WO2014038569A1 - 厚み測定装置及び厚み測定方法 - Google Patents
厚み測定装置及び厚み測定方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014038569A1 WO2014038569A1 PCT/JP2013/073754 JP2013073754W WO2014038569A1 WO 2014038569 A1 WO2014038569 A1 WO 2014038569A1 JP 2013073754 W JP2013073754 W JP 2013073754W WO 2014038569 A1 WO2014038569 A1 WO 2014038569A1
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- waveform
- echo
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- thickness measuring
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B17/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
- G01B17/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of infrasonic, sonic or ultrasonic vibrations for measuring thickness
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/08—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
- A61B8/0858—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings involving measuring tissue layers, e.g. skin, interfaces
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
- A61B8/08—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings
- A61B8/0875—Detecting organic movements or changes, e.g. tumours, cysts, swellings for diagnosis of bone
Definitions
- the present invention mainly relates to a thickness measuring apparatus that irradiates an object to be measured with ultrasonic waves to acquire an echo signal and measures the thickness of the object to be measured based on the echo signal.
- the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus of Patent Document 1 is for diagnosing the properties of a blood vessel wall tissue, and includes an ultrasonic probe supported so as to be in close contact with the body surface of a subject.
- This ultrasonic probe includes a plurality of ultrasonic transducers arranged in an array.
- the ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus transmits an ultrasonic wave from an ultrasonic probe into a body tissue including an extravascular tissue and a blood vessel. Then, a part of the ultrasonic wave reflected and scattered by the blood vessel or the like returns to the ultrasonic probe and is received as an echo.
- the direction of the acoustic line of the ultrasonic beam transmitted from the ultrasonic probe and the depth of focus are changed by controlling the delay time of the drive pulse signal applied to the ultrasonic transducer group. Further, the aperture diameter and the focal position can be changed by controlling the delay time of the reception signal of the ultrasonic vibration.
- Patent Document 1 analyzes and calculates a received signal using this echo, and obtains elastic properties of extravascular tissue and blood vessels.
- the structure of patent document 1 calculates
- Patent Document 1 mainly relates to an ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus for measuring a blood vessel wall tissue, but in recent years, as osteoporosis has attracted attention, the thickness of cortical bone, which is said to have a strong relationship with bone mass, is measured.
- Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2 disclose a technique for deriving the thickness of cortical bone by spectrally processing echoes from the front and back surfaces of the cortical bone.
- Non-Patent Document 3 and Non-Patent Document 4 propose a method of obtaining the cortical bone thickness by using a low-frequency Lamb wave.
- the cortical bone described above has individual differences, it has a feature that a large number of vacancies are often present therein.
- the size of the holes and the order of the wavelengths are almost the same. Therefore, when such a cortical bone is used as a measuring body, if it is obtained simply by transmitting and receiving an ultrasonic beam as in Patent Document 1, the echo signal from the back surface of the cortical bone is scattered by holes, etc. Therefore, it is difficult to measure the thickness with high accuracy.
- Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2 when measuring the thickness of the cortical bone by the method of Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2, the surface and the back surface of the cortical bone are parallel, the surface is smooth, and the inside of the bone is homogeneous. It is assumed that ideal conditions are met. Therefore, it can be said that it is difficult to ensure the thickness measurement accuracy at a practical level for an actual cortical bone having many holes and a curved surface.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and its purpose is to use ultrasonic waves even in an environment where there are many holes between the front surface and the back surface of the object to be measured or there are many unnecessary echoes.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a thickness measuring device capable of measuring thickness with good accuracy.
- the thickness measuring apparatus includes a transmission / reception unit, a reception waveform storage unit, an echo waveform synthesis unit, a back surface focus waveform acquisition unit, and a thickness calculation unit.
- a plurality of the wave transmission / reception units are arranged side by side, each of which can transmit an ultrasonic wave to the measurement object, and can acquire an echo signal for the ultrasonic wave.
- the reception waveform storage unit acquires and stores reception waveforms of all the transmission / reception units every time an ultrasonic wave is transmitted by each of the transmission / reception units.
- the echo waveform synthesizing unit scans the focus position of the ultrasonic beam while synthesizing the echo waveform corresponding to the ultrasonic beam with the reception waveform of each transmission / reception unit stored in the reception waveform storage unit. get.
- the back surface focus waveform acquisition unit acquires an echo waveform in which a beam is well focused on the back surface of the measurement object by evaluating each of the plurality of echo waveforms obtained by the echo waveform synthesis unit.
- the thickness calculation unit calculates the thickness of the object to be measured based on the echo waveform acquired by the back surface focus waveform acquisition unit.
- a thickness measuring device that can measure the thickness of a measured object with good accuracy using ultrasonic waves even in an environment where there are many holes between the front and back surfaces of the measured object or there are many unnecessary echoes. Can be provided.
