WO2014058041A1 - 逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法およびバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置 - Google Patents
逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法およびバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014058041A1 WO2014058041A1 PCT/JP2013/077711 JP2013077711W WO2014058041A1 WO 2014058041 A1 WO2014058041 A1 WO 2014058041A1 JP 2013077711 W JP2013077711 W JP 2013077711W WO 2014058041 A1 WO2014058041 A1 WO 2014058041A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- water flow
- water
- reverse osmosis
- biofilm
- osmosis membrane
- Prior art date
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- C08J2333/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2333/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of acids; Metal or ammonium salts thereof
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y02A20/124—Water desalination
- Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a water quality evaluation technique for desalinating raw water such as seawater, brine, and sewage wastewater treated water, and more particularly, a device for monitoring biofilm formation of raw water, and a reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant based on the evaluation result. It relates to the driving method.
- Membrane filtration processes using reverse osmosis membranes are applied in many industries and water treatment fields, including seawater desalination, and are superior in terms of separation performance and energy efficiency compared to other competing separation operations. Sex has been demonstrated.
- microorganisms grow on the membrane surface on the treated water side (reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate water side) in the form of biofilm, increasing the operating pressure of the reverse osmosis membrane, Decreasing the water permeability and separation performance of the osmosis membrane, that is, biofouling is an operational problem.
- the “biofilm” is a structure formed by microorganisms on the pipe wall or reverse osmosis membrane surface when water flows, and is composed mainly of extracellular polymer substances such as polysaccharides and proteins and bacteria. As a familiar example, there is a “slim” in the kitchen.
- Patent Document 1 a biofilm formation monitoring apparatus as shown in FIG. 5 is proposed for biofilm amount evaluation.
- biofilm forming substrates to be loaded into the biofilm formation monitoring device for example, those shown in FIGS. 6 to 8 have been proposed.
- One-touch type joints 52 are provided at both ends of the water flow container 54, so that the water flow container 54 can be attached and detached from the biofilm formation monitoring device.
- the arrow 58 represents the direction in which raw water or concentrated raw water flows.
- a biofilm forming substrate independent of the water flow container that provides a surface for measuring the amount of biofilm is accommodated.
- the biofilm-forming substrate include “Teflon” (registered trademark) ring 55a as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, and reverse osmosis membrane piece 55b as shown in FIG.
- the “Teflon” (registered trademark) ring 55 a is inserted into a stainless steel rod 57 with a ring hook on one side, stacked and accommodated in a water flow container 54, and sealed with a water flow container opening / closing part 53.
- the outer surface and the inner surface have a structure that allows water to pass therethrough.
- the flow rate adjustment valve 56 is closed, the water flow container opening / closing part 53 of the water flow container 54 is opened, the stainless steel rod 57 is picked up, and the required amount of rings 55a (normally 2 to 3 each) ) With tweezers and measure the amount of biofilm on the inner and outer surfaces of the ring.
- the remaining ring 55a is re-accommodated in the water flow container 54 and resumes water flow.
- the separation functional layer surface (raw water side during filtration) of the strip-like reverse osmosis membrane piece 55b is on the inside. It rolls and it pushes and accommodates in the water flow container 54 along the inner wall in the water flow container 54.
- the upper end of the reverse osmosis membrane piece 55b is picked up by tweezers, a predetermined amount is cut out and sampled, and then the remaining water is re-contained in the water container 54, and water flow is resumed. The biofilm amount is measured for the cut out reverse osmosis membrane piece.
- This invention is made
- Another object of the present invention is to make it easier to control the operation of a reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant using the apparatus.
- the operating method of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant of the present invention has the following configuration. That is, A raw water intake unit having a raw water intake, a pretreatment unit, and a reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit having a reverse osmosis membrane module in this order, and the reverse osmosis membrane permeated water that has passed through the reverse osmosis membrane module out of the system A method of operating a reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant having a permeate outlet to be taken out and a concentrated water outlet to take out the reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate that has not permeated through the reverse osmosis membrane module, Biofilm formation monitoring comprising a water flow container capable of separating water flowing through at least one location between the downstream of the raw water intake and the upstream of the concentrated water outlet and dividing the separated water in the flow direction Water is passed through the apparatus, a part of the water flow container is divided and the amount of the biofilm on the water flow surface
- the biofilm formation monitoring apparatus of this invention has either of the following structures. That is, A biofilm formation monitoring device comprising a water flow container, wherein the water flow container is formed by connecting a plurality of cylindrical unit water flow containers, and the unit water flow container has screw grooves at both ends in the flow direction. A biofilm formation monitoring device, Or A biofilm formation monitoring device comprising a water flow container, wherein the water flow container is formed by connecting a plurality of unit water flow containers, and the unit water flow container has fitting connection members at both ends in the flow direction. It is a biofilm formation monitoring device provided.
- the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant operating method of the present invention is such that the water flow container is formed by connecting a plurality of unit water flow containers, and the unit water flow container is provided with connecting portions at both ends in the flow direction. Preferably it is.
- the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant operating method of the present invention is such that the water flow container is formed by connecting a plurality of cylindrical unit water flow containers, and the unit water flow container has screw grooves at both ends in the flow direction. It is preferable to be provided.
- the cylindrical shape means a cylindrical shape or a rectangular tube shape.
- the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant operating method according to the present invention is such that the water flow container is formed by connecting a plurality of unit water flow containers, and the unit water flow container is provided with fitting connection members at both ends in the flow direction. It is preferable that
- the operation method of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant of the present invention is such that the nanofiltration membrane or the membrane piece of the reverse osmosis membrane is such that the raw water side of the membrane faces inward of the unit water flow container, and the water flow surface of the unit water flow container It is preferable to arrange on the side.
- the water flow container is a cylindrical body made of a soft material.
- the water flow container has a plurality of fixing parts that can be attached and detached from the outside of the water flow container, and the fixing parts form a biofilm inside the water flow container. It is preferable to have a means for holding the substrate.
- the means for holding the biofilm-forming substrate of the fixing part is a screw type or fitting type connection.
- the water flow container has a light shielding property.
- the membrane piece of the nanofiltration membrane or reverse osmosis membrane is disposed on the water flow surface side of the unit water flow container with the raw water side of the membrane facing inward. preferable.
- the biofilm formation monitoring device of the present invention is a biofilm formation monitoring device comprising a water-container, wherein the water-container has a plurality of fixing parts detachable from the outside of the water-container, It is preferable to have means for holding the biofilm-forming substrate inside the water flow container.
- the means for holding the biofilm formation substrate of the fixing portion is a screw type or fitting type connection.
- the water flow container has a light shielding property.
- the method of the present invention in the method of monitoring the biofilm formation of raw water flowing on the reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate side and operating the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant based on the transition of the amount of biofilm, Operates as a biofilm-forming substrate for monitoring biofilm formation, and can be handled from the outside with little risk of direct contact with the biofilm-forming substrate by removing a part of this water flow container. As a result, operation control of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant can be performed more easily.
- the water flow surface of the water flow container also serves as the biofilm forming substrate, or the biofilm forming substrate is fixed to the inner water flow surface of the water flow container. Since the water container and the biofilm-forming substrate are integrated, the biofilm-forming substrate can be easily sampled by dividing the water-contained container in the flow direction. Therefore, it is not necessary to take out the biofilm-forming substrate from the water flow container and re-accommodate it. This simplifies the procedure for evaluating the amount of biofilm and greatly simplifies the evaluation system. , Setting up becomes easy.
- the biofilm forming surface is not on the surface, the risk of biofilm loss or contamination due to contact, and contamination due to falling foreign matter is low.
- the biofilm formation surface is located on the inner surface of the water flow container, so the outer surface of the water flow container can be directly held by hand or carried to the analysis site where the biofilm amount is evaluated in the same transport container. It becomes possible. Therefore, it becomes unnecessary to prepare a clear dedicated temporary transport container, and the operability is greatly improved. It is possible to carry a plurality of units that can be divided to an analysis place while connecting them, and the workability for evaluating the amount of biofilm can be greatly improved. In particular, measurement stress can be greatly reduced when simultaneously evaluating a plurality of points and base materials in a reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant.
