WO2014134506A1 - Compositions lubrifiantes et procédés d'utilisation associés - Google Patents

Compositions lubrifiantes et procédés d'utilisation associés Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014134506A1
WO2014134506A1 PCT/US2014/019541 US2014019541W WO2014134506A1 WO 2014134506 A1 WO2014134506 A1 WO 2014134506A1 US 2014019541 W US2014019541 W US 2014019541W WO 2014134506 A1 WO2014134506 A1 WO 2014134506A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
engine
base oil
additive
oil
additive composition
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2014/019541
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Minkoo YOUN
Janghee HAN
Adam M. DEFANTI
Jeff TARBERT
Original Assignee
VORA Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US13/783,156 external-priority patent/US9200230B2/en
Application filed by VORA Inc. filed Critical VORA Inc.
Priority to CN201480023484.XA priority Critical patent/CN105189717A/zh
Publication of WO2014134506A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014134506A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M141/06—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic nitrogen-containing compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M141/04—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic halogen-containing compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
    • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
    • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/02—Hydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/023—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2207/026—Hydroxy compounds having hydroxy groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings with tertiary alkyl groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
    • C10M2207/2835—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
    • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2211/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2211/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only
    • C10M2211/022—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing carbon, hydrogen and halogen only aliphatic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2211/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing halogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2211/08—Halogenated waxes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
    • C10M2215/06—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings
    • C10M2215/064—Di- and triaryl amines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
    • C10M2219/046—Overbasedsulfonic acid salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/045—Metal containing thio derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to lubricating compositions.
  • the present invention further relates to methods of preparing the lubricant compositions and methods of using the lubricating compositions, such as for high pressure metal-on-metal applications, for example, lubricating an engine.
  • Various lubricating compositions are known in the art. However, lubricants that have high boiling point, low freezing point, high viscosity index, good thermal stability, corrosion resistance, and/or high resistance to oxidation continue to be highly desired in the marketplace. Also desired are lubricating compositions that can have wide applications for different engines, machines, etc. and can perform well in different conditions.
  • U.S. Patent. No. 7,018,962 provides a viscosity index (VI) improver concentrate
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,723,419 discloses a composition with a chlorinated paraffin as an anti-friction agent
  • U.S. Patent No. 7,615,519 discloses a composition comprising a hydrocarbon soluble titanium compound.
  • one objective of the present invention is to develop novel lubricating compositions that are superior to and/or more versatile than some of the existing lubricants.
  • the invention provides a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the invention provides a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition; and further comprising a second antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the first antioxidant is an amine antioxidant or a phenol antioxidant.
  • the second antioxidant is an amine antioxidant or a phenol antioxidant.
  • the first antioxidant is an amine antioxidant and the second antioxidant is a phenol antioxidant.
  • the invention provides a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition; wherein the additive base oil is selected from the group consisting of a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, and a synthetic ester base oil.
  • the lubricant additive composition further comprises at least one additional additive base oil in an amount of 1-50% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the invention provides a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition, and further comprises at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.
  • the invention provides a method of preparing a lubricant additive composition (e.g., any of the lubricant additive composition described herein).
  • the method comprises (a) providing additive ingredients comprising a first additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant; and (b) mixing the additive ingredients.
  • the additive ingredients further comprise a second additive base oil.
  • the additive ingredients further comprise a second antioxidant.
  • the additive ingredients further comprise at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of a third additive base oil, an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.
  • a third additive base oil an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.
  • the method of preparing a lubricant additive composition comprises preheating some of the additive ingredients, e.g., to a temperature of about 70 °C. In some embodiments, the method further comprises premixing some of the additive ingredients. In some embodiments, the method comprises premixing at least two of the additive ingredients (e.g., a chlorinated paraffin and a first additive base oil). In some embodiments, the method further comprises premixing at least three of the additive ingredients (e.g., a second additive base oil, a first antioxidant, and a second antioxidant).
  • the method further comprises premixing at least two or at least three of the additive ingredients with the at least one additional component.
  • the chlorinated paraffin, the first additive base oil, and the second additive base oil used for premixing at least two of the additive ingredients or premixing at least three of the additive ingredients is independently in an amount of from about 20% to about 100% of the total amount of the respective ingredient in the lubricant additive composition.
  • the invention provides an engine oil comprising a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the engine oil is formulated for an internal combustion engine.
  • the invention provides a transmission oil comprising a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the invention provides a gear oil comprising a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the invention provides a turbine oil comprising a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the invention provides a method of lubricating an engine comprising contacting the engine with an engine oil comprising a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the engine is an internal combustion engine.
  • the invention provides a method of enhancing fuel efficiency of an engine comprising providing to the engine an engine oil comprising a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the engine is an internal combustion engine.
  • the invention provides an engine oil comprising 5-25% by weight of an engine oil additive composition
  • the additive composition comprises: (a) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 30-35% by weight of the additive composition; and (b) an additive base oil in an amount of 20-40% by weight of the additive composition
  • the engine oil is formulated for an engine selected from the group of a car engine, a motorcycle engine, a bus engine, a commercial vehicle engine, a boat engine, a jet engine, a helicopter engine, a truck engine, a marine diesel engine, a railroad diesel engine, an outboard motor engine, a generator engine, a tractor engine, a nondiesel railroad engine, an electric car engine, and an aviation piston engine.
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising an additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and one or more antioxidant(s) has unique advantages in reducing friction between two surfaces (e.g., two metal moving surfaces).
  • the invention provides various formulations of a lubricant additive composition.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises an additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant.
  • the lubricant additive composition further comprises a second antioxidant.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises more than one additive base oil.
  • the lubricant additive composition further comprises at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.
  • the lubricant additive compositions provided herein can be used as stand-alone lubricants or can be added to another lubricant composition (e.g., an engine oil, a transmission oil, a turbine oil, a gear oil, a grease, etc.).
  • another lubricant composition e.g., an engine oil, a transmission oil, a turbine oil, a gear oil, a grease, etc.
  • lubricant additive composition therefore refers to a composition that can be used as a stand-alone lubricant, or as a composition that can have additional components added to it to form another lubricant composition.
  • additive base oil therefore refers to the base oil that is added to form the lubricant additive composition.
  • Formulation A Additive Base Oil, Chlorinated Paraffin, and Antioxidant
  • the invention provides a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising an additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant.
  • Suitable additive base oil and the weight percentage thereof are described herein.
  • Suitable chlorinated paraffin and the weight percentage thereof are described herein.
  • Suitable antioxidant(s) and the weight percentage thereof are also described herein.
  • the additive base oil can be in an amount of about 10%> to about 80%>, about 10%> to about 70%>, about 10%> to about 60%>, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 30%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 40%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 50%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 60%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to about 80%, more than 80% (e.g., about 80% to about 90%, about 90% to 95%o, or more than 95%>), or less than 10%> by weight of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the additive base oil can also be in an amount of about 10%>, about 20%>, about 30%>, about 40%>, about 50%>, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 95% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the chlorinated paraffin can be in an amount of about 10%> to about 60%>, about 10%> to about 50%>, about 10%> to about 40%>, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, about 15% to about 60%, about 15% to about 50%), about 15% to about 45%, about 15% to about 40%, about 15% to about 35%, about 15% to about 30%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 30%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 40%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 50%, about 50%) to about 60%, less than 10% (e.g., about 5% to about 10%, or less than about 5%), or more than 60% (e.g., about 60%> to about 70%>, about 70%> to about 80%>, about 80%o to about 90%), or more than about 90%>) by weight of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the chlorinated paraffin can also be in an amount of about 10%>, about 20%>, about 30%>, about 40%>, about 50%>, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 95% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the first antioxidant can be in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.01% to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1 % to about 1%, about 0.5%) to about 5%, about 0.5%> to about 4%, about 0.5%> to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 1%, or more than about 5% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the first antioxidant can also be in an amount of about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, or about 5% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the invention provides a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; and (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the chlorinated paraffin is in an amount of about 15% to about 45%) by weight of the additive composition.
  • Suitable additive base oil, chlorinated paraffin and first antioxidant are described herein.
  • Suitable additive base oils for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention include a mineral oil or a synthetic oil.
  • the additive base oil can be a mineral oil or a synthetic oil.
  • the additive base oil is a mineral oil.
  • the additive base oil is a blend of more than one mineral oil.
  • the additive base oil is a synthetic oil.
  • the additive base oil is a blend of more than one synthetic oil.
  • the additive base oil is a blend of a mineral oil and a synthetic oil.
  • the additive base oil is a blend of more than one mineral oil and a synthetic oil.
  • the additive base oil is a blend of a mineral oil and more than one synthetic oil.
  • the additive base oil is a blend of more than one mineral oil and more than one synthetic oil.
  • the additive base oil is a blend of more than one mineral oil and more than one synthetic oil.
  • the additive base oil is a blend of more than one mineral oil and more than one synthetic oil.
  • Suitable additive base oils for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention include a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, or a Group V base oil (e.g., a synthetic ester base oil). It is known in the art that base oil can be categorized into five general groups, i.e., Groups I-V, see e.g., Published Guidelines by American Petroleum Institution (the "API”): “Appendix E--API Base Oil Interchangeability Guidelines for Passenger Car Motor Oils and Diesel Engine Oils (September 2011)” (herein after "the API Guidelines”).
  • a Group I base oil refers to a base oil that falls within the category of Groups I-V base stock as defined in the API Guidelines, respectively.
  • base oil and “base stock” are used interchangeably, unless otherwise differentiated.
  • each category of base stock has a specific characteristic chemical compositions (e.g., content of saturates, content of sulfur) and physical properties (e.g., viscosity index value).
  • the lubricant industry extends the five basic categories in the API Guidelines and uses Group I + , Group II + , or Group III + base oil category to describe Group I base stocks that have a viscosity index of 103-108, Group II base stocks that have a viscosity index of 113-119; or Group III base stocks that have a viscosity index of at least 140, respectively.
  • the additive base oil can be selected from the group consisting of a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, and a synthetic ester base oil.
  • the additive base oil can also be a Group I + , Group II + , or a Group III + base oil.
