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  • A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
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  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/44—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from protozoa
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  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
  • C12N9/1003—Transferases (2.) transferring one-carbon groups (2.1)
  • C12N9/1007—Methyltransferases (general) (2.1.1.)
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  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
  • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
  • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
  • C12N9/52—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from bacteria or Archaea
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  • C12Y201/01—Methyltransferases (2.1.1)
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  • C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
  • C12Y304/22—Cysteine endopeptidases (3.4.22)
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  • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
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  • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
  • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
  • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
  • C12N9/58—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from fungi
  • C12N9/60—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from fungi from yeast
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  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to formulations for combating Leishmania infections in animals or humans. Specifically, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a chimeric Leishmania antigen and method of vaccination against Leishmania. The present invention also relates to methods of producing soluble or disaggregated proteins using high pressure.
• Leishmaniasis is a major and severe parasitic disease that affects humans, canines, and to a lesser degree, felines.
• Leishmania and Viannia subgenera are grouped into complexes of species and subspecies based upon molecular, biochemical and immunological similarities.
• Cutaneous leishmaniasis of humans is associated with members of L. aethiopica, L. major, and L. tropica complexes in the Old World and L. mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes in the New World.
• Visceral leishmaniasis is caused by L. donovani and L. infantum in Old World regions while L.
• chagasi is primarily responsible for visceral disease in the New World. Because L. infantum is the primary agent associated with canine leishmaniasis, infections in dogs often are regarded as visceral even though they tend to cause both visceral and cutaneous disease. [0005]
• the agent of visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan parasite and belongs to the leishmania donovani complex. This parasite is widely distributed in temperate and subtropical countries of Southern Europe, Africa, Asia, South America and Central America (Desjeux P. et al., 1984, Nucl. Acids Res., 12:387-395).
• Leishmania donovani infantum (L. infantum) is responsible for the feline and canine disease in Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia. In South America and Central America, the agent is
• Leishmania donovani chagasi (L. chagasi), which is closely related to L. infantum. In humans, the agent is Leishmania donovani donovani (L. donovani), which is also related to L. infantum and L. chagasi.
• Leishmaniasis is a slowly progressive disease that can take up to 7 years to become clinically apparent (McConkey SE et al., 2002, Canine Vet J 43:607-609). Even then, signs are frequently nonspecific and a diagnosis of Leishmania is seldomly considered. Dogs are most commonly infected with L. infantum (L. donovani complex) which is responsible for viscerotropic disease in people. However, up to 90% of infected dogs present with both visceral and cutaneous lesions (Slappendel RJ et al., 1998, In: Greene CE: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, pp450-458).
• Dogs are considered the major reservoir of Leishmaniasis.
• the disease is characterized by chronic evolution of viscero-cutaneous signs occurring in less than 50%> of infected animals (Lanotte G. et al, 1979, Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 54:277-95).
• Both asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs with detectable antibodies may be infectious (Molina R. et al, 1994, Trans. R. Soc. Med. Hyg. 88:491-3; Courtenay O. et al, 2002, J. Infect. Dis., 186 : 1314-20).
• Cats may also be carriers of the protozoan parasites and are thus considered secondary potential reservoirs.
• Ketaconazole, miconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole are oral drugs that may be useful in containing the disease but are cost prohibitive and carry the risk of drug resistance when treating patients symptomatically.
• the various treatment regimens for leishmaniasis in dogs have been investigated but are not 100% efficacious; relapses are the rule rather than the exception.
• the veterinary practitioner is faced with the dilemma of treating symptomatic outbreaks of leishmaniasis in dogs at the risk of developing drug resistant strains of this parasite within the United States.
• Haynes et al. (Biotechnol. Prog., 2010, Vol. 26, No. 3, 743-749) discuss the use of high hydrostatic pressure to achieve high solubility and high refolding yields of growth hormone (GH) produced in E.coli inclusion bodies. US6,489,450, US7,064, 192,
• US7,767,795 and US7,615,617 disclose reversing aggregation and increasing refolding of denatured proteins by application of high pressure.
• the present invention demonstrated for the first time that a chimeric KSAC protein expressed in E. coli inclusion bodies was substantially solubilized and refolded after high pressure treatment.
• the present invention showed surprising result that application of stepwise increase of pressure coupled with prolonged treatment of inclusion bodies under high pressure produced high yield of soluble, disaggregated, refolded and active proteins.
• compositions and vaccines comprising the chimeric KSAC protein are provided. Such vaccines or compositions can be used to vaccinate an animal and provide protection against Leishmaniasis.
• the KSAC protein may be expressed in E. coli inclusion bodies and is subsequently solubilized by high pressure treatment.
• the KSAC protein possesses immunogenic and protective properties.