- both ends of the water containers connected by a plurality of these are sealed with tape, a dedicated lid, or Measured in laboratories and laboratories at a distance from the reverse osmosis membrane plant by taking samples or transporting them by courier by placing them in a plastic bag with a chuck to prevent drying.
- tape a dedicated lid
- Measured in laboratories and laboratories at a distance from the reverse osmosis membrane plant by taking samples or transporting them by courier by placing them in a plastic bag with a chuck to prevent drying.
- the water flow container and the biofilm-forming substrate are integrated, it is not necessary to put in and out of the water flow container only with a structure such as a ring or a sheet-like film.
- the diameter of the water flow container can be made smaller, and the amount of water to be collected and passed can be reduced.
- the fixing part is a biofilm-forming substrate inside the water-flowing container.
- the biofilm formation monitoring apparatus having means for holding the biofilm formation substrate, it is possible to directly remove the biofilm formation substrate by operation from the outside of the water flow container. It can be greatly simplified. Specifically, since a fixing part is provided for the biofilm-forming substrate, only the biofilm-forming substrate can be operated by operating from the outside of the water-container without dividing the water-container at the time of evaluation. Can be removed. Accordingly, the operation of disconnecting the upper or lower connection of the water flow container becomes unnecessary.
- the biofilm-forming substrate is held by a holding part that serves as a handle, the handleability of the extracted biofilm-forming substrate is greatly improved, and biofilm formation due to erroneous contact on the biofilm-forming surface is improved. The risk of loss or contamination is greatly reduced.
- the biofilm-forming substrate is a cotton swab
- the removed swab is immersed in sterilized water / distilled water for biofilm suspension or a solution containing ATP (adenosine triphosphate) extract.
- the formed biofilm can be directly dispersed in the liquid by shaking the swab or pressing the cotton swab against the wall of the evaluation container, and the number of necessary articles is reduced.
- the process of biofilm recovery from such a biofilm-forming substrate is reduced and the measurement is simplified.
- the method of fixing the biofilm-forming substrate to the water container is tightened with screws, it is the same as the fixing part containing the sterilized water / distilled water for suspending the biofilm or the ATP extract. If it is attached to a container provided with a thread groove of pitch, the operability such as storage and transfer of the biofilm-forming substrate is simplified.
- the evaluation time for measuring the amount of biofilm can be shortened, and the operation control of at least one process selected from the group consisting of a raw water intake unit, a pretreatment unit, and a reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit based on the evaluation result is also simple. Can be done. In particular, when a plurality of samples are evaluated at the same time, it is possible to greatly reduce the measurement stress, and to easily and comfortably evaluate in a short time.
- the technology of the present invention reduces the number of operations and the number of articles that can come into contact with the technology of the present invention compared to the prior art. Has been greatly reduced, the work complexity has been greatly eliminated, and the measurement accuracy has been improved. With these effects, the evaluation time for measuring the amount of biofilm can be shortened, the amount of biofilm, the transition of the amount of biofilm, and the calculation of the rate of biofilm formation can be easily calculated, improving the accuracy. Furthermore, the operation control of at least one process selected from the group consisting of the raw water intake unit, the pretreatment unit, and the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit based on the evaluation result can be performed easily and accurately.
- the operation method of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant of the present invention fractionates water flowing through at least one place between the downstream of the raw water intake and the upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane concentrated water outlet, and the flow of this separated water is passed through.
- a biofilm-forming substrate is placed under running water in the container, and the amount of biofilm on the biofilm-forming substrate is continuously measured.
- the operation method to be controlled is characterized in that, in particular, a water flow container that can be divided in the flow direction is used as the water flow container.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a flow chart of a reverse osmosis membrane plant for seawater desalination adopting the operation method of the present invention
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a schematic diagram of a biofilm formation monitoring apparatus used in the present invention. Each is shown.
- the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant includes a raw water intake unit 100, a pretreatment unit 200, and a reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit 300. More specifically, the raw water intake 501 and the intake are taken from the upstream side in the order of water flow.
- the water pipe 1, the intake pump 2, the sand filtration device 6, the intermediate tank 7, the safety filter 8, the high pressure pump 29, the reverse osmosis membrane module 11, the reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate water discharge channel, and the concentrated water outlet 503 are connected and configured in this order. ing.
- the raw water intake unit 100 includes an intake pipe 1, an intake pump 2, and a hypochlorous acid solution storage tank 3 and a hypochlorous acid solution supply pump 21 as necessary.
- the pretreatment unit 200 includes a sand filtration device 6, a flotation separation device, a pretreatment device including a separation membrane device such as an ultrafiltration membrane, a microfiltration membrane, and a loose reverse osmosis membrane, an intermediate tank 7, and agglomeration as necessary.
- An agent solution storage tank 4, a pH adjustment solution storage tank 5, a flocculant solution supply pump 22, and a pH adjustment solution supply pump 23 are included.
- the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit 300 includes a high pressure pump 29, a reverse osmosis membrane module 11, a safety filter 8, a sodium hydrogen sulfite solution storage tank 9, a bactericide solution storage tank 10, a sodium hydrogen sulfite solution supply pump 24, a bactericide, as necessary.
- a solution supply pump 25 is included.
- the raw water intake 501 is the tip of the intake pipe 1, and the concentrated water outlet 503 is an outlet through which the reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate water is discharged from the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant.
- intake may be performed directly from the surface layer of the sea, or so-called deep water may be drawn out.
- surface water intake prior to pretreatment such as sand filtration, it is preferable to treat using a screen or the like to prevent intrusion of seaweed, jellyfish and fish.
- the extracted seawater may be separated from particles such as sand once in a sedimentation basin.
- hypochlorous acid solution in the hypochlorous acid solution storage tank 3 is added as a disinfectant by the hypochlorous acid solution supply pump 21.
- an oxidizing disinfectant for example, a sodium hypophosphite solution that is a chemical capable of generating free chlorine is generally used.
- Chemicals such as bactericides and sulfuric acid other than the zinc acid solution may be used.
- the flocculant solution in the flocculant solution storage tank 4 is used for promoting pretreatment such as sand filtration, UF membrane, and solid-liquid separation by a floating separator. Is added by the flocculant solution supply pump 22.
- a pH adjustment solution such as sulfuric acid adjusts the pH for the purpose of adjusting pH conditions for efficient aggregation and suppressing the formation of scales such as calcium sulfate in the non-permeate water side flow path of the reverse osmosis membrane module 11.
- the solution is added from the solution storage tank 5 to seawater (raw water) by the pH adjusting solution supply pump 23.
- ferric chloride polyaluminum chloride, or the like can be used.
- pretreatment in addition to the sand filtration device 6, treatment with a membrane such as a flotation separation device, an ultrafiltration membrane, a microfiltration membrane, a loose reverse osmosis membrane may be performed.
- This pre-treatment has the purpose of refining the intake water to a necessary level so as not to impose a load on each downstream process, and may be appropriately selected depending on the degree of contamination of the intake water.
- the raw water that has been pre-treated is provided with an intermediate tank 7 having a water volume and water quality adjustment function as necessary.
- a safety filter 8 is provided downstream of the intermediate tank 7 as necessary.
- a reducing agent such as sodium bisulfite is added from the sodium bisulfite solution storage tank 9 by the sodium bisulfite solution supply pump 24 as necessary. This is performed when an oxidizing disinfectant is added in an upstream process such as the raw water intake section, and is intended to prevent residual chlorine from degrading the reverse osmosis membrane and has the same effect. If so, chemicals other than the sodium bisulfite solution may be used.
- a bactericide is added from the bactericide solution storage tank 10 by the bactericide solution supply pump 25 as necessary.
- the control mechanism which has a valve and a pump which can control an addition amount, addition time, addition frequency, etc.
- medical agents such as a disinfectant, may be determined arbitrarily, it is preferably a point before or after the safety filter 8.
- a scale inhibitor or the like may be added as necessary.
