow, so that the gas transport performance is lowered.
- the amount of water adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst metal can be reduced by making the specific surface area of the catalyst metal relatively small as in the above range.
- water is not easily retained in the mesopores, and the water content in the catalyst and further in the catalyst layer can be reduced. Accordingly, the transport resistance of the reaction gas can be reduced, and the catalytic metal is effectively used.
- the value measured by the method as described in a following example is employ
- the shape and size of the catalyst metal are not particularly limited as long as the specific surface area falls within the above range, and the same shape and size as those of known catalyst components can be adopted.
- As the shape for example, a granular shape, a scale shape, a layered shape, and the like can be used, but a granular shape is preferable.
- the average particle diameter of the catalyst metal is not particularly limited, but is preferably larger than 3 nm. More preferably, it is more than 3 nm to 30 nm, particularly preferably more than 3 nm to 10 nm. If the average particle diameter of the catalyst metal exceeds 3 nm, the specific surface area of the catalyst metal can be reduced.
- the amount of water adsorbed on the catalytic metal surface can be reduced, and a large number of mesopores contributing to the transport of the reaction gas can be secured. Therefore, the transport resistance of the reaction gas can be further reduced. In addition, elution due to potential change can be prevented, and deterioration in performance over time can be suppressed. For this reason, catalyst activity can be improved more. That is, the catalytic reaction can be promoted more efficiently.
- the average particle diameter of the catalyst metal particles is 30 nm or less, the catalyst metal can be supported inside the mesopores of the support by a simple method, and the electrolyte coverage of the catalyst metal can be reduced.
- the value measured by the method as described in a following example is employ
- the ratio of the catalyst metal to the catalyst (sometimes referred to as “catalyst support ratio”) is the ratio of the weight of the supported catalyst metal to the total weight of the catalyst (total weight of the support and the catalyst metal). .
- the catalyst loading is preferably 40% by weight or less. Furthermore, the catalyst loading is more preferably 30% by weight or less. On the other hand, the lower limit of the catalyst loading is preferably 5% by weight, and more preferably 20% by weight. When the catalyst loading is in the above range, a catalyst having a small specific surface area of the catalyst metal can be obtained. As a result, the amount of water adsorbed on the catalyst metal surface can be reduced, and a large number of mesopores contributing to the transport of the reaction gas can be secured.
- the “catalyst loading” in the present invention is a value obtained by measuring the weight of the carrier before supporting the catalyst metal and the catalyst after supporting the catalyst metal.
- the catalyst of this embodiment can reduce gas transport resistance and exhibit high catalytic activity. That is, according to the catalyst of this embodiment, the catalytic reaction can be promoted. Therefore, the catalyst of this embodiment can be suitably used for an electrode catalyst layer for a fuel cell. That is, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a fuel cell electrode catalyst layer (also referred to as a “catalyst layer”) including the catalyst and the electrolyte is provided. In the catalyst layer, the transport resistance of the reaction gas to the surface of the catalyst metal is reduced.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the catalyst and the electrolyte in the catalyst layer according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the catalyst in the catalyst layer of the present invention, the catalyst is covered with the electrolyte 26, but the electrolyte 26 does not enter the mesopores 24 of the catalyst (catalyst carrier 23).
- the catalyst metal 22 on the surface of the catalyst carrier 23 comes into contact with the electrolyte 26, but the catalyst metal 22 supported in the mesopores 24 is not in contact with the electrolyte 26.
- the catalytic metal in the mesopores forms a three-phase interface between oxygen gas and water in a non-contact state with the electrolyte, thereby ensuring a reaction active area of the catalytic metal.
- the catalyst of this embodiment may be present in either the cathode catalyst layer or the anode catalyst layer, but is preferably used in the cathode catalyst layer. As described above, the catalyst of this embodiment can effectively use the catalyst by forming a three-phase interface with water without contacting the electrolyte, but water is formed in the cathode catalyst layer. .
- the electrolyte is not particularly limited, but is preferably an ion conductive polymer electrolyte. Since the polymer electrolyte plays a role of transmitting protons generated around the catalyst active material on the fuel electrode side, it is also called a proton conductive polymer.
- the polymer electrolyte is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge can be appropriately referred to.
- Polymer electrolytes are roughly classified into fluorine-based polymer electrolytes and hydrocarbon-based polymer electrolytes depending on the type of ion exchange resin that is a constituent material.
- ion exchange resins constituting the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte include Nafion (registered trademark, manufactured by DuPont), Aciplex (registered trademark, manufactured by Asahi Kasei Co., Ltd.), Flemion (registered trademark, manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- Perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymer perfluorocarbon phosphonic acid polymer, trifluorostyrene sulfonic acid polymer, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene-g-styrene sulfonic acid polymer, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride-per Examples thereof include fluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymers. From the viewpoint of excellent heat resistance, chemical stability, durability, and mechanical strength, these fluorine-based polymer electrolytes are preferably used, and particularly preferably fluorine-based polymer electrolytes composed of perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymers. Is used.
- hydrocarbon electrolyte examples include sulfonated polyethersulfone (S-PES), sulfonated polyaryletherketone, sulfonated polybenzimidazole alkyl, phosphonated polybenzimidazole alkyl, sulfonated polystyrene, sulfonated poly Examples include ether ether ketone (S-PEEK) and sulfonated polyphenylene (S-PPP).
- S-PES sulfonated polyethersulfone
- S-PEEK ether ketone
- S-PPP sulfonated polyphenylene
- the catalyst layer of this embodiment contains a polymer electrolyte having a small EW.
- the catalyst layer of this embodiment preferably has an EW of 1500 g / eq.
- the following polymer electrolyte is contained, More preferably, it is 1200 g / eq.
- the following polymer electrolyte is included, and particularly preferably 1000 g / eq.
- the following polymer electrolytes are included.
- EW Equivalent Weight
- the equivalent weight is the dry weight of the ion exchange membrane per equivalent of ion exchange group, and is expressed in units of “g / eq”.
- the catalyst layer includes two or more types of polymer electrolytes having different EWs in the power generation surface.
- the polymer electrolyte having the lowest EW among the polymer electrolytes has a relative humidity of 90% or less of the gas in the flow path. It is preferable to use in the region. By adopting such a material arrangement, the resistance value becomes small regardless of the current density region, and the battery performance can be improved.
- the EW of the polymer electrolyte used in the region where the relative humidity of the gas in the flow channel is 90% or less, that is, the polymer electrolyte having the lowest EW is 900 g / eq. The following is desirable. Thereby, the above-mentioned effect becomes more reliable and remarkable.
- the polymer electrolyte having the lowest EW is within 3/5 from the gas supply port of at least one of the fuel gas and the oxidant gas with respect to the flow path length. It is desirable to use it in the range area.
