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  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/10—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide
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  • C07C51/21—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen
  • C07C51/23—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by oxidation with molecular oxygen of oxygen-containing groups to carboxyl groups
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  • C07C69/007—Esters of unsaturated alcohols having the esterified hydroxy group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
  • C07C69/01—Vinyl esters
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  • C07C69/02—Esters of acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids having the carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or to hydrogen
  • C07C69/22—Esters of acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids having the carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or to hydrogen having three or more carbon atoms in the acid moiety
  • C07C69/24—Esters of acyclic saturated monocarboxylic acids having the carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom or to hydrogen having three or more carbon atoms in the acid moiety esterified with monohydroxylic compounds
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  • C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
  • C08F220/62—Monocarboxylic acids having ten or more carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
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  • C07C2523/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper
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  • C07C2527/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
  • C07C2527/16—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen
  • C07C2527/167—Phosphates or other compounds comprising the anion (PnO3n+1)(n+2)-
  • C07C2527/173—Phosphoric acid or other acids with the formula Hn+2PnO3n+1

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the vinyl ester of isononanoic acid starting from 2-ethylhexanol, process for its preparation by
• Vinyl esters of higher carboxylic acids have a certain economic significance as comonomers. With them, the properties of polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polystyrene or Polyacrylklareestem be modified. For example, the hydrolysis resistance of dispersion paints can be increased. Vinyl esters of higher carboxylic acids are also used for the production of adhesives. As technically significant for these applications, vinyl esters have proven based on 2-ethylhexanoic acid, isononanoic acid, lauric acid or the Versatieklaren 911, 10 and 1519 from Shell.
• Vinyl esters of Versatieklare 10 structurally different highly branched decanoic acids such as neodecanoic acids are derivatized.
• Vinyl esters can be prepared by reacting the isononanoic acids with acetylene, preferably in the presence of zinc salts at temperatures of 200-230 ° C.
• Raffinate I contains predominantly the unsaturated butenes isobutene, 1-butene and 2-butene and the hydrogenated products n-butane and isobutane.
• Isobutene is removed from raffinate I in the next step and the isobutene-free C4 mixture obtained is called raffinate II.
• the butadiene-free C4 raffinate may be contacted at elevated temperature and under pressure with an acidic suspended ion exchanger.
• Isobutene is oligomerized to di-isobutene, triisobutene and, to a lesser extent, higher oligomers.
• the oligomers are separated from the unreacted C4 compounds. From the oligomerizate di-isobutene or tri-isobutene can then be recovered by distillation.
• the hydroformylation or oxo reaction in which di-isobutene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of rhodium or cobalt catalysts are converted into the corresponding aldehyde. Since di-isobutene predominantly contains the octenes 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene, the hydroformylation reaction gives the C9-aldehyde 3,5,5-trimethylhexanal as the main constituent , Other minor C9 isomers are 3,4,4- and 3,4,5-trimethylhexanal, and 2,5,5-trimethylhexanal, 4,5,5-trimethylhexanal, and 6,6- Dimethylheptanal.
• Oxidation of this aldehyde mixture gives a technically available isononanoic acid, which usually has a content of 3,5,5-trimethylhexanoic acid of about 90% (Ullmanns Encyklopadie der ischen Chemie, 4th Edition, 1975, Verlag Chemie, Volume 9, pages 143- 145, EP 1 854778 A1).
• Di-isobutene can also after the so-called hydrocarboxylation or Koch reaction with carbon monoxide and water in the presence of
• Sulfuric acid are converted into the highly branched isononanoic acid 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1-pentanoic acid. Due to the double alkyl branching at the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxyl group, this isononanoic acid is often referred to as neononanoic acid. (Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 4th Edition, 1975, Verlag Chemie, Volume 9, pages 143-145).
• n-butenes present after the isobutene separation in the raffinate II are also technically converted into butene oligomers, from which isomeric octenes are separated, which are converted via the hydrocarboxylation into the corresponding isononanoic acids (DE 199 08 320 A1, EP 1 029 839 A1).
• the oligomerization of n-butenes is technically operated on acidic catalysts such as zeolites or phosphoric acid on supports. This gives octenes containing dimethylhexenes as the main product.
• Other methods include the DIMERSOL process and the OCTOL process.