- the seawater pressurized by the high pressure pump 29 is supplied to the reverse osmosis membrane module 11.
- a conduit for adding a cleaning agent from the cleaning agent solution storage tank 15 by a cleaning agent solution supply pump 28 is provided for chemical cleaning.
- the point at which the cleaning agent is added is not particularly limited. However, depending on the type of the cleaning agent, the high pressure pump 29 and the like may be corroded, and therefore, the downstream side is preferable.
- the supplied water supplied to the reverse osmosis membrane module 11 is separated into permeated water and non-permeated water.
- the non-permeated water is, as necessary, reverse osmosis membrane non-permeated water detoxification solution storage tank 31, reverse osmosis membrane non-permeated water.
- a reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate drainage pipe 33 after passing through a process of adjusting the pH in a reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate detoxification treatment tank 32 equipped with a permeate detoxification solution supply pump 34 or detoxifying a bactericide, It is discarded to the sea through the concentrated water outlet 503.
- the reverse osmosis membrane permeated water is discharged from the permeate outlet 502 downstream of the reverse osmosis membrane module 11 and stored in the reverse osmosis membrane permeated water tank 12. Thereafter, for example, a pH adjusting solution is added from the pH adjusting solution storage tank 13 by the pH adjusting solution supply pump 26 on the downstream side, and a calcium solution is added from the calcium solution storing tank 14 by the calcium solution supply pump 27 to meet the drinking water standard. As fresh water, the permeated water pipe 18 is taken out.
- the reverse osmosis membrane constituting the reverse osmosis membrane module 11 refers to a semipermeable membrane that allows some components in the supply water, for example, a solvent such as water to permeate and does not allow other components to permeate. Also included are so-called nanofiltration membranes and loose reverse osmosis membranes.
- a high molecular weight material such as a cellulose acetate-based polymer, polyamide, polyester, polyimide, or vinyl polymer.
- the membrane structure may be an asymmetric structure having a dense layer on at least one side, and gradually having fine pores with a large pore diameter from the dense layer to the inside of the membrane or the other side, It can also be set as the composite membrane structure which has the isolation
- the film thickness is preferably in the range of 10 ⁇ m to 1 mm.
- Typical reverse osmosis membranes include, for example, cellulose acetate-based and polyamide-based asymmetric membranes, and composite membranes having a polyamide-based or polyurea-based separation functional layer. When the composite membrane is used, the effect is high, and aromatic polyamide composite membranes described in JP-A-62-1121603, JP-A-8-138658, and US Pat. No. 4,277,344 are preferable. It is done.
- the reverse osmosis membrane module is a module that is incorporated in a housing for actually using the above-mentioned reverse osmosis membrane.
- a spiral type module or a tubular type module is used.
- a plate-and-frame module is preferable.
- the spiral type module incorporates members such as a feed water channel material and a permeate channel material, as described in, for example, JP-A-9-14060 and JP-A-9-14167. It is highly effective when seawater with high solute concentration is used as raw water or when the device is operated at high pressure.
- the operating pressure of the high-pressure pump can be set as appropriate depending on the type and operating method of the feed water, but when using a low osmotic pressure solution such as brine or ultrapure water as the feed water, a comparison of about 0.1 to 3.0 MPa is required.
- a pump can be installed in an arbitrary path.
- the temperature of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit is lower than 0 ° C., the feed water freezes and cannot be used. If it is higher than 100 ° C., the feed water evaporates and cannot be used.
- the temperature is preferably in the range of 5 to 50 ° C. The details may follow the conditions of the technical data provided by the manufacturer.
- the recovery rate of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration part can be appropriately set within a range of 5 to 98%. However, it is necessary to consider pretreatment conditions and operating pressure according to the properties, concentration, and osmotic pressure of the feed water and non-permeate water (see JP-A-8-108048). For example, a recovery rate of 10 to 40% is normally set for seawater desalination, and 40 to 70% is set for a highly efficient apparatus. In the case of brine desalination or ultrapure water production, it can be operated at a recovery rate of 70% or more, and further 90 to 95%.
- the reverse osmosis membrane module in the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit may be a single stage or a multi-stage, and may be arranged in series or in parallel with the supply water. When arranged in series, a booster pump may be installed between the modules.
- the non-permeated water of the reverse osmosis membrane has pressure energy, and it is preferable to recover this energy in order to reduce the operating cost.
- an energy recovery method it can be recovered with an energy recovery device attached to any part of the high-pressure pump, but it can also be recovered before and after the high-pressure pump or with a dedicated turbine-type energy recovery pump attached between modules. preferable.
- the treatment capacity of the fresh water generator can be within a range of 0.5 to 1 million m 3 in terms of the amount of water per day.
- the reverse osmosis membrane filtration part has a structure with as few stagnant parts as possible. Furthermore, when it is desired to increase the recovery rate, it is preferable to make the pH of the feed water acidic for the purpose of preventing the formation of scales, and there are cases where chemicals of various properties are used as a sterilizing or cleaning agent. Therefore, it is preferable to use materials having chemical resistance such as stainless steel and duplex stainless steel for piping, valves and other members through which such chemicals flow.
- the operation method of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant of the present invention can be applied to the separation and concentration of liquid and solid using a microfiltration membrane, and the separation and concentration of turbid components using an ultrafiltration membrane.
- it is particularly suitable for separating and concentrating dissolved components using a reverse osmosis membrane or a nanofiltration membrane.
- the effect is great in desalination of seawater and brackish water, production of industrial water, and advanced treatment in waterworks.
- the raw water intake unit 100 refers to a process for taking raw seawater composed of the raw water intake 501, the intake pipe 1, the intake pump 2, etc. into the plant.
- the pretreatment unit 200 refers to a process of processing the collected seawater with a pretreatment device such as the sand filtration device 6 and temporarily storing it in the intermediate tank 7.
- the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit 300 refers to a series of processing steps performed before supplying one or a plurality of reverse osmosis membrane modules 11 and pretreated seawater to the reverse osmosis membrane module 11.
- the series of treatments is arbitrarily performed as necessary, and is a bactericide for filtering by the safety filter 8, adding a reducing agent such as a sodium bisulfite solution, and preventing fouling of the reverse osmosis membrane module. Addition of scale, addition of scale inhibitor, etc.
- water flowing through at least one place between the raw water intake 501 and the reverse osmosis membrane concentrated water outlet 503 can be separated and divided in the flow direction, and a biofilm is formed therein.
- Pass the collected water into the water flow containers (16a to 16e) containing the base material divide and remove a part of the water flow container at a predetermined frequency, and measure the amount of biofilm on the water flow surface.
- the transition of the amount of biofilm collected or the rate of biofilm formation is calculated.
- the raw water intake unit 100 and the pretreatment unit 200 are calculated. And the operation control of at least one process selected from the group consisting of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit 300.
- the water flowing through at least one place between the raw water intake 501 and the reverse osmosis membrane concentrated water outlet 503 is a group consisting of seawater (raw water raw water), reverse osmosis membrane supply water, and reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate water.
- seawater raw water raw water
- reverse osmosis membrane supply water reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate water.
- seawater (raw water raw water) is water taken from the raw water intake 501.
- the reverse osmosis membrane supply water is in the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit 300 downstream from the pretreatment unit 200, and when there are a plurality of reverse osmosis membrane modules 11, from the upstream of the reverse osmosis membrane module 11
- the water is separated and has the same components as the reverse osmosis membrane feed water and the same temperature ( ⁇ 3 ° C. to + 5 ° C.).
- the reverse osmosis membrane module 11 is a single unit, the reverse osmosis membrane supply water is separated from the upstream pipe line, and the water and components in the separated place are the same, and the temperature is the same level ( ⁇ 3 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C) water.
- the reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate water is fractionated from the pipe line downstream from the reverse osmosis membrane module 11, and the components are the same as the reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate water at the separated location, and the temperature is the same level ( -3 ° C to + 5 ° C).
- reverse osmosis membrane supply water and / or reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate water for example, in the raw water intake unit 100, it is branched from the upstream of the pretreatment unit 200 downstream from the raw water intake 501.
