WO2014171457A1 - フォトニック結晶及びそれを利用した光機能デバイス - Google Patents
フォトニック結晶及びそれを利用した光機能デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014171457A1 WO2014171457A1 PCT/JP2014/060731 JP2014060731W WO2014171457A1 WO 2014171457 A1 WO2014171457 A1 WO 2014171457A1 JP 2014060731 W JP2014060731 W JP 2014060731W WO 2014171457 A1 WO2014171457 A1 WO 2014171457A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/002—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials
- G02B1/005—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials made of photonic crystals or photonic band gap materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photonic crystal that can be used in an optical functional device such as a photoelectric conversion element or a diffraction element, and an optical functional device using the photonic crystal.
- a solar cell which is a kind of photoelectric conversion element has a photoelectric conversion layer made of a semiconductor for converting the energy of incident light (electromagnetic waves) into an electric current.
- incident light is absorbed by the photoelectric conversion layer, and electrons in the semiconductor of the photoelectric conversion layer are excited by the energy from the valence band to the conduction band, thereby being converted into an electric current.
- the efficiency of photoelectric conversion decreases. Therefore, in the solar cell, it is important to increase the absorption rate of incident light in the photoelectric conversion layer.
- One way to increase the absorption rate is to increase the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer, but the amount of semiconductor material used increases, which increases costs or decreases the efficiency of extracting electrons. There is a problem of end up.
- Patent Document 1 describes a solar cell using a photonic crystal in order to increase the absorption rate of incident light.
- the photonic crystal generally refers to a structure having a periodic refractive index distribution.
- the refractive index is obtained by periodically arranging holes in the photoelectric conversion layer. A distribution is formed.
- light having a specific frequency corresponding to the period of the refractive index distribution among the light incident on the photoelectric conversion layer forms a standing wave to form a resonance state. It becomes easier to stay in the layer. Therefore, at the specific frequency (resonance frequency), the absorptance of incident light is improved as compared with the case where there is no photonic crystal.
- a photonic crystal there is usually no single period even if it has a single structure, and since there are multiple periods, standing waves are formed at multiple frequencies.
- the periodic structure of the refractive index distribution in addition to the frequency corresponding to the period length a of the square lattice, it is half the length of the diagonal of the square that is the unit lattice (2 1 / 2/2) the standing wave with a frequency that is a wavelength and their integral multiple of the wavelength corresponding to a is formed. Therefore, by appropriately setting the periodic structure of the refractive index distribution, it is possible to increase the absorptance of light having a plurality of resonance frequencies over the entire frequency range in which photoelectric conversion can be performed in the photoelectric conversion layer.
- the frequency range in which the photoelectric conversion can be performed is still part of the resonating frequency. Therefore, it cannot be said that incident light is fully utilized. Therefore, if light can be resonated at a larger number of resonance frequencies within a frequency range where photoelectric conversion is possible, it is expected that the light absorption rate can be further increased.
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a photonic crystal capable of resonating light at a larger number of resonance frequencies within a specific frequency range, and an optical functional device using the photonic crystal. is there.
- the photonic crystal according to the present invention which has been made to solve the above problems, A photonic crystal that resonates with light having a plurality of frequencies within a predetermined frequency range, A plurality of photonic crystal structure formed bodies in which a periodic refractive index distribution is formed in the plate-like member are provided apart from each other in the thickness direction of the plate-like member, At least one of the plurality of photonic crystal structure formations resonates with light of at least two frequencies within the frequency range, and the two frequencies are at least one of the other photonic crystal structure formations.
- the refractive index distribution of the plurality of photonic crystal structure forming bodies is set so as to be different from the resonance frequency of the two.
- a plurality of photonic crystal structure formed bodies means an object on which a photonic structure is formed.
- One (this is referred to as a “first formed body”) resonates with light of at least two frequencies within the frequency range, and these two frequencies are among other photonic crystal structure formed bodies. Is different from the resonance frequency in at least one of these (this is referred to as a “second formed body”).
- the resonance frequencies of the first formed body and the second formed body are different, when attention is paid to these two formed bodies, more resonances than when the first formed body or the second formed body exist alone are present. Resonates with frequency light. Therefore, the photonic crystal according to the present invention can resonate light at a larger number of resonance frequencies within the frequency range.
- photonic crystal structure formation bodies are provided so that it may mutually space apart in the thickness direction of the said plate-shaped member.
- the resonance frequency in each photonic crystal structure formed body can be set, for example, by adjusting the period length of the periodic refractive index distribution, the average refractive index of the photonic crystal structure formed body, and the like. Such a setting of the resonance frequency can be performed by those skilled in the art based on, for example, disclosure of Patent Documents 2 and 3 and the like.
