WO2013146864A1 - 活物質、およびそれを用いた電極、ならびにリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
活物質、およびそれを用いた電極、ならびにリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013146864A1 WO2013146864A1 PCT/JP2013/058962 JP2013058962W WO2013146864A1 WO 2013146864 A1 WO2013146864 A1 WO 2013146864A1 JP 2013058962 W JP2013058962 W JP 2013058962W WO 2013146864 A1 WO2013146864 A1 WO 2013146864A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an active material, an electrode using the active material, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Patent Document 1 it is proposed to improve the initial charge and discharge efficiency by including a lithium-containing metal oxide containing nickel and manganese and LiFePO 4 .
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems of the prior art, and has a high capacity, high initial charge / discharge efficiency and high average discharge voltage, an electrode using the same, and a lithium ion secondary battery The purpose is to provide.
- the active material according to the present invention comprises: At least one first active material selected from active material represented by composition formula (1) or composition formula (2); Li w Ni x (M1) y (M2) z O 2 (1)
- M1 is at least one selected from Co and Mn
- M2 is at least one selected from Al, Fe, Cr and Mg
- 0.001 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.2 Li t Ni p Co q Mn r (M3) s O 2 ⁇
- M3 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Zr, Ti, Fe, Mg, Nb, Ba and V, 2.0 ⁇ (p + q + r + s + t) ⁇ 2.2, 1.0 ⁇ t ⁇ 1.
- ⁇ is 0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.
- ⁇ is 0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.
- the active material according to the present invention can provide a positive electrode active material having high capacity, high initial charge / discharge efficiency and high average discharge voltage, and a lithium ion secondary battery using the positive electrode active material.
- the present inventors think as follows. When the first active material and the second active material are mixed or heat-treated, Li of the first active material moves to the second active material, so that the crystal structure of the first active material is partially stabilized. It seems that Furthermore, it is considered that the second active material material contributes to charging / discharging, so that the initial charge / discharge efficiency is high and the average discharge voltage is high.
- the electrode according to the present invention includes a current collector and an active material layer including the active material described above and provided on the current collector. Thereby, an electrode with high capacity, high initial charge / discharge efficiency, and high average discharge voltage can be obtained.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention includes the above-described electrode, a negative electrode provided in opposition thereto, a separator provided therebetween, and an electrolytic solution. Thereby, it is possible to obtain a lithium ion secondary battery having a high capacity, high initial charge / discharge efficiency, and high average discharge voltage.
- Li w Ni x (M1) y (M2) z O 2 compositional formula (1)
- Li a Ni b Co c Mn d O 2 composition formula (2)
- Li 1- ⁇ VOPO 4 composition The material of the formula (3) is a notation based on the stoichiometric composition, and oxygen or a transition metal may be partially lost.
- a positive electrode active material having a high capacity, a high initial charge / discharge efficiency and a high average discharge voltage, an electrode using the positive electrode active material, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the active material of this embodiment is At least one first active material selected from active material represented by composition formula (1) or composition formula (2); Li w Ni x (M1) y (M2) z O 2 (1)
- M1 is at least one selected from Co and Mn
- M2 is at least one selected from Al, Fe, Cr and Mg
- 0.001 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.2 is At least one first active material selected from active material represented by composition formula (1) or composition formula (2); Li w Ni x (M1) y (M2) z O 2 (1)
- M1 is at least one selected from Co and Mn
- M2 is at least one selected from Al, Fe, Cr and Mg
- 2.0 ⁇ (x + y + z + w) ⁇ 2 0.3 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.95
- M3 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Si, Zr, Ti, Fe, Mg, Nb, Ba and V, 2.0 ⁇ (p + q + r + s + t) ⁇ 2.2, 1.0 ⁇ t ⁇ 1. 3, 0 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.3, 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 0.3, 0.3 ⁇ r ⁇ 0.7, 0 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.1. ]
- the ratio ( ⁇ ) between the first active material (A) and the second active material (B) is 0.4 mol% ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 18 mol%.
- the active material of the present embodiment it is possible to provide a positive electrode active material having a high capacity, high initial charge / discharge efficiency and high average discharge voltage, and a lithium ion secondary battery using the positive electrode active material.