- a water flow container 16a to 16e, a flow control valve 19a to 19e, and a flow meter as necessary are arranged downstream of the branched pipes. be able to.
- the membrane surface state of the reverse osmosis membrane in the reverse osmosis membrane module can be monitored, and sterilization and cleaning can be performed. The effect can be directly and quickly verified, and as a result, the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit 300 can be operated more stably and efficiently, which is preferable.
- the reverse osmosis membrane supply water is collected from the high-pressure pipe downstream from the high-pressure pump 29, the water flow to the water flow containers 16b and 16c containing the biofilm forming base material is the water flow after decompression.
- the operation control of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration part under high pressure can be performed well, taking into account safety, convenience, etc. during measurement, It is preferable to pass water after decompression.
- the reverse osmosis membrane supply water and / or reverse osmosis membrane non-permeate water is transferred to the water flow containers 16a, 16b, and 16c containing the biofilm-forming substrate by using pipes, hoses, and the like from the branched pipes 17a, 17b, and 17c. Pass water.
- the operation method of the present invention is characterized in that a water flow container that can be divided in the flow direction is used as the water flow container.
- the division in the flow direction is roughly divided into two types, and one is a unit structure through a connection member of a screw structure or a fitting structure (such as a joint) as illustrated in FIG. It means that objects can be connected and separated continuously, or can be easily cut using scissors such as a hose, or a part can be separated.
- a unit water flow container 60a having a cylindrical shape and threaded grooves at both ends in the longitudinal direction (water flow direction) as illustrated in FIGS. Can be illustrated as a preferred embodiment of the water flow container 60 formed by connecting a plurality of the water.
- the inner water flow surface of the water flow container also serves as a biofilm forming substrate, or the biofilm formation substrate is fixed to the inner water flow surface of the water flow container, and the water flow container and the biofilm formation It has the characteristic that the base material is united. It is preferable to take measures for preventing water leakage such as packing, sealing tape, O-ring, etc., on the connecting portion according to the shape.
- the size of the unit water container is not particularly limited as long as it is a size suitable for collecting the biofilm on the biofilm-forming substrate surface with a cotton swab or the like from the outside.
- the water flow container is preferably a cylindrical shape formed of a soft material. Thereby, using scissors etc., a part of water flow container can be easily cut
- the size of the cut-out unit water flow container is not particularly limited as long as it is a size suitable for collecting the biofilm on the biofilm-forming substrate surface with a cotton swab or the like from the outside.
- the hose material is preferably a material that minimizes the elution of a substance that promotes biofilm growth, such as a plasticizer, from the hose.
- Preferable materials include “Teflon” (registered trademark), and polyolefin-based materials such as polyethylene and polypropylene.
- the hose is preferably light-shielding, but when using a low-light-shielding member, to prevent the growth of algae, the entire hose is covered with a black screen from outside, except during measurement operations, or opaque polyvinyl chloride or It is preferable to keep the hose in a dark environment by storing it in a stainless steel pipe.
- a male thread is formed at the upper end of the cylindrical shape and a female thread is formed at the lower end, so that the unit water containers 60a adjacent to each other can be connected to each other.
- a plurality of unit water containers 60 a connected together form a water container 60, and the upper end and the lower end thereof are connected to the water container opening / closing part 53, respectively.
- at least the water flow surface 61 of the water flow container that can be divided also serves as a biofilm forming substrate.
- the unit water-permeable container 60a shown in FIG. 4 similarly to the example of FIG. 3, the unit water-permeable container 60a has a structure that can be connected to adjacent unit water-permeable containers, and a membrane piece 62 of a nanofiltration membrane or a reverse osmosis membrane,
- the membrane is fixed and arranged on the water flow surface side of the cylindrical unit water flow container 60a so that the raw water side (the functional layer side such as polyamide or cellulose acetate, not the base material side) faces inward.
- the membrane piece 62 of the nanofiltration membrane or reverse osmosis membrane is simply fixed on the inner peripheral surface of the unit water-permeable container 60a by using the warp of the membrane piece of the nanofiltration membrane or reverse osmosis membrane.
- the unit piece with a shallow groove to embed the membrane piece and make the membrane piece more difficult to move, or use adhesive on the four corners, four sides or the whole surface of the membrane piece on the base material side. It can be easily fixed by means such as fixing to the surface.
- simple physical fixation using the warp of the membrane piece of the reverse osmosis membrane is sufficient, and is preferable from the viewpoint of reuse of the container, but in this embodiment, the inner wall of the container is subjected to anti-slip processing.
- the fixing of the film piece may be reinforced by a small protrusion for preventing the deviation.
- the material of the water flow container, hose, connecting member (joint), flow meter, flow control valve meets the strength requirements for water pressure, etc. and is resistant to chemicals used for sterilization and chemical cleaning. It is not particularly limited as long as it has a low elution and adsorption of organic substances, but is preferably a substance that minimizes the elution of a substance that promotes the growth of a biofilm such as a plasticizer. Furthermore, the thing whose surface is smooth is preferable. Suitable materials include glass, polycarbonate, polyamide “Teflon” (registered trademark), stainless steel, fluororesin, polypropylene, polyurethane, rigid polyvinyl chloride (HIVP) used for water pipes, and the like.
- HIVP rigid polyvinyl chloride
- the inner diameter of the water flow container is not particularly limited, it may be determined according to the flow rate capable of water intake so that the linear velocity conditions described later can be easily realized.
- the members such as the water flow container and the hose are preferably light-shielding in order to prevent the growth of algae.
- the water-flowing container is preferably light-shielding.
- a membrane of the same type as the membrane of the reverse osmosis membrane module used in the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit is used.
- FIG. A mode in which the membrane piece 62 of the reverse osmosis membrane is fixed and arranged on the water surface side so that the raw water side of the membrane faces inward is preferable because evaluation with the highest reliability is possible.
- a microfiltration membrane, an ultrafiltration membrane, a nanofiltration membrane, or a membrane piece of a reverse osmosis membrane can be preferably exemplified. Cylindrical objects rounded so that the raw water side of these membranes face inward can be arranged inside the unit water flow container 60a.
- the conditions for evaluation and measurement of the amount of biofilm are basically the same as those of the prior art except for the operation of the water flow container structure and the water flow container, and details are disclosed in International Publication No. 2008/038575. However, the outline is as follows.
- the flow rate flow rate to the water flow container 60 is such that the linear velocity in the water flow container after accommodating the biofilm-forming substrate is made equal to the average linear velocity on the membrane surface through which the non-permeate water of the reverse osmosis membrane module flows. However, it is preferable because it becomes a similar growth environment and shearing environment.
- the linear velocity is not particularly limited, but is generally in the range of 5 to 30 cm / s.
- FIG. 2 In measuring the amount of biofilm, the case of the cylindrical screw type water flow container in FIG. 2 will be described as an example.
- a flow rate adjusting valve 56, a splitable water flow container 60, and a flow meter 51 are communicated by a hose 50 in the flow direction 58 downstream of the branch pipe.
- the water container 60 that can be divided is connected to the hose 50 via a one-touch joint 52.
- segmented has the water container opening-and-closing part 53 at both ends, and has comprised the unit water container 60a between them.
- the flow control valve 56 stops water flow to the water flow container 60, removes the upper or lower one-touch joint 52, and passes the required number of units (usually about 1 to 3).
- the water container 60a is rotated and removed.
- the formed biofilm is not contaminated at the time of taking out or recharging the substrate for measurement. Careful manipulation was necessary to prevent damage and to keep the biofilm-forming surface from touching others.
- the biofilm-forming substrate surface is arranged inside the unit water flow container 60a, it is possible to easily handle the water flow container divided and taken out.
- a clear water container may be replenished for dimension adjustment.
- the amount of biofilm is continuously measured, but the amount of biofilm is usually measured once every 4 hours to 6 months. Further, the interval at which the measurement is performed may be irregular or regular. Even if the measurement frequency is shorter than 4 hours, the amount of information does not increase for the labor to increase the work, which is not effective. However, for example, when the effects such as sterilization and cleaning agent are evaluated in a short time before and after the action, the evaluation is not limited to this, and the evaluation may be performed within a time shorter than 4 hours. On the other hand, if the measurement frequency is too low, the effectiveness of monitoring will be reduced, so it is necessary to carry out at least once every 6 months, more preferably at least once a month, more preferably at least once a week. is there.