- the periodic refractive index distribution may be formed two-dimensionally or three-dimensionally.
- a two-dimensional structure is formed by disposing different refractive index regions having a refractive index different from that of the plate-like member at each lattice point of a two-dimensional lattice parallel to the plate-like member. It is desirable to use a shaped photonic crystal structure formed body.
- the different refractive index region may be a member made of a material having a refractive index different from that of the plate-like member, but may be a plate-like member having holes. The latter can be formed more easily.
- a different refractive index region having a refractive index different from that of the plate-like member is parallel to the plate-like member from each lattice point of a two-dimensional lattice parallel to the member.
- a device in which a periodic refractive index distribution is formed by being shifted by a shift amount (distance) ⁇ p of ⁇ p max ( ⁇ 0) or less at random (that is, in a random size and direction) is used.
- a different refractive index region having a refractive index different from that of the plate member is arranged at each lattice point of a two-dimensional grating parallel to the plate member,
- the periodic refractive index distribution may be formed so that the planar shape has a random size between the minimum value and the maximum value. Also in this case, randomness is introduced into the refractive index distribution, whereby the intensity of light in the photonic crystal structure forming body in the entire frequency range can be increased.
- the photonic crystal according to the present invention can be used in an optical functional device that can efficiently use light within the frequency range.
- An example of such an optical functional device is a photoelectric conversion device in which a photoelectric conversion layer made of a semiconductor that converts light in a predetermined frequency range into electric power is provided between a pair of electrodes, the photoelectric conversion layer Among them, a photoelectric conversion device provided with the photonic crystal according to the present invention can be given.
- This photoelectric conversion device can typically be used as a solar cell or an optical sensor.
- each photonic crystal structure forming body of the photonic crystal according to the present invention has a constant frequency having the resonance frequency of the photonic crystal structure forming body.
- a standing wave is formed.
- the light in which such a standing wave is formed tends to stay in the photoelectric conversion layer, so that it is easily absorbed into the photoelectric conversion layer and converted into a current.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency in the light having the resonance frequency is increased. .
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be further improved.
- each photonic crystal structure formed body is formed by bonding a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor (or a p-type semiconductor, an intrinsic semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor), and is adjacent to each other.
- Two photonic crystal structure formation bodies can take the structure separated by the conductor layer.
- each photonic crystal structure forming body functions as one photoelectric conversion unit, and these photoelectric conversion units are connected in series via the conductor layer.
- each photonic crystal structure forming body is formed by joining a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor (or a p-type semiconductor, an intrinsic semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor), and forming two adjacent photonic crystal structures.
- the body may be separated by a spacer layer in which the first conductor layer, the insulator layer, and the second conductor layer are laminated in this order.
- each photonic crystal structure forming body functions as one independent photoelectric conversion unit.
- the first conductor layer and the second conductor layer can be used as electrodes of a photoelectric conversion unit made of a photonic crystal structure forming body adjacent thereto, and the insulator layer has a function of electrically insulating the photoelectric conversion units from each other.
- the semiconductor in the photoelectric conversion layer is typically a junction of a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor.
- a pn junction type semiconductor When such a pn junction type semiconductor is used, the number of photonic crystal structure forming bodies is two, one photonic crystal structure forming body is a p-type semiconductor, and the other photonic crystal structure forming body is An n-type semiconductor may be formed.
- a configuration in which an intrinsic semiconductor is interposed between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor can be employed.
- the optical functional device there is a diffraction element that scatters light in a predetermined frequency range and that has the photonic crystal according to the present invention.
- Conditions under which light resonance occurs in the photonic crystal that is, conditions under which a standing wave of light is formed are equal to conditions under which Bragg reflection occurs. Since Bragg reflection is one of the light diffraction phenomena, a photonic crystal satisfying such Bragg reflection conditions can also be used as a diffraction element.
- a standing wave of light having a frequency corresponding to each resonance frequency is formed in the photonic crystal structure forming body, and the light is diffracted by a periodic refractive index distribution and extracted to the outside.
- a diffractive element is preferably used for diffusing light in a light guide plate that guides light from the light source provided on the side of the liquid crystal display to the back surface and emits the light from the back surface, for example. it can.
- the present invention it is possible to obtain a photonic crystal that can resonate light at a larger number of resonance frequencies within a specific frequency range. Further, by using this photonic crystal, an optical functional device such as a photoelectric conversion device or a diffraction element that can efficiently use light within the frequency range can be obtained.