- the thickness measuring apparatus has the following configuration. That is, the thickness measuring apparatus includes a surface detection unit that detects the position and shape of the surface of the object to be measured.
- the echo waveform synthesizer acquires or assumes sound velocity inside and outside of the measured object, and scans the focus position, while transmitting and receiving waves on the reception side from the transmission / reception unit on the transmission side via the focus position.
- the path of the ultrasonic wave reaching the part is calculated in consideration of the refraction on the surface of the measurement object acquired by the surface detection unit, and the received waveform is synthesized based on the result of the calculation to generate the echo waveform. get.
- the echo waveform synthesis unit scans the focus position, and propagates an ultrasonic wave that reaches the receiving side transmitting / receiving unit from the transmitting side transmitting / receiving unit via the focus position. It is preferable to obtain the echo waveform by calculating the time and synthesizing the received waveform with a delay by a delay time calculated based on the propagation time.
- the echo waveform synthesis unit scans the focus position of the ultrasonic beam in two dimensions.
- the focus position can be scanned in a wide range inside the object to be measured, it is highly possible to obtain a waveform in which the beam is well focused on the back surface of the object to be measured. Therefore, the thickness measurement accuracy can be improved.
- the back surface focus waveform acquisition unit envelopes the synthesized echo waveform, and evaluates the shape of the obtained echo pattern, thereby favorably focusing the beam on the back surface of the object to be measured. It is preferable to acquire the echo waveform.
- the thickness calculating unit may calculate the thickness of the object to be measured based on a time difference between the surface echo and the back echo appearing in the echo waveform acquired by the back surface focus waveform acquiring unit. preferable.
- the thickness measuring device preferably includes an array transducer in which a plurality of transducers as the wave transmitting / receiving units are arranged.
- the plurality of transducers included in the array transducer can transmit ultrasonic waves all at once and can transmit ultrasonic waves at individual timings.
- the object to be measured is cortical bone.
- cortical bone thickness which is said to have a strong relationship with bone mass, with high accuracy, and can provide useful information in bone strength diagnosis and the like.
- this thickness measurement method includes a received waveform storage step, an echo waveform synthesis step, a back surface focus waveform selection step, and a thickness calculation step.
- the reception waveform storing step the reception waveforms of all the transmission / reception units are acquired and stored every time an ultrasonic wave is transmitted by each of the transmission / reception units.
- the echo waveform synthesis step by scanning the focus position of the ultrasonic beam, the echo waveform corresponding to the ultrasonic beam is synthesized with the reception waveform of each transmission / reception unit stored in the reception waveform storage step. get.
- the back surface focus waveform acquisition step an echo waveform in which the beam is well focused on the back surface of the object to be measured is acquired by evaluating each of the echo waveforms obtained in the echo waveform synthesis step.
- the thickness calculation step the thickness of the object to be measured is calculated based on the echo waveform acquired in the back surface focus waveform acquisition step.
- the thickness of the measured object can be measured with good accuracy using ultrasonic waves even in an environment where there are many holes between the front and back surfaces of the measured object or there are many unnecessary echoes.
- the typical sectional view and functional block diagram of the cortical bone thickness measuring device concerning one embodiment of the present invention.
- A The conceptual diagram which shows a mode that the ultrasonic beam focused on the void
- B A graph showing an envelope of a received waveform when focusing on a hole.
- A is a conceptual diagram which shows a mode that the ultrasonic beam focused on the back surface of the cortical bone.
- A The figure which shows a mode that a plane wave was transmitted by the array vibrator.
- FIG. 1 The figure which shows a mode that the plane wave which the array vibrator transmitted is reflected in the surface or back surface of a cortical bone.
- A The schematic diagram which expanded the vicinity of the vibrator
- B The schematic diagram explaining the difference of the propagation path of the surface reflected wave which arrives at two vibrators which comprise a vibrator group.
- A The conceptual diagram which shows a mode that beam forming is performed, changing a focus position.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view and a functional block diagram of a cortical bone thickness measuring apparatus 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the cortical bone thickness measuring device (thickness measuring device) 1 is for diagnosing the bone strength of a cortical bone of a long tubular bone such as a tibia (however, the diagnosis target is not limited to this). More specifically, the bone is generally composed of cortical bone 10 and reticulated cancellous bone 12 existing inside cortical bone 10. Moreover, the circumference
- the cortical bone thickness measurement apparatus of the present embodiment is configured to emit ultrasonic waves from the outside of the soft tissue 11 to the cortical bone 10 and measure the thickness of the cortical bone 10. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, the cortical bone 10 corresponds to the measurement object.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross section of the shin portion of the human body cut by a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the bone.