• Methods of the invention include methods for making and producing soluble, disaggregated, refolded or active proteins from inclusion bodies under high pressure for a prolonged period of time. Methods also include the methods of use including
• Figure 1 is a table showing the SEQ ID NO assigned to each DNA and protein sequence.
• Figures 2A-2C show the DNA and protein sequences.
• Figure 3 is a graph representation of the pressure and time treatment of KSAC inclusion bodies.
• Figure 4 is a schematic representation of comparison between high pressure treatment and classical chromatography refolding.
• Figure 5 is the graphic representation of KSAC refolding process.
• Figure 6 depicts the SDS-PAGE of KSAC refolded by exclusion chromatography.
• Figure 7 depicts the HPLC plot of refolded KSAC by exclusion chromatography.
• FIGS 8 A and 8B depict the dynamic light scattering (DLS) of refolded KSAC protein using exclusion chromatography.
• Figure 9 depicts the Qdot-blot of KSAC samples treated with 3000 bar.
• Figure 10 depicts the SDS-PAGE of KSAC samples treated with 3000 bar.
• Figure 11 depicts the HPLC of control samples and solubilized KSAC after 3000 bar treatment.
• Figure 12 depicts the superposed HPLC chromatogram of the supernatant of the 3000 bar pressure treated KSAC samples and the KSAC protein obtained with the classical refolding process.
• Figure 13 depicts the superposition of the DLS data obtained with the 3000 bar pressurized protein in the buffer without urea and the protein obtained with the classical refolding process.
• Figure 14 shows the effect of pressure and buffer on the protein sizes.
• Figure 15 depicts the HPLC chromatogram of 4000 bar treated samples.
• Figure 16 shows the DLS size distribution by number of the 5000 bar treated samples without urea.
• Figure 17 shows the comparison of KSAC soluble protein content determined by HPLC and Qdot-blot.
• Figures 18A and 18B depict the SDS-PAGE analysis of KSAC samples after high pressure treatments.
• Figures 19A-19D depict the Q-Dot Blott analysis of KSAC samples after high pressure treatments.
• Figure 20 depicts the HPLC analysis of KSAC samples after process A treatment.
• Figure 21 depicts the HPLC analysis of KSAC samples after process B treatment.
• Figure 22 depicts the HPLC analysis of KSAC samples after process A, process B and classical process treatments.
• animal is used herein to include all mammals, birds and fish.
• the animal as used herein may be selected from the group consisting of equine (e.g., horse), canine (e.g., dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals), feline (e.g., lions, tigers, domestic cats, wild cats, other big cats, and other felines including cheetahs and lynx), bovine (e.g., cattle), swine (e.g., pig), ovine (e.g., sheep, goats, lamas, bisons), avian (e.g., chicken, duck, goose, turkey, quail, pheasant, parrot, finches, hawk, crow, ostrich, emu and cassowary), primate (e.g., prosimian, tarsier, monkey, gibbon, ape), humans, and fish.
• equine e.g
• polypeptide and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of consecutive amino acid residues.
• nucleic acid As used herein, the terms "nucleic acid”, “nucleotide”, and “polynucleotide” are used
• RNA, DNA, cDNA, or cRNA and derivatives thereof such as those containing modified backbones.
• the invention provides polynucleotides comprising sequences complementary to those described herein.
• the "polynucleotide” contemplated in the present invention includes both the forward strand (5' to 3') and reverse complementary strand (3' to 5').
• Polynucleotides according to the invention can be prepared in different ways (e.g. by chemical synthesis, by gene cloning etc.) and can take various forms (e.g. linear or branched, single or double stranded, or a hybrid thereof, primers, probes etc.).
• genomic DNA or “genome” is used interchangeably and refers to the heritable genetic information of a host organism.
• the genomic DNA comprises the DNA of the nucleus (also referred to as chromosomal DNA) but also the DNA of the plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) and other cellular organelles (e.g., mitochondria).
• the genomic DNA or genome contemplated in the present invention also refers to the RNA of a virus.
• the RNA may be a positive strand or a negative strand RNA.
• genomic DNA contemplated in the present invention includes the genomic DNA containing sequences complementary to those described herein.
• the term “genomic DNA” also refers to messenger RNA (mRNA), complementary DNA (cDNA), and complementary RNA (cRNA).
• genes or polynucleotides include introns and exons as in genomic sequence, or just the coding sequences as in cDNAs , such as an open reading frame (ORF), starting from the start codon (methionine codon) and ending with a termination signal (stop codon). Genes and polynucleotides can also include regions that regulate their expression, such as transcription initiation, translation and transcription termination.
• ORF open reading frame
• promoters and ribosome binding regions in general these regulatory elements lie approximately between 60 and 250 nucleotides upstream of the start codon of the coding sequence or gene; Doree S M ei al; Pandher K et al; Chung J Y et al), transcription terminators (in general the terminator is located within approximately 50 nucleotides downstream of the stop codon of the coding sequence or gene; Ward C K et al).