- the conceptual diagram which shows the example of the standing wave which arises in the photonic crystal structure formation body in 1st Example.
- FIG. 4 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the configuration of a second embodiment of the photonic crystal according to the present invention, (a), a top view showing the configurations of the first photonic crystal structure forming body and the second photonic crystal structure forming body, And (b) is a partially enlarged view (c).
- the conceptual diagram which compared the resonant frequency of the photonic crystal of 1st Example, and the photonic crystal of 2nd Example.
- the graph which shows the result of having calculated the integral absorption factor in the solar cell of 2nd Example, and the solar cell of a comparative example.
- the longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows the light-guide plate using one Example of the diffraction element which concerns on this invention.
- the photonic crystal 10 of the first example comprises a first photonic crystal structure 11A
- the spacer layer 15 and the third layer of the second photonic crystal structure formed body 11B have a configuration in which they are stacked in this order.
- adjacent layers are drawn apart from each other in order to show the configuration of these three layers, but actually, as shown in FIG. 1 (a), the adjacent layers are in contact with each other.
- photonic crystal structure formed body is abbreviated as “PC structure formed body”.
- the first PC structure forming body 11A is formed by periodically arranging a plurality of cylindrical holes 13 in a square lattice pattern on a first plate-like member 12A made of a p-type silicon semiconductor.
- the height direction of the cylinder of the air hole 13 coincides with the thickness direction of the first plate member 12A, and the height h of the cylinder is lower than the thickness d1 of the first plate member 12A.
- a number of cylindrical holes 13 are periodically arranged in a square lattice pattern in the second plate-like member 12B made of an n-type silicon semiconductor, like the first PC structure formed body 11A. Become.
- the radius r and height h of the cylinder of the hole 13 and the periodic length a of the square lattice are the same. 1 towards the plate-shaped member 12A having a thickness d 1 thickness d 2 of the second plate member 12B than is different in that thin. Accordingly, the second PC structure forming body 11B has a higher volume ratio of the voids in the plate-like member than the first PC structure forming body 11A, and therefore the average refractive index is low.
- the material of the spacer layer 15 is transparent to visible light and can be used when the target frequency region (the aforementioned “predetermined frequency range”) is the visible light region.
- Indium tin oxide (ITO) having the property was used.
- Various materials can be used for the spacer layer 15 depending on the use of the photonic crystal and the like. For example, when the photonic crystal of this embodiment is used in a pin type solar cell in which a p-type semiconductor, an intrinsic semiconductor, and an n-type semiconductor are joined in this order, the refractive index of the spacer layer 15 is higher than that of the plate member. Low intrinsic semiconductor materials may be used.
- mixed light of various frequencies within the target frequency region (for example, a visible light region, a region where photoelectric conversion of a solar cell can be efficiently performed) is introduced from the outside.
- standing waves having a plurality of frequencies (wavelengths) are formed corresponding to the periodic length of the arranged holes. For example, as shown in FIG.
- the wavelengths of standing waves in them are equal.
- the frequency of the standing wave is different between the two. Therefore, the wavelength of light before being introduced into the photonic crystal 10 and after being extracted from the photonic crystal 10 is also related to the standing wave in the first PC structure forming body 11A and the second PC structure forming body 11B. It is different for the standing wave.
- each of the PC structure forming bodies is a single photonic crystal. It is possible to increase the number of resonance frequencies compared to the case where it exists.
- FIG. 3 (a) to 3 (c) are graphs in which the horizontal axis represents frequency and the vertical axis represents light intensity.
- FIG. 3 (a) shows the inside of the first PC structure forming body 11A
- FIG. (C) in the 2PC structure forming body 11B shows a change in the intensity of light in the photonic crystal 10 which is a combination of both, depending on the frequency.
- each PC structure forming body oozes in a direction perpendicular to the PC structure forming body by a distance of about the wavelength of the light. Therefore, when the distance between the first PC structure forming body 11A and the second PC structure forming body 11B is shorter than the distance of the wavelength of light, light interaction occurs between the two PC structure forming bodies. Such interaction of light may cause a standing wave to not be formed when the first PC structure forming body 11A and the second PC structure forming body 11B are in contact with each other. Even if light having the resonance frequency of one PC structure forming body is introduced toward the other PC structure forming body, the light resonance by the one PC structure forming body is also caused in the other PC structure forming body. Can be generated.