- the contour shape of the surface of the cortical bone 10 is a gentle curved shape that swells in the radial direction (direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the bone). Therefore, in the following description, the direction in which the ultrasonic wave propagates along the surface of the cortical bone 10 in this cross section when the long tubular bone is regarded as a cylinder may be referred to as a circumferential direction.
- the surface contour of the cortical bone 10 is substantially linear in a cross section cut by a plane parallel to the longitudinal direction of the bone.
- the cortical bone thickness measuring device 1 is composed of an ultrasonic transducer 2 and a device main body 3.
- the ultrasonic transmitter / receiver 2 transmits and receives ultrasonic waves.
- the ultrasonic transducer 2 includes an abutment surface 2 a that abuts on the surface of the soft tissue 11 at the measurement site, and an array transducer 22.
- the array transducer 22 includes a plurality of transducers 24 arranged in a line.
- the vibrator used in the present embodiment emits an ultrasonic wave when its electric signal is applied, and generates and outputs an electric signal when receiving the ultrasonic wave on the surface. The thing is adopted.
- the array transducer 22 includes a plurality of transducers (transmission / reception units) 24.
- transducers transmission / reception units
- lowercase alphabets are added to the end of the code in order from one side, and the vibrator 24a, the vibrator 24b, the vibrator 24c,. ⁇ It may be written as Similarly, for the purpose of specifying the individual vibrators 24, the vibrator 24a is called the first, the vibrator 24b is called the second, and so on. .
- the vibrators 24 are arranged in a line at equal intervals so as to be parallel to the contact surface 2a.
- Each transducer 24 is configured to transmit and receive ultrasonic waves.
- ultrasonic jelly is applied to the skin surface of the measurement site (that is, the outer surface of the soft tissue 11), and the skin surface is contacted.
- the contact surface 2a is brought into contact.
- ultrasonic waves are transmitted by the array transducer 22.
- the ultrasonic wave strikes the cortical bone 10 that is the measurement object via the soft tissue 11.
- the ultrasonic waves returning from the cortical bone 10 are received by the array transducer 22.
- the ultrasonic jelly prevents a gap from being generated between the soft tissue 11 and the contact surface 2a, and matches the acoustic impedance between the contact surface 2a and the soft tissue 11 to thereby make the array transducer 22 effective. This is to suppress reflection of the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the surface of the soft tissue 11.
- the apparatus main body 3 is connected to the ultrasonic transducer 2 by a cable, and is configured to be able to transmit and receive signals to and from the ultrasonic transducer 2.
- the apparatus main body 3 includes an ultrasonic control unit 30, a transmission circuit 31, a plurality of reception circuits 33, a transmission / reception separation unit 34, and a calculation unit 35.
- the transmission circuit 31 is configured to generate an ultrasonic pulse by generating an electrical pulse signal and transmitting it to the array transducer 22 to vibrate the array transducer 22.
- the center frequency of the electric pulse vibration is, for example, about 1 to 10 MHz.
- a chirp signal may be used instead of the electric pulse signal.
- the transmission circuit 31 is configured to be able to generate an electrical pulse signal at an arbitrary timing for each of the plurality of transducers 24.
- the ultrasonic control unit 30 is connected to the transmission circuit 31 and is configured to transmit a control signal for transmitting ultrasonic waves from the plurality of transducers 24 to the transmission circuit 31. Thereby, it is possible to control to transmit ultrasonic waves from a plurality of transducers 24 all at once or at individual timing.
- the plurality of receiving circuits 33 are connected to the plurality of transducers 24 constituting the array transducer 22 respectively.
- Each receiving circuit 33 receives an electrical signal output when one transducer 24 receives an ultrasonic wave, and the electrical signal is subjected to amplification processing, filter processing, digital conversion processing, and the like.
- a signal is generated and transmitted to the calculation unit 35.
- the signal directly output from the array transducer 22 is an analog waveform signal
- the signal transmitted to the calculation unit 35 is a digital waveform signal that has undergone signal processing. However, these are not distinguished in the following description. May be simply referred to as a “waveform signal”.
- the transmission / reception separating unit 34 is connected between the array transducer 22 and the transmission circuit 31 and the reception circuit 33.
- the transmission / reception separating unit 34 prevents an electrical signal (electrical pulse signal) sent from the transmission circuit 31 to the array transducer 22 from flowing directly to the reception circuit 33 and also sends electricity sent from the array transducer 22 to the reception circuit 33. This is to prevent a signal from flowing to the transmission circuit 31 side.
- the void 10a can be considered as a target for reflecting the ultrasonic waves in addition to the back surface of the cortical bone 10, but the back surface of the cortical bone 10 and the hole 10a have different characteristics.
- the holes 10a have a relatively small size, a large number, and irregular positions in each bone. Therefore, it is considered that the phase of the reflected wave from each hole 10a appears randomly.
- the back surface of the cortical bone 10 usually exists as one continuous wide surface. Therefore, it is considered that the phases of the reflected waves from the back surface of the cortical bone 10 are close to each other.