- first active material examples include those represented by the composition formula (1) Li w Ni x (M1) y (M2) z O 2 .
- M1 is at least one selected from Co and Mn.
- M2 is at least one selected from Al, Fe, Cr and Mg.
- w is 1.0 ⁇ w ⁇ 1.1
- x + y + z + w is 2.0 ⁇ (x + y + z + w) ⁇ 2.1
- x is 0.3 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.95
- y 0.01 ⁇ y ⁇ 0. 4 and z satisfying 0.001 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.2 can be used. Thereby, a high capacity can be obtained.
- As another first active material include those represented by the composition formula (2) Li t Ni p Co q Mn r (M3) s O 2.
- M3 is at least one selected from Al, Si, Zr, Ti, Fe, Mg, Nb, Ba and V.
- p + q + r + s + t is 2.0 ⁇ (p + q + r + s + t) ⁇ 2.2
- y is 1.0 ⁇ t ⁇ 1.3
- p is 0 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.3
- q is 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 0.3
- r is A material satisfying 0.3 ⁇ r ⁇ 0.7 and s satisfying 0 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.1 can be used. Thereby, a high capacity can be obtained.
- the Ni amount p in the composition formula (2) is preferably 0.04 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.3, and more preferably 0.08 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.3. Most preferred is 0.17 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.3.
- the Mn amount r in the composition formula (2) is preferably 0.35 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.6, and more preferably 0.45 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.6.
- the Co amount q in the composition formula (2) is preferably 0 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.28, more preferably 0.14 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.28.
- the first active material described above may contain the active material represented by any one of the composition formula (1) and the composition formula (2). A mixture of the above may be used.
- the second active material examples include materials represented by a composition formula (3) Li 1- ⁇ VOPO 4 different from that of the first active material.
- ⁇ may be 0 ⁇ ⁇ 1.
- ⁇ is preferably 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1, and more preferably 0.2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1. More preferably, 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1. If ⁇ is 0.2 or more, it is considered that interdiffusion of Li with the first active material material easily occurs.
- the crystal form of Li 1- ⁇ VOPO 4 is not particularly limited and may be partially amorphous, but Li 1- ⁇ VOPO 4 that is orthorhombic is particularly preferable. By using Li 1- ⁇ VOPO 4 which is orthorhombic, one having a particularly high average discharge voltage can be obtained.
- a part of the V element of the second active material material may be substituted with one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Ti, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Zr, Cu, Zn, and Yb.
- the average particle diameter of primary particles of the first active material and the second active material is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less.
- a lithium ion secondary battery using such an active material has a high capacity.
- the average particle size is 0.07 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter of the primary particles of the second active material is smaller than the average particle diameter of the primary particles of the first active material.
- the second active material is preferably present near the surface of the first active material.
- the method for producing the first active material is not particularly limited, but includes at least a raw material preparation step and a firing step.
- a method such as pulverization / mixing, thermal decomposition mixing, precipitation reaction, hydrolysis, etc., by blending a predetermined lithium source and metal source so as to satisfy the molar ratio shown in composition formula (1) or composition formula (2) Can be manufactured.
- the method for producing the second active material is not particularly limited, but includes at least a raw material preparation step and a firing step.
- a lithium source, a vanadium source, a phosphorus source and water are stirred and mixed to prepare a mixture (mixed solution).
- the mixing ratio of the lithium source, vanadium source and phosphorus source is adjusted, for example, by adjusting the molar ratio of Li, V and P in the mixture to the stoichiometric ratio of LiVOPO 4 (1: 1: 1).
- a second active material can be produced by electrochemically desorbing Li from LiVOPO 4 obtained by drying and baking.
- a phosphorus source, a vanadium source, and distilled water are stirred to prepare a mixture thereof, and the mixture is dried to produce a hydrate VOPO 4 .2H 2 O, followed by further heat treatment to make VOPO 4 May be manufactured.
- the obtained VOPO 4 may be used as the second active material.
- the second active material can be produced by mixing and heat-treating VOPO 4 and a lithium source.