- the distance between the first PC structure formed body 11A and the second PC structure formed body 11B, that is, the thickness of the spacer layer 15 is set so that the light interaction occurs in at least a part of the target frequency region. It is desirable that the light having the minimum frequency (maximum wavelength) in the frequency region be shorter than the wavelength in the spacer layer 15. Further, the distance is larger than the wavelength in the spacer layer 15 of light having the maximum frequency (minimum wavelength) in the target frequency region so that such interaction occurs in the entire target frequency region. Shortening is more desirable.
- the period lengths a of the two PC structure forming bodies are made equal, but as shown in FIG. Different values a 1 and a 2 may be used (Modification 1).
- a 1 and a 2 may be used (Modification 1).
- the diameters r of the holes 13 in the two PC structure forming bodies are made equal. However, as shown in FIG. 4B, the diameters of the holes are different from each other by different values r 1 and r 2. (Modification 2, Photonic crystal 10B).
- the average refractive index of the two PC structure formed bodies can be set to different values, so that both PC structure formed bodies have the same thickness d and period length a.
- the resonance frequency of can be different.
- the heights of the holes 13 in the two PC structure forming bodies may be different values h 1 and h 2 .
- the third PC structure forming body 11C is provided between the two PC structure forming bodies in the first embodiment.
- the third PC structure formed body 11C has a thickness d 3 between d 1 and d 2 and has the same shape and size as those in which the holes 13 are formed in the other two PC structure formed bodies. It is formed in a hole lattice shape with a period length a.
- a standing wave is formed in the third PC structure forming body 11C having the same wavelength as that of the other PC structure forming body but having a different frequency and wavelength outside the photonic crystal.
- the shape of the air holes 13 is not limited to a cylindrical shape, and various shapes such as a prismatic shape such as a triangular prism and a quadrangular prism (cuboid), a conical shape, a pyramid shape such as a triangular pyramid and a quadrangular pyramid, a partial spherical shape, and a partial elliptical spherical shape. Shaped ones can be used.
- the period at which the holes 13 are arranged is not limited to a square lattice shape, and may be a triangular lattice shape, a rectangular lattice shape, an oblique lattice shape, or the like.
- the materials of the first plate-like member 12A and the second plate-like member 12B are not limited to those described above, and the standing wave of light in the target frequency region is formed in the PC structure forming body. Any material capable of propagating light in the frequency domain may be used. Further, in addition to the two-dimensional photonic crystal in which the different refractive index regions are periodically arranged on the plate-like member described so far, various forms of photo, such as the three-dimensional photonic crystal described in Patent Document 4, for example. Nick crystals can also be used.
- the first plate-like member 12A is formed by joining a p-type semiconductor layer 12AP and an n-type semiconductor layer 12AN, and the second plate-like member 12B is also formed of the p-type semiconductor layer 12BP and n.
- a bonded type semiconductor layer 12BN may be used (Modification 4).
- the spacer layer 15 may be made of a conductor (FIG. 7A, photonic crystal 10D), and the first conductor layer 151, the insulator layer 153, and the second conductor layer.
- a three-layer structure in which 152 layers are stacked in this order may be used (FIG. 7B, photonic crystal 10E).
- a photonic crystal can be suitably used in a photoelectric conversion device described later.
- the photonic crystal 20 of the second example includes a first PC structure formed body 21A, a spacer layer 25, and a second PC structure formed body 21B.
- the third layer is the same as the photonic crystal 10 of the first embodiment in that the three layers are stacked in this order. Further, the thicknesses d 1 and d 2 of the first PC structure forming body 21A and the second PC structure forming body 21B (plate members thereof) are the same as in the first embodiment.
- a large number of holes 23 having a radius r and a height h are provided in the first PC structure forming body 21A and the second PC structure forming body 21B.
- Each hole 23 is arranged such that the center of a circle in the cylinder is shifted by ⁇ p from each lattice point of a square lattice (shown by a one-dot chain line in FIG. 8B).
- the magnitude of deviation ⁇ p is distributed within the range of 0 to the maximum deviation amount ⁇ p max , and there is no law in the distribution.
- the direction in which the holes 23 are displaced from the lattice points is not uniform, and there is no law in the difference between the holes 23.
- the holes 23 are randomly displaced from the lattice points of the square lattice by a shift amount ⁇ p that is equal to or less than the maximum shift amount ⁇ p max ( ⁇ 0).
- the position of the holes 23 may be the same or different in both cases.
- the two-dimensional photonic crystal has randomness while maintaining a certain degree of periodicity.
- a refractive index profile in which is introduced is formed.
- the first PC structure forming body 21A and the second PC structure forming body 21B when viewed in a graph with the horizontal axis representing frequency and the vertical axis representing light intensity, a plurality of wavelengths corresponding to the basic periodicity of lattice points.