- the biofilm includes bacteria that perform life activities, inactivated bacteria, their metabolites such as polysaccharides and proteins, and molecules such as carcasses and nucleic acids. Therefore, various biofilm quantification methods are conceivable, which can be quantified by protein, sugar, nucleic acid, total bacterial count, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) amount, etc. Of these, the ATP measurement method is particularly preferable because it is excellent in sensitivity, simplicity, and rapidity, and portable kits and reagents are commercially available.
- the method for recovering and dispersing ATP in the biofilm on the substrate surface is not particularly limited as long as the recovery rate is high and quantitative, but the biofilm attached to the water flow surface of the water flow container taken out is not limited.
- An example of a preferred embodiment is a method of immersing the wiping tool in pure water after dispersing it using a wiping tool such as a sterilized cotton swab and dispersing the attached biofilm fragments.
- the ATP measurement of the suspension is not particularly limited, but a reagent kit and a luminescence photometer are commercially available, and the measurement may be performed by a method based on the measurement conditions recommended by the manufacturer.
- distilled water As the pure water in which the biofilm is dispersed, distilled water, reverse osmosis membrane purified water immediately after purification, ion-exchanged water immediately after purification, commercially available ultrapure water, or the like (10 ng / L or less) containing no ATP is used. It is preferable that errors due to impurities in measurement are small. Commercially available disposable distilled water is also convenient. Tap water may be used after autoclaving.
- the container such as a tube, into which the sample is placed may be any clean one that is not contaminated with ATP, but a pre-sterilized one may be used, or a non-sterile product may be autoclaved and used.
- Dispense pure water into a measurement tube immerse and stir a cotton swab wiped off the biofilm adhering to the reverse osmosis membrane for 1-2 minutes, and obtain a suspension.
- This operation may be performed once, but in order to obtain an accurate value, in order to disperse and suspend the wiped biofilm from the swab as much as possible, the swab dispersed and suspended in the first liquid It is preferable to repeatedly immerse and stir in another solution and divide it into several times to obtain an accurate value and stabilize the value itself.
- the evaluation method using ATP measurement is an excellent method, since it is inhibited by salt, a correlation equation regarding the effect of salt concentration on the amount of luminescence is obtained in advance, and the salt concentration of the biofilm suspension is determined. It is necessary to measure with a conductivity meter and calculate the true ATP concentration excluding the influence of salt inhibition based on the above-mentioned correlation formula, and taking into account the influence of salt inhibition as necessary. is there.
- the transition of the amount of biofilm can be calculated, or the biofilm formation rate can be calculated based on the change in the amount of biofilm over time. it can.
- the biofilm amount is continuously measured, and based on the transition of the biofilm amount, at least one step selected from the group consisting of a raw water intake unit, a pretreatment unit, and a reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit.
- Perform operation control For example, when the water flow container 16b and / or the water flow container 16c are installed downstream of the sterilizing agent addition point of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit 300, based on the transition of the biofilm amount on the water flow surface of the water flow container. From the size, it is possible to strengthen or weaken the conditions for adding the bactericide.
- the value of the biofilm formation rate can be used as an index representing the transition of the biofilm amount.
- the method of feeding back the value of the biofilm formation rate to the operation of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant is also exemplified below, but is not limited thereto.
- the biofilm amount evaluation procedure is simplified, the operability is greatly improved, and there is a risk of erroneous contact of the biofilm-forming substrate.
- the measurement stress can be greatly reduced and the measurement time can be greatly reduced, and the evaluation time can be greatly shortened.
- the raw water intake unit, the pretreatment unit, and the reverse osmosis membrane are based on the evaluation result of the biofilm formation speed.
- the operation control of at least one process selected from the group consisting of filtration units can also be carried out simply and thoroughly.
- the sterilization conditions of a water intake part and the operation conditions of a pre-processing part are operated based on the value of a biofilm formation speed. It is possible to control. For example, when pretreatment of raw water intake is carried out using a flotation separator, sand filtration device, or hollow fiber membrane filtration device, a flocculant (for example, ferric chloride) that minimizes the biofilm formation rate is used. It is possible to determine the required addition amount.
- a flocculant for example, ferric chloride
- the floating separator is operated only when the biofilm formation rate of the raw water is high, and the value is low. In some cases, operation such as stopping aeration of the levitation separator is also possible to save energy.
- the minimum necessary disinfection frequency such that the biofilm formation rate is within 5 pg-ATP / cm 2 / d is determined based on the biofilm formation rate value. Can be determined.
- Biofilm formation also in the case where a split water flow container 16e is installed in the pretreatment unit 200 that has undergone at least one pre-treatment, or in the case where a split water flow container 16a is installed in the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit 300 Based on the value of speed, it is possible to optimize and control the operating conditions of the pretreatment unit 200 and the operating conditions of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit 300 based on the value of the biofilm formation rate in the same manner as described above. is there.
- the water flow container 16d installed in the raw water intake portion 100 or the pretreatment unit 200 purely with the water quality stabilization effect of the pretreatment unit 200,
- the water flow to each water flow container 16d, 16e was stopped during the addition of the bactericide, and the water film was formed in the water flow containers 16d, 16e. It goes without saying that it is necessary to prevent biofilm sterilization.
- a water flow container 16b that can be divided downstream from the sterilizing agent or chemical solution injection point and upstream from the reverse osmosis membrane module is installed, or water flow that can be divided downstream from the reverse osmosis membrane module.
- the container 16c it is possible to optimally control the bactericide and chemical solution cleaning conditions based on the value of the biofilm formation rate.
- Another type that can be divided in the flow direction means that it has a plurality of fixing parts that are detachable from the outside of the water flow container and can be divided from the water flow container.
- FIG. 9 includes a plurality of fixing portions that can be detached from the outside of the water flow container and can be divided from the water flow container, and the fixing portions include means for holding the biofilm-forming substrate inside the water flow container.
- the biofilm formation monitoring apparatus characterized by having is shown with a schematic diagram.
- the biofilm formation monitoring device of the present invention has a water flow container, and optionally has connection means such as a flow meter, a flow rate adjustment valve, a one-touch joint, a piping member (hose), and the like.
- the water flow container 68 constituting the biofilm formation monitoring apparatus has a plurality of biofilm formation substrates 65 therein. Further, the water flow container 68 has a plurality of fixing portions 66 and 67 that can be detached from the outside of the container, and by removing the fixing portions 66 and 67, a through hole is formed in the side surface of the water flow container 68, and the water flow container 68 The inside and the outside of 68 communicate with each other.
- the fixing part 66 has means for holding the biofilm forming substrate 65 inside the water flow container 68.
- the biofilm forming substrate 65 is taken in and out of the water flow container 68 by attaching and detaching the supported fixing portion 66 from the water container 68.
- the fixing portions 66 and 67 serve as a lid of a through hole formed on the side surface of the water flow container 68, and the water inside the water flow container 68 flows when water flows.
- the through hole is sealed so as not to leak.
- the fixing portions 66 and 67 and the corresponding through holes on the side surfaces of the water flow containers 68 are configured to be screwed together.
- the shape of the water flow container is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a cylindrical shape and a structure having a fixing portion capable of loading a plurality of biofilm-forming substrates in the longitudinal direction as illustrated in FIG. be able to.
- the inner diameter of the water flow container is not particularly limited, but may be determined according to the flow rate capable of water intake so as to easily realize the linear velocity condition described later.
- the fixing part has a function of holding the biofilm-forming substrate in the water passage region in the water container, and has a structure that seals the through hole of the water container and is detachable from the outside of the container.
- a specific structure of the fixing portion a screw structure that enables tightening with a screw, a joint structure such as a one-touch joint, and the like can be cited as suitable.
- the through-hole formed in the side surface of the water flow container 68 will not be restrict
- a cylindrical tube can be passed through the side surface of the water flow container, and a screw structure can be provided at the outer end thereof.