  • the additive base oil is a Group III, a Group IV base oil, or a synthetic ester base oil.
  • the additive base oil is a Group III base oil.
  • the additive base oil is a Group IV base oil.
  • Group IV base oil includes poly-alpha-olefms ("PAO").
  • PAO poly-alpha-olefms
  • the additive base oil is a PAO base oil.
  • PAOs with various viscosity are known, for example, low viscosity PAO, defined as having a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of between 2-10 centistokes (cSt); medium viscosity PAO, defined as having a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of between 10- 25 cSt; high viscosity PAO, defined as having a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of between 25-100 cSt; and ultra-high viscosity PAO, defined as having a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of between 150-1000 cSt.
  • the additive base oil is a low viscosity PAO, a medium viscosity PAO, or a high viscosity PAO. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a low viscosity PAO. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a low viscosity PAO having a kinematic viscosity of about 2 to about 9, about 2 to about 8, about 2 to about 7, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 5, about 3 to about 10, about 3 to about 9, about 3 to about 8, about 3 to about 7, about 3 to about 6, about 3 to about 5, about 4 to about 10, about 4 to about 9, about 4 to about 8, about 4 to about 7, about 4 to about 6, about 4 to about 5, about 5 to about 10, about 5 to about 9, about 5 to about 8, about 5 to about 7, or about 5 to about 6 at 100 °C. In embodiments, the additive base oil is a low viscosity PAO having a kinematic viscosity of about 2, about 3, about 4, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10 at 100
  • Suitable additive base oils for use in the lubricant additive compositions of the invention also include a synthetic ester base oil.
  • the additive base oil can also be a synthetic ester base oil.
  • the additive base oil is a hindered ester, a dicarboxylic ester, or a polyester.
  • the additive base oil is a polyester (e.g., a diester, or a triester).
  • the polyester has unreacted hydroxyl groups.
  • the additive base oil is a polyester, wherein the polyester can be formed by reacting a polyol with a carboxylic acid.
  • the polyol is a polyol having at least 3 hydroxyl groups and 3 to 10 carbons.
  • the polyol is a neopentyl polyol selected from the group consisting of neopentyl glycol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, monopentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, tripentaerythritol, and tetrapenlaerythritol.
  • the additive base oil is a polyester that can be formed by reacting trimethylopropane with a carboxylic acid.
  • the carboxylic acid can be saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, a carboxylic acid having 5 to 12 carbons, or a carboxylic acid having or more than 12 carbons (e.g., 14 carbons, 16 carbons, 18 carbons, 20 carbons, 22 carbons, or 24 carbons).
  • the carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of palmitoleic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, oleic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid, decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, nonadecanoic acid, eicosanoic acid, heneicosanoic acid, docosanoic acid, tricosanoic acid, and tetracosanoic acid.
  • the additive base oil is a trimethylolpropane trioleate polyester base oil.
  • Suitable additive base oils for use in the lubricant additive compositions of the invention also include paraffmic base oil, naphthenic base oil, and aromatic base oil, which are known in the art.
  • the additive base oil can also be a paraffmic base oil, a naphthenic base oil, or an aromatic base oil.
  • the additive base oil is a paraffmic base oil (e.g., a heavy paraffmic base oil).
  • Suitable additive base oils for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention can be described by their physical characteristics.
  • the additive base oil can be characterized by having a certain (e.g., as described herein) viscosity index, a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C, an evaporated quantity by the NOACK volatility test, or any combination thereof.
  • the additive base oil has a viscosity index of about 80 to about 180, about 80 to about 170, about 80 to about 160, about 80 to about 150, about 80 to about 140, about 80 to about 130, about 80 to about 120, about 80 to about 1 10, about 80 to about 100, about 80 to about 90, about 90 to about 180, about 90 to about 170, about 90 to about 160, about 90 to about 150, about 90 to about 140, about 90 to about 130, about 90 to about 120, about 90 to about 1 10, about 90 to about 100, about 100 to about 180, about 100 to about 170, about 100 to about 160, about 100 to about 150, about 100 to about 140, about 100 to about 130, about 100 to about 120, about 100 to about 1 10, about 1 10 to about 180, about 1 10 to about 170, about 1 10 to about 160, about 1 10 to about 150, about 1 10 to about 140, about 1 10 to about 130, about 1 10 to about 120, about 120 to about 180, about 1 10 to about 170, about 1 10 to about 160, about 1 10 to about
  • the additive base oil has a kinematic viscosity at 100 °C of about
  • the additive base oil has an evaporated quantity by the NOACK volatility test of about 20 wt % or less, about 19 wt % or less, about 18 wt % or less, about 17 wt % or less, about 16 wt % or less, about 15 wt % or less, about 14 wt % or less, about 13 wt % or less, about 12 wt % or less, about 11 wt % or less, about 10 wt % or less, about 9 wt % or less, about 8 wt % or less, about 7 wt % or less, or about 6 wt % or less.
  • the additive base oil has an evaporated quantity by the NOACK volatility test of about 20 wt %, about 19 wt %, about 18 wt %, about 17 wt %, about 16 wt %, about 15 wt %, about 14 wt %, about 13 wt %, about 12 wt %, about 11 wt %, about 10 wt %, about 9 wt %, about 8 wt %, about 7 wt %, or about 6 wt %.
  • the additive base oil can be characterized by: (a) having a viscosity index of between about 80 and about 180; (b) a kinematic viscosity of between about 8 and about 20 mm /s at 100° C; (c) an evaporated quantity of about 15 wt % or less by the NOACK volatility test, or any combinations thereof.
  • the additive base oil can be characterized by (a) having a viscosity index of between about 120 and about 180; (b) a kinematic viscosity of between about 9 and about 17 mm /s at 100° C; (c) an evaporated quantity by the NOACK volatility test of about 15 wt % or less, or any combinations thereof.
  • the lubricant additive compositions provided herein comprise chlorinated paraffins.
  • chlorinated paraffin or "CP” refers to chlorinated straight-chain hydrocarbons, which typically are mixtures. Chlorinated paraffin can be classified according to the carbon-chain length and percentage of chlorination, with carbon-chain lengths generally ranging from C 10 to C30 and chlorination from about 35% to greater than about 70% by weight. The three most common commercial chlorinated paraffins are: short-chain, medium-chain and long-chain chlorinated paraffins. Short-chain chlorinated paraffin (SCCP) includes CPs that have a carbon-chain length of C 10-13.
  • Medium-chain chlorinated paraffin includes CPs that have a carbon-chain length of Ci3_ 2 o.
  • Non-limiting, exemplary medium-chain chlorinated paraffin can have a carbon-chain length of C 13 to C 17 , C 14 to C 17 , C 14 to C19, or C 14 to C 20 .
  • Long-chain chlorinated paraffin includes CPs that have a carbon-chain length of Ci 7 _3o.
  • Non-limiting, exemplary long-chain chlorinated paraffin can have a carbon-chain length of C 17 to C30, C 18 to C30, or C 2 o to C30.
  • Commercially available CP includes, without limitation, CP-50, CP-52, CP-56, CP-60, CP-63, and CP-70, etc.
  • Suitable CPs for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention include
  • the CP can have any carbon-chain lengths that fall within C 10 to C30 ⁇ e.g., C 10 to C 13 , C 13 to C 17 , Ci4 to C 17 , Ci4 to Ci , C 17 to C30, Ci8 to C30, or C 20 to C30, etc.).
  • the CP is a short-chain CP, a medium-chain CP, a long-chain CP, or a mixture thereof.
  • the CP is a short-chain CP.
  • the CP is a medium-chain CP.
  • the CP is a long-chain CP.
  • the CP has a carbon- chain lengths of C 10 to C 13 , C 14 to C 17 , C 14 to C 17 , C 14 to C19, C 17 to C30, C 18 to C30, or C 20 to C30.
  • the CP is a short-chain CP with a carbon-chain length of C 10 to C 13 .
  • the CP is a medium-chain CP with a carbon-chain length of C 14 to C 17 .
  • the CP is a long-chain CP with a carbon-chain length of C 17 to C30, Ci8 to C30, or C20 to C30.
  • Suitable CP for use in the lubricant additive compositions of the invention can have a percentage of chlorination from about 35% to greater than about 70% by weight.
  • the CP has a percentage of chlorination of about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 49%, about 50% to about 59%, about 60% to about 69%, or more than about 70% by weight.
  • the CP can have a percentage of chlorination of about 50%, about 52%, about 54%, about 56%, about 58%, about 60%, about 62%, about 63%, about 65%, about 67%, about 70%), or about 72% by weight.
  • the CP has a percentage of chlorination of about 50%>, about 52%, about 56%, about 60%, about 63%, or about 70% by weight.
  • Antioxidants can achieve a stable lubricant additive composition.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises one or more antioxidant(s) (e.g., a first antioxidant, a second antioxidant, or both) that can improve stability of the lubricant additive composition against oxidative degradation, e.g., with improved oxidative stability.
  • Suitable antioxidants for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention include antioxidants (e.g., those known in the art) that can improve oxidative stability of the lubricant additive composition.
  • exemplary antioxidants include the antioxidants that are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 6,750,184, 7,538,076, and 7,928,045, which are each herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • Suitable antioxidants for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention include various amine antioxidants, phenol antioxidants, phosphite antioxidants, ascorbic acid, and tocopherols, etc.
  • antioxidants suitable for the lubricant additive compositions of the invention include amine antioxidants and phenol antioxidants.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises a first antioxidant, wherein the first antioxidant is an amine antioxidant or a phenol antioxidant.
  • the first antioxidant is an amine antioxidant.
  • the first antioxidant is an aliphatic amine or an aromatic amine.
  • the first antioxidant is an aromatic amine.