- the ultrasonic beam when the ultrasonic beam is focused on one of the holes 10a as shown in FIG. 2A, the ultrasonic waves are reflected also on the hole 10a existing elsewhere, so that echoes of various phases are received. And weaken each other (offset interference). Therefore, in this case, the peak of the received waveform envelope (echo pattern) does not appear clearly except on the surface of the cortical bone 10, as shown in FIG.
- the envelope (echo pattern) of the received waveform in this case clearly shows the peak of the back surface reflected wave in addition to the surface reflected wave of the cortical bone 10, as shown in FIG.
- the beam focusing method it is considered that the echo on the back surface of the cortical bone 10 can be effectively separated without being buried in unnecessary echoes by taking advantage of the difference in the above characteristics.
- the focus position (the focus position as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B) in which the phase of the reflected wave from the back surface of the cortical bone 10 is matched while appropriately scanning the focus position. look for.
- a received waveform echo pattern in which echoes from the back surface of the cortical bone 10 are well separated can be reliably acquired.
- the peak due to the surface reflected wave of the cortical bone 10 also changes as the focus position is scanned.
- the sound velocity in the soft tissue is slower than the sound velocity in the cortical bone
- the ultrasonic path change in the soft tissue when the focus position is changed is smaller than the ultrasonic path change in the cortical bone. Therefore, even if the focus position is changed, it is considered that the fluctuation of the peak position due to the surface reflected wave of the cortical bone 10 is considered to be small, so that the substantial influence on the thickness detection accuracy of the cortical bone 10 is small.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the thickness measuring method of the present embodiment.
- the arithmetic unit 35 provided in the apparatus main body 3 of the cortical bone thickness measuring apparatus 1 shown in FIG. 1 includes hardware such as a CPU, RAM, and ROM, and software such as a program stored in the ROM. And the said calculating part 35 cooperates with the said hardware and software, and the shape detection part 40, the received waveform memory
- the shape detection unit 40 will be described.
- the shape detection unit 40 detects the bone surface shape in advance so that the ultrasonic wave propagation path can be calculated when the focusing beam is formed later.
- the function of the shape detection unit 40 corresponds to the process of S101 (shape detection step) in the flowchart of FIG.
- the shape of the surface of the cortical bone 10 (cross-sectional contour shape of the cortical bone 10) must be acquired by some method. Therefore, in the present embodiment, the surface shape of the cortical bone 10 is detected by the shape detection unit 40 before the thickness calculation unit 53 obtains the thickness of the cortical bone 10.
- the surface shape of the cortical bone 10 may be measured with another device, for example, using X-rays or the like.
- the cortical bone thickness measuring device 1 uses ultrasonic waves to measure the surface of the cortical bone 10. The shape is being measured. This improves the convenience of measurement.
- FIG. 5A is a diagram showing a state in which ultrasonic waves are transmitted by the array transducer 22
- FIG. 5B is a diagram in which the ultrasonic waves transmitted by the array transducer 22 are reflected on the front or back surface of the cortical bone 10. It is the figure which showed a mode.
- a plane wave as shown in FIG. 5A can be generated by transmitting a plurality of transducers 24 simultaneously. This plane wave is parallel to the contact surface 2a and travels through the soft tissue 11 in a direction perpendicular to the contact surface 2a. The plane wave is reflected by the front and back surfaces of the cortical bone 10 as shown in FIG.
- each transducer 24 When each transducer 24 receives an ultrasonic wave, a waveform signal corresponding to the ultrasonic wave received by each transducer 24 is sent to the calculation unit 35. By analyzing this waveform signal, the surface shape of the cortical bone 10 can be obtained.
- the ultrasonic wave reflected from the back surface as well as the front surface of the cortical bone 10 is received by the vibrator 24.
- the shape detector 40 of the present embodiment does not particularly analyze the back surface echo.
- the calculation unit 35 functions as the shape detection unit 40 to detect the angle and time when the reflected wave is received by the vibrator 24, and obtains the surface shape of the cortical bone 10 based on this.
- the shape detection unit 40 includes an arrival direction detection unit 41, an arrival time detection unit 42, a surface reflection point detection unit 43, and a bone surface line detection unit 44.
- the arrival direction detection unit 41 determines the transducer set 25 by setting two adjacent transducers as a set among the plurality of transducers 24, and detects the arrival direction of the ultrasonic wave reaching each transducer set 25.
- the ultrasonic wave received by reflecting the plane wave transmitted from the array transducer 22 on the surface of the cortical bone 10 is reflected on the surface reflected wave, and also on the back surface of the cortical bone 10.
- the ultrasonic wave reflected and received may be referred to as a back surface reflected wave.