- a joint structure such as fitting may be provided instead of the screw structure.
- the wall surface of a water flow container can be formed thickly, and a screw structure can also be directly formed in the through-hole.
- the number of fixed parts is not particularly limited. In one evaluation, it is more reliable to measure the amount of biofilm of 2 to 3 biofilm-forming substrates, and in order to see changes over time, evaluate 3 times, more preferably 5 times or more. Therefore, the number of fixing portions is preferably 6 or more, more preferably 10 or more, and even more preferably 15 or more.
- biofilm-forming substrate examples include reverse osmosis membrane pieces and cotton swabs.
- a membrane of the same type as the reverse osmosis membrane used in the reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit can be used as a biobiofilm forming substrate.
- a mode in which the membrane piece of the reverse osmosis membrane is held in the fixed portion so that the raw water side of the membrane is in contact with the water flow surface is preferable as the biofilm-forming substrate because it enables highly reliable evaluation.
- the biofilm may be dispersed by immersing and collecting the taken-out cotton swab directly in distilled water / sterilized water for ATP measurement, or it may be immersed in an ATP extraction reagent and ATP contained in the biofilm. Extraction may be performed. As a result, the number of steps for measuring the amount of biofilm is reduced, and the measurement can be performed very simply.
- the conditions for evaluation and measurement of the amount of biofilm can be basically the same as those of the prior art except for the operation of the water flow container structure and the water flow container, and details are disclosed in Patent Document 1 and the like.
- the water flow container illustrated in FIG. 2 is formed by connecting a plurality of unit water flow containers, and the unit water flow container is provided with connection members at both ends in the flow direction.
- the case of the biofilm formation monitoring device characterized by the above is as described above.
- the biofilm forming substrate of FIG. 9 is a cotton swab and the shaft portion of the swab is fixed to a fixing portion 66 that can be screwed.
- maintains in a water flow container is demonstrated to an example.
- Water flow to the water flow container 68 is stopped by a flow rate adjustment valve 56 (not shown) on the upstream side of the water flow container 68, and a necessary number (usually about 2 to 3) of biofilm-forming substrates 65 are obtained.
- the screw of the fixing part 66 is rotated and removed.
- the formed biofilm is not contaminated when taken out or recharged for collecting the substrate.
- a cotton swab having a shaft is used as a biofilm forming substrate, and the cotton swab is held in a fixed portion. Therefore, it is possible to easily handle the biofilm forming substrate from the outside of the water flow container without removing the water flow container, greatly reducing the stress on the measurer and shortening the operation time. It also leads to.
- the opening / closing operation of the water flow container opening 53 of FIG. 5 which is necessary in the prior art is also unnecessary. Normally, when the opening 53 of the water flow container is closed again, it is necessary to ensure sealing performance such as wrapping a sealing tape, which is troublesome. However, since this opening / closing operation is unnecessary, the operation time is shortened. .
- biofilm-forming substrates there are no particular restrictions on the pattern and number of biofilm-forming substrates to be taken out, but preferred is a mode in which the number of samples (usually 2 to 3) is taken out continuously from the upstream side or downstream side. It can be illustrated as a method.
- the fixed part has a screw structure as described above, it is convenient to prepare a tube or container having the same screw structure as a sample container. For example, a predetermined amount of biofilm recovery dispersion (distilled water, sterilized water) or ATP extraction solution is put in a tube or container, the collected biofilm forming substrate is immersed, and a screw lid or screw structure fixing part is attached. Can be sealed and carried using.
- biofilm recovery dispersion distilled water, sterilized water
- ATP extraction solution is put in a tube or container, the collected biofilm forming substrate is immersed, and a screw lid or screw structure fixing part is attached. Can be sealed and carried using.
- the operation method of the reverse osmosis membrane filtration plant according to the present invention continuously measures the amount of biofilm using the biofilm formation monitoring device described above, and the transition of the measured biofilm amount is determined by reverse osmosis membrane filtration. Although it is a method of feeding back to the operation of the plant, the method of using the biofilm formation monitoring apparatus of the present invention is not limited to this.
- the procedure for evaluating the amount of biofilm is simplified, the operability is greatly improved, and there is a significant risk of erroneous contact of the biofilm-forming substrate.
- the measurement stress can be greatly reduced.
- the evaluation time can be greatly shortened, and operation control of at least one process selected from the group consisting of a raw water intake unit, a pretreatment unit, and a reverse osmosis membrane filtration unit based on the transition of the measured biofilm amount. Can be carried out easily and accurately.
- the evaluation water is supplied to the biofilm formation monitoring apparatus (cylindrical column with an inner diameter of 13 mm and a total length of over 60 cm including the end) (FIGS. 5 and 8) loaded with an RO membrane as a blade hose, Water was passed at a flow rate of 1.5 L / min.
- black hard vinyl chloride piping for water supply (HIVP) having light shielding properties was used.
- the amount of biofilm was measured by an operation manager.
- a portable analyzer “Lumitester” (registered trademark) C-100 (manufactured by Kikkoman Corporation) and a dedicated reagent kit “Lucifer” (registered trademark) 250 Plus (manufactured by Kikkoman Corporation) were used.
- Samples and reagents are dispensed using “Pipetteman” (registered trademark) (Gilson, 1000 ⁇ L, 200 ⁇ L) and autoclaved (121 ° C., 15 minutes) treated tips.
- “Lumitube” (registered trademark) (manufactured by Kikkoman Corp., 3 mL) was used as a container. Tips and tubes were used disposable.
- the RO membrane was pulled out with tweezers twice a week, and two pieces of 2.7 cm in length were cut out with scissors, put into a sterile petri dish, and carried to the laboratory.
- the surface of the RO membrane is wiped off with one cotton swab and suspended in 1 mL of distilled water (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., for injection, 20 mL / piece) dispensed into a measuring tube “Lumitube” (registered trademark). And recovered.
- Three suspensions of distilled water were prepared for suspension in three stages. Soak a cotton swab in the first distilled water for 1-2 minutes each and carefully stir to obtain a suspension. Then, swab the water in the second and third tubes in order and stir in three stages. A suspension of was prepared.
- the salt concentration is calculated from the conductivity, and the luminescence amount inhibition rate at the salt concentration is calculated from the correlation equation between the salt concentration and the luminescence amount inhibition.
- the amount of luminescence at was determined.
- the ATP concentration was calculated based on the correlation equation between the ATP concentration and the amount of luminescence.
- the ATP amounts obtained for the three-stage suspensions were added together to calculate the total ATP amount in the sample deposit.
- the total ATP amount was divided by the wiped area, and the ATP amount per unit surface area of the biofilm-forming substrate was determined.
- the amount of biofilm on the reverse osmosis membrane water flow surface of the biofilm formation monitoring device installed in parallel was measured 3 days, 6 days, 10 days, and 15 days later, and the biofilm formation rate of 4 series was measured.
- the obtained values were 19.5, 17.1, 20.1, 16.2 pg-ATP / cm 2 / d, the average 18.2 pg-ATP / cm 2 / d, and the standard deviation 1.9 pg-ATP, respectively. / Cm 2 / d.
- Example 1 After the sand filtration treatment of the seawater desalination experimental apparatus described in Comparative Example 1, 12 branch pipes are provided in the pipe upstream from the high-pressure pump, and the evaluation water is separated from each of the four branch pipes.
- Biofilm formation monitoring device (20 mm inner diameter, 33 mm unit water container length of 33 mm connected, cylindrical column with a total length of more than 60 cm including the ends (mode shown in FIGS.
- the evaluation water was supplied to the pipe with a blade hose, and water was passed at a flow rate of 1.5 L / min.
- a black water-resistant hard polyvinyl chloride pipe (HIVP) having a light-shielding property was used for the unit water flow container.
- the inner surface of the unit water container is fixed with the same reverse osmosis membrane as the type used for the reverse osmosis membrane module with a length of 27 mm x 41 mm, with the raw water side (functional layer) facing inward as shown in FIG. ⁇ Contained.