  • Aromatic amines known in the art are compounds that have an amino group, including both free amino (e.g., NH 2 ) and substituted amino group
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycloalkylalkyl, arylcycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylcycloalkylalkyl, arylheterocycloalkylalkyl, heteroarylheterocycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkyl, arylcycloalkyl, heteroarylcycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, arylheterocycloalkyl, heteroarylheterocycloalkyl, alkenyl, arylalkenyl, cycloalkenyl, arylcycloalkenyl, heteroarylcycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl, arylheterocycloalkenyl, heteroarylheterocycloalkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkenyl, cycloalkenyl,
  • a phenyl ring, or a monocyclic heteraromatic ring such as a thiophene ring, a pyridine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a furan ring, a pyrazine ring, a pyridazine ring, or a triazine ring, etc.
  • a polycyclic aromatic ring e.g., a bicyclic aromatic ring such as a naphthalene ring, or a bicyclic heteroaromatic ring such as an indole ring, a benzofuran ring, a benzoimidazole ring, or a benzothiophene ring, etc., or a tricyclic aromatic ring such as a carbazole).
  • the first antioxidant is an aromatic amine, wherein the amino group is attached to two aromatic rings, such as two monocyclic aromatic rings (e.g. , as described herein) that are the same or different, two polycyclic aromatic rings (e.g., as described herein) that are the same or different, or one monocyclic aromatic ring (e.g. , as described herein) and one polycyclic aromatic ring (e.g., as described herein).
  • the first antioxidant is a diphenyl amine.
  • the first antioxidant is an aromatic amine having the amino group attached to one monocyclic aromatic ring (e.g., a phenyl ring) and one polycyclic aromatic ring (e.g., a naphthalene ring).
  • one monocyclic aromatic ring e.g., a phenyl ring
  • one polycyclic aromatic ring e.g., a naphthalene ring
  • the first antioxidant is selected from the group consisting of ⁇ , ⁇ '- diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(l ,4- dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis( 1 -ethyl-3 -methylpentyl)-p- phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(l -methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'dicyclohexyl-p- phenylenediamine, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-di(naphth-2-yl)-p- phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N-(l ,3-dimethylbut
  • N-allyldiphenylamine 4- isopropoxydiphenylamine, di(4-methoxyphenyl)amine, 2,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 1 ,2- di[(2-methylphenyl)amino] -ethane, 1 ,2-di(phenylamino)propane, (o-tolyl)biguanide, di[4- ( ,3'-dimethylbutyl)phenyl]amine, tert-octylated N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine, phenyl-1- naphthylamine ⁇ , ⁇ '-dioctyldiphenyl amine , mixture of mono- and di-alkylated ter
  • the first antioxidant is a phenol antioxidant.
  • Phenol antioxidants are known in the art and encompass any phenolic compound, i.e., having a free OH group attached to a phenyl ring.
  • the term "phenolic compounds” also include compounds where the OH is attached to a phenyl ring, wherein the phenyl ring is part of a fused ring structure, e.g., the phenyl ring is part of a benzothiophene ring, a naphthalene ring, an indole ring, an benzofuran ring, or the like.
  • Preferred phenolic antioxidants are hindered phenols ⁇ e.g., with at least one of the two ortho-positions of the phenolic OH substituted, e.g., with an alkyl group such as a methyl, ethyl, propyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, or tert-butyl group) or dimeric phenols.
  • an alkyl group such as a methyl, ethyl, propyl, cyclopropyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, or tert-butyl group
  • the first antioxidant is a hindered phenol.
  • the hindered phenol is selected from the group consisting of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4- methylphenol, 2-butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert- butyl-4-n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4- methylphenol, 2-(a-methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl-4- methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxymethylphenol, 2,6- dinonyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-(l '-methyl -undec-l'-yl
  • the first antioxidant is a dimeric phenol. In embodiments, the first antioxidant is dimeric hindered phenol. In embodiments, the first antioxidant is a dimeric phenol selected from the group consisting of 2,2'-methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert- butyl phenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis (4-ethyl-6-tert-butyl phenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis [4- methyl-6-( a-methylcyclohexyl) phenol], 2,2'-methylene-bis (4-methyl-6- cyclohexylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis (6-nonyl-4-methylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis (4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethylidene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethylidene- bis(6-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis
  • Formulation A containing an additive base oil, chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant, is superior to conventional lubricant compositions.
  • Non- limiting examples of Formulation A are shown in Tables la-d. Table la. Examples of Formulation A 1
  • the remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent (2%), and a pour point depressant (0.2%).
  • the CP in Formulation A has a percentage of chlorination of between 60% to 72%o by weight.
  • the remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent, and a pour point depressant.
  • the CP in Formulation A has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table lc. Examples of Formulation A 1
  • the remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent, and a pour point depressant.
  • the CP in Formulation A has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table Id. Examples of Formulation A 1
  • the remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent, and a pour point depressant.
  • the CP in Formulation A has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight.
  • Formulation B Additive Base Oil, Chlorinated Paraffin, and Two Antioxidants
  • the present inventors have also discovered that for some applications, it is advantageous to include two antioxidants in the lubricant additive composition.
  • the lubricant additive composition has a second antioxidant.
  • the second antioxidant is in an amount of about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.01%> to about 4%, about 0.01% to about 3%, about 0.01% to about 2%, about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 4%, about 0.1% to about 3%, about 0.1% to about 2%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.5%) to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 4%, about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 2%, about 0.5% to about 1%, or more than about 5% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the second antioxidant can also be in an amount of about 0.01%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%), about 3%, about 4%, or about 5% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the invention provides a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) an additive base oil in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition; (c) a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition; and (d) a second antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the chlorinated paraffin is in an amount of about 15%) to about 45%) by weight of the additive composition. Suitable additive base oils, chlorinated paraffins, first antioxidants, and second antioxidants are described herein.
  • Suitable second antioxidants for use in the lubricant additive compositions of the invention include any antioxidant that is suitable for use as the first antioxidant as described herein.
  • the first antioxidant and the second antioxidant function differently.
  • the first antioxidant is more effective in protecting the lubricant additive composition against oxidative degradation at lower temperature (e.g., at room temperature)
  • the second antioxidant is more effective in protecting the lubricant additive composition against oxidative degradation at higher temperature (e.g., at above 100 °C, above 200 °C, above 300 °C, above 400 °C, above 500 °C, etc.).
  • the second antioxidant can be the same type or a different type of antioxidant as the first antioxidant.
  • the second antioxidant is an amine antioxidant or a phenol antioxidant.
  • the first antioxidant is an amine antioxidant and the second antioxidant is a phenol antioxidant, or vice versa.
  • the weight ratio of the first antioxidant and the second antioxidant can influence the overall stability of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the weight ratio of the first antioxidant and the second antioxidant can be from about 1 :500 to about 500: 1.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises a weight ratio of the first antioxidant to the second antioxidant of about 1:500 to about 500:1, about 1:250 to about 250:1, about 1:200 to about 200:1, about 1:150 to about 150:1, about 1:100 to about 100:1, about 1:50 to about 50:1, about 1:25 to about 25:1, about 1:10 to about 10:1, about 1:5 to about 5:1, about 1:3 to about 3:1, about 1:2 to about 2:1, or about 1:1.
  • a weight ratio of the phenol antioxidant to the amine antioxidant can be about 1:500 to about 500:1, about 1:250 to about 250:1, about 1:200 to about 200:1, about 1:150 to about 150:1, about 1:100 to about 100:1, about 1:50 to about 50:1, about 1:25 to about 25:1, about 1:10 to about 10:1, about 1:5 to about 5:1, about 1:3 to about 3:1, about 1:2 to about 2:1, or about 1:1.
  • the weight ratio of the phenol antioxidant to the amine antioxidant is about 1:1 to about 50:1, or about 15:1 to about 25:1.
  • Non-limiting examples of Formulation B are shown in Tables 2a-2d.
  • Tables 2a-2d only include Examples with additive base oil being a mixture of a Group III and a Group IV base oil.
  • other non-limiting additive base oils can also be used in any of the examples in Tables 2a-2d, e.g., a Group II, a Group III, a Group IV, a polyester, a mixture of a Group II and a Group IV, a mixture of a Group II and a polyester, a mixture of a Group III and a polyester, a mixture of a Group III, IV, and a polyester, or a mixture of a Group II, IV, and a polyester.
  • Table 2a Examples of Formulation B
  • the remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to antifoaming agent (e.g., 500 ppm) and pour point depressant (e.g., 0.2%>).
  • antifoaming agent e.g., 500 ppm
  • pour point depressant e.g. 0.2%>.
  • the CP Formulation B has a percentage of chlorination of between 60% to 72% by weight.
  • the remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to antifoaming agent (e.g., 500 ppm) and pour point depressant (e.g., 0.2%>).
  • antifoaming agent e.g., 500 ppm
  • pour point depressant e.g. 0.2%>.
  • the CP Formulation B has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table 2c. Examples of Formulation B 1
  • the remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to antifoaming agent (e.g., 500 ppm) and pour point depressant (e.g., 0.2%>).
  • antifoaming agent e.g., 500 ppm
  • pour point depressant e.g. 0.2%>.
  • the CP Formulation B has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table 2d. Examples of Formulation B 1
  • the remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to antifoaming agent (e.g., 500 ppm) and pour point depressant (e.g., 0.2%>).
  • antifoaming agent e.g., 500 ppm
  • pour point depressant e.g. 0.2%>.
  • the CP Formulation B has a percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight.
  • Formulation C More than one Additive Base Oil, CP, and Antioxidant(s)
  • a given base oil can have its own unique properties.
  • the inventors have also found that instead of using a single base oil as the additive base oil, it is advantageous in certain applications for the lubricant additive composition to include a mixture of base oils having different properties.
  • the invention also provides a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising a chlorinated paraffin and at least two different kinds of additive base oil (e.g., a mixture of Group III and Group IV base oil, a mixture of a Group II and Group IV base oil, a mixture of a Group II and an ester base oil, a mixture of a Group III and an ester base oil, a mixture of Group IV and an ester base oil, a mixture of Group II, Group IV, and an ester base oil, or a Group III, Group IV, and an ester base oil).
  • additive base oil e.g., a mixture of Group III and Group IV base oil, a mixture of a Group II and Group IV base oil, a mixture of a Group II and an ester base oil, a mixture of Group III and an ester base oil, or a Group III, Group IV, and an ester base oil.