- the catalyst layer of this embodiment may include a liquid proton conductive material that can connect the catalyst and the polymer electrolyte in a proton conductive state between the catalyst and the polymer electrolyte.
- a liquid proton conductive material By introducing a liquid proton conductive material, a proton transport path through the liquid proton conductive material is secured between the catalyst and the polymer electrolyte, and protons necessary for power generation are efficiently transported to the catalyst surface. Is possible. Thereby, since the utilization efficiency of a catalyst improves, it becomes possible to reduce the usage-amount of a catalyst, maintaining electric power generation performance.
- the liquid proton conductive material only needs to be interposed between the catalyst and the polymer electrolyte, and the pores (secondary voids) between the porous carriers in the catalyst layer and the voids (mesopores) in the porous carrier. : Primary vacancies).
- the liquid proton conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it has ion conductivity and can exhibit a function of forming a proton transport path between the catalyst and the polymer electrolyte.
- Specific examples include water, protic ionic liquid, aqueous perchloric acid solution, aqueous nitric acid solution, aqueous formic acid solution, and aqueous acetic acid solution.
- liquid proton conductive material When water is used as the liquid proton conductive material, water as the liquid proton conductive material is introduced into the catalyst layer by moistening the catalyst layer with a small amount of liquid water or humidified gas before starting power generation. Can do. Moreover, the water produced by the electrochemical reaction during the operation of the fuel cell can be used as the liquid proton conductive material. Therefore, it is not always necessary to hold the liquid proton conductive material when the fuel cell is in operation. For example, it is desirable that the surface distance between the catalyst and the electrolyte is 0.28 nm or more, which is the diameter of oxygen ions constituting water molecules.
- water liquid proton conductive material
- the polymer electrolyte liquid conductive material holding part
- a material other than water such as an ionic liquid
- An ionic liquid may be added when applying to the layer substrate.
- the total area of the catalyst in contact with the polymer electrolyte is smaller than the total area of the catalyst exposed to the liquid conductive material holding part.
- these areas are compared, for example, with the capacity of the electric double layer formed at the catalyst-polymer electrolyte interface and the catalyst-liquid proton conducting material interface in a state where the liquid conducting material holding portion is filled with the liquid proton conducting material.
- This can be done by seeking a relationship.
- the electric double layer capacity formed at the catalyst-electrolyte interface is the electric double layer capacity formed at the catalyst-liquid proton conducting material interface. If it is smaller, the contact area of the catalyst with the electrolyte is smaller than the area exposed to the liquid conductive material holding part.
- the measurement method of the electric double layer capacity formed at the catalyst-electrolyte interface and the catalyst-liquid proton conducting material interface in other words, the contact area between the catalyst and electrolyte and between the catalyst and the liquid proton conducting material ( A method for determining the relationship between the contact area of the catalyst with the electrolyte and the exposed area of the liquid conductive material holding portion will be described.
- Catalyst-Polymer electrolyte (CS) (2) Catalyst-Liquid proton conductive material (CL) (3) Porous carrier-polymer electrolyte (Cr-S) (4) Porous carrier-liquid proton conducting material (Cr-L)
- CS Catalyst-Polymer electrolyte
- CL Catalyst-Liquid proton conductive material
- Cr-S Porous carrier-polymer electrolyte
- Cr-L Porous carrier-liquid proton conducting material
- Electric double layer capacitor since that is directly proportional to the area of the electrochemically active surface, Cdl C-S (catalytic - electric double layer capacity of the polymer electrolyte interface) and Cdl C-L (catalytic - What is necessary is just to obtain
- the contribution of the four types of interfaces to the electric double layer capacity (Cdl) can be separated as follows.
- the electric double layer capacity is measured under a high humidification condition such as 100% RH and a low humidification condition such as 10% RH or less.
- examples of the measurement method of the electric double layer capacitance include cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. From these comparisons, it is possible to separate the contribution of the liquid proton conducting material (in this case “water”), that is, the above (2) and (4).
- the catalyst when the catalyst is deactivated, for example, when Pt is used as the catalyst, the catalyst is deactivated by supplying CO gas to the electrode to be measured and adsorbing CO on the Pt surface.
- the contribution to the multilayer capacity can be separated.
- the electric double layer capacity under high and low humidification conditions is measured by the same method as described above, and the contribution of the catalyst, that is, the above (1) and (2) is separated from these comparisons. be able to.
- the measured value (A) in the highly humidified state is the electric double layer capacity formed at all interfaces of the above (1) to (4)
- the measured value (B) in the low humidified state is the above (1) and (3).
- the measured value (C) in the catalyst deactivation / highly humidified state is the electric double layer capacity formed at the interface of the above (3) and (4)
- the measured value (D) in the catalyst deactivated / lowly humidified state is the above. It becomes an electric double layer capacity formed at the interface of (3).
- the difference between A and C is the electric double layer capacity formed at the interface of (1) and (2)
- the difference between B and D is the electric double layer capacity formed at the interface of (1).
- (AC)-(BD) the electric double layer capacity formed at the interface of (2) can be obtained.
- the contact area of the catalyst with the polymer electrolyte and the exposed area of the conductive material holding part can be obtained by, for example, TEM (transmission electron microscope) tomography.
- a water repellent such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, a dispersing agent such as a surfactant, glycerin, ethylene glycol (EG), as necessary.
- a thickener such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and propylene glycol (PG), and an additive such as a pore-forming agent may be contained.
- the thickness (dry film thickness) of the catalyst layer is preferably 0.05 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 20 ⁇ m, still more preferably 2 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the said thickness is applied to both a cathode catalyst layer and an anode catalyst layer.
- the thickness of the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer may be the same or different.
- a carrier also referred to as “porous carrier” or “conductive porous carrier” in the present specification
- the pore structure is controlled by heat-treating the carrier.
- it may be produced as described in the method for producing the carrier.
- pores having a specific pore distribution having mesopores, and the pore volume of the mesopores is 0.8 cc / g or more of the carrier
- the graphitization of the support is simultaneously promoted by the heat treatment, and the corrosion resistance can be improved.
- the conditions for the heat treatment vary depending on the material and are appropriately determined so that a desired pore structure is obtained. Generally, when the heating temperature is high, the mode diameter of the hole distribution tends to shift in the direction of increasing the hole diameter.
- Such heat treatment conditions may be determined according to the material while confirming the pore structure, and can be easily determined by those skilled in the art.
- Conventionally, a technique of graphitizing by heat-treating the support at a high temperature is known, but in the conventional heat treatment, most of the vacancies in the support are blocked, and the micro-pore structure near the catalyst ( There was no control of the wide and shallow primary vacancies.
- the catalyst metal is supported on the porous carrier to obtain catalyst powder.