- a capital alphabet is appended to the end of the code in order from the transducer 24a at one end, and the transducer set 25A, transducer set 25B,. It may be written as
- FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram enlarging the vicinity of the transducer set 25A receiving the surface reflected wave
- FIG. 6B arrives at the two transducers 24a and 24b constituting the transducer set.
- It is a schematic diagram explaining the difference of the propagation path of a surface reflected wave.
- the arrival directions of surface reflected waves with respect to two adjacent transducers 24 are approximate.
- the transducer 24a and the transducer 24b constituting the transducer set 25A can be regarded as a surface reflected wave arrives at each arrival angle theta a. In order to determine the incoming angle theta a, it performs a calculation as follows.
- the arrival direction detector 41 measures a time difference ⁇ t at which the two transducers 24a and 24b constituting the transducer set 25A detect the peak of the surface reflected wave.
- a time difference ⁇ t at which the two transducers 24a and 24b constituting the transducer set 25A detect the peak of the surface reflected wave.
- the arrival angle theta a surface reflection wave to the transducer set 25A.
- the distance between the transducer 24a and the transducer 24b W
- the surface reflected wave propagates to the transducer 24a by a distance longer by Wsin ⁇ a than the transducer 24b.
- the arrival direction detection unit 41 determines the arrival angle in the same manner for the other transducer sets 25. In this embodiment, the value obtained by experience is used as the sound velocity SOS soft in the soft tissue 11, but an actual measurement value may be used.
- Arrival time detector 42 since the transmitting ultrasonic by the array transducer 22, the surface reflected wave transducer set 25 obtains the arrival time T a to reach.
- the average value of the time from when the ultrasonic wave is transmitted by the array transducer 22 until the surface reflected wave arrives at each of the two transducers 24 constituting the transducer set 25 is expressed as an arrival time T. a .
- the time until the surface reflected wave reaches one of the vibrators 24 is not limited to the average value, and may be used as the arrival time Ta as it is.
- Surface reflection point detecting unit 43 on the basis of the arrival time T a and the arrival angle theta a, detects a reflection point R a of the surface reflected wave arriving at each transducer set 25.
- the direction in which the array transducers 22 are arranged is the x-axis
- the direction orthogonal to the x-axis is the y-axis.
- the bone surface line detection unit 44 detects a bone surface line by connecting a plurality of reflection points obtained by the surface reflection point detection unit 43 with straight lines or curves. Since the reflection point is a point on the surface of the cortical bone 10, the bone surface line represents the surface shape of the cortical bone 10.
- the surface shape (bone surface line) of the cortical bone 10 can be obtained by the shape detection unit 40.
- the reception waveform storage unit 50 transmits a process of transmitting ultrasonic waves from one of the plurality of transducers 24 to the cortical bone 10 and storing the reception waveforms (waveform signals) of all the transducers 24. Repeat while changing the vibrator 24 on the side one by one.
- the received waveforms to be stored are N ⁇ N.
- the received waveform when the transmitting side is the i-th transducer 24 and the receiving side is the j-th transducer 24 may be expressed as s ij (t).
- the function of the received waveform storage unit 50 corresponds to the processing of S102 to S104 (received waveform storage step) in the flowchart of FIG.
- the calculation unit 35 functioning as the received waveform storage unit 50 first selects one of the plurality of transducers 24 constituting the array transducer 22, and the transducer 24 performs the following operation. Control is performed to transmit ultrasonic waves to the cortical bone 10 (S102). And the calculating part 35 receives the ultrasonic wave transmitted from the said vibrator
- the echo waveform synthesizer 51 synthesizes the echo waveform by moving the focus position within the cortical bone 10 and forming a focusing beam corresponding to each focus position. Then, the echo waveform synthesis unit 51 evaluates the echo waveform from the viewpoint of whether or not the back surface of the cortical bone 10 is well focused, and selects (acquires) a good echo waveform.
- the function of the echo waveform synthesizer 51 corresponds to the processing of S105 to S109 (echo waveform synthesis step) in the flowchart of FIG. Describing along this flowchart, the calculation unit 35 functioning as the echo waveform synthesis unit 51 first determines the focus position within the cortical bone 10 (S105). Here, a virtual grid is determined as shown by a broken line in FIG. 7A in consideration of the surface shape line of the cortical bone 10, and one point appropriately selected from the intersection group of the virtual grid is set as the focus position. Next, the calculation unit 35 simulates the sound source on the assumption of the sound velocity of cortical bone and soft tissue, and propagates from the transmission-side transducer 24 to the focus position and returns to the reception-side transducer 24. A propagation path is calculated (S106). At this time, the calculation unit 35 correctly calculates the refraction on the bone surface of the path based on the well-known Snell's law using the bone surface information obtained in the shape detection step of S101.
