Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
  • C10M107/20—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound containing oxygen
  • C10M107/22—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M107/28—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/04—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing aromatic monomers, e.g. styrene
  • C10M2205/043—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing aromatic monomers, e.g. styrene used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2209/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2209/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M2209/08—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing monomers having an unsaturated radical bound to a carboxyl radical, e.g. acrylate type
  • C10M2209/084—Acrylate; Methacrylate
  • C10M2209/0845—Acrylate; Methacrylate used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2227/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2227/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions having a silicon-to-carbon bond, e.g. organo-silanes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/06—Instruments or other precision apparatus, e.g. damping fluids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
  • C10N2050/023—Multi-layer lubricant coatings
  • C10N2050/025—Multi-layer lubricant coatings in the form of films or sheets
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an agent in particular for the surface modification of an article, such as for the modification of the tribological surface properties of an article. Moreover, the present invention relates to the use of such an agent, to an article having a surface being coated with such an agent, to a method for producing such an article as well as to the use of such an article.
• the object underlying the present invention is the results of the differentiation between lubricants and substrates which are not thought together as a unique tribological system.
• the invention aims to provide an improved agent which is suitable for the surface lubrication of an article, i.e. for the modification of the tribological surface properties of an article, wherein the agent is capable of at least one of forming on the surface a coating layer having an improved uniformity of molecules of the agent, forming a coating layer having an improved density of molecules of the agent, forming a coating layer having a higher thickness, forming a coating layer having improved aesthetic properties and/or forming a coating layer having an improved lubrication degree.
• this object is solved by providing an agent which comprises one or more molecules having the general formula (1 ):
• A is an anchor group comprising a moiety selected from the group consisting of silane groups, hydroxyl groups, catechol groups, phosphate groups, phosphonate groups, carboxylic acid groups, amine groups, thiol groups and any combination of two or more of the aforementioned groups and
• F is a functionalizing group, wherein the functionalizing group comprises a branched polymer having a backbone and at least two side groups, wherein at least one of the side groups is a C1 -20 hydrocarbon group or a perhalogenated C1 -20 hydrocarbon group.
• the agent according to the present invention can be easily optimized concerning its properties, such as concerning its adherence to the surface material, because the anchor group can be chosen for this purpose independently from the nature of the functionalizing group.
• the modified article surface provides an excellent resistance towards cleaning.
• a layer of such an agent on a surface exhibits excellent aesthetic properties.
• such an agent can be easily optimized to allow a lubricant to enter into it and to swell it, in order to increase the lubrication performances of the article surface.
• the aforementioned excellent surface properties may be attributed to an improved packing of the molecules of the agent according to the present invention on the surface of the article and to an increased density of carbon atoms which is achieved by using an agent having a functionalizing group which comprises a branched polymer.
• the packing of molecules can be precisely controlled and, incidentally, the thickness of the branched polymers can be reliably produced.
• branched polymers allow the use of multi- monomers with localized functionalization, i.e. by selective UV exposure, polymerization may occur only at predetermined location.
• branched polymers permit to highly tune the cross-linking with another molecule.
• the anchor group can be selected from a broad variety of functional groups, the anchor group of the A-F molecules may be chosen to optimize its adherence on a specific surface material.
• the agent according to the present invention can be applied to a variety of different surface materials by appropriately selecting the anchor group.
• the agent can be easily and efficiently prepared directly or indirectly on the surface to be modified.
• a polymerization method is suitable, in which an anchor group A, which is appropriate for the selected material.
• anchor group A can be bound to the surface, thereafter the functionalizing group is synthesized via a graft polymerization of the monomers onto the anchor group to form the A-F of the agent or the functionalizing group is synthesized via a graft polymerization of the monomers onto the anchor group A, thereafter anchor group A is bound to the surface to form the A-F of the agent according to alternative embodiments of the present invention.
• the agent according to the present invention is capable of trapping a solvent in order to swell agent, to thereby form a modified article surface having a particular and surprising low friction coefficient in comparison with a respective surface, to which a respective lubricant is applied without the agent according to the present invention.
• This advantage is due to the controlled density of the side groups. Indeed, branched polymers imply side groups with a high density and heterogeneous distribution (side groups have various directions) in a predetermined volume.
• hydrocarbon group which is used in the present invention is not subject to special limitations, but comprises unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups as well as any kind of substituted hydrocarbon group.