- the catalyst metal can be supported on the porous carrier by a known method.
- known methods such as impregnation method, liquid phase reduction support method, evaporation to dryness method, colloid adsorption method, spray pyrolysis method, reverse micelle (microemulsion method) can be used.
- impregnation method liquid phase reduction support method
- colloid adsorption method colloid adsorption method
- reverse micelle microemulsion method
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably in the range of 300 to 1200 ° C., more preferably in the range of 500 to 1150 ° C., and particularly preferably in the range of 700 to 1000 ° C.
- the reducing atmosphere is not particularly limited as long as it contributes to the grain growth of the catalyst metal, but it is preferably performed in a mixed atmosphere of a reducing gas and an inert gas.
- the reducing gas is not particularly limited, but hydrogen (H 2 ) gas is preferable.
- the inert gas is not particularly limited, and helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), nitrogen (N 2 ), and the like can be used.
- the said inert gas may be used independently or may be used with the form of 2 or more types of mixed gas.
- the heat treatment time is preferably 0.1 to 2 hours, more preferably 0.5 to 1.5 hours.
- the catalyst powder may be subjected to acid treatment.
- the acid treatment method is not particularly limited.
- the acid treatment can be performed by immersing the catalyst powder in an acidic aqueous solution such as nitric acid, and then filtering the catalyst powder and drying.
- the conditions for immersing the catalyst powder are not particularly limited, but it is preferable to immerse in an acidic aqueous solution at 50 to 90 ° C. for about 1 to 5 hours.
- a catalyst ink containing catalyst powder, polymer electrolyte, and solvent is prepared.
- the solvent is not particularly limited, and ordinary solvents used for forming the catalyst layer can be used in the same manner. Specifically, water such as tap water, pure water, ion exchange water, distilled water, cyclohexanol, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol, etc. And lower alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, propylene glycol, benzene, toluene, xylene and the like. Besides these, butyl acetate alcohol, dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol, and the like may be used as a solvent. These solvents may be used alone or in the form of a mixture of two or more.
- the amount of the solvent constituting the catalyst ink is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of completely dissolving the electrolyte.
- the solid content concentration of the catalyst powder and the polymer electrolyte is preferably 1 to 50% by weight, more preferably about 5 to 30% by weight in the electrode catalyst ink.
- additives such as a water repellent, a dispersant, a thickener, and a pore-forming agent
- these additives may be added to the catalyst ink.
- the amount of the additive added is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount that does not interfere with the effects of the present invention.
- the amount of the additive added is preferably 5 to 20% by weight with respect to the total weight of the electrode catalyst ink.
- a catalyst ink is applied to the surface of the substrate.
- the application method to the substrate is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used. Specifically, it can be performed using a known method such as a spray (spray coating) method, a gulliver printing method, a die coater method, a screen printing method, or a doctor blade method.
- a solid polymer electrolyte membrane (electrolyte layer) or a gas diffusion substrate (gas diffusion layer) can be used as the substrate on which the catalyst ink is applied.
- the obtained laminate can be used for the production of the membrane electrode assembly as it is.
- a peelable substrate such as a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) [Teflon (registered trademark)] sheet is used as the substrate, and after the catalyst layer is formed on the substrate, the catalyst layer portion is peeled from the substrate.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the coating layer (film) of the catalyst ink is dried at room temperature to 150 ° C. for 1 to 60 minutes in an air atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere. Thereby, a catalyst layer is formed.
- a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly comprising the fuel cell electrode catalyst layer. That is, the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2, the cathode catalyst layer disposed on one side of the electrolyte membrane, the anode catalyst layer disposed on the other side of the electrolyte membrane, the electrolyte membrane 2 and the anode catalyst layer
- a fuel cell membrane electrode assembly having 3a and a pair of gas diffusion layers (4a, 4c) sandwiching the cathode catalyst layer 3c.
- at least one of the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer is the catalyst layer of the embodiment described above. Therefore, in the fuel cell membrane electrode assembly in the present embodiment, the transport resistance when the reaction gas is transported to the surface of the catalyst metal is reduced.
- the cathode catalyst layer may be the catalyst layer of the embodiment described above.
- the catalyst layer according to the above embodiment may be used as an anode catalyst layer, or may be used as both a cathode catalyst layer and an anode catalyst layer, and is not particularly limited.
- a fuel cell having the membrane electrode assembly of the above form there is provided a fuel cell having the membrane electrode assembly of the above form. That is, one embodiment of the present invention is a fuel cell having a pair of anode separator and cathode separator that sandwich the membrane electrode assembly of the above-described embodiment. In the fuel cell, the transport resistance of the reaction gas to the surface of the catalytic metal is reduced.
- the present invention is characterized by a catalyst. Therefore, the specific form of the members other than the catalyst layer constituting the fuel cell can be appropriately modified with reference to conventionally known knowledge.
- the electrolyte membrane is composed of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2 as shown in FIG.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2 has a function of selectively permeating protons generated in the anode catalyst layer 3a during operation of the PEFC 1 to the cathode catalyst layer 3c along the film thickness direction.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2 also has a function as a partition wall for preventing the fuel gas supplied to the anode side and the oxidant gas supplied to the cathode side from being mixed.
- the electrolyte material constituting the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 2 is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge can be appropriately referred to.
- the fluorine-based polymer electrolyte or hydrocarbon-based polymer electrolyte described above as the polymer electrolyte can be used. At this time, it is not always necessary to use the same polymer electrolyte used for the catalyst layer.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer may be appropriately determined in consideration of the characteristics of the obtained fuel cell, and is not particularly limited.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer is usually about 5 to 300 ⁇ m. When the thickness of the electrolyte layer is within such a range, the balance of strength during film formation, durability during use, and output characteristics during use can be appropriately controlled.
- the gas diffusion layers are catalyst layers (3a, 3c) of gas (fuel gas or oxidant gas) supplied via the gas flow paths (6a, 6c) of the separator. ) And a function as an electron conduction path.
- the material which comprises the base material of a gas diffusion layer (4a, 4c) is not specifically limited, A conventionally well-known knowledge can be referred suitably.
- a sheet-like material having conductivity and porosity such as a carbon woven fabric, a paper-like paper body, a felt, and a non-woven fabric can be used.
- the thickness of the substrate may be appropriately determined in consideration of the characteristics of the obtained gas diffusion layer, but may be about 30 to 500 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the substrate is within such a range, the balance between mechanical strength and diffusibility such as gas and water can be appropriately controlled.
- the gas diffusion layer preferably contains a water repellent for the purpose of further improving water repellency and preventing flooding.
- the water repellent is not particularly limited, but fluorine-based high repellents such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyhexafluoropropylene, and tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP). Examples thereof include molecular materials, polypropylene, and polyethylene.