• the DIMERSOL process works with soluble nickel complex catalysts and leads to an octene mixture with a high proportion of 3- and 5-methylheptenes in addition to dimethylhexenes and n-octenes.
• supported nickel-fixed bed catalysts are used and the octene mixture obtained is characterized by a low degree of branching (DE 199 08320 A1, WO 03/029180, Hydrocarbon Processing, February 1986, pages 31 to 33. According to DE 199 08 320 A1, the respective, different branched octene mixtures on the
• Vinyl esters of isononanoic acids based on an octene mixture from the OCTOL process are suitable as softening comonomer.
• 2-ethylhexanol is industrially produced by hydroformylation or oxo reaction of propylene to n-butyraldehyde with subsequent alkali-catalyzed aldol condensation to 2-ethylhexenal and subsequent full hydrogenation to 2-ethylhexanol (Ulimanns Encyklopadie der ischen Chemie, 4th edition, 1974, Verlag Chemie, Volume 7, pages 214-215).
• WO 03/029180 A1 is briefly a.
• the focus here is on the adjustment of the viscosity of the isomeric phthalic acid alkyl esters which are obtained by esterification of isomeric nonanols with phthalic acid or phthalic anhydride. Indications of converting the dehydration products of 2-ethylhexanol to isononanoic acid are not given.
• the use of 2-ethylhexanol as the source of octene makes it possible to provide the vinyl ester of isononanoic acid based on propylene and reduces the dependence on butene-based octene availability.
• the present invention therefore consists in a process for the preparation of the vinyl ester of isononanoic acid starting from 2-ethylhexanol.
• the method is characterized in that one
• step b) reacting the octene obtained after step a) to form a carbon atom-extended isononanoic acid; and (c) the isononanoic acid obtained after step b) is converted to the corresponding vinyl ester.
• the present invention also relates to the vinyl ester of isononanoic acid starting from 2-ethylhexanol obtainable by reacting
• step b) reacting the octene obtained after step a) to form a carbon atom-extended isononanoic acid; and (c) reacting the isononic acid obtained after step b) to give the corresponding vinyl ester.
• the dehydration of 2-ethylhexanol can be carried out on a suitable catalyst both in the liquid phase and in the gas phase.
• the dehydration takes place in the gas phase at temperatures in the range of 200 to 450 ° C, preferably from 250 to 380 ° C using customary reactors in the presence of acidic heterogeneous catalysts such as alumina in its various modifications, nickel deposited on alumina, or phosphoric acid deposited on silica or alumina.
• acidic heterogeneous catalysts such as alumina in its various modifications, nickel deposited on alumina, or phosphoric acid deposited on silica or alumina.
• Such heterogeneous catalysts suitable for dehydration are known from the prior art (GB 313426, US Pat. No. 2,468,764, US Pat. No. 2,919,973) and are commercially available, for example, as AI3996 from BASF SE. No.
• 2,919,973 deals with the dehydration of 2-ethylhexanol over a heterogeneous aluminum oxide catalyst at temperatures of around 350 ° C. and at a catalyst loading of 2.4 to 2.8 liters of 2-ethylhexanol per liter of catalyst per hour.
• the reactor used for the dehydration of 2-ethylhexanol in the process according to the invention may contain, in addition to the catalyst bed, further fillers or internals, for example Raschig rings, saddles, pall rings, filter plates or column bottoms. When filling bodies are used, they are preferably applied above the catalyst bed in order to reduce the dead volume.
• Load VA h of the heterogeneous catalyst can vary over a wide range and is generally from 0.2 to 3.5 liters of 2-ethylhexanol per liter of catalyst per hour.
• the reaction mixture taken from the dehydration zone is then condensed.
• the split-off water causes the formation of an aqueous phase, which is separated from the organic olefin phase by simple phase separation.
• the octene obtained is a mixture of structisomeric octenes with the singly branched octenes 2-ethyl-1-hexene and cis / trans 3-methyl-3-heptene and cis / trans 3-methyl-2-heptene as main components.
• the octene obtained after removal of the splitting water is then without further purification or expediently by distillation
• the resulting octene is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the hydroformylation reaction or oxo reaction
• the mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen used is also known as synthesis gas.
• the hydroformylation reaction is carried out in a homogeneous reaction system.
• the term homogeneous reaction system stands for a homogeneous solution composed essentially of solvent, if added, catalyst, olefinically unsaturated compound and reaction product.