- the reason for assuming the speed of sound is as follows. That is, the sound speed SOS soft in soft tissue is within a relatively small range of 1450 to 1585 m / s in any of fat, blood and muscle, and the sound speed SOS soft is an appropriate value within the above range. Even if the calculation is set to, the effect is considered to be small. Further, the sound speed SOS bone in the cortical bone 10 varies in the range of 2900 to 3400 m / s, and the influence of the sound speed fluctuation on the propagation time is about 20%, but on the other hand, the cortical bone of the tibia in the human body The thickness is empirically known to be in the range of 1 mm to 4 mm.
- the propagation time of the ultrasonic wave in the cortical bone 10 is greatly affected by the thickness of the cortical bone 10, it is less influenced by the fluctuation of the sound speed in the cortical bone 10, so the sound speed SOS bone in the cortical bone 10 is 2900-3400 m. It is considered that there is no problem even if the calculation is performed by setting an appropriate value within the range of / s. Based on the above concept, in the present embodiment, the sound speed SOS soft in the soft tissue and the sound speed SOS bone in the cortical bone 10 are assumed (fixed) to values that can be determined to be generally appropriate from the viewpoints of simple calculation and shortening the processing time. ) To calculate.
- the sound velocity SOS soft in the soft tissue and the sound velocity SOS bone of the cortical bone 10 are input or measured by appropriate means, and the refraction on the bone surface of the ultrasonic propagation path is calculated using the obtained sound velocity. Needless to say, however.
- the calculation unit 35 assumes that the sound velocity assumed as described above is the i-th transducer 24 on the transmission side and the j-th transducer 24 on the reception side.
- the ultrasonic propagation path passing through the focus position is calculated by simulation, and the propagation time t ij is calculated based on the simulation calculation.
- the propagation time t ij is calculated while varying the transmitting-side and receiving-side vibrators 24 in various ways.
- the computing unit 35 obtains the shortest min (t ij ) among the plurality of propagation times t ij obtained, and subtracts the obtained shortest time min (t ij ) from each propagation time t ij.
- the computing unit 35 performs a known envelope process on the obtained echo waveform s (t) to form an echo pattern S (t) (S108).
- the computing unit 35 evaluates whether or not the beam is well focused on the back surface of the cortical bone 10 for the obtained echo pattern S (t) (S109).
- various evaluation methods can be considered, for example, quantitative indicators such as peak amplitude rate, peak width, absolute amplitude, and number of peak ripples shown in FIG. 8 may be used alone or in combination.
- the peak amplitude rate is the ratio at which the second peak is smaller than the first peak.
- the peak width is a peak width at a height obtained by multiplying the size of the peak by a predetermined ratio (for example, 0.7).
- the absolute amplitude is the size of the peak that appears first.
- the number of peak ripples is a number obtained by counting pulsations (unevenness) appearing in the echo pattern.
- the number of peak ripples is 2 or 3, and the absolute amplitudes of the first peak (front surface echo) and the second peak (back surface echo) are each greater than or equal to a predetermined threshold value. If so, a method of determining that the back-surface reflected wave can be satisfactorily separated can be used. In short, it is only necessary to use an index that can identify a waveform in which the phases of the echoes are aligned and strengthened at the second peak portion indicating the back surface reflected wave.
- the process proceeds to the next thickness calculation step.
- the process returns to S105, the focus position is orthogonal to the contact surface 2a, and the transducers 24 are arranged in the array transducer 22. Shift appropriately in a plane parallel to the direction to be measured.
- the focus position is reset to an intersection different from the focus position set immediately before, among the intersections of the virtual grid in FIG. Thereafter, the processes of S106 to S108 are performed again.
- the echo waveform synthesis unit 51 performs the echo while scanning the focus position on the virtual grid in FIG. 7A until it is determined in S109 that the back waveform of the cortical bone 10 appears well. Echo patterns are created by combining waveforms one after another. Therefore, one echo pattern is obtained each time the processes of S105 to S108 are performed once (that is, for each focus position).
- FIG. 7B shows an example of an echo pattern when the focus position is set at the point P in FIG. 7A
- FIG. 7C shows the focus position at the point Q in FIG. 7A. An example of an echo pattern when is defined is shown.
- the back surface focus waveform acquisition unit 52 evaluates various echo waveforms obtained in this way, and identifies a waveform in which the back surface reflected wave appears favorably, for example, a waveform as shown in FIG. Thereby, an echo waveform in which the beam is well focused on the back surface of the cortical bone 10 can be found.
- the thickness calculation unit 53 calculates the thickness of the cortical bone 10 based on the echo waveform obtained by the back surface focus waveform acquisition unit 52.
- the function of the thickness calculation unit 53 corresponds to the process of S110 (echo waveform synthesis step) in the flowchart of FIG.
- the calculation unit 35 functions as the thickness calculation unit 53, obtains a time difference between the maximum peak and the next peak from the echo waveform (echo pattern), and based on the following equation: The thickness of the cortical bone 10 is calculated.