- the gas diffusion layer has a carbon particle layer (microporous layer; MPL, not shown) made of an aggregate of carbon particles containing a water repellent agent on the catalyst layer side of the substrate. You may have.
- MPL microporous layer
- the carbon particles contained in the carbon particle layer are not particularly limited, and conventionally known materials such as carbon black, graphite, and expanded graphite can be appropriately employed. Among them, carbon black such as oil furnace black, channel black, lamp black, thermal black, acetylene black and the like can be preferably used because of excellent electron conductivity and a large specific surface area.
- the average particle size of the carbon particles is preferably about 10 to 100 nm. Thereby, while being able to obtain the high drainage property by capillary force, it becomes possible to improve contact property with a catalyst layer.
- Examples of the water repellent used for the carbon particle layer include the same water repellents as described above.
- fluorine-based polymer materials can be preferably used because of excellent water repellency, corrosion resistance during electrode reaction, and the like.
- the mixing ratio of the carbon particles to the water repellent in the carbon particle layer is about 90:10 to 40:60 (carbon particles: water repellent) by weight in consideration of the balance between water repellency and electronic conductivity. It is good.
- a method for producing the membrane electrode assembly is not particularly limited, and a conventionally known method can be used.
- a catalyst layer is transferred or applied to a solid polymer electrolyte membrane by hot pressing, and this is dried, and a gas diffusion layer is bonded to the gas diffusion layer, or a microporous layer side (a microporous layer is attached to the gas diffusion layer).
- two gas diffusion electrodes are prepared by applying a catalyst layer on one side of the base material layer in advance and drying, and hot pressing the gas diffusion electrodes on both sides of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the application and joining conditions such as hot press are appropriately determined depending on the type of polymer electrolyte in the solid polymer electrolyte membrane or catalyst layer (perfluorosulfonic acid type or hydrocarbon type). Adjust it.
- the separator has a function of electrically connecting each cell in series when a plurality of single cells of a fuel cell such as a polymer electrolyte fuel cell are connected in series to form a fuel cell stack.
- the separator also functions as a partition that separates the fuel gas, the oxidant gas, and the coolant from each other.
- each of the separators is preferably provided with a gas flow path and a cooling flow path.
- a material constituting the separator conventionally known materials such as dense carbon graphite, carbon such as a carbon plate, and metal such as stainless steel can be appropriately employed without limitation.
- the thickness and size of the separator and the shape and size of each flow path provided are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately determined in consideration of the desired output characteristics of the obtained fuel cell.
- the manufacturing method of the fuel cell is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge can be appropriately referred to in the field of the fuel cell.
- a fuel cell stack having a structure in which a plurality of membrane electrode assemblies are stacked and connected in series via a separator may be formed so that the fuel cell can exhibit a desired voltage.
- the shape of the fuel cell is not particularly limited, and may be determined as appropriate so that desired battery characteristics such as voltage can be obtained.
- the above-mentioned PEFC and membrane electrode assembly use a catalyst layer having excellent power generation performance and durability. Therefore, the PEFC and the membrane electrode assembly are excellent in power generation performance and durability.
- the PEFC of this embodiment and the fuel cell stack using the same can be mounted on a vehicle as a driving power source, for example.
- Synthesis example 1 A carrier a having an average pore radius: 6.1 nm; a mesopore void volume of 0.95 cc / g carrier; and a BET specific surface area of 1300 m 2 / g carrier was prepared as follows. Specifically, the carrier a was produced by the method described in JP 2010-208887 A.
- a carrier b having an average pore radius: 2.1 nm; a mesopore void volume of 0.92 cc / g carrier; and a BET specific surface area of 1770 m 2 / g carrier was prepared as follows. Specifically, the carrier b was produced by the method described in International Publication No. 2009/75264.
- a carrier c having an average pore radius: 2.4 nm; a mesopore void volume of 1.53 cc / g carrier; and a BET specific surface area of 1600 m 2 / g carrier was prepared as follows. Specifically, the carrier c was produced by the method described in JP 2010-208887 A.
- a carrier d having an average pore radius: 2.4 nm; a mesopore void volume of 1.62 cc / g carrier; and a BET specific surface area of 1600 m 2 / g carrier was prepared as follows. Specifically, the carrier d was produced by the method described in JP2010-208887A.
- Example 1 Production of catalyst powder Using the carrier a produced in Synthesis Example 1 above, platinum (Pt) having an average particle size of 3.4 nm as a catalyst metal was carried so that the loading was 30% by weight, Catalyst powder A was obtained. That is, 107 g of carrier A was immersed in 1000 g (platinum content: 46 g) of a dinitrodiammine platinum nitric acid solution having a platinum concentration of 4.6 mass%, and 100 ml of 100% ethanol was added as a reducing agent. This solution was stirred and mixed at the boiling point for 7 hours, and platinum was supported on the carrier A. The catalyst powder having a loading rate of 30% by weight was obtained by filtration and drying. Then, it hold
- Ketjen black (particle size: 30 to 60 nm) is used as a carrier, and platinum (Pt) with an average particle size of 2.5 nm is supported on the catalyst metal so that the loading ratio is 50% by weight as catalyst metal.
- a gasket manufactured by Teijin Dupont, Teonex, thickness: 25 ⁇ m (adhesive layer: 10 ⁇ m)
- the catalyst ink was applied to a size of 5 cm ⁇ 2 cm by spray coating on the exposed portion of one side of the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the catalyst ink was dried by keeping the stage for spray coating at 60 ° C. for 1 minute, and an electrode catalyst layer was obtained.
- the amount of platinum supported at this time is 0.15 mg / cm 2 .
- ICP inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy
- the anode catalyst layer was formed by performing spray coating and heat treatment on the electrolyte membrane in the same manner as the cathode catalyst layer to obtain the membrane electrode assembly (1) of this example.
- ECA Electrochemical surface area
- the particle diameter was determined from the crystallite diameter determined from the half-value width of the diffraction peak of the catalytic metal component in X-ray diffraction (XRD).
- a water vapor adsorption isotherm was measured, and the volume of adsorbed water per gram of carrier weight (unit: cc / g carrier) at a humidity of 90% was used as a representative value.
- the water vapor adsorption isotherm first, about 0.05 g of a catalyst was put in a glass cell, and pretreatment was performed by degassing under reduced pressure at 90 ° C. for 5 hours. Next, the measurement was performed under the following measurement conditions.
- the total pore volume was determined by the sum of “mesopore pore volume” and “micropore pore volume”.
- the “mesopore void volume” is calculated by the method described above.
- the “pore volume of micropores” means the total volume of micropores with a radius of less than 1 nm present in the catalyst, and is represented by the volume per gram of support (cc / g support).