• Particularly effective solvents have proved to be the higher-boiling condensation compounds of the aldehydes to be prepared, in particular the trimers of the aldehydes to be prepared, which are obtained as by-products in the hydroformylation, and their mixtures with the isononanal to be prepared, so that a further solvent addition is not absolutely necessary , In some cases, however, solvent addition may prove useful.
• the solvents used are organic compounds in which starting material, reaction product and catalyst are soluble. Examples of such compounds are aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene and toluene, or the isomeric xylenes and mesitylene. Other common solvents are
• the proportion of the solvent in the reaction medium can be varied over a wide range and is usually between 20 and 90 wt .-%, preferably 50 to 80 wt .-% based on the reaction mixture.
• the hydroformylation of the octene can also be carried out without addition of solvent.
• the hydroformylation reaction is carried out in a homogeneous organic phase in the presence of at least one transition metal compound of Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
• the reaction can be carried out both in the presence and in the absence of complex-forming organoelement compounds which act as complex ligands.
• organophosphorus compounds as organoelement compounds.
• complex compounds and their preparation are known (US 3527 809 A, US 4 148 830 A, US 4247 486 A, US 4,283,562 A). They can be used as uniform complex compounds or as a mixture of different complex compounds.
• the transition metal concentration in the reaction medium extends over a broad range from about 1 to about 1000 ppm by weight and is preferably 10 to 700 ppm by weight, and more preferably 25 to 500 ppm by weight, based in each case on the homogeneous reaction mixture.
• the stoichiometrically composed transition metal complex compound find application.
• the free complex ligand can be the same as in the transition metal complex compound, but it can also be used by this different complex ligands.
• the preferred complex ligands include triarylphosphines such as triphenylphosphine, trialkylphosphines such as
• the molar ratio of transition metal to complex ligand is generally 1: 1 to 1: 1000, but it may also be higher.
• the transition metal and the complex ligand are preferably used in a molar ratio of from 1: 3 to: 500 and in particular from 1:50 to 1: 300.
• the hydroformylation reaction in the presence of complex ligands is often referred to as a modified variant, which is usually carried out at temperatures of 50 to 180 ° C, preferably from 100 to 160 ° C and total pressures of 0.2 to 30 MPa, preferably 1 to 20 MPa ,
• the hydroformylation reaction can also be carried out in the absence of complex ligands according to the unmodified variant.
• Such, for example, not modified with phosphines or phosphites transition metal catalysts and their suitability as a catalyst for hydroformylation lation are known from the literature and they are referred to as unmodified transition metal catalysts. It is believed in the literature that the transition metal compound H (CO) 4 is the catalytically active transition metal species in unmodified transition metal catalysis, although this is not clearly demonstrated due to the many chemistries that run side by side in the reaction zone.
• transition metals of Group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements cobalt, rhodium, iridium, nickel, palladium, platinum, iron or ruthenium and in particular cobalt or rhodium.
• the modified or unmodified transition metal catalyst is formed under the conditions of the hydroformylation reaction from the transition metal compounds used, such as their salts, such as chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, acetates, pentanoates, 2-ethylhexanoates or isononanoates, their chalcogenides, such as oxides or sulfides, their carbonyl compounds such as M 2 (CO) 8 , M 4 (CO) 12 , M 6 (CO) i 6 , M 2 (CO) 9 , M 3 (CO) i 2 , their organo-transition metal compounds, such as carbonyl acetylacetonates or cyclooctadienyl acetates or chlorides, in the transition metal
• the transition metal compound can be used as a solid or expediently in solution.
• rhodium isononanoate, rhodium acetate, rhodium 2-ethylhexanoate or cobalt isononanoate, cobalt acetate or cobalt 2-ethylhexanoate, or Co 2 (CO) 8 , Co (CO) 2 , Rh are suitable as the transition metal compound used as the catalyst precursor 2 (CO) 8 , Rh 4 (CO) i 2 or Rh 6 (CO) i 6 or cyclopentadienyl rhodium compounds, rhodium acetylacetonate or rhodium dicarbonyl acetylacetonate.
• transition metal amount 1 to 100 ppm, preferably 2 to 30 ppm, based on the octene used. More particularly, rhodium or cobalt is used in an amount of from 2 to 30 ppm, preferably from 5 to 10 ppm, in each case based on the octene used.