• Gene or polynucleotide also refers to a nucleic acid fragment that expresses mRNA or functional RNA, or encodes a specific protein, and which includes regulatory sequences.
• heterologous DNA refers to the DNA derived from a different organism, such as a different cell type or a different species from the recipient.
• the term also refers to a DNA or fragment thereof on the same genome of the host DNA wherein the heterologous DNA is inserted into a region of the genome which is different from its original location.
• the term "antigen" or "immunogen” means a substance that induces a specific immune response in a host animal.
• the antigen may comprise a whole organism, killed, attenuated or live; a subunit or portion of an organism; a recombinant vector containing an insert with immunogenic properties; a piece or fragment of DNA capable of inducing an immune response upon presentation to a host animal; a polypeptide, an epitope, a hapten, or any combination thereof.
• the immunogen or antigen may comprise a toxin or antitoxin.
• immunogenic protein or peptide includes polypeptides that are immunologically active in the sense that once administered to the host, it is able to evoke an immune response of the humoral and/or cellular type directed against the protein.
• the protein fragment is such that it has substantially the same immunological activity as the total protein.
• a protein fragment according to the invention comprises or consists essentially of or consists of at least one epitope or antigenic determinant.
• An "immunogenic" protein or polypeptide, as used herein includes the full-length sequence of the protein, analogs thereof, or immunogenic fragments thereof.
• immunogenic fragment is meant a fragment of a protein which includes one or more epitopes and thus elicits the immunological response described above. Such fragments can be identified using any number of epitope mapping techniques, well known in the art.
• immunological response denotes the replacement of an amino acid residue by another biologically similar residue, or the replacement of a nucleotide in a nucleic acid sequence such that the encoded amino acid residue does not change or is another biologically similar residue.
• conservative substitutions will generally be conservative in nature, i.e., those substitutions that take place within a family of amino acids.
• amino acids are generally divided into four families: (1) acidic—aspartate and glutamate; (2) basic— lysine, arginine, histidine; (3) non-polar— alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan; and (4) uncharged polar— glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, serine, threonine, tyrosine. Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine are sometimes classified as aromatic amino acids.
• conservative variations include the substitution of one hydrophobic residue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine or methionine for another hydrophobic residue, or the substitution of one polar residue for another polar residue, such as the substitution of arginine for lysine, glutamic acid for aspartic acid, or glutamine for asparagine, and the like; or a similar conservative replacement of an amino acid with a structurally related amino acid that will not have a major effect on the biological activity.
• Proteins having substantially the same amino acid sequence as the reference molecule but possessing minor amino acid substitutions that do not substantially affect the immunogenicity of the protein are, therefore, within the definition of the reference polypeptide. All of the polypeptides produced by these modifications are included herein.
• the term “conservative variation” also includes the use of a substituted amino acid in place of an unsubstituted parent amino acid provided that antibodies raised to the substituted polypeptide also immunoreact with the unsubstituted polypeptide.
• epitope refers to the site on an antigen or hapten to which specific B cells and/or T cells respond. The term is also used interchangeably with “antigenic determinant” or “antigenic determinant site”. Antibodies that recognize the same epitope can be identified in a simple immunoassay showing the ability of one antibody to block the binding of another antibody to a target antigen.
• an "immunological response" to a composition or vaccine is the development in the host of a cellular and/or antibody-mediated immune response to a composition or vaccine of interest.
• an "immunological response” includes but is not limited to one or more of the following effects: the production of antibodies, B cells, helper T cells, and/or cytotoxic T cells, directed specifically to an antigen or antigens included in the composition or vaccine of interest.
• the host will display either a therapeutic or protective immunological response such that resistance to new infection will be enhanced and/or the clinical severity of the disease reduced. Such protection will be demonstrated by either a reduction or lack of symptoms normally displayed by an infected host, a quicker recovery time and/or a lowered viral titer in the infected host.
• polynucleotide or protein in its native environment or surrounding.
• the modification, alteration or engineering of a polynucleotide or protein may include, but is not limited to, deletion of one ore more nucleotides or amino acids, deletion of an entire gene, codon- optimization of a gene, conservative substitution of amino acids, insertion of one or more heterologous polynucleotides.
• inclusion bodies refers to inactive aggregates of heterologous proteins expressed in prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
• the terms “substantially soluble”, “substantially solubilized”, “substantially disaggregated” or “substantially refolded” are used interchangeably herein to refer to aggregated proteins in inclusion bodies that are at least 50%, at least 60%>, at least 70%>, at least 80%>, at least 90%>, at least 95%o, or at least 98%> soluble in aqueous solution, or are disaggregated, or are refolded to active form after treatments.