- the “micropore pore volume (cc / g carrier)” is calculated as the area (integrated value) below the differential pore distribution curve obtained by the nitrogen adsorption method (MP method).
- the method for measuring the micropore radius and pore volume by the nitrogen adsorption method is, for example, “Science of adsorption” (2nd edition, Seiichi Kondo, Tatsuo Ishikawa, Ikuo Abe, Maruzen Co., Ltd.) "Fuel cell analysis method” (Yoshio Takasu, Yuu Yoshitake, Tatsumi Ishihara, edited by Chemistry), R. Sh. Mikhail, S. Brunauer, E. E. Bodor J.Colloid Interface Sci., 26, 45 (1968) The method described in well-known documents, such as these, is employable.
- the radius and the pore volume of the micropore by the nitrogen adsorption method are R.RSh. Mikhail, S. Brunauer, E. E. Bodor J.Colloid Interface Sci., 26, 45 (1968). ) Is a value measured by the method described in (1).
- the limiting current density (A / cm 2 ) is measured using diluted oxygen.
- the gas transport resistance (s / m) is calculated from the slope of the limiting current density (A / cm 2 ) with respect to the oxygen partial pressure (kPa).
- the gas transport resistance is similarly calculated by changing the total gas pressure.
- the gas transport resistance is proportional to the total pressure of the gas, and can be separated into a component that depends on the total pressure of the gas (gas transport resistance due to molecular diffusion) and a component that does not depend on the component.
- the former is, for example, a transport resistance component in a relatively large vacancy of 100 nm or more existing in a gas diffusion layer
- the latter is a transport resistance component in a relatively small vacancy of less than 100 nm existing in a catalyst layer.
- the gas transport resistance in the catalyst layer was obtained by measuring the total pressure dependence of the gas transport resistance and extracting components that do not depend on the total pressure.
- Example 2 In Example 1, catalyst powder B was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the carrier b prepared in Synthesis Example 2 was used instead of the carrier a. Using the catalyst powder B thus obtained, a membrane / electrode assembly (2) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1. About the obtained membrane electrode assembly (2) and catalyst powder B, the pore volume of the mesopores, the catalytic metal (platinum) specific surface area, the catalytic metal (platinum) particle size, the BET specific surface area, the water content and the gas transport resistance It was measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Example 3 In Example 2, a catalyst powder C was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the catalyst powder B was further acid-treated. The acid treatment was performed by immersing the catalyst powder B in a 3.0 mol / L nitric acid aqueous solution at 80 ° C. for 2 hours, followed by filtration and drying. Using the catalyst powder C thus obtained, a membrane / electrode assembly (3) was produced in the same manner as in Example 2. About the obtained membrane electrode assembly (3) and catalyst powder C, the pore volume of the mesopores, the catalytic metal (platinum) specific surface area, the catalytic metal (platinum) particle size, the BET specific surface area, the water content and the gas transport resistance It was measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Example 4 In Example 1, catalyst powder D was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the carrier c prepared in Synthesis Example 3 was used instead of the carrier a. Using the catalyst powder D thus obtained, a membrane / electrode assembly (4) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. For the obtained membrane electrode assembly (4) and catalyst powder D, the mesopore volume, catalyst metal (platinum) specific surface area, catalyst metal (platinum) particle size, BET specific surface area, moisture content and gas transport resistance It was measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Example 5 In Example 1, a catalyst powder E was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the carrier d produced in Synthesis Example 4 was used instead of the carrier a. Using the catalyst powder E thus obtained, a membrane / electrode assembly (6) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. For the obtained membrane electrode assembly (6) and catalyst powder E, the mesopore volume, catalyst metal (platinum) specific surface area, catalyst metal (platinum) particle size, BET specific surface area, moisture content and gas transport resistance It was measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Ketjen Black EC300J (Ketjen Black International) was baked in an electric furnace in a nitrogen atmosphere at 2000 ° C. for 1 hour.
- Graphitized ketjen black (carrier e) obtained by the above operation (mesopore void volume is 0.15 cc / g carrier; and BET specific surface area is 150 m 2 / g carrier) is used as an average catalyst metal.
- Comparative catalyst powder F was obtained by loading platinum (Pt) having a particle size of 2.3 nm so that the loading ratio was 50% by weight.
- a comparative membrane electrode assembly (1) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the mesopore volume, catalytic metal (platinum) specific surface area, catalytic metal (platinum) particle size, BET specific surface area, water content and gas transport resistance was measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Comparative Example 2 In Comparative Example 1, instead of the carrier e, Ketjen Black EC300J (Ketjen Black International) (Carrier f) (mesopore void volume of 0.39 cc / g carrier; and BET specific surface area of 790 m 2 / g carrier) ) was used as a carrier, and the same operation as in Comparative Example 1 was performed to obtain a comparative catalyst powder G. A comparative membrane / electrode assembly (2) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 by using the comparative catalyst powder G thus obtained.
- Ketjen Black EC300J Ketjen Black International
- Carrier f meopore void volume of 0.39 cc / g carrier; and BET specific surface area of 790 m 2 / g carrier
- Comparative Example 3 In Comparative Example 1, a comparative catalyst powder H was obtained by performing the same operation as in Comparative Example 1 except that the carrier a prepared in Synthesis Example 1 was used. Using the comparative catalyst powder H thus obtained, a comparative membrane electrode assembly (3) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. About the obtained comparative membrane electrode assembly (3) and catalyst powder H, the pore volume of the mesopores, the catalytic metal (platinum) specific surface area, the catalytic metal (platinum) particle size, the BET specific surface area, the water content and the gas transport resistance was measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Comparative Example 4 In Comparative Example 1, a comparative catalyst powder I was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1, except that the carrier c prepared in Synthesis Example 3 was used. A comparative membrane / electrode assembly (4) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using the comparative catalyst powder I thus obtained. About the obtained comparative membrane electrode assembly (4) and catalyst powder I, mesopore void volume, catalyst metal (platinum) specific surface area, catalyst metal (platinum) particle size, BET specific surface area, water content and gas transport resistance was measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Comparative Example 5 In Comparative Example 1, Comparative Catalyst Powder J was obtained in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the carrier f was used and platinum was supported and then held in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 900 ° C. for 1 hour. Using the comparative catalyst powder J thus obtained, a comparative membrane electrode assembly (5) was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1. About the obtained comparative membrane electrode assembly (5) and catalyst powder J, mesopore void volume, catalyst metal (platinum) specific surface area, catalyst metal (platinum) particle size, BET specific surface area, water content and gas transport resistance was measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
- the catalyst powders A to E (Examples 1 to 5) of this embodiment having a mesopore volume of 0.8 cc / g carrier or more and a platinum specific surface area of 30 m 2 / g carrier or less are as follows.