- the inventor of the present application performs CT tomography on the same part of the same subject, and is obtained. Compared with the CT images. Then, as a result of superimposing the thickness measurement data of the cortical bone 10 and the CT image, it was confirmed that the measurement values matched with high accuracy. Therefore, it was confirmed that the cortical bone thickness measuring apparatus 1 of the present embodiment can measure the thickness of the cortical bone 10 with good accuracy.
- the cortical bone thickness measurement apparatus 1 includes the transducer 24, the received waveform storage unit 50, the echo waveform synthesis unit 51, the back surface focus waveform acquisition unit 52, and the thickness calculation unit 53. And comprising.
- a plurality of transducers 24 are arranged side by side, and each is configured to be able to transmit ultrasonic waves to the cortical bone 10 and to acquire echo signals for the ultrasonic waves.
- the reception waveform storage unit 50 acquires and stores the reception waveforms of all the transducers 24 every time an ultrasonic wave is transmitted by each transducer 24.
- the echo waveform synthesis unit 51 synthesizes the reception waveform of each transducer 24 stored in the reception waveform storage unit 50 with the echo waveform corresponding to the ultrasonic beam while scanning the focus position of the ultrasonic beam. get.
- the back surface focus waveform acquisition unit 52 evaluates the echo waveform obtained by the echo waveform synthesis unit 51 to acquire an echo waveform in which the beam is well focused on the back surface of the cortical bone 10.
- the thickness calculation unit 53 calculates the thickness of the cortical bone 10 based on the echo waveform acquired by the back surface focus waveform acquisition unit 52.
- the thickness of the cortical bone 10 can be measured with good accuracy even in an environment where there are many holes between the front surface and the back surface or there are many unnecessary echoes.
- the scanning of the focus position may be terminated when the quantitative evaluation index value indicating whether or not the beam is well focused on the back surface of the cortical bone 10 is equal to or higher than a predetermined threshold.
- the focus waveform having the highest evaluation index value may be selected after scanning the position.
- the focus position is not limited to two-dimensional scanning along a virtual grid along the surface shape line of the cortical bone 10 as shown in FIG. Scanning direction) and a direction perpendicular to the contact surface 2a. Further, the focus position may be scanned one-dimensionally only in the direction perpendicular to the contact surface 2a.
- the echo waveform obtained by the synthesis may be configured to evaluate whether or not the back surface is well focused without being enveloped.
- the arithmetic unit 35 may be modified to be provided on the ultrasonic transducer 2 side. Further, the configuration is not limited to the configuration in which the ultrasonic transducer 2 and the apparatus main body 3 are separately provided, and the ultrasonic transducer 2 and the apparatus main body 3 may be integrated.
- the thickness measuring device of the present invention is not limited to the use for measuring bone thickness but can be widely applied to other uses.
- the thickness measuring device for nondestructive inspection such as measurement of the thickness of a metal pipe that may be corroded from the inside.