• hydrocarbon group is not limited to groups consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms only, but also extends to groups which also comprise other substituents, like e.g. a halogen substituent or an ester group.
• a catechol group according to the present invention comprises a 1 ,2- dihydroxybenzene group and any substituted 1 ,2-dihydroxybenzene group, such as a dopamine group or a nitrodopamine group.
• anchor group comprising an amine group comprises according to the present invention also polyamine-derived anchor groups.
• an anchor group may contain a structural unit which is derived from a polyamine, i.e. from a compound which contains more than one terminal amino group and optionally contains one or more secondary and/or tertiary amino groups.
• the functionalizing group F comprises the branched polymer.
• the functionalizing group F consists of the branched polymer, i.e. does not contain any further group in addition to the branched polymer.
• the at least one of the side groups is a C2-18 hydrocarbon group, preferably a C4-1 7 hydrocarbon group, more preferably a C6-16 hydrocarbon group and most preferably a C8-14 hydrocarbon group.
• At least 50%, preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 90% and most preferably all of the side groups are a hydrocarbon group, wherein the hydrocarbon groups are preferably C1 -20 hydrocarbon groups, more preferably C2-1 8 hydrocarbon groups, even more preferably C4-1 7 hydrocarbon groups, still more preferably C6-1 6 hydrocarbon groups and most preferably C8-14 hydrocarbon groups.
• the at least one side group may be an unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, i.e. a hydrocarbon group comprising exclusively C-H bonds, or a substituted hydrocarbon group.
• a hydrocarbon group comprising exclusively C-H bonds
• all substituted hydrocarbon groups can be used, wherein particular good results are obtained if the substituted hydrocarbon group is an alkyl ester group and preferably an unsubstituted alkyl ester group. Agents with such groups are in particular suitable to improve the lubrication properties of the article surface.
• the hydrocarbon group is selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, aryl groups, alkylaryl groups, arylalkyl groups, alkenylaryl groups, arylalkenyl groups, alkynylaryl groups, arylalkynyl groups, alkyl ester groups, alkenyl ester groups, alkynyl ester groups, aryl ester groups, alkylaryl ester groups, arylalkyi ester groups, alkenylaryl ester groups, arylalkenyl ester groups, alkynylaryl ester groups, arylalkynyl ester groups and any combination of two or more of the aforementioned groups. All of the alkyl groups, alkenyl groups and alkynyl groups may be linear, branched or cyclic.
• the hydrocarbon group is an alkyl ester group and more preferably a linear alkylester group.
• alkylester groups are hydrocarbon groups, which are selected from the group consisting of acrylate esters, methacrylate esters, styrene derivatives having at least one alkyl group attached to the aromatic ring and any combination of two or more of the aforementioned groups.
• the hydrocarbon group is an arylalkyi or an alkylaryl group and even more preferably a linear arylalkyi or a linear alkylaryl group.
• the agent according to the present patent application improving the lubrication properties of an article surface it is particularly preferred that the branched polymer has a certain volume, namely that it comprises 50 to 500, preferably 1 00 to 450, more preferably 150 to 400, even more preferably 200 to 350 and most preferably 220 to 300 side groups.
• all of the side groups are the same or different and preferably C6-20 hydrocarbon groups, more preferably C8-18 hydrocarbon groups, even more preferably C10-16 hydrocarbon groups and most preferably C1 1 -14 hydrocarbon groups.
• All of the aforementioned hydrocarbon groups are preferably unsubstituted hydrocarbon groups or alkyl ester groups.
• the agent according to the present patent application improving the lubrication properties of an article surface it is particularly preferred that the branched polymer has a certain volume, namely that it has a dry thickness of 50 to 2000 nm and, preferably between 200 to 1000 nm polymer brushes in order to improve wear resistance.
• lubricant to be incorporated for example by swelling into the agent all known lubricants can be used.
• Non-limiting examples therefore are ionic liquids, mineral oils, vegetable oils, animal oils, synthetic oils, fats, waxes, polyol esters, neutral oils, vaseline or the like.
• the agent according to the present invention preferably has a certain length. Accordingly, it is preferred that the length of the backbone of the agent is within a range of from 10 to 300 nm, more preferably of from 50 to 250 nm, even more preferably of from 1 00 to 200 nm and most preferably of from 1 20 to 180 nm.