- the gas transport resistance was 9 s / m or less, and good gas transportability was exhibited.
- the catalyst surfaces of the catalysts A to E are relatively water repellent. It is shown that. Therefore, also from such a result, in the catalyst according to the present embodiment, by reducing the specific surface area of the catalytic metal, the amount of water adsorbed on the hydrophilic catalytic metal surface is reduced. Is considered to be improved.
- Comparative Example 2 shows that the catalyst metal particle size can be increased by carrying the heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere after supporting the catalyst metal (platinum) on the carrier. Yes.
- PEFC Polymer electrolyte fuel cell
- Solid polymer electrolyte membrane 3 ... Catalyst layer, 3a ... anode catalyst layer, 3c ... cathode catalyst layer, 4a ... anode gas diffusion layer, 4c ... cathode gas diffusion layer, 5, ... Separator, 5a ... anode separator, 5c ... cathode separator, 6a ... anode gas flow path, 6c ... cathode gas flow path, 7: Refrigerant flow path, 10 ... Membrane electrode assembly (MEA), 20 ... Catalyst, 22 ... catalytic metal, 23 ... catalyst carrier, 24 ... Mesopores, 26. Electrolyte.
- MEA Membrane electrode assembly
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Abstract
Description
燃料電池は、膜電極接合体(MEA)と、燃料ガスが流れる燃料ガス流路を有するアノード側セパレータと酸化剤ガスが流れる酸化剤ガス流路を有するカソード側セパレータとからなる一対のセパレータとを有する。本形態の燃料電池は、耐久性に優れ、かつ高い発電性能を発揮できる。
図2は、本発明の一実施形態に係る触媒の形状・構造を示す概略断面説明図である。図2に示されるように、本発明の触媒20は、触媒金属22および触媒担体23からなる。また、触媒20は、半径1nm以上5nm未満の空孔(メソ孔)24を有する。ここで、触媒金属22は、主としてメソ孔24の内部に担持される。また、触媒金属22は、少なくとも一部がメソ孔24の内部に担持されていればよく、一部が触媒担体23表面に担持されていてもよい。しかし、触媒層での電解質(電解質ポリマー、アイオノマー)と触媒金属の接触を防ぎ、触媒活性を向上させるという観点からは、実質的にすべての触媒金属22がメソ孔24の内部に担持されることが好ましい。触媒金属が電解質と接触すると、触媒金属表面の面積比活性が減少する。これに対し、上記構成により、電解質が触媒担体23のメソ孔24内に入り込まないようにすることができ、触媒金属22と電解質とが物理的に分離される。そして、水により三相界面を形成することができる結果、触媒活性が向上する。ここで、「実質的にすべての触媒金属」とは、十分な触媒活性を向上できる量であれば特に制限されない。「実質的にすべての触媒金属」は、全触媒金属において、好ましくは50重量%以上(上限:100重量%)、より好ましくは80重量%以上(上限:100重量%)の量で存在する。
以下、触媒に含まれる担体について説明する。(触媒金属担持後の触媒の)半径1nm以上5nm未満の空孔(メソ孔)の空孔容積は0.8cc/g担体以上である。メソ孔の空孔容積は、好ましくは0.8~3cc/g担体であり、特に好ましくは0.8~2cc/g担体であることが好ましい。空孔容積が上記したような範囲にあれば、反応ガスの輸送に寄与する空孔が多く確保されるため、反応ガスの輸送抵抗を低減することができる。したがって、メソ孔内に格納される触媒金属の表面に反応ガスが速やかに輸送されるため、触媒金属が有効に利用される。さらに、メソ孔の容積が上記範囲にあれば、メソ孔内に触媒金属を格納(担持)でき、触媒層での電解質と触媒金属とを物理的に分離することができる(触媒金属と電解質との接触をより有効に抑制・防止できる)。このように、メソ孔内の触媒金属と、電解質との接触が抑制される上記態様であれば、担体表面に担持される触媒金属の量が多い時と比較して、触媒の活性をより有効に利用できる。なお、本明細書では、半径1nm以上5nm未満の空孔の空孔容積を単に「メソ孔の空孔容積」とも称する。
上述したように、本実施形態の触媒は、ガス輸送抵抗を低減し、高い触媒活性を発揮できる。すなわち、本実施形態の触媒によれば、触媒反応を促進できる。したがって、本形態の触媒は、燃料電池用の電極触媒層に好適に使用できる。すなわち、本発明の一実施形態により、上記の触媒および電解質を含む、燃料電池用電極触媒層(「触媒層」とも称する場合がある)が提供される。当該触媒層においては、触媒金属の表面に対する反応ガスの輸送抵抗が低減される。
(1)触媒-高分子電解質(C-S)
(2)触媒-液体プロトン伝導材(C-L)
(3)多孔質担体-高分子電解質(Cr-S)
(4)多孔質担体-液体プロトン伝導材(Cr-L)
の4種の界面が電気二重層容量(Cdl)として寄与し得る。
以下、触媒層を製造するための好ましい実施形態を記載するが、本発明の技術的範囲は下記の形態のみには限定されない。また、触媒層の各構成要素の材質などの諸条件については、上述した通りであるため、ここでは説明を省略する。
本発明のさらなる実施形態によれば、上記燃料電池用電極触媒層を含む、燃料電池用膜電極接合体が提供される。すなわち、固体高分子電解質膜2、前記電解質膜の一方の側に配置されたカソード触媒層と、前記電解質膜の他方の側に配置されたアノード触媒層と、前記電解質膜2並びに前記アノード触媒層3a及び前記カソード触媒層3cを挟持する一対のガス拡散層(4a,4c)とを有する燃料電池用膜電極接合体が提供される。そしてこの膜電極接合体において、前記カソード触媒層およびアノード触媒層の少なくとも一方が上記に記載した実施形態の触媒層である。したがって、本実施形態における燃料電池用膜電極接合体においては、触媒金属の表面に反応ガスが輸送される際の輸送抵抗が低減される。
本発明のさらなる実施形態によれば、上記形態の膜電極接合体を有する燃料電池が提供される。すなわち、本発明の一実施形態は、上記形態の膜電極接合体を挟持する一対のアノードセパレータおよびカソードセパレータを有する燃料電池である。当該燃料電池においては、触媒金属の表面に対する反応ガスの輸送抵抗が低減される。