• reaction of the octene with hydrogen and carbon monoxide to isononanal it is expedient to work at higher pressures in the range from 5 to 70 MPa, preferably from 5 to 60 MPa and in particular from 10 to 30 MPa.
• Suitable reaction temperatures are in the range from 50 to 180.degree. C., preferably from 50 to 150.degree. C. and in particular from 100 to 150.degree.
• composition of the synthesis gas ie the proportions of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the gas mixture
• the composition of the synthesis gas can be varied within wide limits. In general, mixtures are used in which the molar ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen is 5: 1 to 1: 5. Usually, this ratio is 1: 1 or deviates slightly from this value.
• the olefinic compound can be added as such or in solution of the reaction zone.
• Suitable solvents are ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, acetophenone, lower aliphatic nitrites such as acetonitrile, propionitrile or benzonitrile, dimethylformamide, linear or branched saturated aliphatic monohydroxy compounds such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene or toluene and saturated cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons like cyclopentane or cyclohexane.
• the hydroformylation step can be carried out both batchwise and continuously.
• the recovery of the desired aldehydes from the crude hydroformylation product is carried out by conventional methods, for example by distillation. Isononanal and other volatile components are withdrawn as top products and, if necessary, subjected to further fine cleaning.
• the amounts of transition metal used accumulate in the distillation residue and are optionally recycled to the reaction zone after addition of fresh transition metal compound and removal of part of the aldehyde condensation products formed in the course of the reaction.
• the resulting mixture of isomeric isononanals is purified, conveniently by distillation, and then converted by oxidation into the corresponding isononanoic acid, preferably by the liquid phase oxidation, although other process designs, such as gas phase oxidation, are not excluded.
• Suitable oxidizing agents are customary, suitable for the oxidation of aliphatic aldehydes
• the oxidizing agent expediently molecular oxygen or gas mixtures containing molecular oxygen.
• Further constituents of such gas mixtures are inert gases, eg. As nitrogen, noble gases and carbon dioxide.
• the proportion of inert constituents of the oxygen-containing gas mixture is up to 90% by volume, in particular 30 to 80% by volume.
• the preferred oxidants are oxygen or air. The oxidation can be carried out either with addition of catalyst or in the absence of catalysts.
• Suitable catalysts are transition metals or compounds of transition metals, which in small Amounts such as from 0.1 to 5 ppm, calculated as transition metal and based on the aldehyde used, can be added, such as titanium, vanadium, chromium, molybdenum, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium or copper. Such a process control is described for example in DE 100 10 771 C1 or DE 26 04 545 A1.
• the reaction can be carried out in the presence of alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of weak acids.
• alkali metal carboxylates for selectivity improvement (DE 950007, DE 100 10 771 C1).
• a combination of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carboxylates with transition metal compounds, as described in EP 1 854 778 A1, can also be used.
• alkali or alkaline earth metal carboxylates In the oxidation of the Isononanals, which is prepared by the inventive method, starting from 2-ethylhexanol on the dehydration and hydroformylation of the corresponding octene, the presence of alkali or alkaline earth metal carboxylates is recommended, generally in an amount of 1 to 30 mmol, preferably from 1 to 15 mmol and in particular from 1 to 8 mmol, per mole of aldehyde, calculated as the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal. It is not necessary to use the alkali or alkaline earth metal carboxylates as a unitary compound. It is also possible to use mixtures of these compounds, but it is expedient to use isononanoates.
• a solution containing alkali metal or alkaline earth metal isononanoates is prepared by neutralizing an aqueous solution containing the alkali or alkaline earth metal compound with an excess of isononanoic acid and adding this solution to the isononanal to be oxidized.
• alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds are the hydroxides, carbonates or bicarbonates.
• alkali metal or alkaline earth metal isononanoates in the reaction mixture by adding alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds which are converted into the isononanoates under the reaction conditions.
• alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates or oxides in the oxidation state can be either in solid form or as an aqueous solution.
• the reaction with the oxidizing agent preferably with oxygen or oxygen-containing gases, is carried out in a temperature range of 20 to 100 ° C. Preferably, one works between 20 and 80 ° C, in particular between 40 and 80 ° C.