• At least one of the side groups of the branched polymer of the functionalizing group F has at least one functional group which is capable of cross-linking with another molecule of the agent having the general formula (1 ).
• Such a crosslinking improves the wear resistance of the branched polymer and is thus in particular preferred. If a plurality of crosslinking groups is present in the branched polymer, these crosslinking groups can be distributed statistically over the molecule or may be distributed in blocks.
• the branched polymer comprises at least one block comprising at least 5 and preferably at least 1 0 side groups, wherein at least 2 of these side groups comprise each at least one functional group which is capable of cross-linking with another molecule of the agent having the general formula (1 ).
• the branched polymer contains at least one further block comprising at least 5 and preferably at least 10 side groups, wherein all side groups of this at least one further block do not contain functional groups being capable of cross-linking with another molecule of the branched polymer.
• the branched polymer contains two of the further blocks each of which comprising at least 5 and preferably at least 1 0 side groups, wherein all side groups of these further blocks do not contain functional groups being capable of cross-linking with another molecule of the branched polymer, wherein the block comprising at least 5 and preferably at least 1 0 side groups, wherein at least 2 of these side groups comprise each at least one functional group which is capable of cross-linking with another molecule of the agent having the general formula (1 ), is arranged between the two further blocks.
• a further subject matter of the present invention is an article comprising a substrate having at least one surface, wherein at least one of the at least one surface is coated with the above mentioned agent.
• At least one of the anchor groups of the molecules of the agent having the general formula (1 ) is bonded to the surface of the substrate. Even if a physical bonding or a bonding via ionic groups is possible, it is preferred that at least one of the anchor groups of the molecules of the agent having the general the formula (1 ) is covalently bonded to the surface of the substrate.
• the agent according to the present invention can be bonded to every substrate.
• suitable substrate materials are those selected from the group consisting of silicon, diamondlike carbon, silicon carbide, sapphire, steel, metal-coated steel, nickel- plated steel, ruby, aluminium oxide, iron oxide, a magnesium alloy, silicon oxide, niobium oxide, titanium oxide, a polymer and any combination of two or more of the aforementioned materials.
• the type of anchor group determines the adherence of the agent according to the present invention the specific substrate, so that the anchor group has to be selected in dependency of the substrate material. Good results for substrates made of silicon, silicon carbide, sapphire and diamond like carbon are e.g.
• a silane group containing anchor group whereas a suitable example for an anchor group for substrates made of steels, metals, ruby, aluminium oxide and iron oxide is a nitrodopamine group.
• phosphate groups and phosphonate groups are suitable anchor groups particularly for substrates made of magnesium alloys
• carboxylic acid groups are suitable anchor groups particularly for substrates made of steel and iron oxides
• polyamine groups are suitable anchor groups particularly for substrates made of oxides of silicon, niobium, titanium and/or aluminium
• thiol groups are suitable anchor groups particularly for substrates made of gold.
• a further subject matter of the present invention is a method for producing the aforementioned article comprising the steps of:
• the method according to the invention for producing the aforementioned article comprises the steps of: (c') providing at least one kind of monomer,
• the method according to the invention for producing the aforementioned article comprises the steps of:
• the branched polymer may also be manufactured with a surface- Initiated Oxygen-Tolerant ARGET ATRP Synthesis.
• ARGET ATRP polymerisation reactions were carried out using only CuBr2 and never Fe-based salts, irrespectively of the substrate type.
• the initiator-functionalized wafer is placed in a reaction flask (20 ml_ Schlenk tube, small 5 ml round-bottom flask or a 20 ml flat bottom vial) which is then sealed with a rubber septum.
• the solid reagents CuBr2 (5 mg, 0.022 mmol) and 4,4'-Dinonyl-2,2'- bipyridine (44 mg, 0.1 1 mmol), were added to a 100 ml_ flask connected to a Schlenk. Afterwards the air was removed by applying three cycles of vacuum and backfilling with nitrogen— this was done to attain control over the ratio of oxygen and reducing agent present in the system. The vacuum is pumped each time for at least 2 minutes.
• inhibitor-free monomer (dodecyl methacrylate) was added to a sealed flask (simply by syringe from the monomer bottle) and vigorously stirred at 1 1 0°C for at least 5 minutes until the mixture appears light purple and the ligand is completely dissolved.