電解質膜は、例えば、図1に示す形態のように固体高分子電解質膜2から構成される。この固体高分子電解質膜2は、PEFC1の運転時にアノード触媒層3aで生成したプロトンを膜厚方向に沿ってカソード触媒層3cへと選択的に透過させる機能を有する。また、固体高分子電解質膜2は、アノード側に供給される燃料ガスとカソード側に供給される酸化剤ガスとを混合させないための隔壁としての機能をも有する。
ガス拡散層(アノードガス拡散層4a、カソードガス拡散層4c)は、セパレータのガス流路(6a、6c)を介して供給されたガス(燃料ガスまたは酸化剤ガス)の触媒層(3a、3c)への拡散を促進する機能、および電子伝導パスとしての機能を有する。
膜電極接合体の作製方法としては、特に制限されず、従来公知の方法を使用できる。例えば、固体高分子電解質膜に触媒層をホットプレスで転写または塗布し、これを乾燥したものに、ガス拡散層を接合する方法や、ガス拡散層の微多孔質層側(微多孔質層を含まない場合には、基材層の片面に触媒層を予め塗布して乾燥することによりガス拡散電極(GDE)を2枚作製し、固体高分子電解質膜の両面にこのガス拡散電極をホットプレスで接合する方法を使用することができる。ホットプレス等の塗布、接合条件は、固体高分子電解質膜や触媒層内の高分子電解質の種類(パ-フルオロスルホン酸系や炭化水素系)によって適宜調整すればよい。
セパレータは、固体高分子形燃料電池などの燃料電池の単セルを複数個直列に接続して燃料電池スタックを構成する際に、各セルを電気的に直列に接続する機能を有する。また、セパレータは、燃料ガス、酸化剤ガス、および冷却剤を互に分離する隔壁としての機能も有する。これらの流路を確保するため、上述したように、セパレータのそれぞれにはガス流路および冷却流路が設けられていることが好ましい。セパレータを構成する材料としては、緻密カーボングラファイト、炭素板などのカーボンや、ステンレスなどの金属など、従来公知の材料が適宜制限なく採用できる。セパレータの厚さやサイズ、設けられる各流路の形状やサイズなどは特に限定されず、得られる燃料電池の所望の出力特性などを考慮して適宜決定できる。
以下により、平均空孔半径:6.1nm;メソ孔の空孔容積が0.95cc/g担体;およびBET比表面積が1300m2/g担体である、担体aを調製した。具体的には、特開2010-208887号公報などに記載の方法により担体aを作製した。
以下により、平均空孔半径:2.1nm;メソ孔の空孔容積が0.92cc/g担体;およびBET比表面積が1770m2/g担体である、担体bを調製した。具体的には、国際公開第2009/75264号などに記載の方法により担体bを作製した。
以下により、平均空孔半径:2.4nm;メソ孔の空孔容積が1.53cc/g担体;およびBET比表面積が1600m2/g担体である、担体cを調製した。具体的には、特開2010-208887号公報などに記載の方法により担体cを作製した。
以下により、平均空孔半径:2.4nm;メソ孔の空孔容積が1.62cc/g担体;およびBET比表面積が1600m2/g担体である、担体dを調製した。具体的には、特開2010-208887号公報などに記載の方法により担体dを作製した。
(a)触媒粉末の作製
上記合成例1で作製した担体aを用い、これに触媒金属として平均粒径3.4nmの白金(Pt)を担持率が30重量%となるように担持させて、触媒粉末Aを得た。すなわち、白金濃度4.6質量%のジニトロジアンミン白金硝酸溶液を1000g(白金含有量:46g)に担体Aを107g浸漬させ攪拌後、還元剤として100%エタノールを100ml添加した。この溶液を沸点で7時間、攪拌、混合し、白金を担体Aに担持させた。そして、濾過、乾燥することにより、担持率が30重量%の触媒粉末を得た。その後、水素雰囲気において、温度900℃で1時間保持し、触媒粉末Aを得た。
上記のように作製した触媒粉末Aと、高分子電解質としてのアイオノマー分散液(Nafion(登録商標)D2020,EW=1100g/mol、DuPont社製)とをカーボン担体とアイオノマーの重量比が0.9となるよう混合した。さらに、溶媒としてn-プロパノール溶液(50%)を固形分率(Pt+カーボン担体+アイオノマー)が7重量%となるよう添加して、カソード触媒インクを調製した。
上記のようにして作製した触媒粉末Aおよび膜電極接合体(1)について、メソ孔の空孔容積、触媒金属(白金)比表面積、触媒金属(白金)粒径、BET比表面積、含水率およびガス輸送抵抗を測定した。その結果を下記表1に示す。なお、メソ孔の空孔容積、BET比表面積の測定は、上述の方法により行い、これら以外の評価は、下記の通り行った。
上記のようにして作製したカソード触媒層について、サイクリックボルタンメトリーによる電気化学的有効表面積(ECA:Electrochemical surface area)を求めた。参照極には白金、対極には標準水素電極(RHE)を用いた。
上記のようにして得られた触媒粉末Aについて、X線回折(XRD)における触媒金属成分の回折ピークの半値幅より求められる結晶子径から、粒子径を求めた。
含水率は、[含水率(vol%)]=[湿度90%における吸着水の体積]/[全空孔容積]として求めた。具体的には、以下の操作を行った。
温度:80℃
計測時間:各相対湿度条件につき、重量が平衡状態に達してから500秒。
上記の通り作製された膜電極接合体(1)について、T.Mashio et al. ECS Trans., 11, 529, (2007)に記載の方法に従って、ガス輸送抵抗評価を行った。結果を下記表1に示す。
実施例1において、担体aの代わりに、上記合成例2で作製した担体bを使用した以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行い、触媒粉末Bを得た。このようにして得られた触媒粉末Bを用いて、実施例1と同様に、膜電極接合体(2)を作製した。得られた膜電極接合体(2)および触媒粉末Bについて、メソ孔の空孔容積、触媒金属(白金)比表面積、触媒金属(白金)粒径、BET比表面積、含水率およびガス輸送抵抗を測定した。その結果を下記表1に示す。
実施例2において、触媒粉末Bをさらに酸処理したこと以外は、実施例2と同様の操作を行い、触媒粉末Cを得た。なお、酸処理は、触媒粉末Bを、3.0mol/Lの硝酸水溶液中に、80℃で2時間浸漬させた後、濾過、乾燥することにより行った。このようにして得られた触媒粉末Cを用いて、実施例2と同様に、膜電極接合体(3)を作製した。得られた膜電極接合体(3)および触媒粉末Cについて、メソ孔の空孔容積、触媒金属(白金)比表面積、触媒金属(白金)粒径、BET比表面積、含水率およびガス輸送抵抗を測定した。その結果を下記表1に示す。
実施例1において、担体aの代わりに、上記合成例3で作製した担体cを使用した以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行い、触媒粉末Dを得た。このようにして得られた触媒粉末Dを用いて、実施例1と同様に、膜電極接合体(4)を作製した。得られた膜電極接合体(4)および触媒粉末Dについて、メソ孔の空孔容積、触媒金属(白金)比表面積、触媒金属(白金)粒径、BET比表面積、含水率およびガス輸送抵抗を測定した。その結果を下記表1に示す。
実施例1において、担体aの代わりに、上記合成例4で作製した担体dを使用した以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行い、触媒粉末Eを得た。このようにして得られた触媒粉末Eを用いて、実施例1と同様に、膜電極接合体(6)を作製した。得られた膜電極接合体(6)および触媒粉末Eについて、メソ孔の空孔容積、触媒金属(白金)比表面積、触媒金属(白金)粒径、BET比表面積、含水率およびガス輸送抵抗を測定した。その結果を下記表1に示す。