• the temperature control, constant or variable temperature, can meet the individual requirements of the
• the reaction of the reactants is preferably carried out at atmospheric pressure. However, the application of increased pressure is not excluded. Usually, one operates in a range of atmospheric pressure to 1, 5 MPa, preferably at atmospheric pressure to 0.8 MPa.
• the reaction time required to convert the isononane to the corresponding isononanoic acid depends inter alia on the reaction temperature and the ratio of the reactants to one another. Usually it is 30 minutes to 20 hours, especially 2 to 8 hours.
• Isononanal can be used as such or dissolved in a solvent which is inert under the reaction conditions.
• suitable solvents are ketones such as acetone, esters, e.g. Ethyl acetate, hydrocarbons, e.g. As toluene and nitrohydrocarbons such as nitrobenzene.
• the concentration of the aldehyde is limited by its solubility in the solvent.
• the oxidation step may be carried out batchwise or continuously. A return of unreacted reactants is possible in both cases.
• the resulting isononanoic acid starting from 2-ethylhexanol with subsequent hydroformylation and oxidation is a mixture of positionally isomeric aliphatic C9 monocarboxylic acids with branched unbranched isononanoic acids in the ⁇ -position as main components.
• the isononanoic acid prepared by the process according to the invention via the hydroformylation and oxidation reaction is characterized in that the main components are 4-methyloctanoic acid, 6-methyloctanoic acid, 2,5-dimethylheptanoic acid, 2,3-dimethylheptanoic acid, 3-ethylheptanoic acid, 2-ethylheptanoic acid and 2- Total of ethyl-4-methylhexanoic acid at least 80 mol%, based on the total content of positionally isomeric aliphatic C9 monocarboxylic acids make up. From the crude acid mixture obtained after the oxidation, the pure isononanoic acid is obtained by distillation under customary conditions.
• the distillation residue containing the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal isononanoates and optionally transition metals is separated and can be recycled to the starting aldehyde, optionally after addition of fresh alkali or alkaline earth metal isononanoates or alkali or alkaline earth metal compounds which are converted into the isononanoates under the reaction conditions, and optionally also fresh transition metal compounds ,
• Isononanal is placed in a suitable reactor, for. B. in a provided with a distributor plate tube reactor, which optionally still contains packing, before and passes the oxygen or the oxygen-containing gas mixture from below through the aldehyde.
• the reactor used is a scrubber tower containing packing.
• the aldehyde is allowed to trickle down and simultaneously introduces oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas mixture into the tower in cocurrent or countercurrent flow.
• reaction is carried out in the presence of strongly acidic proton catalysts such as sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid or phosphoric acid, often in admixture with Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride or antimony pentafluoride.
• strongly acidic proton catalysts such as sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid or phosphoric acid, often in admixture with Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride or antimony pentafluoride.
• Lewis acids such as boron trifluoride or antimony pentafluoride.
• a suitable catalyst system for the hydrocarboxylation of olefins is a mixture of boron trifluoride and phosphoric acid in the molar ratio 1, 5 to 1 and WO 93/22270 A1 known.
• this molar ratio can extend over a range from 0.5: 1 to 5.0: 1.
• the reaction of the octene is generally carried out at temperatures between 60 and 1 0 ° C and at a carbon monoxide pressure of 5 to 12 MPa in the presence of water in an amount of 8 to 30 wt .-%, based on the amount of catalyst.
• a tertiary carbenium ion forms in the olefin skeleton under the strongly acidic reaction conditions under proton deposition, to which carbon monoxide is added to form an acylium cation, which is then saturated with water.
• an isononanoic acid having tertiary structural isomers is formed which carries two ⁇ , ⁇ -alkyl radicals on the carbon atom adjacent to the carboxyl group and has a so-called Neo structure.
• the isononanoic acid prepared according to the invention is reacted starting from 2-ethylhexanol to the corresponding vinyl ester.
• This can be done, for example, by reacting the isononanoic acid with acetylene, preferably in the presence of zinc salts, at temperatures of 200-230 ° C. (G. Hübner, Fette, Seifen, Anstrichstoff 68, 290 (1966), Ullmanns Encyklopadie der ischen Chemie, 4. Edition, 1983, Verlag Chemie, Volume 23, pages 606-607, EP 1 057 525 A2).
• the continuous or semi-continuous process can be configured, for example, as a reactive distillation (EP 0 497 340 A2) or as a bubble column with attached column, which is additionally followed by a rectification column and a stripping column (WO 2011/139360 A1 and WO 2011/139361 A1).