- the compound forms of the metal source, lithium source, vanadium source, and phosphorus source described above are not particularly limited, and known materials such as oxides and salts can be selected according to the process.
- a pulverizer or a classifier may be used.
- a mortar, a ball mill, a bead mill, a sand mill, a vibrating ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a jet mill, a counter jet mill, a swirling air flow type jet mill, a sieve, or the like is used.
- wet pulverization in which an organic solvent such as water or hexane coexists can be used.
- the classification method is not particularly limited, and a sieve, an air classifier, or the like is used as needed for both dry and wet methods.
- the first active material and the second active material are weighed at a predetermined ratio and mixed as necessary.
- These mixing methods are not particularly limited, and any apparatus can be used.
- a powder mixer such as a mortar, a V-type mixer, an S-type mixer, a raker, a ball mill, a planetary ball mill, etc. can be mixed dry or wet.
- the positive electrode active material obtained by the above mixing method may be fired in an argon atmosphere, an air atmosphere, an oxygen atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere, or a mixed atmosphere thereof.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 100 mainly includes a laminate 30, a case 50 that accommodates the laminate 30 in a sealed state, and a pair of leads 60 and 62 connected to the laminate 30.
- the laminate 30 is configured such that the positive electrode 10 and the negative electrode 20 are disposed to face each other with the separator 18 interposed therebetween.
- the positive electrode 10 is a product in which a positive electrode active material layer 14 is provided on a positive electrode current collector 12.
- the negative electrode 20 is a product in which a negative electrode active material layer 24 is provided on a negative electrode current collector 22.
- the positive electrode active material layer 14 and the negative electrode active material layer 24 are in contact with both sides of the separator 18.
- Leads 60 and 62 are connected to the end portions of the positive electrode current collector 12 and the negative electrode current collector 22, respectively, and the end portions of the leads 60 and 62 extend to the outside of the case 50.
- the positive electrode active material layer 14 is a layer containing the above-described active material particles 1, a binder, and a conductive material added as necessary.
- the conductive material added as necessary include carbon blacks, carbon materials, and conductive oxides such as ITO.
- the binder is not particularly limited as long as it can bind the active material particles and the conductive material to the current collector, and a known binder can be used.
- a known binder can be used.
- fluororesins such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
- Such a positive electrode is formed by a known method, for example, an electrode active material containing the active material particles 1 described above, or an active material particle 1, a binder, and a conductive material.
- a slurry added to a solvent such as -methyl-2-pyrrolidone or N, N-dimethylformamide is applied to the surface of the positive electrode current collector 12 and dried.
- a copper foil or the like can be used.
- the thing containing a negative electrode active material, a electrically conductive material, and a binder can be used. It does not specifically limit as a electrically conductive material, A carbon material, a metal powder, etc. can be used.
- a fluororesin such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP) can be used.
- carbon materials such as graphite and non-graphitizable carbon, metals that can be combined with lithium such as Al, Si and Sn, and amorphous materials mainly composed of oxides such as SiO 2 and SnO 2 Examples thereof include particles containing a compound, lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), and the like.
- the manufacturing method of the negative electrode 20 may be applied to the current collector after adjusting the slurry in the same manner as the manufacturing method of the positive electrode 10.
- the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited.
- an electrolytic solution containing a lithium salt in an organic solvent can be used.
- the lithium salt LiPF 6, LiClO 4, salts of LiBF 4 or the like can be used.
- these salts may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- organic solvent examples include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more at any ratio.
- the separator 18 is at least one selected from the group consisting of a monolayer of a porous film made of polyethylene, polypropylene or polyolefin, a stretched film of a laminate or a mixture of the above resins, or cellulose, polyester and polypropylene.
- a fiber nonwoven fabric made of a constituent material can be used.
- the case 50 seals the laminate 30 and the electrolytic solution therein.
- the case 50 is not particularly limited as long as it can prevent leakage of the electrolytic solution to the outside and entry of moisture and the like into the lithium ion secondary battery 100 from the outside.
- a metal laminate film can be used. .
- the leads 60 and 62 are made of a conductive material such as aluminum.
- the active material of this embodiment can also be used as an electrode material for electrochemical elements other than lithium ion secondary batteries.