- the peak top is lower than in the first embodiment due to randomness, the width is widened, so that the intensity is increased at a frequency somewhat away from the peak top (FIG. 9A). ).
- the number of resonance frequencies is larger than that of the individual PC structure forming bodies as in the photonic crystal of the first embodiment, and each peak is the same as that of the PC structure forming body in the present embodiment. While the height of the peak top is lowered, the width is widened. By widening the peak width in this way, the intensity of light in the photonic crystal can be made stronger than in the first embodiment when viewed in the entire target frequency region.
- the holes 23 by disposing the holes 23 at random from the lattice points, the radial direction dependency of the resonance mode is reduced, so that the characteristic that the change in the absorption characteristic is small with respect to the change in the incident angle is obtained. It is done.
- the maximum deviation amount ⁇ p max When the maximum deviation amount ⁇ p max is increased, adjacent holes may overlap each other. When the vacancies overlap with each other in this way, the plurality of vacancies become one different refractive index region, so that the periodicity due to the square lattice is disturbed more than necessary. Moreover, since the plate-shaped member of the PC structure forming body has a sharp shape toward the hole at the point where the outlines of the plurality of holes overlap, there arises a problem that it is difficult to manufacture. Therefore, it is desirable to set the maximum deviation amount ⁇ p max so that adjacent holes are separated (not overlapped) in consideration of the shape and size of the holes (different refractive index region).
- the holes 23A are square as shown in FIG. It may be arranged at each lattice point of the lattice so that the size of each hole 23A, for example, the radius is random within the range of r min to r max .
- each peak in the graph with the horizontal axis representing frequency and the vertical axis representing light intensity increases in width while the peak top height decreases. Therefore, the intensity of light in the photonic crystal can be increased over the entire target frequency region.
- the size of the hole 23A is determined by the radius, but may be determined by the area, the volume, or the like. Also in this case, it is desirable to set r max so that adjacent holes are separated (not overlapped).
- FIGS. 11 A first embodiment of the photoelectric conversion device according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the photoelectric conversion device 30 of the present embodiment is obtained by sandwiching the photonic crystal 10 of the first embodiment between a plate-like transparent electrode 321 and a plate-like back electrode 322.
- the first plate-like member 12A constituting the photonic crystal 10 is made of a p-type silicon semiconductor
- the second plate-like member 12B is made of an n-type silicon semiconductor. It functions as a photoelectric conversion layer 31 composed of a pn junction with the spacer layer 15 interposed therebetween.
- This photoelectric conversion layer can absorb light in the range of about 600 to 1100 nm in air and a frequency of 2.7 ⁇ 10 14 to 5.0 ⁇ 10 14 Hz and convert it into an electric current.
- the thickness d 1 of the first plate member 12A was 700 nm
- the thickness d 2 of the second plate member 12B was 300 nm.
- the holes 13 have a height h of 260 nm, a radius of 200 nm, and a square lattice period length a of 700 nm in both the first PC structure forming body 11A and the second PC structure forming body 11B.
- the thickness d 0 of the spacer layer 15 is 230 nm.
- the spacer layer 15 and the transparent electrode 321 are made of ITO that is transparent to light within the above frequency range, and the back electrode 322 is made of silver.
- the photoelectric conversion device 30 of the first embodiment when light having a frequency in the above range is incident on the photoelectric conversion layer 31 from the transparent electrode 321 side, the resonance frequency in the photonic crystal 10 that is the photoelectric conversion layer 31 is increased. A standing wave due to light of a corresponding frequency is formed in the photonic crystal 10. Thereby, the light of these resonance frequencies becomes easy to stay in the photoelectric converting layer 31, and it becomes easy to be absorbed by the photoelectric converting layer 31, and to be converted into an electric current. As a result, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased.
- the photoelectric conversion device 30 according to the first embodiment includes a plurality (two) of PC structure forming bodies, the number of resonance frequencies is higher than that when only one similar PC structure forming body is provided. Therefore, the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be increased.
- FIG. 12A shows the result of calculating the light absorptance of the photoelectric conversion layer 31 when sunlight is incident on the photoelectric conversion device 30 of the first embodiment. Shown in graph with axes.
- a solar cell instead of a photonic crystal, a solar cell (Comparative Example 1) provided with unevenness called a Lambertian texture on the light incident surface, and a photonic crystal
- the graph of the light absorptance in the solar cell (comparative example 2) in which neither a Lambertian texture is provided is shown.