• Refolding means that a fully or partially denatured protein adopts secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure like that of the native molecule.
• One embodiment of the invention provides a composition or vaccine comprising a protein produced from E. coli.
• the protein may be a fusion protein comprising two or more immunogenic portions of Leishmania protein selected from Kinetoplastid
• the protein may be a fusion protein comprising Leishmania KMP11, SMT, A2 and CP designated as chimeric KSAC protein.
• KMP11 Sterol MethylTransferase
• SMT Sterol MethylTransferase
• CP Cysteine Proteinase
• the protein may be a fusion protein comprising Leishmania KMP11, SMT, A2 and CP designated as chimeric KSAC protein.
• the KSAC protein is solubilized from the E.coli inclusion bodies by a high pressure.
• the KSAC protein is substantially soluble in an aqueous solution or substantially refolded.
• homologs of aforementioned proteins or polynucleotides are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
• the term “homologs” includes orthologs, analogs and paralogs.
• the term “analogs” refers to two
• orthologs encode polypeptides having the same or similar functions.
• the term "paralogs" refers to two polynucleotides or polypeptides that are related by duplication within a genome. Paralogs usually have different functions, but these functions may be related. Analogs, orthologs, and paralogs of a wild-type polypeptide can differ from the wild-type polypeptide by post-translational modifications, by amino acid sequence differences, or by both.
• homologs of the invention will generally exhibit at least 80-85%, 85-90%, 90-95%, or 95%, 96%, 97%), 98%o, 99%) sequence identity, with all or part of the polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences described above, and will exhibit a similar function.
• the chimeric KSAC protein has at least 70%, 75%, 80%,
• polynucleotide encoding the chimeric KSAC protein has at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%), 98%) or 99% sequence identity to a polypeptide having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
• the KSAC encoding polynucleotide has at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a polynucleotide having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: l .
• sequence identity with respect to sequences can refer to, for example, the number of positions with identical nucleotides or amino acids divided by the number of nucleotides or amino acids in the shorter of the two sequences wherein alignment of the two sequences can be determined in accordance with the Wilbur and Lipman algorithm (Wilbur and Lipman).
• the sequence identity or sequence similarity of two amino acid sequences, or the sequence identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using Vector NTI software package (Invitrogen, 1600 Faraday Ave., Carlsbad, CA).
• RNA sequences are said to be similar, or have a degree of sequence identity or homology with DNA sequences, thymidine (T) in the DNA sequence is considered equal to uracil (U) in the RNA sequence.
• RNA sequences are within the scope of the invention and can be derived from DNA sequences, by thymidine (T) in the DNA sequence being considered equal to uracil (U) in RNA sequences.
• the polynucleotides of the disclosure include sequences that are degenerate as a result of the genetic code, e.g., optimized codon usage for a specific host.
• optimized refers to a polynucleotide that is genetically engineered to increase its expression in a given species.
• the DNA sequence of the KSAC protein gene can be modified to 1) comprise codons preferred by highly expressed genes in a particular species; 2) comprise an A+T or G+C content in nucleotide base composition to that substantially found in said species; 3) form an initiation sequence of said species; or 4) eliminate sequences that cause destabilization, inappropriate polyadenylation, degradation and termination of RNA, or that form secondary structure hairpins or RNA splice sites.
• Increased expression of KSAC protein in said species can be achieved by utilizing the distribution frequency of codon usage in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, or in a particular species.
• frequency of preferred codon usage refers to the preference exhibited by a specific host cell in usage of nucleotide codons to specify a given amino acid. There are 20 natural amino acids, most of which are specified by more than one codon. Therefore, all degenerate nucleotide sequences are included in the disclosure as long as the amino acid sequence of the KSAC polypeptide encoded by the nucleotide sequence is functionally unchanged.
• the present invention provides a method for producing a soluble, disaggregated, refolded or active protein expressed in prokaryotes or eukaryotes comprising the steps of (i) preparing the inclusion bodies in a buffer containing no or low concentration of urea to form inclusion body suspension; and (ii) subjecting the inclusion body suspension to a high pressure for a period of time.
• the present invention provides a method of producing a soluble, disaggregated, refolded or active protein expressed in prokaryotes or eukaryotes comprising the steps of (i) preparing the inclusion bodies in a buffer containing no or low concentration of urea to form inclusion body suspension; (ii) subjecting the inclusion body suspension to a gradual increase of pressure over a period of time; and (iii) maintaining the high pressure applied to the inclusion bodies for a period of time.
• the buffer may contain DiThio Threitol (DTT).