- the measurement of the amount of biofilm was performed by asking the same operation manager as in Comparative Example 1. At the time of sampling, two unit water flow containers were taken out per measurement for each biofilm formation monitoring device. Hold the outside of the unit water container by hand, wipe the surface adhering matter on the inner reverse osmosis membrane all over with a sterile cotton swab, and suspend in 1 mL of distilled water (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., for injection, 20 mL / piece). And recovered.
- the amount of biofilm on the water flow surface of the biofilm formation monitoring device installed in parallel was measured 3 days, 6 days, 10 days, and 15 days after the start of water flow, and the average of the amount of biofilm in two unit water flow containers was measured.
- the biofilm formation density was calculated based on the value and the wiped film area, and the biofilm formation rate was determined from the change over time, and 19.9, 20.3, 21.0, 20.5 pg-ATP / cm, respectively. 2 / d.
- the average was 20.4 pg-ATP / cm 2 / d, and the standard deviation was 0.4 pg-ATP / cm 2 / d.
- the accuracy and reliability of measurement were improved.
- a plurality of fixing parts that can be detached from the outside of the water-container at the same time as Example 1 and can be divided from the water-container, and the fixing part holds the biofilm-forming substrate inside the water-container
- a biofilm formation monitoring device (with an inner diameter of 13 mm and 20 cotton swabs fixed to a cylindrical column with a total length of over 60 cm including the end) (FIG. 9) supplies evaluation water with a blade hose, 1.5 L Water was passed at a flow rate of / min.
- black hard vinyl chloride piping for water supply (HIVP) having light shielding properties was used.
- the measurement is performed by requesting the same operation manager as in Example 1, sampling is performed twice a week at the same timing as in Example 1, and two cotton swabs connected to a detachable fixing part are taken out from the outside of the container. On the spot, it was suspended and collected in 1 mL of distilled water (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., for injection, 20 mL / piece) dispensed to a measuring tube “Lumitube” (registered trademark). Three suspensions of distilled water were prepared for suspension in three stages. Soak a cotton swab in the first distilled water for 1-2 minutes each and carefully stir to obtain a suspension. Then, swab the water in the second and third tubes in order and stir in three stages. A suspension of was prepared.
- Example 2 Subsequent measurements were performed in the same manner as in Example 1. Further, the surface area of the outer surface of the swab was calculated based on the photographed result. From the results, the biofilm formation rate was determined to be 19.7, 20.5, 20.0, 21.4 pg-ATP / cm 2 / d, respectively. The average was 20.4 pg-ATP / cm 2 / d, and the standard deviation was 0.7 pg-ATP / cm 2 / d. Compared with the conventional technique of Comparative Example 1, the measurement accuracy and reliability were improved.
- each measurement time was a short time of about 30 minutes, and compared with the prior art of the comparative example 1, the required time was shortened significantly.
- Example 3 In the seawater desalination experiment apparatus described in Example 1, the evaluation water is supplied from one of the 12 branch pipes provided upstream of the high-pressure pump after sand filtration at a time different from that of Example 1.
- the biofilm formation monitoring apparatus of the same form as in Example 1 (with an inner diameter of 13 mm and a unit water flow container length of 33 mm connected to 20 cylindrical columns having a total length of more than 60 cm including the ends (see FIG. Evaluation water was supplied to the embodiment shown in 2 to 4 with a blade hose, and the water was passed at a flow rate of 1.5 L / min. HIVP) was used.
- Example 4 In the seawater desalination experimental apparatus described in Example 1, the evaluation water was collected at the same time as Example 3 for one of the 12 branch pipes provided upstream of the high-pressure pump after sand filtration.
- a biofilm formation monitoring device of the same form as in Example 1 (20 inner diameter 13 mm, unit water flow container length of 33 mm is connected, and a column column having a total length of more than 60 cm including the end (FIG.
- Evaluation water was supplied to the embodiment shown in Fig. 4 with a blade hose, and water was passed at a flow rate of 1.5 L / min.
- the same reverse osmosis membrane as the type used for the reverse osmosis membrane module and a length of 27 mm ⁇ 41 mm, the raw water side (functional layer) as shown in FIG. Fixed and housed inward .
- the amount of biofilm was measured by asking the same operation manager as in Example 1. Sampling and subsequent measurement of the amount of biofilm were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1. In the case of measuring with a reverse osmosis membrane, the rate increased at a rate of about 20 pg / cm 2 / day from the third day of measurement. Responsiveness was better than in the case of Example 3, and the evaluation period could be shortened.
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Abstract
Description
原水取水口を備えた原水取水部、前処理部、逆浸透膜モジュールを備えた逆浸透膜ろ過部、をこの順に有し、前記逆浸透膜モジュールを透過した逆浸透膜透過水を系外に取り出す透過水出口と、前記逆浸透膜モジュールを透過しなかった逆浸透膜非透過水を系外に取り出す濃縮水出口とを有する逆浸透膜ろ過プラントを運転する方法であって、
前記原水取水口より下流かつ前記濃縮水出口より上流の間の少なくとも1つの場所を流れる水を分取し、該分取した水を、流れ方向に分割可能な通水容器からなるバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置に通水し、該通水容器の一部を分割して取出し通水面上のバイオフィルム量を継続的に測定し、該バイオフィルム量の推移に基づいて、前記原水取水部、前記前処理部、および前記逆浸透膜ろ過部からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの運転制御を行う逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法、である。
通水容器からなるバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置であって、前記通水容器が筒状の単位通水容器を複数連結して形成されてなり、前記単位通水容器は前記流れ方向の両端にネジ溝が設けられているバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置、