- the semiconductor material constituting the photoelectric conversion layer and the amount thereof are made equal to each other, so that light absorption other than the presence or absence of photonic crystal vacancies and texture structures is performed.
- the conditions were equal. From FIG. 12 (a), the integrated absorptance obtained by integrating and normalizing the absorptance graph over the entire wavelength band of interest is 43.0% in Comparative Example 1 and 10.2 in Comparative Example 2. %, Whereas in the first example, a value higher than the two comparative examples, 48.8%, was obtained.
- the light absorbed by the photonic crystal 10 is changed into the light absorbed in the first PC structure forming body 11A (FIG. 12B) and the second PC structure forming body 11B.
- the absorption rate is shown in the graph separately for the light absorbed in Fig. 12 (c). It can be seen that at a plurality of wavelengths indicated by the vertical arrows in these graphs, the first PC structure forming body 11A is hardly absorbed and the second PC structure forming body 11B is absorbed with high efficiency.
- the first embodiment it is possible to increase the number of wavelengths having a high absorptance (resonance wavelength, resonance frequency) as compared with the case where there is only one PC structure formation body (first PC structure formation body 11A). Thereby, the absorption rate as a whole of the photoelectric conversion layer 31 can also be increased.
- FIG. 13 shows a photoelectric conversion device 30A using the photonic crystal 10D of the modification 4 and a photoelectric conversion device 30B using the photonic crystal 10E as modifications of the photoelectric conversion device of the first embodiment.
- each of the first PC structure forming body 11A and the second PC structure forming body 11B has a configuration in which a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor are stacked as described above, and each of them is independently It functions as a photoelectric conversion device.
- the spacer layer 15 has a role of connecting two independent photoelectric conversion devices in series.
- the first conductor layer 151 in the spacer layer 15 is an electrode for injecting current into the first PC structure forming body 11A
- the second conductor layer 152 is an electrode for injecting current into the second PC structure forming body 11B.
- the insulator layer 153 has a role of electrically separating the two photoelectric conversion layers.
- FIG. 14 the photoelectric conversion device 40 of the second embodiment is obtained by sandwiching the photonic crystal 20 of the second embodiment between a plate-like transparent electrode 421 and a plate-like back electrode 422.
- the materials of the transparent electrode 421 and the back electrode 422 are the same as those used in the photoelectric conversion device of the first example.
- the absorption rate and the integrated absorption rate for each wavelength were obtained by calculation at a plurality of values where the maximum shift amount ⁇ p max in the first PC structure forming body 21A and the second PC structure forming body 21B was 1 or less.
- the value of the maximum deviation amount ⁇ p max is expressed as a ratio to the period length of the holes. Conditions other than the maximum deviation amount ⁇ p max are the same as those of the photoelectric conversion device of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the absorptivity for each wavelength within the range of the maximum deviation amount ⁇ p max of 0.1 to 0.5. There are multiple peaks in this graph. Compared to the first example (FIG. 12 (a)), in this example, a sharp peak top is not seen, but the peak width is wide and the calculated wavelength range is entirely at a specific wavelength. Absorption rate does not drop.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the relationship between the integrated absorption rate and the maximum deviation amount ⁇ p max in the second embodiment.
- the calculation results are also shown for the case where the PC structure forming body is only one layer. From this graph, the integrated absorptance is higher in this example than in the case of only one PC structure forming body over the range of all ⁇ p max . Further, when ⁇ p max is 0.4 or less, the integrated absorption rate is higher than that of the first embodiment.
- the photonic crystal of the present invention can be used as it is as a light extraction element using the diffraction effect.
- a light guide plate 50 will be described as a specific example using the diffraction element according to the present invention.
- the light guide plate 50 is used for, for example, an edge light type backlight unit in a liquid crystal display.
- an edge-light type backlight unit light is generally supplied from the light source provided on the side of the panel of the liquid crystal display to the entire back surface of the panel through the light guide plate, and illumination light is irradiated from the back surface to the entire panel. .
- the light guide plate 50 of the present embodiment has a configuration in which a reflection plate 52 is provided on the surface of the second PC structure forming body 11B on the opposite side to the spacer layer 15 in the photonic crystal 10, as shown in FIG.
- the first plate-like member 12A and the second plate-like member 12B are made of plastic such as acrylic, glass, or the like, which is a material that hardly absorbs visible light.
- the photonic crystal 10 has a role of the diffraction element 51.
- a visible light source 61 introduced into the diffraction element 51 is provided on the side of the light guide plate 50.
- the light source 61 is not a component of the light guide plate 50, but constitutes a backlight unit together with the light guide plate 50.