- a secondary battery other than a lithium ion secondary battery such as a metallic lithium secondary battery (which uses an electrode containing the composite particles of the present invention as a cathode and metallic lithium as an anode).
- electrochemical capacitors such as lithium capacitors.
- Example 1 in producing the positive electrode, a lithium nickel composite oxide (Li 1.01 Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.005 ) was used as the first active material shown in the composition formula (1) . 05 O 2 ) and Li 0.4 VOPO 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 as a second active material material were weighed in a molar ratio of 99: 1 and put in a mortar. The mixture was used as the positive electrode active material.
- Li 1.01 Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.005 Li 1.01 Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.005
- a positive electrode paint was prepared by mixing the active material of Example 1, a conductive additive, and a solvent containing a binder.
- the positive electrode coating material was applied to an aluminum foil (thickness 20 ⁇ m) as a current collector by a doctor blade method, dried at 100 ° C., and rolled. This obtained the positive electrode comprised from a positive electrode active material layer and a collector.
- As the conductive assistant carbon black (DAB50, manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) and graphite were used.
- As the solvent containing the binder N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (KF 7305, manufactured by Kureha Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) in which PVDF was dissolved was used.
- a negative electrode paint was prepared in the same manner as the positive electrode paint, using natural graphite, using only carbon black as a conductive additive.
- the negative electrode coating material was applied to a copper foil (thickness: 16 ⁇ m) as a current collector by a doctor blade method, dried at 100 ° C., and rolled. This obtained the negative electrode comprised from a negative electrode active material layer and a collector.
- the produced positive electrode, negative electrode and separator (polyolefin microporous membrane) were cut into predetermined dimensions.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode were provided with portions to which no electrode paint was applied in order to weld the external lead terminals.
- a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator were laminated in this order.
- a small amount of hot melt adhesive ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer, EMAA was applied and fixed so that the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator did not shift.
- An aluminum foil (width 4 mm, length 40 mm, thickness 100 ⁇ m) and nickel foil (width 4 mm, length 40 mm, thickness 100 ⁇ m) were ultrasonically welded to the positive electrode and the negative electrode, respectively, as external lead terminals.
- Polypropylene (PP) grafted with maleic anhydride was wrapped around this external lead terminal and thermally bonded. This is to improve the sealing performance between the external terminal and the exterior body.
- An aluminum laminate material composed of a PET layer, an Al layer, and a PP layer was used as a battery outer package enclosing a battery element in which a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator were stacked.
- the thickness of the PET layer was 12 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the Al layer was 40 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the PP layer was 50 ⁇ m.
- PET is polyethylene terephthalate and PP is polypropylene.
- the PP layer was disposed inside the outer package.
- a battery element was placed in the outer package, an appropriate amount of electrolyte was added, and the outer package was vacuum-sealed to produce a lithium ion secondary battery of Example 1.
- As the electrolytic solution a solution obtained by dissolving LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1 M (mol / L) in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was used.
- the battery was discharged at a constant current of 19 mA / g until the end-of-discharge voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li / Li + ), and the initial discharge capacity Qd (unit: mAh / g) in the battery. was measured.
- the initial charge / discharge efficiency (%) in the battery of Example 1 was determined from the initial charge capacity Qc and the initial discharge capacity Qd according to the following formula, and the results are shown in Table 1 below.
- Initial charge / discharge efficiency (%) (Qd / Qc) ⁇ 100
- the battery was similarly charged with a constant current of 19 mA / g until the end-of-charge voltage was 4.3 V (vs. Li / Li + ), and further 4.3 V (vs.
- the battery was charged at a constant voltage at a constant voltage of Li / Li + ) until the current value decreased to 9.5 mA / g, paused for 10 minutes, and then discharged at a constant current of 19 mA / g at a discharge end voltage of 2.8 V (vs.
- the average discharge voltage (unit: V) when discharging until Li / Li + ) was 3.75V.
- the capacity at that time was 187 mAh / g.
- a battery having a capacity of 180 mAh / g or more and an initial charge / discharge efficiency of 90% or more is evaluated as “A”.