• DTT DiThio Threitol
• the DTT concentration may range from about ImM to about lOOmM, about ImM to about 90mM, about ImM to about 70mM, about ImM to about 60mM, about ImM to about 50mM, or about ImM, 2mM, 3mM, 4mM, 5mM, 6mM, 7mM, 8mM, 9mM, lOmM, 15mM, 20mM, 25mM, 30mM, 35mM, 40mM, 45mM, 50mM, 55mM, 60mM, 65mM, 70mM, 75mM, 80mM, 85mM, 90mM, 95mM, lOOmM.
• urea may not be present in the buffer.
• urea may be present in the buffer at the concentration of about 1M, about 2M, about 3M, about 4M, about 5M, about 6M, about 7M, about 8M, about 9 M, and about 10M.
• the high pressure may be in the range from about 1000 bar to about 5000 bar, from about 2000 bar to about 4000 bar.
• the high pressure may be any pressure in the range from about 2000 bar to about 4000 bar, for example, but not limiting to, 2000 bar, 2100 bar, 2200 bar, 2300 bar, 2400 bar, 2500 bar, 2600 bar, 2700 bar, 2800 bar, 2900 bar, 3000 bar, 3100 bar, 3200 bar, 3300 bar, 3400 bar, 3500 bar, 3600 bar, 3700 bar, 3800 bar, 3900 bar, and 4000 bar.
• the gradual increase of the pressure may be done continuously or stepwise.
• the gradual increase of the pressure is applied to the inclusion body suspension by continuously increasing the pressure at a constant rate over a period of time to reach the desired final high pressure.
• the pressure is increased at the rate of about 200 bar/min - about 1000 bar/min continuously over about 2 min - about 10 min to reach 2000 bar, at the rate of about 200 bar/min - about 1000 bar/min continuously over about 3 min - about 15 min to reach 3000 bar, at the rate of about 200 bar/min - about 1000 bar/min continuously over about 4 min - about 20 min to reach 4000 bar, at the rate of about 200 bar/min - about 1000 bar/min continuously over about 5 min - about 25 min to reach 5000 bar.
• the gradual increase of the pressure is applied stepwise.
• the pressure is increased at about 1000 bar/min for about one minute to reach 1000 bar, then the 1000 bar pressure is maintained for about one hour to relax the protein, after the relaxation period, the pressure is increased again at about 1000 bar/min for about one minute to reach the final desired high pressure of 2000 bar.
• the pressure may also be increased at about 1000 bar/min for about thirty seconds to reach 500 bar, the 500 bar pressure is maintained for about one hour to relax the protein, then the pressure is increased again at about 1000 bar/min for about thirty seconds to reach 1000 bar, the 1000 bar pressure is maintained for about one hour to relax the protein, the pressure is increased again at about 1000 bar/min for about thirty seconds to reach 1500 bar, the 1500 bar pressure is maintained for about one hour to relax the protein, then the pressure is increased again at about 1000 bar/min to reach the final desired pressure of 2000 bar.
• the same stepwise increase of the pressure at about 1000 bar/min for about one minute or about 30 seconds with intermediate relaxation of protein for about one hour may be employed.
• the pressure is increased at about 1000 bar/min for about one minute to reach 1000 bar, then the 1000 bar pressure is maintained for about one hour to relax the protein, the pressure is increased again at about 1000 bar/min for about one minute to reach the pressure of 2000 bar, then the 2000 bar pressure is maintained for about one hour to relax the protein for the second time, the pressure is increased again at about 1000 bar/min for about one minute to reach the final desired pressure of 3000 bar.
• the pressure can also be increased at about 1000 bar/min for about thirty seconds, with a plateau of 1 hour duration at each 500 bar, and the target pressure of 3000 bar may be reached after 5 hr.
• the pressure is increased at about 1000 bar/min for about one minute to reach 1000 bar, then the 1000 bar pressure is maintained for about one hour to relax the protein, the pressure is increased again at about 1000 bar/min for about one minute to reach the pressure of 2000 bar, then the 2000 bar pressure is maintained for about one hour to relax the protein for the second time, the pressure is increased again at about 1000 bar/min for about one minute to reach the final desired pressure of 3000 bar, then the 3000 bar pressure is maintained for about one hour to relax the protein for the third time, the pressure is increased again at 1000 bar/min for about one minute to reach the final desired pressure of 4000 bar.
• the pressure can also be increased at about 1000 bar/min for about thirty seconds, with a plateau of 1 hour duration at each 500 bar, and the target pressure of 4000 bar may be reached after 7 hr.
• the inclusion body suspension may be treated under the high pressure for about 10 hours to about 100 hours, about 20 hours to about 100 hours.