• the transvinylation reaction can be carried out both at normal pressure and at elevated pressure, generally up to a pressure of 15 MPa, preferably from 0.5 to 8 MPa and in particular from 0.8 to 2 MPa.
• Reaction settings at a temperature of 90 to 140 ° C and at a pressure of 0.8 to 2 MPa have proven to be particularly suitable. But even at atmospheric pressure and in particular at a reaction temperature of 60 to 150 ° C also very high space-time yields of the desired vinyl ester of isononanoic acid can be achieved.
• a tubular reactor such as any arranged flow tube, for example, a vertical or a horizontally arranged flow tube or a multi-threaded flow tube is suitable.
• the tubular reactor can be operated as a conduit, he can However, also contain packing or internals, for example
• Raschig rings, saddles, pall rings, helices, baffles or static mixers or mixer packs are commercially available and are used for example as Sulzermischer or
• Kenicks mixers offered with special product lines for mixing different viscous liquids.
• the tubular reactor can also be provided with a recirculation and optionally with a heat exchanger.
• the transvinylation reaction can be carried out continuously in a stirred tank or in a stirred tank cascade without pressure or under pressure.
• the continuous reaction is possible in customary reactor designs, such as in a loop reactor using heat convection or in a multi-chamber reactor.
• vinyl esters of higher carboxylic acids such as vinyl laurate with R 1 equal to undecyl can be used if their use in the subsequent work-up of the reaction mixture appears to be appropriate.
• the resulting reaction mixture is purified by distillation.
• Vinyl acetate has proven to be an advantageous transvinylation reagent due to the low cost availability, its boiling point and the boiling point of the acetic acid formed in the transvinylation reaction.
• the reaction mixture is usually worked up by distillation and excess vinyl acetate, acetic acid formed and the desired vinyl ester of isononanoic acid are removed as volatile components and further separated. Isononanoic acid remains in the residue together with the transvinylation catalyst.
• the catalyst-containing residue is after optional removal of a high-boilers substream back into the Transvinylation reaction recycled, optionally after addition of fresh catalyst or fresh ligands.
• Vinyl acetate can be reduced.
• the acetic acid liberated in the transvinylation reaction with vinyl acetate can be used for subsequent derivatization reactions, for example for the preparation of vinyl acetate by reaction with ethylene and oxygen over solid, palladium-containing
• esterification of the acetic acid obtained with lower aliphatic alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol or isobutanol gives the corresponding acetate esters such as n-propyl acetate, iso-propyl acetate, n-butyl acetate or iso-butyl acetate.
• Acetic acid with lower aliphatic alcohols is known per se
• Suitable transvinylation catalysts are compounds of the transition metals from the platinum group ruthenium, osmium, rhodium, iridium, palladium and platinum, in particular palladium and ruthenium, which can be used modified with mono- or polydentate organo-nitrogen or organophosphorus ligands or in unmodified form.
• the total concentration of the transition metal or transition metals, if any Mixture thereof is generally from 0.005 to 1 mol%, preferably from 0.01 to 0.5 and in particular from 0.02 to 0.25 mol%, each based on the starting compound used in deficiency.
• Ruthenium compounds for example, be modified once set and palladium compounds often modified with 2,2 'bipyridyl or 1, 10-phenanthroline or unmodified together with an alkali metal compound such as lithium acetate, and a redox-active transition metal, such as divalent copper in the form of halides.
• the vinylisononanoate obtained can be used in copolymers. It is suitable as a comonomer in polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene or polyacrylic acid esters, which advantageously influence the hydrolysis resistance and moisture absorption of paints.
• the following examples describe the preparation of isononanoic acid from 2-ethylhexanol and their conversion to the vinyl ester.
• 2-ethylhexanol was evaporated in an upstream evaporator and with the aid of a nitrogen stream as a carrier gas at atmospheric pressure over the catalyst bed at a temperature of 350 ° C and with a
• the crude octene obtained after step I was converted in the presence of 5 ppm of rhodium, added in the form of a solution of rhodium 2-ethylhexanoate in 2-ethylhexanol and based on octene, at a temperature of 140 ° C. and at a synthesis gas pressure of 19 MPa a period hydroformylated for three hours.
• the molar composition of the synthesis gas was 1 mole of hydrogen to 1 mole of carbon monoxide.