  • Suitable chlorinated paraffins and the weight percentages thereof are described herein, e.g., short- chained chlorinated paraffin, medium-chain chlorinated paraffin, or long-chain chlorinated paraffin. Suitable additive base oil and the weight percentage thereof are also described herein.
  • the lubricant additive composition also comprises a first antioxidant (e.g., as described herein).
  • the lubricant additive composition comprising a first antioxidant further comprises a second antioxidant, wherein suitable first antioxidants and second antioxidants, and the weight percentages thereof are described herein.
  • the lubricant additive composition has at least one antioxidant.
  • the invention provides a lubricant additive composition
  • a lubricant additive composition comprising (a) more than one (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) additive base oils independently in an amount of 10-80% by weight of the additive composition; and (b) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of 10-60% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the lubricant additive composition also comprises a first antioxidant in an amount of 0.01-5% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the chlorinated paraffin is in an amount of about 15% to about 45% by weight of the additive composition.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises two or more different kinds of additive base oil, with one additive base oil in an amount of about 10% to about 80%) by weight of the additive composition, and the other additive base oil(s) in an amount of about 1% to about 50% by weight of the additive composition.
  • Other suitable weight percentages of the additive base oils are described herein.
  • the total weight percentages of the additive base oil can be about 10% to about 80%, about 10%> to about 70%>, about 10%> to about 60%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 70%, about 20% to about 60%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 30%, about 30% to about 80%, about 30% to about 70%, about 30% to about 60%, about 30% to about 50%, about 30% to about 40%, about 40% to about 80%, about 40% to about 70%, about 40% to about 60%, about 40% to about 50%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 60%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to about 80%, or about 80% to about 90% of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the total weight percentages of the additive base oil can also be in an amount of about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, or about 90% by weight of the lubricant additive composition.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises two different kinds of additive base oil, wherein one of the additive base oil is a Group I, Group II, Group II + , Group III, Group III + , or Group IV base oil, and the other of the additive base oil is a Group V base oil, such as a synthetic ester base oil (e.g., a polyester base oil, or other ester base oil described herein).
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises two different kinds of additive base oils, wherein each of the two additive base oils is independently a Group I, Group II, Group II + , Group III, Group III + , Group IV or a Group V base oil.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises two different kinds of additive base oil, wherein one of the additive base oil is a Group I, Group II, Group II + , Group III, Group III + , or Group IV base oil, and the other of the additive base oil is a Group IV base oil, such as a low-viscosity PAO, a medium-viscosity PAO or a high- viscosity PAO.
  • one of the additive base oil is a Group I, Group II, Group II + , Group III, Group III + , or Group IV base oil
  • the other of the additive base oil is a Group IV base oil, such as a low-viscosity PAO, a medium-viscosity PAO or a high- viscosity PAO.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises three different kinds of additive base oil, wherein two of the additive base oil is a Group I, Group II, Group II + , Group III, Group III + , or Group IV base oil, and the other of the additive base oil is a Group V base oil, such as a synthetic ester base oil (e.g., a polyester base oil, or other ester base oil described herein).
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises three different kinds of additive base oil, wherein each of the three additive base oil is independently a Group I, Group II, Group II + , Group III, Group III , Group IV or a Group V base oil.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises three different kinds of additive base oil, wherein two of the additive base oil is a Group I, Group II, Group II + , Group III, Group III + , or Group IV base oil, and the other of the additive base oil is a Group IV base oil, such as a low- viscosity PAO, a medium-viscosity PAO or a high-viscosity PAO.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises at least one additive base oil selected from the group consisting of Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, and a polyester base oil.
  • Other combinations of additive base oil e.g. , as described herein can also be used in the present invention.
  • Non-limiting examples of lubricant additive composition of the present invention are shown in Tables 3 and 4a-d.
  • the remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent (2%>), and a pour point depressant (0.2%>).
  • the CP in Formulation C has a percentage of chlorination of between 60% to 72% by weight. Table 4a. Additional Examples of Formulation C
  • the remaining mass are minor components , which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm) and a pour point depressant (0.2%).
  • the CP in Formulation C has percentage of chlorination of between 60% to 72% by weight. 3
  • the remaining mass are minor components, which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm), an anti-wear agent (1%), and a pour point depressant (0.2%>).
  • Table 4b Additional Examples of Formulation C
  • the remaining mass are minor components , which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm) and a pour point depressant (0.2%).
  • the CP in Formulation C has percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table 4c. Additional Examples of Formulation C
  • the remaining mass are minor components , which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm) and a pour point depressant (0.2%).
  • the CP in Formulation C has percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight. Table 4d. Additional Examples of Formulation C
  • the remaining mass are minor components , which can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm) and a pour point depressant (0.2%).
  • the CP in Formulation C has percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight.
  • Other Ingredients That May Be Present in the Lubricant Additive Composition can include, but are not limited to, an antifoaming agent (500 ppm) and a pour point depressant (0.2%).
  • the CP in Formulation C has percentage of chlorination of between 40% to 72% by weight.
  • a lubricant such as an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, or a friction modifier.
  • the lubricant additive composition comprises at least one additional component (e.g., in addition to the additive base oil, CP and antioxidant(s)) selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.
  • the at least one additional component is in an amount of about 100 ppm to about 10% by weight of the additive composition.
  • Suitable anti-wear agents, detergents, dispersants, diluents, demulsifiers, antifoam agents, corrosion/rust inhibitors, extreme pressure agents, seal well agents, pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers, or friction modifiers for use in the lubricant additive composition of the invention can be any of those used in the industry. Non- limiting examples include those described below and those described in "Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing," Edited by Totten, G. E., ASTM manual series; MNL 37, published in 2003.
  • Non-limiting anti-wear agents that can be used in the present invention include zinc dithiophosphate, metallic (e.g. , Mo, Pb and Sb) salts of dithiophosphoric acid, metallic (e.g. , Mo, Pb and Sb) salts of dithiocarbamic acid, metallic (e.g., Pb) salts of naphthenic acid, metallic (e.g. , Pb) salts of fatty acids, boron compounds, phosphoric acid esters, phosphorous acid esters and phosphoric acid amines. Of these, phosphoric acid esters and metallic salts of dithiophosphoric acid are preferably used. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZnDDP) are especially preferred.
  • ZnDDP Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate
  • Non-limiting detergents that can be used in the present invention include metal - containing detergents, such as alkali (e.g. , Li and Na) or alkaline earth metal (e.g. , Mg, Ca, and Ba, etc.) sulfonate, phenate, salicylate or phosphonate.
  • alkali e.g. , Li and Na
  • alkaline earth metal e.g. , Mg, Ca, and Ba, etc.
  • suitable metal-containing detergents include, but are not limited to, neutral or overbased salts of a sodium sulfonate, a sodium carboxylate, a sodium salicylate, a sodium phenate, a sulfurized sodium phenate, a lithium sulfonate, a lithium carboxylate, a lithium salicylate, a lithium phenate, a sulfurized lithium phenate, a calcium sulfonate, a calcium carboxylate, a calcium salicylate, a calcium phenate, a sulfurized calcium phenate, a magnesium sulfonate, a magnesium carboxylate, a magnesium salicylate, a magnesium phenate, a sulfurized magnesium phenate, a potassium sulfonate, a potassium carboxylate, a potassium salicylate, a potassium phenate, a sulfurized potassium phenate, a zinc sulfonate, a zinc carboxylate, a zinc salicylate, a zinc phenate, and
  • detergents suitable for use in the present invention are described in U.S. Patent No. 7,833,952, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Preferred detergents are overbased alkali (e.g., Li and Na) or alkaline earth metal (e.g., Mg, Ca, and Ba, etc.) sulfonate, phenate, salicylate or phosphonate, with a total base number (TBN) of greater than about 50, about 100, about 150, about 200, about 250, about 300, about 350, about 400, or about 450.
  • TBN total base number
  • Non-limiting dispersants that can be used in the present invention include ashless dispersants, such as those based on polyalkenyl succinimide, polyalkenyl succinamide, benzyl amine, succinic acid ester, and succinic acid-amide, or those containing boron.
  • ashless dispersants such as those based on polyalkenyl succinimide, polyalkenyl succinamide, benzyl amine, succinic acid ester, and succinic acid-amide, or those containing boron.
  • Non-limiting antifoam agents that can be used in the present invention include silicone containing compounds (e.g., polysiloxanes, e.g., poly dimethyl siloxane), poly(methyl)acrylates, and polyacrylates.
  • silicone containing compounds e.g., polysiloxanes, e.g., poly dimethyl siloxane
  • poly(methyl)acrylates e.g., poly(methyl)acrylates
  • Non-limiting demulsifiers that can be used in the present invention include polyethylene oxide derivatives and salts of carboxylic acid and sulfonic acids.
  • Non-limiting extreme pressure agents that can be used in the present invention include sulphurized fat, polymer esters, polysulfides (e.g., ditertiary dodecyl polysulfide, e.g., TPSTM 20, TPSTM32), chlorinated paraffins, and molybdenum containing compounds.
  • Non-limiting pour point depressants that can be used in the present invention include ethylene -vinyl acetate copolymers, polymethacrylates, and polyalkyl styrenes.
  • Preferred pour point depressants include alkyl polymethacrylates.
  • Non-limiting rust inhibitors that can be used in the present invention include fatty acids, alkenyl succinic acid half esters, fatty acid soaps, alkyl sulfonates, esters of fatty acids and polyalcohols, aliphatic amines, oxidized paraffin compounds and alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers.
  • Non-limiting viscosity index improvers that can be used in the present invention include polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyisobutylene, polyolefm, polyolefin copolymers (e.g., ethylene-propylene copolymers), polyalkyl styrene (e.g. , polystyrene and poly-alpha-methylstyrene), phenolic condensates, naphthalic condensates, and styrene-butadiene copolymers.
  • Preferred viscosity index improvers include alkyl poly(methyl)acrylates. Specific examples of poly(meth)acrylates include those having 1 - 20 alkyl groups (e.g.