または、
通水容器からなるバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置であって、前記通水容器が単位通水容器を複数連結して形成されてなり、前記単位通水容器は前記流れ方向の両端で嵌合式接続部材が設けられているバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置、である。
砂ろ過処理設備を前処理とし、高圧ポンプ、直径4インチの架橋芳香族ポリアミド系逆浸透膜モジュールなどから構成される海水淡水化実験装置を設置した。
ATP測定には携帯型分析装置“ルミテスター”(登録商標)C-100(キッコーマン(株)製)及び専用試薬キット“ルシフェール”(登録商標)250プラス(キッコーマン(株)製)を使用した。またサンプルや試薬の分注には、“ピペットマン”(登録商標)(ギルソン製、1000μL用、200μL用)とオートクレーブ(121℃、15分)処理したチップを用い、分注や測定には、測定用“ルミチューブ”(登録商標)(キッコーマン(株)製、3mL用)を容器として用いた。チップやチューブは使い捨てで使用した。
(実施例1)
比較例1に記載の海水淡水化実験装置の砂ろ過処理後で高圧ポンプより上流の管路に、12本の分岐管を設け、そのうちの4つの分岐管について、各管から評価水を分取し、バイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置(内径13mm、単位通水容器の長さ33mmが20個接続したもので、端部含めて合計長さ60cm強の円柱カラム(図2~4に示した態様))にブレードホースで評価水を供給、1.5L/minの流量で通水した。単位通水容器には、遮光性を有する、黒色の水道用硬質塩化ビニル配管(HIVP)を用いた。単位通水容器内面には、逆浸透膜モジュールに使用している品種と同じ逆浸透膜で長さ27mm×41mmを、図4に示す通り原水側(機能層)を内向きになるように固定・収容した。
(実施例2)
実施例1に記載の海水淡水化実験装置の、砂ろ過処理後で高圧ポンプより上流に設けた12本の分岐管のうち、4つの分岐管について、各管から評価水を分取し、実施例1と同じ時期に通水容器の外側から着脱可能で、通水容器から分割可能な固定部を複数有し、前記固定部は前記通水容器の内側でバイオフィルム形成基材を保持する手段を有するバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置(内径13mm、綿棒が20本固定されたもので、端部含めて合計長さ60cm強の円柱カラム)(図9)にブレードホースで評価水を供給、1.5L/minの流量で通水した。通水容器には、遮光性を有する、黒色の水道用硬質塩化ビニル配管(HIVP)を用いた。
(実施例3)
実施例1に記載の海水淡水化実験装置の、砂ろ過処理後で高圧ポンプより上流に設けた12本の分岐管のうち1つの分岐管から、実施例1とは別の時期に評価水を分取し、実施例1と同じ形態のバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置(内径13mm、単位通水容器の長さ33mmが20個接続したもので、端部含めて合計長さ60cm強の円柱カラム(図2~4に示した態様)にブレードホースで評価水を供給、1.5L/minの流量で通水した。単位通水容器には、遮光性を有する、黒色の水道用硬質塩化ビニル配管(HIVP)を用いた。
測定3日目には、バイオフィルム量が検出限界以下で、測定6日目から約20pg/cm2/dayの速度で増加した。
(実施例4)
実施例1に記載の海水淡水化実験装置の、砂ろ過処理後で高圧ポンプより上流に設けた12本の分岐管のうち1つの分岐管について、実施例3と同じ時期に評価水を分取し、実施例1と同じ形態のバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置(内径13mm、単位通水容器の長さ33mmが20個接続したもので、端部含めて合計長さ60cm強の円柱カラム(図2~4に示した態様)にブレードホースで評価水を供給、1.5L/minの流量で通水した。単位通水容器には、遮光性を有する、黒色の水道用硬質塩化ビニル配管(HIVP)を用いた。本試験では、単位通水容器内面には、逆浸透膜モジュールに使用している品種と同じ逆浸透膜で長さ27mm×41mmを、図4に示す通り原水側(機能層)を内向きになるように固定・収容した。
2:取水ポンプ
3:次亜塩素酸溶液貯槽
4:凝集剤溶液貯槽
5:pH調整溶液貯槽
6:砂ろ過装置
7:中間槽
8:保安フィルター
9:亜硫酸水素ナトリウム溶液貯槽
10:殺菌剤溶液貯槽
11:逆浸透膜モジュール
12:逆浸透膜透過水水槽
13:pH調整溶液貯槽
14:カルシウム溶液貯槽
15:洗浄剤溶液貯槽
16a:分割可能な通水容器
16b:分割可能な通水容器
16c:分割可能な通水容器
16d:分割可能な通水容器
16e:分割可能な通水容器
17a:枝分かれ配管
17b:枝分かれ配管
17c:枝分かれ配管
17d:枝分かれ配管
17e:枝分かれ配管
18:透過水送水管
19:流量調節バルブ
21:次亜塩素酸溶液供給ポンプ
22:凝集剤溶液供給ポンプ
23:pH調整溶液供給ポンプ
24:亜硫酸水素ナトリウム溶液供給ポンプ
25:殺菌剤溶液供給ポンプ
26:pH調整溶液供給ポンプ
27:カルシウム溶液供給ポンプ
28:洗浄剤溶液供給ポンプ
29:高圧ポンプ
30:送液ポンプ
31:逆浸透膜非透過水無害化溶液貯槽
32:逆浸透膜非透過水無害化処理槽
33:逆浸透膜非透過水排水管
34:逆浸透膜非透過水無害化溶液供給ポンプ
50:ホース
51:流量計
52:ワンタッチ式ジョイント
53:通水容器開閉部
54:従来技術の通水容器
55a:“テフロン”(登録商標)リング
55b:逆浸透膜片
56:流量調節バルブ
57:リングフックのついたステンレス棒
58:流れの方向
60:分割可能な通水容器
60a:単位通水容器
61:分割可能な通水容器の通水面
62:逆浸透膜の膜片
65:バイオフィルム形成基材
66:容器外側から着脱可能な固定部
67:容器外側から着脱可能な固定部(フタ用)
68:通水容器
100:原水取水部
200:前処理部
300:逆浸透膜ろ過部
501:原水取水口
502:透過水出口
503:濃縮水出口
Claims (15)
- 原水取水口を備えた原水取水部、前処理部、逆浸透膜モジュールを備えた逆浸透膜ろ過部、をこの順に有し、前記逆浸透膜モジュールを透過した逆浸透膜透過水を系外に取り出す透過水出口と、前記逆浸透膜モジュールを透過しなかった逆浸透膜非透過水を系外に取り出す濃縮水出口とを有する逆浸透膜ろ過プラントを運転する方法であって、
前記原水取水口より下流かつ前記濃縮水出口より上流の間の少なくとも1つの場所を流れる水を分取し、該分取した水を、流れ方向に分割可能な通水容器からなるバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置に通水し、該通水容器の一部を分割して取出し通水面上のバイオフィルム量を継続的に測定し、該バイオフィルム量の推移に基づいて、前記原水取水部、前記前処理部、および前記逆浸透膜ろ過部からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの運転制御を行う逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法。 - 前記通水容器が単位通水容器を複数連結して形成されてなり、前記単位通水容器は前記流れ方向の両端に接続部が設けられている請求項1に記載の逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法。
- 前記通水容器が筒状の単位通水容器を複数連結して形成されてなり、前記単位通水容器は前記流れ方向の両端にネジ溝が設けられている請求項1または2に記載の逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法。
- 前記通水容器が単位通水容器を複数連結して形成されてなり、前記単位通水容器は前記流れ方向の両端で嵌合式接続部材が設けられている請求項1または2に記載の逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法。
- ナノろ過膜または逆浸透膜の膜片を、膜の原水側が単位通水容器の内向きになるようにして、前記単位通水容器の通水面側に配置している請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法。
- 前記通水容器が、軟質素材で形成された筒状物である請求項1に記載の逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法。
- 前記通水容器が、前記通水容器の外側から着脱可能な固定部を複数有し、前記固定部は前記通水容器の内側でバイオフィルム形成基材を保持する手段を有する請求項1に記載の逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法。
- 前記固定部の、前記バイオフィルム形成基材を保持する手段が、ネジ式または嵌合式による接続である逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法。
- 前記通水容器が遮光性を有する請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の逆浸透膜ろ過プラントの運転方法。
- 通水容器からなるバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置であって、前記通水容器が筒状の単位通水容器を複数連結して形成されてなり、前記単位通水容器は前記流れ方向の両端にネジ溝が設けられているバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置。
- 通水容器からなるバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置であって、前記通水容器が単位通水容器を複数連結して形成されてなり、前記単位通水容器は前記流れ方向の両端で嵌合式接続部材が設けられているバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置。
- ナノろ過膜または逆浸透膜の膜片を、膜の原水側が内向きになるようにして、前記単位通水容器の通水面側に配置している請求項10または11に記載のバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置。
- 通水容器からなるバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置であって、前記通水容器は前記通水容器の外側から着脱可能な固定部を複数有し、前記固定部は前記通水容器の内側でバイオフィルム形成基材を保持する手段を有する請求項10~12のいずれかに記載のバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置。
- 前記固定部の、前記バイオフィルム形成基材を保持する手段が、ネジ式または嵌合式による接続である請求項13に記載のバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置。
- 通水容器が遮光性を有する請求項10~14のいずれかに記載のバイオフィルム形成モニタリング装置。
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JP2011255301A (ja) * | 2010-06-08 | 2011-12-22 | Japan Organo Co Ltd | 分離膜の汚染評価方法、これを利用した分離膜運転管理方法及びろ過装置 |
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US10730771B2 (en) | 2015-03-31 | 2020-08-04 | Kurita Water Industries Ltd. | Method for operating reverse-osmosis membrane treatment system |
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KR101892261B1 (ko) | 2016-12-23 | 2018-08-27 | 울산과학기술원 | 광간섭 단층촬영이 가능한 역삼투 나권형 모듈, 이를 포함하는 해수담수화 장치 및 역삼투 나권형 모듈 모니터링 방법 |
CN113101812A (zh) * | 2021-05-11 | 2021-07-13 | 山东鲁东环保科技有限公司 | 一种恒温智能膜元件阻垢剂动态模拟实验装置 |
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JP6056869B2 (ja) | 2017-01-11 |
CN104703925B (zh) | 2017-05-03 |
JPWO2014058041A1 (ja) | 2016-09-05 |
CN104703925A (zh) | 2015-06-10 |
SA515360279B1 (ar) | 2016-11-20 |
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