• the high pressure treatment is preferably for more than 24 hours, for example, for about 25 hours to about 100 hours, about 25 hours to about 80 hours, about 25 hours to about 60 hours, about 25 hours to about 50 hours, about 25 hours, about 26 hours, about 27 hours, about 28 hours, about 29 hours, about 30 hours, about 31 hours, about 32 hours, about 33 hours, about 34 hours, about 35 hours, about 36 hours, about 37 hours, about 38 hours, about 39 hours, about 40 hours, about 41 hours, about 42 hours, about 43 hours, about 44 hours, about 45 hours, about 46 hours, about 47 hours, about 48 hours, about 49 hours, about 50 hours.
• the present invention provides a method for producing a soluble, disaggregated, refolded or active protein expressed in prokaryotes or eukaryotes comprising the steps of (i) preparing the inclusion bodies in a buffer containing no or low concentration of urea to form inclusion body suspension; (ii) subjecting the inclusion body suspension to a gradual increase of pressure over a period of time; (iii) maintaining the high pressure applied to the inclusion bodies for a period of time; and (iv) recovering the protein by depressurization.
• Depressurization may be performed at the rate of about 83 bar/hr - 200 bar/hr.
• the prokaryotes contemplated in the present invention may include Avibacterium, Brucella, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus (e.g., Haemophilus suis), Salmonella (e.g., Salmonella enteridis, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella infantis ⁇ Shigella,
• Pasteur ella and Rimeirella.
• a number of expression vectors may be selected.
• Such vectors include, but are not limited to, the multifunctional E. coli cloning and expression vectors such as PBLUESCRIPT (Stratagene); piN vectors (Van Heeke & Schuster, J. Biol. Chern. 264:5503-5509 (1989)); and the like; PGEX Vectors
• the cell lines may be yeast (such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris), baculovirus cells, mammalian cells, plant cells.
• the expression vectors of eukaryotic systems include, but are not limited to, pVR1020 or pVT1012 vectors (Vical Inc., San Diego, CA), PichiaPink Vector
• the method for producing a soluble, disaggregated, refolded or active protein expressed in prokaryotes or eukaryotes provided in the present invention may be used to solubilize any proteins.
• the proteins may include antibodies and insulin.
• the present invention provides a composition or vaccine comprising the chimeric KSAC protein aforementioned and a pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier, excipient, vehicle or adjuvant.
• the pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carriers or adjuvant or vehicles or excipients are well known to the one skilled in the art.
• the pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier or adjuvant or vehicle or excipients that can be used for methods of this invention include, but are not limited to, 0.9% NaCl (e.g., saline) solution or a phosphate buffer, poly-(L-glutamate) or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
• the pharmaceutically or veterinarily acceptable carrier or vehicle or excipients may be any compound or combination of compounds facilitating the administration of the vector (or protein expressed from an inventive vector in vitro), or facilitating transfection or infection and/or improve preservation of the vector (or protein).
• compositions and vaccines according to the invention may comprise or consist essentially of one or more adjuvants.
• Suitable adjuvants for use in the practice of the present invention are (1) polymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid, maleic anhydride and alkenyl derivative polymers, (2) immunostimulating sequences (ISS), such as oligodeoxyribonucleotide sequences having one or more non-methylated CpG units (Klinman et al, 1996; W098/16247), (3) an oil in water emulsion, such as the SPT emulsion described on p 147 of "Vaccine Design, The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach" published by M. Powell, M.
• cation lipids containing a quaternary ammonium salt e.g., DDA (5) cytokines, (6) aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate, (7) saponin or (8) other adjuvants discussed in any document cited and incorporated by reference into the instant application, or (9) any combinations or mixtures thereof.
• a quaternary ammonium salt e.g., DDA (5) cytokines, (6) aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate, (7) saponin or (8) other adjuvants discussed in any document cited and incorporated by reference into the instant application, or (9) any combinations or mixtures thereof.
• a solution of adjuvant is prepared in distilled water, advantageously in the presence of sodium chloride, the solution obtained being at an acidic pH.
• This stock solution is diluted by adding it to the desired quantity (for obtaining the desired final concentration), or a substantial part thereof, of water charged with NaCl, advantageously physiological saline (NaCl 9 g/1) all at once in several portions with concomitant or subsequent neutralization (pH 7.3 to 7.4), advantageously with NaOH.
• This solution at physiological pH is used for mixing with the vaccine, which may be especially stored in freeze-dried, liquid or frozen form.
• the polymer concentration in the final vaccine composition can be from 0.01% to 2% w/v, from 0.06 to 1% w/v, or from 0.1 to 0.6% w/v.
• the subunit (protein) vaccine may be combined with adjuvants, like oil-in- water, water-in-oil-in-water emulsions based on mineral oil and/or vegetable oil and non ionic surfactants such as block copolymers, TWEEN®, SPAN®.
• adjuvants like oil-in- water, water-in-oil-in-water emulsions based on mineral oil and/or vegetable oil and non ionic surfactants such as block copolymers, TWEEN®, SPAN®.