ケッチェンブラックEC300J(ケッチェンブラックインターナショナル)を電気炉内にて窒素雰囲気下で、2000℃、1時間焼成した。当該操作により得られたグラファイト化ケッチェンブラック(担体e)(メソ孔の空孔容積が0.15cc/g担体;およびBET比表面積が150m2/g担体)を用い、これに触媒金属として平均粒径2.3nmの白金(Pt)を担持率が50重量%となるように担持させて、比較触媒粉末Fを得た。すなわち、白金濃度4.6質量%のジニトロジアンミン白金硝酸溶液を1000g(白金含有量:46g)に担体eを46g浸漬させ攪拌後、還元剤として100%エタノールを100ml添加した。この溶液を沸点で7時間、攪拌、混合し、白金を担体eに担持させた。そして、濾過、乾燥することにより、担持率が50重量%の比較触媒粉末Fを得た。
比較例1において、担体eの代わりに、ケッチェンブラックEC300J(ケッチェンブラックインターナショナル)(担体f)(メソ孔の空孔容積が0.39cc/g担体;およびBET比表面積が790m2/g担体)を担体として使用した以外は、比較例1と同様の操作を行い、比較触媒粉末Gを得た。このようにして得られた比較触媒粉末Gを用いて、実施例1と同様に、比較膜電極接合体(2)を作製した。得られた比較膜電極接合体(2)および比較触媒粉末Gについて、メソ孔の空孔容積、触媒金属(白金)比表面積、触媒金属(白金)粒径、BET比表面積、含水率およびガス輸送抵抗を測定した。その結果を下記表1に示す。
比較例1において、上記合成例1で作製した担体aを使用した以外は、比較例1と同様の操作を行い、比較触媒粉末Hを得た。このようにして得られた比較触媒粉末Hを用いて、実施例1と同様に、比較膜電極接合体(3)を作製した。得られた比較膜電極接合体(3)および触媒粉末Hについて、メソ孔の空孔容積、触媒金属(白金)比表面積、触媒金属(白金)粒径、BET比表面積、含水率およびガス輸送抵抗を測定した。その結果を下記表1に示す。
比較例1において、上記合成例3で作製した担体cを使用した以外は、比較例1と同様の操作を行い、比較触媒粉末Iを得た。このようにして得られた比較触媒粉末Iを用いて、実施例1と同様に、比較膜電極接合体(4)を作製した。得られた比較膜電極接合体(4)および触媒粉末Iについて、メソ孔の空孔容積、触媒金属(白金)比表面積、触媒金属(白金)粒径、BET比表面積、含水率およびガス輸送抵抗を測定した。その結果を下記表1に示す。
比較例1において、上記担体fを使用し、白金を担持した後に水素雰囲気において、温度900℃で1時間保持した以外は、比較例1と同様の操作を行い、比較触媒粉末Jを得た。このようにして得られた比較触媒粉末Jを用いて、実施例1と同様に、比較膜電極接合体(5)を作製した。得られた比較膜電極接合体(5)および触媒粉末Jについて、メソ孔の空孔容積、触媒金属(白金)比表面積、触媒金属(白金)粒径、BET比表面積、含水率およびガス輸送抵抗を測定した。その結果を下記表1に示す。
2…固体高分子電解質膜、
3…触媒層、
3a…アノード触媒層、
3c…カソード触媒層、
4a…アノードガス拡散層、
4c…カソードガス拡散層、
5、…セパレータ、
5a…アノードセパレータ、
5c…カソードセパレータ、
6a…アノードガス流路、
6c…カソードガス流路、
7…冷媒流路、
10…膜電極接合体(MEA)、
20…触媒、
22…触媒金属、
23…触媒担体、
24…メソ孔、
26…電解質。
Claims (8)
- 触媒担体および前記触媒担体に担持される触媒金属からなる触媒であって、
前記触媒は半径が1nm以上5nm未満の空孔を有し、
該空孔の空孔容積は0.8cc/g担体以上であり、かつ
前記触媒金属の比表面積は30m2/g担体以下である、触媒。 - 前記触媒金属の平均粒径が3nmを超える、請求項1に記載の触媒。
- 前記触媒に対する前記触媒金属の割合が40重量%以下である、請求項1または2に記載の触媒。
- 比表面積が1500m2/g担体以上である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
- 前記触媒金属は、白金であるまたは白金と白金以外の金属成分を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の触媒。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の触媒および電解質を含む、燃料電池用電極触媒層。
- 請求項6に記載の燃料電池用電極触媒層を含む、燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 請求項7に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体を含む燃料電池。
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US14/786,675 US20160079606A1 (en) | 2013-04-25 | 2014-04-14 | Catalyst, and electrode catalyst layer, membrane electrode assembly and fuel cell using the catalyst |
EP14788573.5A EP2990106B1 (en) | 2013-04-25 | 2014-04-14 | Electrode catalyst layer using catalyst, membrane electrode assembly, and fuel cell |
CA2910242A CA2910242C (en) | 2013-04-25 | 2014-04-14 | Catalyst, and electrode catalyst layer, membrane electrode assembly and fuel cell using the catalyst |
JP2015513690A JP6008044B2 (ja) | 2013-04-25 | 2014-04-14 | 燃料電池用触媒ならびに当該燃料電池用触媒を用いる電極触媒層、膜電極接合体および燃料電池 |
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JP2017021909A (ja) * | 2015-07-07 | 2017-01-26 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池用電極触媒層およびその製造方法、ならびに当該触媒層を用いる膜電極接合体、燃料電池および車両 |
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JPWO2014175107A1 (ja) | 2017-02-23 |
EP2990106B1 (en) | 2018-02-28 |
CN105142778A (zh) | 2015-12-09 |
JP6008044B2 (ja) | 2016-10-19 |
EP2990106A4 (en) | 2016-05-04 |
CN105142778B (zh) | 2017-11-10 |
CA2910242C (en) | 2019-01-22 |
US20160079606A1 (en) | 2016-03-17 |
CA2910242A1 (en) | 2014-10-30 |
EP2990106A1 (en) | 2016-03-02 |
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