• the viscous reducing agent (Sn(ethyl hexanoate)2 1 .4 mL, 4.34 mmol) into the sealed reaction flask, it is diluted with 2.3 mL of ultra-dry anisole (99.7% anhydrous, Sigma-Aldrich) in a separate glass container (unsealed).
• the reducing agent-solvent solution is then injected into the hot mixture of monomer, CuBr2 and ligand, and at this moment the complete reacting mixture is obtained. After 5 minutes maximum of vigorous stirring at 1 1 0°C, the desired volume of light yellow-brown liquid solution is then transferred into the closed reaction flask containing initiator-functionalized wafers.
• reaction flask is not connected with the Schlenk line, an empty balloon is connected with the flask, which is able to expand and accommodate additional gas volume without allowing additional air into the flask. All liquid transfer is preferably carried out with oxygenated syringes (just removed from package). Moreover, in preferred manner, if the reaction is carried out in reaction flasks connected with the Schlenk line, the wafers undergo the vacuum-nitrogen cycles in order to provide an inert atmosphere during the further reaction. In this case, no empty balloon is needed to accommodate overpressure.
• the graft polymerization may be performed according to any technique known to a person skilled in the art. However, particularly good results are obtained, if the graft polymerization is performed as atom transfer radical polymerization.
• the agent according to the present invention may be used in mechanical engineering, preferably in precision engineering and most preferably in the clock- and/or watchmaking sector.
• the article according to the present invention may be used in mechanical engineering, preferably in precision engineering and most preferably in the clock- and/or watchmaking sector.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of polymer-brush-aided lubrication
• FIG. 2-3 are graphs showing the positive influence of the swelling configuration compared to the bare surface one for an ester type lubricant;
• FIGS. 4-7 are graphs showing the positive influence of the swelling configuration compared to the bare surface one regarding different alkane type lubricants
• FIGS. 8-9 are graphs showing the positive influence of the swelling configuration compared to the bare surface one regarding a common watchmaking lubricant.
• the mixture was stirred under inert gas for 24 hours and diluted with 1 00 ml of hexane, washed twice with 1 00 ml of 2 M HCI (prepared by adding 42 ml of 37% HCI to 208 ml of H20) and washed 4 times with 100 ml of ultra-pure water.
• the organic phase was separated and dried over magnesium sulfate for 60 minutes before being filtered using a filter paper and concentrated at 130 mbar at 40 °C.
• the obtained crude product was purified by passing through a silica column (silica gel 60, diameter 80 mm, height ca. 27 cm, eluent: 1 .5 I of dichloromethane, gravity). After removal of the eluent in vacuum 10- undecen-1 -yl-2-bromo-2-methylpropionate was obtained as a colourless oily product which was stored under inert gas at 4°C until the second step described in the following.
• Example 1 (i) Bonding of the Initiator to a Silicon Surface
• Silicon articles (P/B ⁇ 100>, Si-Mat Silicon Wafers, Germany) were washed 3 times with isopropanol in the sonication bath, treated for 30 minutes in a UV ozone cleaner (UV/Ozone ProCleanerTM and ProCleanerTM Plus, IA, USA). The so obtained cleaned articles were immediately immersed in a 10 mM solution of the BPCS initiator in freshly distilled toluene and incubated under an inert atmosphere for 24 hours.
• UV ozone cleaner UV/Ozone ProCleanerTM and ProCleanerTM Plus, IA, USA
• the BPCS-initiator-functionalized silicon surface obtained according to the preceding protocol was characterized by a static-contact-angle (CA) measurement. This measurement performed on a BPCS layer adsorbed on a UV/ozone-cleaned ultra-hydrophilic silicon surface, which before being immersed into the solution of the BPCS initiator had an initial contact angle of below 3 °, resulted in a contact angle of 77 ° ⁇ 2 °.
• CA static-contact-angle
• the thickness of the BPCS layer was determined to be 1 .8 ⁇ 0.1 nm by using a variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometer (VASE) (M-2000F, LOT Oriel GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany).
• VASE variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometer
• the ellipsometric measurement data were collected at three different angles of incidence 65°, 70° and 75°, and the incident wavelength was varied between 995 and 370 nm.
• the ob- tained thickness values is a result of a fit to a three-layer model, Si jell / SiO2 / Cauchy, defined in the WVASE32 software (LOT Oriel GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany).
• the obtained solution was stirred for 5 minutes under heating with a hot oil bath having a temperature of 1 10 °C to achieve a dark brown homogeneous mix- ture.