  • Non-limiting friction modifiers that can be used in the present invention include organomolybdenum compounds, fatty acids, higher alcohols, fatty acid esters, oils and greases, (partial) esters of polyalcohols, sorbitan esters, amines, amides, sulfided esters, phosphoric acid esters, phosphorous acid esters and phosphoric acid ester amines.
  • the invention provides a method of preparing a lubricant additive composition (e.g., any of the lubricant additive compositions described herein).
  • the method comprises (a) providing additive ingredients comprising a first additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant; and (b) mixing the additive ingredients in a first container.
  • additive ingredients comprising a first additive base oil, a chlorinated paraffin, and a first antioxidant.
  • additive ingredients refers to the ingredients that can be used for preparing a lubricant additive composition described herein (e.g., according to any of Tables la to 7). Suitable amounts of each of the additive ingredients for preparing a lubricant additive composition can be, for example, any amount described herein for the respective ingredient (e.g., according to any of Tables la to 7).
  • providing additive ingredients refers to providing each of the additive ingredients separately or providing a premixed mixture of multiple (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) different additive ingredients.
  • each of the additive ingredients (e.g., the first additive base oil, the chlorinated paraffin, or the first antioxidant) is provided in separate containers.
  • suitable containers are those known in the art that are used to contain the additive ingredients.
  • suitable containers include those that can be adapted to heating.
  • a suitable container for an additive ingredient includes those that can be heated such that the additive ingredient (e.g., the first additive base oil, the chlorinated paraffin) within the container can reach a temperature of about 40 °C, about 50 °C, about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, about 90 °C, about 100 °C, about 110 °C, about 120 °C, about 130 °C, or about 140 °C, or any range of values thereof.
  • a suitable container includes a tote.
  • a suitable container includes a drum.
  • Suitable first additive base oils include any of the additive base oils described herein (e.g., a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, or a synthetic ester base oil).
  • the first additive base oil is a heavy paraffmic base oil.
  • the first additive base oil is a poly-a- olefin base oil.
  • the first additive base oil is a polyester base oil (e.g., a polyol ester such as trimethylolpropane trioleate).
  • Suitable chlorinated paraffins include any of the chlorinated paraffins described herein (e.g., a short-chain chlorinated paraffin, a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin, a long-chain chlorinated paraffin, a combination thereof, etc.). In some embodiments, the chlorinated paraffin is a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin having about 14 to about 17 carbons.
  • Suitable first antioxidants include any of the antioxidants described herein (e.g., an aromatic amine antioxidant, a phenol antioxidant, etc.).
  • the invention provides a method of preparing a lubricant additive composition (e.g., as described herein), wherein the method comprises preheating an additive ingredient.
  • preheating an ingredient (or ingredients) in a process refers to heating the ingredient(s) before using the ingredient(s) for a subsequent step (e.g., mixing with another ingredient(s)) in the process.
  • some of the additive ingredients are premixed before the preheating.
  • some of the additive ingredients are preheated separately.
  • the additive ingredient can be preheated to a temperature of about 40 °C to about 110 °C, e.g., about 40 °C to about 100 °C, about 40 °C to about 90 °C, about 40 °C to about 80 °C, about 40 °C to about 70 °C, about 40 °C to about 60 °C, about 40 °C to about 50 °C, about 50 °C to about 110 °C, about 50 °C to about 100 °C, about 50 °C to about 90 °C, about 50 °C to about 80 °C, about 50 °C to about 70 °C, about 50 °C to about 60 °C, about 60 °C to about 110 °C, about 60 °C to about 100 °C, about 60 °C to about 90 °C, about 60 °C to about to about 60 °C to about 100 °C, about 60 °C to about 90 °C, about 60 °C to about to about 60
  • the additive ingredient can be heated to a temperature of about 40 °C, about 50 °C, about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, about 90 °C, about 100 °C, about 110 °C, about 120 °C, or about 130 °C. In some embodiments, the additive ingredient can be heated to a temperature of less than about 40 °C (e.g., about 35 °C, about 30 °C), or above 130 °C (e.g., 140 °C, 150 °C). [0088] In some embodiments, the additive ingredients comprise a chlorinated paraffin
  • a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin such as CP63
  • the chlorinated paraffin is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 80 °C).
  • the chlorinated paraffin is preheated to a temperature of about 60 °C, about 70 °C, or about 80 °C.
  • the additive ingredients comprise a first additive base oil
  • any additive base oil described herein such as a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20- C38), a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil
  • the first additive base oil is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 90 °C).
  • the first additive base oil is preheated to a temperature of about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, or about 90 °C.
  • the additive ingredients comprise a second additive base oil (e.g., any additive base oil described herein such as a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38), a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil), wherein the second additive base oil is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 90 °C). In some embodiments, the second additive base oil is preheated to a temperature of about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80, or about 90 °C.
  • a second additive base oil e.g., any additive base oil described herein such as a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38), a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil
  • the second additive base oil is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10
  • the additive ingredients comprise a third additive base oil
  • any additive base oil described herein such as a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20- C38), a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil
  • the third additive base oil is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 90 °C).
  • the third additive base oil is preheated to a temperature of about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, or about 90 °C.
  • the additive ingredients further comprise at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier, wherein each of the at least one additional components, or a premix of the at least one additional components, can be preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 90 °C).
  • a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 40 °C to about 1 10 °C, or about 60 °C to about 90 °C).
  • each of the at least one additional components, or a premix of the at least one additional components is preheated to a temperature of about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C, or about 90 °C.
  • exemplary suitable anti-wear agents, detergents, dispersants, diluents, demulsifiers, antifoam agents, corrosion/rust inhibitors, extreme pressure agents, pour point depressants, viscosity index improvers, and friction modifiers are described herein.
  • additive ingredients can be helpful for preparing an additive composition (e.g., as described herein). In some embodiments, premixing some of the additive ingredients can be helpful for preparing the additive composition.
  • premixing an ingredient (or ingredients) in a process refers to mixing the ingredient(s) before using the ingredient(s) for a subsequent step (e.g., mixing with another ingredient(s)) in the process.
  • premixing occurs with external heat. In some embodiments, premixing occurs without external heat.
  • the mixing or premixing can include, e.g., stirring the additive ingredients for a period of time.
  • the mixing or premixing comprises stirring the additive ingredients at a speed of from about 50 rpm to about 2,000 rpm. Suitable means for stirring are those known in the art.
  • the mixing or premixing can include mixing or premixing the respective ingredients for about 15 minutes to about 2 hours.
  • the mixing or premixing time is about 15 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 25 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 60 minutes, or any range of values thereof.
  • the mixing or premixing time is about 1 hour, about 1.5 hours, about 2 hours, or any range of values thereof.
  • the mixing or premixing time is over 2 hours (e.g., 2.5 hours, 3 hours, or 4 hours, or any range of values thereof).
  • the respective ingredients are mixed or premixed until a homogeneous or substantially homogenous mixture forms.
  • the respective ingredients are mixed or premixed until the ingredients are combined.
  • the mixing or premixing can be carried out for a period of time, upon which a test (e.g., by visual inspection) is performed to determine whether, e.g., the ingredients are combined or a homogenous or substantially homogenous mixture is formed.
  • the mixing or premixing can be carried out for a period of time and if a homogenous or substantially homogenous mixture is formed, the mixing or premixing time can be regarded as sufficient; if not, the mixing or premixing time can be increased by an additional period of time (e.g., by about 15 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 1 hour, or more than 1 hour) and the mixing or premixing continued until a further test (e.g., by visual inspection) indicates that a homogenous or substantially homogenous mixture is formed.
  • a further period of time e.g., by about 15 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 1 hour, or more than 1 hour
  • the method of preparing a lubricant additive composition can include premixing at least two of the additive ingredients.
  • the method comprises premixing a chlorinated paraffin (e.g., a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin having 14 to 17 carbons) and a first additive base oil (e.g., a heavy paraffinic base oil, a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil).
  • a first additive base oil e.g., a heavy paraffinic base oil, a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil.
  • the method comprises premixing a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin and a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38).
  • the method comprises premixing a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin and a polyester base oil.
  • the polyester base oil is a trimethylolpropane polyester.
  • the polyester base oil is a trimethylolpropane trioleate.
  • the at least two additive ingredients can include a second additive base oil (e.g., a heavy paraffinic base oil, a poly-a-olefin base oil, or a polyester base oil).
  • the second additive base oil is a polyester base oil (e.g., a trimethylolpropane polyester such as a trimethylolpropane trioleate).
  • the method comprises premixing a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin, a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38), and a polyester base oil (e.g., trimethylolpropane trioleate).
  • a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin e.g., C20-C38
  • a polyester base oil e.g., trimethylolpropane trioleate
  • the premixing of the at least two additive ingredients occurs without external heat.
  • each of the at least two additive ingredients is preheated to a temperature as described herein (e.g., about 50 °C, about 60 °C, about 70 °C, about 80 °C).
  • the premixing of the at least two additive ingredients occurs in an open container.
  • the premixing of the at least two additive ingredients occurs in a heat- resistant container.
  • the premixing of the at least two additive ingredients occurs in a tote or a drum.
  • the amounts of each of the at least two additive ingredients used in the premixing can be independently from about 20% to about 100%, about 20% to about 90%, about 20% to about 80%, about 20% to about 65%, about 20% to about 50%, about 20% to about 35%, about 35% to about 100%, about 35% to about 90%, about 35% to about 80%, about 35% to about 65%, about 35% to about 50%, about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 65%, about 65% to about 100%, about 65% to about 90%, about 65% to about 80%, about 80% to about 100%, or about 80% to about 90% of the total amount of the respective ingredient in a given additive composition.
  • the amount of each of the at least two additive ingredients used in the premixing can be about 20%>, about 25%, about 30%>, about 35%, about 40%>, about 45%, about 50%), about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 100%), or any range of values thereof, of the total amount of the respective ingredient in a given additive composition. In some embodiments, the amount of each of the at least two additive ingredients used in the premixing can be less than about 20% (e.g., about 15%, about 10%, or about 5%) of the total amount of the respective ingredient in a given additive composition. Exemplary suitable total amounts of the respective ingredients in a given additive composition are described herein (e.g., as described in Table la to Table 7).