• the crude hydroformylation product obtained had the following gas chromatographically determined composition (FI .-%, according to DIN 51405):
• the isononanal obtained had the following composition determined by gas chromatography as well as the following characteristic numbers and was used for the subsequent liquid-phase oxidation.
• Table 3 Gas chromatographic analysis (FI .-%, according to DIN 51405) of Isononanals starting from 2-ethylhexanol
• the liquid phase oxidation of Isononanals to isononanoic acid was carried out without addition of solvent in a bubble column reactor at 50 ° C with pure oxygen at atmospheric pressure over a period of 6 hours.
• a 50% strength by weight aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide was added to the starting aldehyde in such an amount that 50 mmol of potassium were present per mole of isononanal.
• the resulting crude acid was then distilled on a 4.5 tray column at a bottom temperature of 148 to 159 ° C and at a top temperature of 136- 39 ° C at 20 hPa.
• Low boilers and unreacted aldehyde were separated as a preliminary fraction and high boilers remained in the distillation residue.
• the distillation yield of isononanoic acid was 84.7% with a gas chromatographically determined purity of 98.8%.
• the obtained isononanoic acid had the following composition (FI .-%) determined by gas chromatography in accordance with DIN 51405: Gas chromatographic analysis of isononanoic acid
• Example IV./1 Continuous process
• the experimental setup according to FIG. 1 was used.
• the transvinylation reagent vinyl acetate was passed via line (1) and the isononanoic acid to be vinylated via line (2) into a mixing vessel (3) from which via line (4) the mixture was introduced into the reaction vessel (5) designed as a flow tube.
• the liquid reaction discharge was passed via line (6) to a flash vessel (7), in which it was depressurized to normal pressure, optionally after previous cooling in the cooling device (7 ' ) (shown in dashed lines).
• the gas phase optionally formed in the expansion process was removed via line (8) and the liquid phase formed was added via line (9) to the separation vessel (10).
• the separation vessel (10) was split into a enriched with vinyl acetate, acetic acid and the desired vinyl isononanoate volatile fraction, which were combined via line (1) with the optionally via line (8) brought up volatile fractions from the flash stage and via line (12 ) were guided on the separation vessel (13).
• the separated in the separation vessel (13) vinyl acetate was recycled via line (14) and combined with the via line (1) brought up vinyl acetate.
• the acetic acid formed in the separation vessel (13) and formed during the transvinylation reaction and the desired vinylisononanoate were removed via line (15) and added to the separation vessel (16), from which the acetic acid formed via line (17) and the desired vinylisononanoate via line (15). 18) were deducted.
• the vinylisononoate obtained could then be further purified (not shown in FIG. 1).
• the less volatile fraction obtained in the separation vessel (10) containing the unconverted isononanoic acid with the transvinylation catalyst was removed via line (19) and optionally after removal of a high-boiling side stream via line (20) (shown in dashed lines) as a catalyst circulation via line (21) returned.
• the catalyst solution was prepared by mixing the catalyst precursor palladium acetate Pd (OAc) 2 with the bidentate, nitrogen-containing ligand 1, 10-phenanthroline in a mixture of vinyl acetate and isononanoic acid and supplemented via line (22). The resulting mixture of used and fresh catalyst was then fed via line (23) into the mixing vessel (3).
• OAc palladium acetate Pd
• the vinylisononanoate obtained had the following according to DIN 51405
• Catalyst precursor 1: 5 1: 8 1: 5
• the resulting vinyl ester mixture was then distilled on a 9.0 tray column at a bottom temperature of 75 to 140 ° C and at a top temperature of 34-114 ° C at 10-1013 hPa.
• Acetic acid and unreacted vinyl acetate were separated as a preliminary fraction and the unreacted tertiary isononanoic acids, the palladium complex and free ligand remained in the distillation residue.
• the vinyl ester mixture obtained has a purity of 99.7%, the remainder to 100% consists of precursor and after-run components.
• the vinyl ester mixture (99.7%) consists mainly of the isomers vinyl-2-ethyl-2-methyl-hexanoate (90.4%) and vinyl-2,2-dimethylheptanoate (4.8%) and the remainder 99.7% of other vinyl esters of positionally isomeric isononanoic acids.
• the for The ratios determined by vinylisononanoate are summarized in Table 10.

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