- the light guide plate 50 of the present embodiment when visible light is introduced from the light source 61 into the diffraction element 51, standing waves of light are formed at a number of frequencies corresponding to the resonance frequency of the photonic crystal 10. These standing waves are eventually scattered by the holes 13 and emitted from the two surfaces of the photonic crystal 10 to the outside of the photonic crystal 10.
- the light emitted to the side on which the reflecting plate 52 is provided is reflected by the reflecting plate 52, all of the emitted light is guided from the surface opposite to the side on which the reflecting plate 52 is provided. Released out of the water.
- light having a large number of frequencies corresponding to the resonance frequency of the photonic crystal 10 can be scattered with high probability, so that the light emission efficiency of the backlight can be increased.
Abstract
Description
所定の周波数範囲内にある複数の周波数の光に共振するフォトニック結晶であって、
板状部材内に周期的な屈折率分布が形成されているフォトニック結晶構造形成体が複数、該板状部材の厚み方向に互いに離間して設けられており、
前記複数のフォトニック結晶構造形成体のうちの少なくとも1つが、前記周波数範囲内にある少なくとも2つの周波数の光に共振し、該2つの周波数が他のフォトニック結晶構造形成体のうちの少なくとも1つにおける共振周波数と異なるように、前記複数のフォトニック結晶構造形成体の屈折率分布が設定されている
ことを特徴とする。
そのような光機能デバイスの一例として、所定の周波数範囲の光を電力に変換する、半導体から成る光電変換層が1対の電極の間に設けられた光電変換装置であって、前記光電変換層内に、本発明に係るフォトニック結晶が設けられている光電変換装置が挙げられる。この光電変換装置は、典型的には、太陽電池や光センサとして用いることができる。
第1実施例のフォトニック結晶10は、図1(a)及び(b)に示すように、第1フォトニック結晶構造形成体11A、スペーサ層15、及び第2フォトニック結晶構造形成体11Bの3層が、この順に積層された構成を有する。なお、図1(b)では、これら3層の構成を示すために、隣接する層同士を離して描いたが、実際には、図1(a)に示すように、隣接する層同士は接している。以下では、「フォトニック結晶構造形成体」を「PC構造形成体」と略記する。
第1実施例では、2つのPC構造形成体における周期長aを等しくしたが、図4(a)に示すように、両者の周期長を異なる値a1、a2としてもよい(変形例1)。これにより、2つのPC構造形成体内での共振波長が互いに異なる値になるため、両PC構造形成体の厚みdが等しくとも、両者の共振周波数を異なる値にすることができる。
第2実施例のフォトニック結晶20は、図8(a)に示すように、第1PC構造形成体21A、スペーサ層25、及び第2PC構造形成体21Bの3層が、この順に積層された構成を有する点では、第1実施例のフォトニック結晶10と同様である。また、第1PC構造形成体21A及び第2PC構造形成体21B(の板状部材)の厚みd1及びd2も第1実施例と同様である。
第2実施例のフォトニック結晶20のように空孔23を格子点からランダムにずらす代わりに、図10に示すように、空孔23Aを正方格子の各格子点に配置し、各空孔23Aの大きさ、例えば半径がrmin~rmaxの範囲内でランダムになるようにしてもよい。これにより、第2実施例のフォトニック結晶20と同様に、横軸を周波数、縦軸を光の強度としたグラフにおける個々のピークは、ピークトップの高さが低くなりながらも幅が広くなるため、目的とする周波数領域全体ではフォトニック結晶内の光の強度を強めることができる。なお、ここでは空孔23Aの大きさを半径で定めたが、面積や体積などで定めてもよい。また、この場合にも、隣接する空孔同士が分離する(重ならない)ように、rmaxを設定することが望ましい。
図11及び図12を用いて、本発明に係る光電変換装置の第1実施例を説明する。
本実施例の光電変換装置30は、図11に示すように、上記第1実施例のフォトニック結晶10を板状の透明電極321及び板状の裏面電極322で挟んだものである。
図14~図16を用いて、本発明に係る光電変換装置の第2実施例を説明する。
第2実施例の光電変換装置40は、図14に示すように、上記第2実施例のフォトニック結晶20を板状の透明電極421及び板状の裏面電極422で挟んだものである。透明電極421及び裏面電極422の材料は、第1実施例の光電変換装置で用いたものと同じである。
本発明のフォトニック結晶は、そのまま、回折効果を用いた光取り出し素子として用いることができる。ここでは、図17を参照しつつ、本発明に係る回折素子を用いる具体例として、導光板50について説明する。導光板50は、例えば液晶ディスプレイにおいて、エッジライト型のバックライトユニットに用いられるものである。エッジライト型のバックライトユニットでは一般に、液晶ディスプレイのパネルの側部に設けられた光源から、導光板を介してパネルの背面全体に光を供給し、該背面からパネル全体に照明光を照射する。