• emulsions are notably those described in page 147 of "Vaccine Design - The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach", Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 1995, or TS emulsions, notably the TS6 emulsion, and LF emulsions, notably LF2 emulsion (for both TS and LF emulsions, see WO
• Suitable adjuvants are for example vitamin E, saponins, and
• CARBOPOL® Noveon; see WO 99/51269; WO 99/44633
• aluminium hydroxide or aluminium phosphate (Vaccine Design, The subunit and adjuvant approach"
• biological adjuvants i.e. C4b, notably murine C4b (Ogata R T et al) or equine C4b, GM-CSF, notably equine GM-CSF (US 6,645,740)
• toxins i.e. cholera toxins CTA or CTB, Escherichia coli heat-labile toxins LTA or LTB (Olsen C W et al; Fingerut E et al; Zurbriggen R et al Peppoloni S et al)
• CpG i.e. CpG #2395 (see Jurk M et al), CpG #2142 (see SEQ. ID. NO: 890 in EP 1,221,955)).
• Another aspect of the invention relates to a method for inducing an
• immunological response in an animal against one or more antigens or a protective response in an animal against one or more pathogens which method comprises inoculating the animal at least once with the vaccine or pharmaceutical composition of the present invention.
• Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method for inducing an immunological response in an animal to one or more antigens or a protective response in an animal against one or more Leishmania pathogens in a prime -boost administration regime, which is comprised of at least one primary administration and at least one booster administration using at least one common polypeptide, antigen, epitope or immunogen.
• the immunological composition or vaccine used in primary administration may be same, may be different in nature from those used as a booster.
• the prime-administration may comprise one or more administrations.
• the boost administration may comprise one or more administrations.
• the prime-boost administrations may be carried out 2 to 6 weeks apart, for example, about 3 weeks apart.
• a semi- annual booster or an annual booster, advantageously using the subunit (protein) vaccine is also envisioned.
• the prime-boost administration can include the subunit vaccine or composition comprising the chimeric KSAC protein aforementioned.
• the prime -boost administration can also include recombinant viral vectors and plasmid vectors expressing Leishmania antigens (see, for example, US2009/0324649 which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
• the composition or vaccine comprising the KSAC protein is administered followed by the administration of vaccine or composition comprising a recombinant viral vector that contains and expresses any Leishmania antigens, or a DNA plasmid vaccine or composition that contains and expresses any Leishmania antigens, or an inactivated viral vaccine or composition comprising the Leishmania antigens.
• one administration of the vaccine is performed at 10 to 15-week old by the subcutaneous or intramuscular route.
• a second or third administration can be done within the 2-6 weeks of the first administration.
• the animals are preferably at least 4- week old at the time of the first administration.
• a variety of administration routes may be used in addition to subcutaneously or intramuscularly, such as intradermally or transdermally.
• composition or vaccine according to the invention comprise or consist essentially of or consist of an effective quantity to elicit a therapeutic response of one or more polypeptides as discussed herein; and, an effective quantity can be determined from this disclosure, including the documents incorporated herein, and the knowledge in the art, without undue experimentation.
• a dose may include, from about ⁇ g to about 2000 ⁇ g, about 5 ⁇ g to about 1000 ⁇ g, about 10 ⁇ g to about 100 ⁇ g, about 20 ⁇ g to about 1000 ⁇ g, about 30 ⁇ g to about 500 ⁇ g, or about 50 ⁇ g to about 500 ⁇ g.
• the dose volumes can be between about 0.1ml to about 10ml, or between about 0.2ml to about 5ml.
• the KSAC inclusion bodies produced from E. coli were prepared in the following three buffers: 1) Tris 20mM, 50mM DiThio Threitol (DTT), pH8; 2) Tris 20mM, 50mM DiThio Threitol (DTT), pH8, urea 1M; 3) Tris 20mM, 50mM DiThio Threitol (DTT), pH8, urea 2M.
• the KSAC inclusion bodies prepared in the same buffers at room temperature without pressure during the entire treatment duration were used as controls.
• Figure 3 shows the steps of pressure levels for protein relaxation during the pressure increase (stepwise increase of pressure). Pressurization at target pressure was applied for 48 hours, then the samples were depressurized for 24 hours.
• Figure 4 shows the schematic comparison between the high pressure
• solubilisation and folding of recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies and the classical solubilisation and folding of recombinant proteins from inclusion bodies.
• FIG. 5 shows the schematic graph of KSAC refolding.
• Figure 6 shows the typical SDS-PAGE pattern of the KSAC protein after the KSAC protein was solubilized in 7M urea, 20mM DTT and refolded by exclusion chromatography.
• Figure 7 shows the typical HPLC plot of the KSAC protein. The HPLC chromatogram identifies the trimer of KSAC protein by its mass. The protein concentration and the relative purity towards total protein content were estimated.