  • the method of preparing a lubricant additive composition can further include premixing at least three of the additive ingredients.
  • the at least three additive ingredients include a second additive base oil, a first antioxidant, and a second antioxidant.
  • the at least three additive ingredients consist essentially of a second additive base oil, a first antioxidant, and a second antioxidant.
  • the second additive base oil is a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38), a poly-a-olefm base oil, or a polyester base oil.
  • the second additive base oil is a trimethylolpropane trioleate.
  • the second additive base oil is a heavy paraffinic base oil (e.g., C20-C38).
  • exemplary suitable first antioxidants, second antioxidants, and the amounts thereof are described herein (e.g., as described in Table la to Table 7).
  • the premixing of the at least three additive ingredients occurs at a temperature of about 70 °C, about 75 °C, about 80 °C, about 85 °C, about 90 °C, about 95 °C, about 100 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 120 °C, or any range of values thereof.
  • the additive base oil is preheated to about 70 °C, about 75 °C, about 80 °C, about 85 °C, about 90 °C, about 95 °C, about 100 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 120 °C, or any range of values thereof, before the premixing.
  • the premixing occurs with external heat applied. Suitable containers for the premixing include those known in the industry, for example, a tote or a drum.
  • the inventors have also found that premixing additive base oil, antioxidants, and chlorinated paraffin can be helpful.
  • the at least three additive ingredients comprising the second additive base oil, the first antioxidant, and the second antioxidant further comprises a first additive base oil and a chlorinated paraffin.
  • the at least three additive ingredients consist essentially of the second additive base oil, the first antioxidant, the second antioxidant, the first additive base oil and the chlorinated paraffin.
  • Suitable first additive base oil, chlorinated paraffin, and amount thereof include those described herein.
  • the chlorinated paraffin is a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin.
  • the amount of chlorinated paraffin used is in an amount of about 50% to about 100%, about 50% to about 90%, about 50% to about 80%, about 50% to about 70%, about 50% to about 60%, about 60% to about 100%, about 60% to about 90%, about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to about 100%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 80%, about 80% to about 100%, about 80% to about 90%, or about 90% to about 100% of total chlorinated paraffin in the additive composition.
  • the amount of chlorinated paraffin is in an amount of about 50%, about 60%), about 70%), about 80%>, about 90%>, about 100%, or any range of values thereof, of total chlorinated paraffin in the additive composition.
  • the at least three additive ingredients can be blended under a condition described herein. The blending can occur with or without external heat. In some embodiments, each of the at least three additive ingredients are preheated to a temperature as described herein. [0104] In any of the embodiments described herein, the at least three additive ingredients can be mixed with at least one component selected from a group consisting of a third additive base oil, an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.
  • a third additive base oil an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.
  • the premixed at least three additive ingredients can be further mixed with at least one component.
  • premixing the at least three additive ingredients comprises mixing at least one component with other additive ingredients.
  • the at least one component is preheated to a temperature as described herein before the mixing or premixing.
  • process intermediates refer to any mixed or premixed material that leads to a final lubricant additive composition in a respective process, e.g., process intermediates refer to a premixed at least three additive ingredients, or an intermediate obtained from mixing the premixed at least three additive ingredients with the at least one component.
  • process intermediates are by themselves new products and can be used as a standalone lubricant, an additive to another lubricant, or as an intermediate for preparing other lubricant additive compositions.
  • the invention provides a first intermediate prepared by mixing a premixed at least three additive ingredients ⁇ e.g., as described in any of the embodiments above) with at least one additional component selected from a group consisting of a third additive base oil, an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.
  • the invention provides a second intermediate prepared by premixing at least three additive ingredients ⁇ e.g., as described in any of the embodiments herein).
  • the invention provides a third intermediate prepared by premixing at least two additive ingredients ⁇ e.g., as described in any of the embodiments herein).
  • the first intermediate is a homogenous or substantially homogenous liquid.
  • the first intermediate has a viscosity index in the range of about 100 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 110 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 130 cSt, or about 130 cSt to about 140 cSt.
  • the first intermediate has a viscosity index of less than about 100 cSt (e.g., about 90 cSt, about 80 cSt, or about 70 cSt). In some embodiments, the first intermediate has a viscosity index of greater than 140 cSt (e.g., about 150 cSt, about 160 cSt, or about 170 cSt).
  • the first intermediate has a viscosity in the range of about 180 cSt to about 240 cSt, about 180 cSt to about 220 cSt, about 180 cSt to about 200 cSt, about 200 cSt to about 240 cSt, about 200 cSt to about 220 cSt, or about 220 cSt to about 240 cSt at about 40 °C.
  • the first intermediate has a viscosity below 180 cSt (e.g., about 170 cSt, about 160 cSt, about 150 cSt, or about 140 cSt) at about 40 °C.
  • the first intermediate has a viscosity above 240 cSt (e.g., about 250 cSt, about 260 cSt, about 270 cSt, or about 280 cSt) at about 40 °C.
  • the first intermediate has a specific gravity of about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.8, about 2, or any range of values thereof.
  • the first intermediate has a specific gravity of about 0.8 to about 1.2.
  • the first intermediate has a specific gravity of about 1.
  • the first intermediate that has suitable characteristics can be mixed with the third intermediate to form a final lubricant additive composition.
  • suitable mixing times and conditions are those described herein.
  • the mixing occurs without external heat.
  • the mixing time is about 1 hour.
  • the final lubricant additive composition is a homogenous or substantially homogenous liquid.
  • the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity index in the range of about 100 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 110 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 110 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 130 cSt, or about 130 cSt to about 140 cSt.
  • the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity index of about 100 cSt, about 1 10 cSt, about 120 cSt, about 130 cSt, or about 140 cSt. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity index of less than 100 cSt (e.g., about 90 cSt, about 80 cSt, or about 70 cSt). In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity index of greater than 140 cSt (e.g., about 150 cSt, about 160 cSt, or about 170 cSt).
  • the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity in the range of about 100 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 100 cSt to about 1 10 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 120 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 120 cSt to about 130 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 140 cSt, about 1 10 cSt to about 130 cSt, or about 130 cSt to about 140 cSt at about 40 °C.
  • the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity of about 100 cSt, about 1 10 cSt, about 120 cSt, about 130 cSt, or about 140 cSt at about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity below 100 cSt (e.g., about 90 cSt, about 80 cSt, or about 70 cSt) at about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity above 140 cSt (e.g., about 150, about 160, or about 170) at about 40 °C.
  • the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity in the range of about 8 cSt to about 16 cSt, about 8 cSt to about 14 cSt, about 8 cSt to about 12 cSt, about 10 cSt to about 16 cSt, about 10 cSt to about 14 cSt, or about 10 cSt to about 12 cSt at about 100 °C.
  • the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity of about 10 cSt, about 1 1 cSt, about 12 cSt, about 13 cSt, about 14 cSt, about 15 cSt, or about 16 cSt at about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity below 8 cSt (e.g., about 7 cSt or about 6 cSt) at about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a viscosity above 14 cSt (e.g., about 15 cSt, about 16 cSt, or about 17 cSt) at about 100 °C.
  • the final lubricant additive composition has a specific gravity of about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1 , about 1.1 , about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.8, about 2, or any ranges of values thereof or described herein. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a specific gravity of about 0.8 to about 1.2. In some embodiments, the final lubricant additive composition has a specific gravity of about 1.
  • the method of preparing a lubricant additive composition can be used for production in small scale (e.g., less than 10 gallons lubricant additive composition output), medium scale (e.g., about 50 gallons lubricant additive composition output), or large scale (e.g. , about 650 gallons lubricant additive composition output).
  • small scale e.g., less than 10 gallons lubricant additive composition output
  • medium scale e.g., about 50 gallons lubricant additive composition output
  • large scale e.g. , about 650 gallons lubricant additive composition output
  • the method is for production of lubricant additive composition with various output.
  • the lubricant additive composition output is about 1 gallon, about 3 gallons, about 5 gallons, about 7 gallons, about 9 gallons, or any range of values thereof.
  • the lubricant additive composition output is less than about 1 gallon (e.g., 0.1 gallon, 0.3 gallon, 0.5 gallon, 0.7 gallon, 0.9 gallon, or any range of values thereof).
  • the lubricant additive composition output is about 10 gallons, about 30 gallons, about 50 gallons, about 70 gallons, about 90 gallons, about 1 10 gallons, or any range of values thereof.
  • the lubricant additive composition output is about 200 gallons, about 400 gallons, about 600 gallons, about 800 gallons, about 1000 gallons, or any range of values thereof. In some embodiments, the lubricant additive composition output is over 1000 gallons (e.g., about 1500 gallons, about 2000 gallons).
  • lubricant additive composition as described herein can be useful in various applications either as a stand-alone lubricant or as an additive to another lubricant composition.
  • the lubricant additive composition is especially useful in applications where lubrication is beneficial between two moving metal surfaces.
  • the invention provides a lubricant comprising any of the lubricant additive composition described herein, wherein the lubricant is formulated for lubricating an object with two moving metal surfaces (e.g. , a machine, an engine, etc.).
  • the lubricant additive composition is particularly useful in lubricating two moving surfaces (e.g., metal-to -metal) where high pressure is involved.
  • the invention provides an engine oil composition comprising any of the lubricant additive composition described herein.
  • the invention provides lubricant composition other than an engine oil comprising any of the lubricant additive composition described herein.
  • the invention provides an engine oil composition comprising any of the lubricant additive composition described herein.
  • the lubricant additive composition is in an amount of about 3% to about 30%, about 5% to about 30%>, about 5%o to about 25%, about 5% to about 20%>, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 8% to about 25%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8%) to about 12%, about 6% to about 20%, about 6% to about 15%, about 6% to about 12%, or about 6% to about 10% by weight of total weight of the engine oil.