• 4 ml of this mixture were transferred to the BPCS-modified silicon article sample prepared in step (i) being placed in a 20 ml Schlenk tube under an inert atmosphere using an oxygen-free syringe.
• the reaction was kept at 1 10 °C under an inert atmosphere for three hours.
• the reaction was quenched by exposure to air atmosphere and addition of toluene, and the obtained article, i.e. a silicon substrate having attached to its surface via a silane moiety the polymer resulting from the aforementioned reaction, was separated from the mixture.
• the article obtained in the preceding step (ii) was subjected to purification in order to remove the non-bonded material.
• the purification can be performed by immersing the obtained article in dichloromethane under sonication for 1 5 minutes which was performed all in all three times before the article was dried. Other kind of purification can be alternatively performed.
• the thickness of the surface-bound polymer coating was determined to be between 200 to 350 nm using a variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometer (VASE) (M-2000F, LOT Oriel GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany).
• VASE variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometer
• Example 2 The procedure for example 1 was followed except that in step (ii) 19 ml (16.8 g) of n-hexyl methacrylate, 2.1 ml of anisole, 425 mg of dNbpy, 94 mg of copper (I) bromide and 23 mg of copper (II) bromide were used.
• the thickness of the surface-bound polymer coating was determined ac-cording to the method of example 1 to be between 50 to 150 nm.
• step (ii) 18.9 ml (16.3 g) of stearyl methacrylate, 4.7 ml of anisole, 208 mg of dNbpy, 46 mg of copper (I) bromide and 1 1 mg of copper (II) bromide were used.
• the thickness of the surface-bound polymer coating was determined according to the method of example 1 to be between 150 to 250 nm.
• Figure 1 shows typical polymer brushes composed of a silane anchor and methacrylate residues.
• Figures 2-3 are graphs showing the positive influence of the swelling configuration compared to the bare surface one for an ester type lubricants (Moebius HP500; 500 cSt/20°).
• the contact surfaces are glass & silicon, and polymer is of the Example 1 type on both surfaces (with a 250nm thickness in dry state).
• Figure 2 shows the positive influence of the swelling configuration compared to the bare surface one.
• the boundary lubrication regime is cancelled out. This phenomena (the expulsion of lubricant when the polymers are subjected to pressure), prevents the interlocking between the surface asperities.
• the role of the swelling polymers is minimized by the role of the lubricant in the surface separation. The shearing is taken away from the polymers' area to take place within the lubricant only.
• the swelling polymers have a positive tribological role on the friction at low speeds ( ⁇ 1 cm/s), cancelling out the negative boundary lubrication.
• wear it is expected to see none at all due to the full separation of the surfaces by the ejection of lubricant when the polymers are subject to pressure.
• Figures 4-7 are graphs with low viscosity alkanes: Hexadecane (5 cSt/20°) and Vaselinol (36 cSt/20°).
• Low viscosity lubricants have poor ability to efficiently separate the surfaces. This results in random coefficients of friction (usually high but not always).
• the swelling configuration can stabilize at low values the coefficients of friction, on a large range of speeds.
• the surfaces are well separated and the poor viscosity allows low shearing forces, i.e. low friction.
• the use of the polymers brings to better tribological performances, even for low viscosity lubricants where the friction can be kept low over a large range of speeds.
• Figures 8-9 are graphs related to the horological Moebius 9010 (150 cSt/20°) lubricant tests. It can be seen that swelling effect is present as it occurs a very low coefficient of friction comprised between 0.007 and 0.03.
• the first goal of the lubricant-swelling polymers is to achieve supralubrication (coefficients of friction below 0.05, no noticeable wear) by the liberation of the proper quantity of lubricant (trapped within its matrix) within the contact.
• Their second objective (as part of the first one) is to suppress the boundary lubrication regimes classically obtained with either low viscosity of the lubricant, high pressures or low speeds (or a combination of these factors).
• low viscosity lubricants such as hexadecane or vaselinol has given the best friction coefficients ( ⁇ 0.01 ) on a large range of speeds (from 0.01 to 6cm/s).
• reaction conditions can be adapted regarding mono- and polymers used and/or anchor group and/or cross-linker and/or substrates.

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• 2013
  • 2013-06-04 CH CH00030/15A patent/CH708539B1/en unknown
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