- Cortical bone thickness measuring device 24 transducer (transmission / reception unit) 40 shape detection unit 50 received waveform storage unit 51 echo waveform synthesis unit 52 back surface focus waveform acquisition unit 53 thickness calculation unit
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Abstract
Description
SOSsoftΔt=Wsinθa
従って、到来角度θaは、
θa=arcsin(SOSsoftΔt/W)
によって求めることができる。到来方向検出部41は、他の振動子組25についても同様に到来角度を求める。なお、本実施形態では軟組織11中の音速SOSsoftとしては経験により得られた値を用いているが、実測値を用いても良い。
La=Y+Y/cosθa
となる。一方、到達時間Taと軟組織11中の音速SOSsoftを用いると、
La=SOSsoft×Ta
であるから、反射点Raの位置を示す距離X,Yは、
Y=SOSsoft×Ta×cosθ/(1+cosθ)
X=Y×tanθ=SOSsoft×Ta×sinθ/(1+cosθ)
で求めることができる。このように、平面波の到来角度θaと到達時間Taに基づいて、反射点Raの位置を算出することができる。そして、表面反射点検出部43は、他の振動子組25についても同様に反射点を求める。
Δtij=tij-min(tij)
となる。
s(t)=Σsij(t-Δtij)
により求めることができる。
E=SOSbone×(Tp2-Tp1)/2
で求めることができる。
24 振動子(送受波部)
40 形状検出部
50 受信波形記憶部
51 エコー波形合成部
52 裏面フォーカス波形取得部
53 厚み算出部
Claims (10)
- 並べて配置され、それぞれが被測定体に超音波を送信可能であるとともに当該超音波に対するエコー信号を取得可能な複数の送受波部と、
それぞれの前記送受波部で超音波を送信するごとに全ての前記送受波部の受信波形を取得して記憶する受信波形記憶部と、
超音波ビームのフォーカス位置を走査させながら、当該超音波ビームに対応するエコー波形を、前記受信波形記憶部において記憶された各送受波部の受信波形を合成することにより取得するエコー波形合成部と、
前記エコー波形合成部により得られたエコー波形をそれぞれ評価することにより、前記被測定体の裏面にビームが良好にフォーカスしているエコー波形を取得する裏面フォーカス波形取得部と、
前記裏面フォーカス波形取得部により取得されたエコー波形に基づいて前記被測定体の厚みを算出する厚み算出部と、
を備えることを特徴とする厚み測定装置。 - 請求項1に記載の厚み測定装置であって、
前記被測定体の表面の位置及び形状を検出する表面検出部を備え、
前記エコー波形合成部は、前記被測定体の内外の音速を取得又は仮定した上で、前記フォーカス位置を走査させながら、送信側の送受波部から当該フォーカス位置を経由して受信側の送受波部に到達する超音波の経路を、前記表面検出部で取得した被測定体の表面での屈折を考慮しつつ計算し、この計算の結果に基づいて前記受信波形を合成して前記エコー波形を取得することを特徴とする厚み測定装置。 - 請求項2に記載の厚み測定装置であって、
前記エコー波形合成部は、前記フォーカス位置を走査させながら、送信側の送受波部から当該フォーカス位置を経由して受信側の送受波部に到達する超音波の伝播時間を計算するとともに、この伝播時間に基づいて計算される遅延時間だけズラして前記受信波形を合成することで前記エコー波形を取得することを特徴とする厚み測定装置。 - 請求項1から3までの何れか一項に記載の厚み測定装置であって、
前記エコー波形合成部は、前記超音波ビームのフォーカス位置を2次元で走査させることを特徴とする厚み測定装置。 - 請求項1から4までの何れか一項に記載の厚み測定装置であって、
前記裏面フォーカス波形取得部は、合成されたエコー波形をエンベロープ化し、得られたエコーパターンの形状を評価することで、前記被測定体の裏面にビームが良好にフォーカスしているエコー波形を取得することを特徴とする厚み測定装置。 - 請求項1から5までの何れか一項に記載の厚み測定装置であって、
前記厚み算出部は、前記裏面フォーカス波形取得部により取得されたエコー波形に現れる表面エコーと裏面エコーの時間差に基づいて、前記被測定体の厚みを算出することを特徴とする厚み測定装置。 - 請求項1から6までの何れか一項に記載の厚み測定装置であって、
複数の前記送受波部としての振動子を並べて配置したアレイ振動子を備えることを特徴とする厚み測定装置。 - 請求項7に記載の厚み測定装置であって、
前記アレイ振動子が備える複数の前記振動子は、一斉に超音波を送信可能であり、かつ、個別のタイミングで超音波を送波可能であることを特徴とする厚み測定装置。 - 請求項1から8までの何れか一項に記載の厚み測定装置であって、
前記被測定体が皮質骨であることを特徴とする厚み測定装置。 - 並べて配置され、それぞれが被測定体に超音波を送信可能であるとともに当該超音波に対するエコー信号を取得可能な複数の送受波部を有する厚み測定装置における厚み測定方法であって、
それぞれの前記送受波部で超音波を送信するごとに全ての前記送受波部の受信波形を取得して記憶する受信波形記憶工程と、
超音波ビームのフォーカス位置を走査させながら、当該超音波ビームに対応するエコー波形を、前記受信波形記憶工程において記憶された各送受波部の受信波形を合成することにより取得するエコー波形合成工程と、
前記エコー波形合成工程で得られたエコー波形をそれぞれ評価することにより、前記被測定体の裏面にビームが良好にフォーカスしているエコー波形を取得する裏面フォーカス波形取得工程と、
前記裏面フォーカス波形取得工程で取得されたエコー波形に基づいて前記被測定体の厚みを算出する厚み算出工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする厚み測定方法。
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WO2016073976A1 (en) * | 2014-11-07 | 2016-05-12 | Tessonics Corporation | An ultrasonic adaptive beamforming method and its application for transcranial imaging |
JP2020528310A (ja) * | 2017-07-19 | 2020-09-24 | ソルボンヌ・ユニヴェルシテSorbonne Universite | 超音波を用いて骨を特徴付ける方法 |
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CN110769754B (zh) * | 2017-06-21 | 2023-06-27 | 夏里特柏林大学医学院 | 用于测定皮质骨的系统、方法和计算机程序产品 |
US11896426B2 (en) * | 2018-12-04 | 2024-02-13 | Jonathan Joseph Kaufman | Dual-mode ultrasonic assessment of bone |
CN113983976B (zh) * | 2021-12-27 | 2022-03-29 | 北京瑞祥宏远科技有限公司 | 基于fpga的超声波管道测厚方法 |
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