  • the lubricant additive composition is in an amount of about 3%, about 5%, about 6%), about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 1 1%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 18%, about 20%, about 25%, or about 30% by weight of total weight of the engine oil. In embodiments, the lubricant additive composition is in an amount of about 6% to about 15%, about 6% to about 12%, or about 6% to about 10% by weight of the total weight of the engine oil. In other embodiments, the lubricant additive composition is in an amount of about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 1 1%, or about 12% by weight of total weight of the engine oil.
  • the engine oil comprising the lubricant additive composition also comprises an engine base oil.
  • the engine base oil can include a non-synthetic oil (e.g., a mineral oil), a synthetic oil, a blend of synthetic oils, a blend of a synthetic oil and a non-synthetic oil, or any combinations thereof, as the engine base oil.
  • the engine base oil can also include a Group I base oil, a Group II base oil, a Group III base oil, a Group IV base oil, an ester base oil, or mixtures thereof.
  • the engine base oil can also include a Group I + base oil, a Group II + base oil, or a Group III + base oil.
  • Other suitable engine base oils are those described as suitable for use as the additive base oil.
  • the engine oil according to any of the embodiments described herein can include an engine base oil in an amount of about 70% to about 98%, about 75% to about 95%, about 80% to about 95%, about 85% to about 95%, about 88% to about 95%, or about 88% to about 92% by weight of total weight of the engine oil.
  • the engine base oil can also be in an amount of about 80%>, about 82%, about 84%, about 86%, about 88%, about 90%, about 92%, about 94%, or about 96% by weight of total weight of the engine oil.
  • Suitable engine base oils are those described herein.
  • the engine oil can also include one or more additional components (i.e., in addition to the engine base oil and the lubricant additive composition) selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier.
  • the one or more additional components include an anti-wear agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, or a mixture thereof. Suitable agents that can be used as the additional components are those described herein.
  • the total amount of the one or more additional components is about 0.01% to about 5%, about 0.1% to about 5%, about 0.5% to about 5%), about 1%) to about 5%, or about 1% to about 3% by weight of total weight of the engine oil. In embodiments, the total amount of the one or more additional components is about 0.1%), about 0.5%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, or about 5% by weight of total weight of the engine oil.
  • the engine oils described herein can be formulated for an internal combustion engine.
  • the internal combustion engine is a spark-ignited internal combustion engine, a compression-ignited internal combustion engine, a glow plug-ignited internal combustion engine, a two-stroke engine (e.g., lawn mowers, leaf blowers, or snowmobiles, etc.), a four-stroke engine, a six-stroke engine, jet propulsion engine, or a rotary engine (e.g., pistonless rotary engines).
  • the engine oils described herein can be formulated for a vehicle engine.
  • the engine oils described herein can be formulated for an off- road engine (e.g., ATVs, Gator, etc.).
  • the engine oils described herein can be formulated for an engine selected from the group consisting of a car engine, a motorcycle engine, a bus engine, a commercial vehicle engine, a boat engine, outboard motor engine, generator engine, tractor engine, nondiesel railroad engine, a jet engine, a helicopter engine, a truck engine, a marine diesel engine, a railroad diesel engine, electric vehicle engine and an aviation piston engine.
  • the engine oils described herein can be formulated for a car engine.
  • the car engine can be a gasoline car engine, a hybrid car engine, a biodiesel car engine, a hybrid diesel car engine, a compressed natural gas car engine, a liquid petroleum gas car engine, a diesel car engine, or any alternative fuel car engine.
  • the engine oils described herein can be formulated for a diesel engine.
  • Suitable diesel engines can be an industrial diesel engine, or a stationary diesel engine (e.g., engines that power water irrigation).
  • Suitable diesel engines can also be a car diesel engine, a truck diesel engine, a tractor diesel engine, a commercial vehicle diesel engine, a marine diesel engine, a generator diesel engine, or a railroad diesel engine.
  • the engine oils described herein can be formulated for a turbine engine.
  • the invention also provides an engine oil formulated for an engine selected from the group of a car engine, a motorcycle engine, a bus engine, a commercial vehicle engine, a boat engine, a jet engine, a helicopter engine, a truck engine, a marine diesel engine, a railroad diesel engine, an outboard motor engine, a generator engine, a tractor engine, a nondiesel railroad engine, an electric car engine, and an aviation piston engine, wherein the engine oil comprises about 5% to about 25% of an engine oil additive composition, wherein the additive composition comprises (a) a chlorinated paraffin in an amount of about 30% to about 35% by weight of the additive composition; and (b) an additive base oil in an amount of about 20% to about 40% by weight of the additive composition.
  • Suitable chlorinated paraffin and additive base oil are those described herein.
  • the additive composition further comprises one or more antioxidants in an amount of about 0.05% to about 10% by weight of the additive composition. Suitable antioxidant(s) are those described herein.
  • the additive composition further comprises at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of an anti-wear agent, a detergent, a dispersant, a diluent, a demulsifier, an antifoam agent, a corrosion/rust inhibitor, an extreme pressure agent, a pour point depressant, a viscosity index improver, and a friction modifier. Suitable agents that can be used as the at least one additional component are those described herein.
  • the engine oil is formulated for a car engine.
  • the car engine is a gasoline car engine, a hybrid car engine, a biodiesel car engine, a hybrid diesel car engine, an electric engine, or a diesel car engine, or any alternative fuel car engine.
  • Engine oils with different characteristics can have different applications.
  • the present inventors have discovered that engine oils having certain characteristics are particularly desired.
  • the engine oil can be characterized by having one or more of the following characteristics: (a) a viscosity index of between 120 and 180; (b) a flash point of at least 200° C; (c) a pour point of less than - 25 °C; (d) a kinematic viscosity of between 9 and 17 at 100 °C; and(e) an SAE API grade of XW-Y, where the X is an integer from and including 0 to 25, and Y is an integer from and including 10 to 60.
  • SAE API grade refers to a grade determined according to standards of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) and the American Petroleum Institute (API).
  • the engine oil can be a multi-grade engine oil.
  • the engine oil can be characterized as having an SAE API grade of XW-Y, where the X is an integer from and including 0 to 25, and Y is an integer from and including 10 to 60.
  • the engine oil can be characterized as having an SAE API grade of OW-10, OW-20, 0W-30, OW-40, 5W-10, 5W-20, 5W-30, 5W-40, 5W-50, 1 OW-20, 10W-30, 1 OW-40 10W-50, 10W-60, 15W-20, 15W-30, 15W-40, 15W-50, 15W-60, 20W-30, 20W-40, 20W-50, 20W-60, 25W-30, 25W-40, 25W-50, 25W-60, or 25W-60.
  • the multi-grade engine oil can be formulated for a vehicle engine (e.g., a car engine, a motorcycle engine, a bus engine, a truck engine, a commercial vehicle engine, etc.).
  • the invention also provides a method of lubricating an engine comprising contacting the engine with any of the engine oils described herein.
  • Suitable engines for the method include those described herein, e.g., an internal combustion engine, a turbine engine, etc.
  • the present inventors have also discovered that fuel efficiencies of engines can be enhanced when lubricated with an engine oil of the present invention.
  • users of the engine oil comprising a lubricant additive composition of the invention have experienced on average about 2% up to about 19% better fuel efficiency for a passenger car, a bus or a truck.
  • the inventors have also discovered that the engine oil of the present invention have longer use life.
  • Users (vehicle drivers) of the engine oil comprising the lubricant additive composition of the invention have found that oil changes can be done less frequently. Additionally, the inventors have found that the engine oil of the present invention is less likely to be consumed ⁇ e.g. , burned off) by an engine.
  • users (truck drivers) of the engine oil comprising the lubricant additive composition of the invention have found that frequent engine oil addition (due to "smoking engine” or oil burn off) is not necessary.
  • the invention also provides a method of enhancing fuel efficiency of an engine comprising providing to the engine an engine oil comprising the lubricant additive composition described herein.
  • the fuel efficiency is improved by about 2% to about 5%, about 5% to about 10%, or about 10% to about 15%, or about 15% to about 19% over the fuel efficiency of the engine that is not lubricated with the engine oil comprising the lubricant additive composition described herein.
  • the engine is a car engine.
  • the car engine is a gasoline car engine, a hybrid car engine, a biodiesel car engine, a hybrid diesel car engine, a compressed natural gas car engine, a liquid petroleum gas car engine, an electric car engine, a diesel car engine, or any alternative fuel car engine.
  • the lubricant additive composition described herein is not limited to be used in an engine oil or for lubricating an engine.
  • the invention also provides a transmission fluid, a gear oil, a grease, a machine oil, a turbine oil, any non-soluble industrial lubrication, or a hydraulic fluid comprising any of the lubricant additive compositions described herein.
  • Suitable amounts of the lubricant additive compositions that can be added to the transmission fluid, the gear oil, the grease, the machine oil, the turbine oil, non-soluble industrial lubrication, or the hydraulic fluid varies, and can be in an amount of, e.g., about 1% to about 30%, or about 5%> to about 25%o by weight of total weight of the transmission fluid, the gear oil, the grease, the machine oil, the turbine oil, the non-soluble industrial lubrication, or the hydraulic fluid.
  • the invention provides a lubricant comprising any of the lubricant additive compositions described herein, wherein the lubricant is formulated for use in machining applications or heavy industry applications.
  • the invention provides a lubricant comprising any of the lubricant additive composition described herein, wherein the lubricant is formulated for use in a consumer electronic ⁇ e.g., a razor), ball bearings, drill press, lathe, an assembly line ⁇ e.g., a food assembly line), or a medical device.
  • the lubricant additive composition described herein can be readily prepared by mixing the additive base oil, the chlorinated paraffin, the antioxidant(s), and any other ingredients. After which, the mixture is blended for about 1 to 2 hours, or more if necessary, to provide the lubricant additive composition. Heat can be applied during the mixing stage or the blending stage. In some examples, the mixture was mixed at about 60° C to 70° C. [0139] In cases where solid components are used, it is preferred to pre-mix the solid components with a liquid component (e.g., an additive base oil) first to dissolve or homogenize the solid components before mixing with the rest of the ingredients. Heat is generally applied in the pre-mixing stage. In some examples, the pre-mixing was carried out at about 100° C to 110° C.