11A、21A…第1フォトニック結晶(PC)構造形成体
11B、21B…第2フォトニック結晶(PC)構造形成体
11C…第3フォトニック結晶(PC)構造形成体
12A…第1板状部材
12AN…第1n型半導体層
12AP…第1p型半導体層
12B…第2板状部材
12BN…第1n型半導体層
12BP…第1p型半導体層
13、23…空孔
15、25…スペーサ層
151…第1導電体層
152…第2導電体層
153…絶縁体層
30、30A、40…光電変換装置
31…光電変換層
321、421…透明電極
322、422…裏面電極
50…導光板
51…回折素子
52…反射板
Claims (11)
- 所定の周波数範囲内にある複数の周波数の光に共振するフォトニック結晶であって、
板状部材内に周期的な屈折率分布が形成されているフォトニック結晶構造形成体が複数、該板状部材の厚み方向に互いに離間して設けられており、
前記複数のフォトニック結晶構造形成体のうちの少なくとも1つが、前記周波数範囲内にある少なくとも2つの周波数の光に共振し、該2つの周波数が他のフォトニック結晶構造形成体のうちの少なくとも1つにおける共振周波数と異なるように、前記複数のフォトニック結晶構造形成体の屈折率分布が設定されている
ことを特徴とするフォトニック結晶。 - 前記フォトニック結晶構造形成体の数が2であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のフォトニック結晶。
- 前記フォトニック結晶構造形成体の周期的な屈折率分布が、前記板状部材とは屈折率が異なる異屈折率領域が該板状部材に平行な2次元格子の各格子点に配置されることにより形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のフォトニック結晶。
- 各異屈折率領域の平面形状が最小値と最大値の間でランダムな大きさを有するように、前記フォトニック結晶構造形成体の周期的な屈折率分布が形成されていることを特徴とする請求項3に記載のフォトニック結晶。
- 前記板状部材とは屈折率が異なる異屈折率領域が該板状部材に平行な2次元格子の各格子点から該板状部材に平行に、最大ずれ量Δpmax(≠0)以下のずれ量Δpだけランダムにずれて配置されることにより、前記フォトニック結晶構造形成体の周期的な屈折率分布が形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のフォトニック結晶。
- 請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のフォトニック結晶を有することを特徴とする、所定の周波数範囲内の複数の周波数における光の共振を利用した光機能デバイス。
- 所定の周波数範囲の光を電力に変換する、半導体から成る光電変換層が1対の電極の間に設けられた光電変換装置であって、前記光電変換層内に請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のフォトニック結晶が形成されていることを特徴とする光電変換装置。
- 各フォトニック結晶構造形成体がp型半導体とn型半導体を接合したものに形成されており、隣接する2つのフォトニック結晶構造形成体が、導電体から成るスペーサ層により離間されていることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の光電変換装置。
- 前記フォトニック結晶構造形成体の数が2であって、一方のフォトニック結晶構造形成体がp型半導体に形成され、他方のフォトニック結晶構造形成体がn型半導体に形成されていることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の光電変換装置。
- 各フォトニック結晶構造形成体がp型半導体とn型半導体を接合したものに形成されており、隣接する2つのフォトニック結晶構造形成体が、第1導電体層、絶縁体層、第2導電体層をこの順に積層したスペーサ層により離間されていることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の光電変換装置。
- 所定の周波数範囲の光を散乱させる回折素子であって、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載のフォトニック結晶を有することを特徴とする回折素子。
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OSKOOI, A. ET AL.: "Partially disordered photonic-crystal thin films for enhanced and robust photovoltaics", APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS, vol. 100, no. 18, 30 April 2012 (2012-04-30), pages 181110 - 1 - 181110-4, XP012155834 * |
See also references of EP2988152A4 |
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JP6163542B2 (ja) | 2017-07-12 |
US10866343B2 (en) | 2020-12-15 |
JPWO2014171457A1 (ja) | 2017-02-23 |
TWI625539B (zh) | 2018-06-01 |
CN105143923B (zh) | 2018-03-09 |
EP2988152A1 (en) | 2016-02-24 |
CN105143923A (zh) | 2015-12-09 |
EP2988152A4 (en) | 2016-08-24 |
US20160061994A1 (en) | 2016-03-03 |
TW201501339A (zh) | 2015-01-01 |
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