• Figure 8 shows the dynamic light scattering (DLS) of refolded KSAC protein using exclusion chromatography.
• Fig.8A shows the distribution by number which indicates that the majority of the population has a size of 12 to 18nm.
• Fig.8B shows the exhaustive range of size detected that is not linked to relative population. Objects between 10 and 800nm were detected.
• Figure 12 is the superposed HPLC chromatogram of the supernatant of the 3000 bar pressure treated KSAC samples and the KSAC protein obtained with the classical refolding process. The results show that the peaks are similar that the soluble protein obtained by high pressure treatment is organized in trimer.
• Table 1 shows quantification of KSAC protein after 3000 bar treatment by qDot-blot and HPLC.
• the quantity of solubilized protein was about 800 ⁇ g/ml. This was very close to the estimated quantity of initial KSAC protein as inclusion bodies (1000 ⁇ g/ml). The solubilisation yield is very high (75-100%).
• Figure 13 shows the superposition of the DLS data obtained with the 3000 bar pressurized protein (lighter line) in the buffer without urea and the protein obtained with the classical refolding process (darker line).
• the exhaustive range of size shows that less objects of higher size are detected in pressurized samples.
• the distribution by number shows that the majority of the pressure-refolded population has a similar size with the population refolded by the classical process and the folding seems very similar.
• Figure 14 shows that the protein sizes obtained at 3000 bar are identical to protein sizes obtained from classical chromatography refolding for all three buffers used
• Figure 15 shows HPLC chromatogram of 4000 bar treated samples. The results show that proteins with sizes larger than KSAC protein appeared when no urea was present in the buffer, or with only 1M urea was added in the buffer. Protein size was as expected when 2M was added in the buffer.
• Figure 16 shows the DLS size distribution by number of the 5000 bar treated samples without urea. The results indicate that three populations of proteins were detected with large sizes up to 90nm. The population whose size is similar to the
• Figure 17 shows the comparison of KSAC soluble protein content determined by HPLC and Qdot-blot. The results indicate that the maximum concentrations of
• solubilized proteins are obtained with 3000 bar treated samples with good consistency between HPLC and Qdot-blot technologies.
• the presence of urea helps to increase the solubilization yield.
• HPLC gives higher yield than Qdot-blot, indicating a loss of recognition of the antigens.
• Post vaccinal survey was performed as long as any sign was detected [0103] After vaccination (on D77), the dogs were transferred to South Italy, in a highly endemic area for canine Leishmaniasis to testing up to 15 months (M15). Post vaccinal survey included the evaluation of rectal temperature, general condition (see Table 3), pain on palpation (presence/absence), cutaneous heat (presence/absence), itching
• lymph nodes 3 prescapular or retromandibular lymph nodes
• OCS Overall Clinical Score
• Infection patterns were categorized into 4 categories (Oliva et al. 2006, J of Clin Microbiol 44:1318-22) and regrouped in non-established (alias non active) and active infections depending on whether culture -based analysis was positive or negative.
• PCR qPCR on spleen aspirate
• IFAT ImmunoFluorescent Antibody Test
• the objective of the study is to compare the efficiency of solubilizing protein from inclusions bodies by different processes.
• process B the inclusions bodies suspensions were treated according to the method described in US 6,489,450.
• the samples were subject to pressurization at constant rate up to 2500 bar in 1 hr.
• the 2500 bar pressure was maintained for 6 hrs.
• Depressurization was performed at constant rate for 1 hr reducing the pressure from 2500 bar to 0 bar.
• Control * no high pressure treatment, stored at room temperature.
• KSAC protein amounts calculated from the band intensity on the SDS-PAGE were presented in Table 9 below.
• Table 9 Com arative inte ration of the intensities of the bands measured on SDS els
• Figure 20 shows the superposition of the HPLC chromatograms of the supernatant of the control and process A treated sample.
• the retention time, retention volume and estimated purity obtained for the process A treated sample are show in Table 11 below.
• Figure 21 shows the superposition of the HPLC chromatograms of the supernatant of process A treated sample and process B treated sample.
• the retention time, retention volume and estimated purity obtained for the process A treated sample are show in Table 12 below.
• Figure 22 shows the superposition of the HPLC chromatograms of the supernatant of process A treated sample, process B treated sample and classical process treated sample (denaturation and refolding obtained by urea and DTT treatment).
• the retention time, retention volume and estimated purity obtained for the process A treated sample are show in Table 13 below.
• process A provided better solubilization of KSAC protein than process B judging from the peak areas (2525 ImAU for process A vs 10506mAU for process B). Both process A and B allow obtaining a refolding of the KSAC protein very close to the one obtained using the classical process (solubilization using urea + DTT treatment and refolding by SEC chromatography).

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