  • a liquid component e.g., an additive base oil
  • Tables 5 to 7 describes lubricant additive composition that can be prepared using the general process described above. All weight percentages in the tables can have a deviation of about ⁇ 10%.
  • base oil 1 is a heavy paraffinic base oil
  • base oil 2 is a trimethylolpropane trioleate base oil
  • base oil 3 is a poly- alpha-olefin base oil
  • antioxidant 1 is phenyl 1-napthalene amine
  • antioxidant 2 is 2,2'- methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol)
  • anti-wear agent is overbased calcium sulfonate
  • anti-friction agent is ZnDDP
  • VI enhancer is alkyl methylacrylates copolymers. All formulations according to Table 5 include about 500 ppm silicon oil as antifoaming agent.
  • Table 6 Lubricant Additive Compositions with CP-63 (Medium-chain)
  • base oil 1 is a heavy paraffinic base oil
  • base oil 2 is a trimethylolpropane trioleate base oil
  • base oil 3 is a poly- alpha-olefm base oil
  • antioxidant 1 is ⁇ , ⁇ '-dioctyldipheylamine
  • antioxidant 2 is 2,2'- methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol)
  • anti-wear agent is overbased calcium sulfonate
  • anti-friction agent is ZnDDP
  • VI enhancer is alkyl methylacrylates copolymers.
  • All formulations according to Table 6 includes about 500 ppm silicon oil as antifoaming agent.
  • base oil 1 is a heavy paraffinic base oil
  • base oil 2 is a trimethylolpropane trioleate base oil
  • base oil 3 is a poly- alpha-olefm base oil
  • antioxidant 1 is ⁇ , ⁇ '-dioctyldipheylamine
  • antioxidant 2 is 2,2'- methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol)
  • anti-wear agent is overbased calcium sulfonate
  • anti-friction agent is ZnDDP
  • VI enhancer is alkyl methylacrylates copolymers.
  • All formulations according to Table 6 includes about 500 ppm silicon oil as antifoaming agent.
  • Formulation 6-18 also includes alkyl methylacrylates copolymers as a pour point depressor (0.1%).
  • base oil 1 is a heavy paraffinic base oil
  • base oil 2 is a trimethylolpropane trioleate base oil
  • base oil 3 is a poly- alpha-olefm base oil
  • antioxidant 1 is ⁇ , ⁇ '-dioctyldipheylamine
  • antioxidant 2 is 2,2'- methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol)
  • anti-wear agent is overbased calcium sulfonate
  • anti-friction agent is ZnDDP
  • VI enhancer is alkyl methylacrylates copolymers.
  • All formulations according to Table 6 includes about 500 ppm silicon oil as antifoaming agent.
  • Antioxidant 1 in formulation 6-20 is styrenated diphenyl amine.
  • Antioxidant 2 in formulation 6-21 is 4,4'-methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol).
  • the anti-wear agent in formulation 6-22 is overbased calcium phenate.
  • 6 Formulation 6-23 also includes alkyl methylacrylates copolymers as a pour point depressor (0.4%).
  • 7 Formulation 6-26 also includes alkyl methylacrylates copolymers as a pour point depressor (0.4%).
  • base oil 1 is a heavy paraffinic base oil
  • base oil 2 is a trimethylolpropane trioleate base oil
  • base oil 3 is a poly- alpha-olefm base oil
  • antioxidant 1 is ⁇ , ⁇ '-dioctyldipheylamine
  • antioxidant 2 is 2,2'- methylene-bis (4-methyl-6-tert-butyl phenol)
  • anti-wear agent is overbased calcium sulfonate
  • anti-friction agent is ZnDDP
  • VI enhancer is alkyl methylacrylates copolymers.
  • All formulations according to Table 7 includes about 500 ppm silicon oil as antifoaming agent.
  • the CP in formula 7-1 is CP-60.
  • the CP in formula 7-2 is CP-56 and antioxidant 1 in formulation 7-2 is styrenated diphenyl amine.
  • the CP in formula 7-3 is CP-52 and antioxidant 2 in formulation 7-3 is 4,4'-methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol).
  • the CP in formulation 7-4 is CP-50 and the anti-wear agent in formulation 7-4 is overbased calcium phenate.
  • the CP in formulation 7-5 is CP-60; and formulation 7-5 also includes alkyl
  • the CP in formulations 7-6 to 7-11 are also CP-60.
  • Engine oil described herein can be readily prepared by first mixing the lubricant additive composition, such as those disclosed in Example 1 , an engine base oil, and any additional component(s). After which, the mixture is blended for about 1 to 2 hours, or more if necessary, to provide the engine oil. Heat can be applied during the mixing stage or the blending stage. In some examples, the blending was carried out at about 60° C to 70° C.
  • any of the lubricant additive composition described in Example 1 can be blended with an engine base oil (e.g., a Group II base oil) in a ratio of 1 :9 (lubricant additive composition : engine base oil) by weight.
  • engine base oil e.g., a Group II base oil
  • additional components such as a viscosity index enhancer (e.g., Lubrizol 7075) in the amount of less than 5 wt% can be added to the mixture.
  • a viscosity index enhancer e.g., Lubrizol 7075
  • commercially available engine stock oil i.e., premixed engine base oil with an additive package
  • an engine oil can be prepared by blending about 8% by weight of the lubricant additive composition described in Example 1 and about 92% by weight of a commercially available engine stock oil comprising a Group II base oil. In some examples, about 2% by weight of Lubrizol 7075 can also be added.
  • TMPTO reached 70 °C, it was removed from the oven and 29.3 kg were poured into tote one.
  • a tote heater was installed on tote one and the temperature was raised to 85 °C.
  • the tote heater was removed.
  • CP-63 (43.9 kg) and Yubase 8 (14.3 kg) were added to tote one.
  • ⁇ , ⁇ '-dioctyldiphenylamine (RC-7001, from RheinChemie, 0.2 kg) and 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (RC-7115, from PvheinChemie, 4 kg) were added to tote one.
  • An agitator was installed on the tote.
  • tote one The components in tote one were blended for one hour. Following this blending, additional components were added to tote one in the following amounts; C-300R (0.2 kg), A-8016 (0.8 kg), A-8019 (2 kg), ZnDDP (0.6 kg), and SpectraSynTM 6 (14 kg). With these additional components, the materials were blended for an additional 30 minutes.
  • the final lubricant additive composition has the following characteristics: (1) passed a visual test, e.g.,, not cloudy, not dark in color, no large particles floating in the material, and the materials not separated; (2) specific gravity is at 1 (+/- 10%); (3) viscosity at 40 °C is 118.6 cSt (+/- 10%); (4) viscosity at 100 °C is 12.9 cSt (+/- 10%); and viscosity Index is 100 cSt (+/- 10%).
  • a visual test e.g., not cloudy, not dark in color, no large particles floating in the material, and the materials not separated
  • specific gravity is at 1 (+/- 10%
  • viscosity at 40 °C is 118.6 cSt (+/- 10%
  • (4) viscosity at 100 °C is 12.9 cSt (+/- 10%
  • viscosity Index is 100 cSt (+/- 10%).
  • Each of the following components is loaded into an oven and heated to 70 °C: medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (CP-63, CereclorTM, 799.5 kg), heavy paraffinic base oil (Yubase 8, 738.075 kg), trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO, CA3685 from Chemical Associates, 654.42 kg), overbased calcium sulfonate (C-300R, 2.47 kg), alkyl methylacrylates copolymer and mineral oil (A-8016 from Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., 9.815 kg), alkyl methylacrylates copolymer and mineral oil (A-8019 from Sanyo Chemical Industries, Ltd., 24.7 kg), ZnDDP (Hitec 7197, 7.41 kg), and polyalphaolefm (SpectraSynTM 6, 172.25 kg).
  • CP-63 medium-chain chlorinated paraffin
  • Yubase 8, 738.075 kg heavy paraffinic base oil
  • TMPTO trimethylolpropane triole
  • TMPTO Once TMPTO reached 70 °C, it is removed from the oven and 360 kg are poured into tote one. A tote heater is installed on tote one and the temperature is raised to 85 °C. The tote heater is removed. CP-63 (540 kg) and Yubase 8 (176 kg) are added to tote one. Additionally, ⁇ , ⁇ '-dioctyldiphenylamine (RC-7001, from RheinChemie, 2.47 kg) and 2,2'- methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (RC-7115, from RheinChemie, 49.205 kg) are added to tote one. An agitator is installed on the tote.
  • tote one The components in tote one are blended for one hour. Following this blending, additional components are added to tote one in the following amounts; C-300R (2.47 kg), A-8016 (9.815 kg), A-8019 (24.7 kg), ZnDDP (7.41 kg), and SpectraSynTM 6 (172.25 kg). With these additional components, the materials are blended for an additional 30 minutes.
  • the final lubricant additive composition has the following characteristics: (1) passed a visual test, failure of this test would be if the material is cloudy, dark in color, large particles floating in the material, or if the materials have separated; (2) specific gravity is at 1 (+/- 10%); (3) viscosity at 40 °C is 118.6 cSt (+/- 10%); (4) viscosity at 100 °C is 12.9 cSt (+/- 10%); and viscosity Index is 100 cSt (+/- 10%).

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  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne différentes préparations de compositions lubrifiantes additives comprenant une huile de base additive, une paraffine chlorée et un premier antioxydant, pouvant être utilisées seules ou dans un groupe d'additifs ajouté à une autre composition lubrifiante (par exemple une huile pour moteur, un liquide de transmission, une huile pour turbine, une huile pour engrenage, une graisse, etc.). L'invention concerne également différentes compositions d'huile moteur comprenant la composition lubrifiante additive, ainsi que des procédés d'utilisation et de préparation associés.
PCT/US2014/019541 2013-03-01 2014-02-28 Compositions lubrifiantes et procédés d'utilisation associés WO2014134506A1 (fr)

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US11628942B2 (en) 2019-03-01 2023-04-18 Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. Torque ripple control for an aircraft power train
US11697505B2 (en) 2019-03-01 2023-07-11 Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. Distributed propulsion configurations for aircraft having mixed drive systems
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