- a battery having a capacity of less than 180 mAh / g or a battery having an initial charge / discharge efficiency of less than 90% was evaluated as “F”.
- Example 7 in producing the positive electrode, a lithium nickel composite oxide (Li 1.2 Ni 0.17 Co 0.08 Mn 0.005 ) was used as the first active material shown in the composition formula (2) . 55 O 2 ) and Li 0.4 VOPO 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 as the second active material material are weighed in a molar ratio of 99.6: 0.4. And what was mixed with the mortar was used as a positive electrode active material.
- Li 1.2 Ni 0.17 Co 0.08 Mn 0.005 Li 0.4 VOPO 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 as the second active material material.
- the battery was discharged at a constant current of 24 mA / g until the final discharge voltage was 2.0 V (vs. Li / Li + ), and the initial discharge capacity Qd in the battery was measured.
- the battery was similarly charged at a constant current of 24 mA / g until the end-of-charge voltage reached 4.6 V (vs. Li / Li + ), and further 4.6 V (vs. Li / Li + ) at a constant voltage until the current value drops to 12 mA / g, and after 10 minutes of rest, each of the above three-electrode test cells was discharged at a constant current of 24 mA / g.
- Table 2 shows the average discharge voltage and discharge capacity when discharging until the voltage reaches 2.0 V (vs. Li / Li + ).
- Example 8 to 12 Comparative Examples 3 and 4
- Comparative Example 3 and Comparative Example 4 except that the ratio ⁇ was changed, lithium ion secondary batteries were produced in the same manner as in Example 7, and the electrical characteristics were evaluated. The results are shown in Table 2.
- a battery having a capacity of 220 mAh / g or more and an initial charge / discharge efficiency of 80% or more is evaluated as “A”.
- a battery having a capacity of less than 220 mAh / g or a battery having an initial charge / discharge efficiency of less than 80% was evaluated as “F”.
- Example 13 to 17, Comparative Example 5 In Examples 13 to 17 and Comparative Example 5, in producing the positive electrode, lithium nickel composite oxide (Li 1.2 Ni 0.17 Co) was used as the first active material shown in the composition formula (2). 0.08 Mn 0.55 O 2 ) and a compound having a composition described in Table 3 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 as the second active material, a molar ratio of 97: 3 What weighed by ratio and mixed in the mortar was used as a positive electrode active material.
- Comparative Examples 6 and 7 In Comparative Example 6 and Comparative Example 7, in producing the positive electrode, lithium nickel composite oxide (Li 1.2 Ni 0.17 Co 0 .0 ) was used as the first active material shown in the composition formula (2) . 08 Mn 0.55 O 2 ) and a compound having the composition shown in Table 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from LiFePO 4 as the second active material, were weighed in a molar ratio of 97: 3, and mortar What was mixed in was used as the positive electrode active material.
- lithium nickel composite oxide Li 1.2 Ni 0.17 Co 0 .0
- Table 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from LiFePO 4 as the second active material
- lithium nickel composite oxide Li 1.01 Ni 0.8 Co
- the first active material shown in the composition formula (1) 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2
- a compound having a composition described in Table 5 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 as the second active material, and a molar ratio of 97: 3 What weighed by ratio and mixed in the mortar was used as a positive electrode active material.
- Example 23 to 25 in preparing the positive electrode, as the first active material shown in the composition formula (1), the lithium nickel composite oxide having the composition shown in Table 6 and the second active material As a positive electrode active material, Li 0.4 VOPO 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 was weighed at a molar ratio of 97: 1 and mixed in a mortar.
- Example 26 to 32 in Examples 26 to 32, in preparing the positive electrode, as the first active material shown in the composition formula (1), the lithium nickel composite oxide having the composition shown in Table 7 and the second active material As a positive electrode active material, Li 0.4 VOPO 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 was weighed at a molar ratio of 97: 1 and mixed in a mortar.
- Comparative Examples 9-12 In Comparative Examples 9 to 12, in producing the positive electrode, a lithium nickel composite oxide (Li 1.01 Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al) was used as the first active material shown in the composition formula (2). 0.05 O 2 ) and a compound having the composition shown in Table 8 obtained by desorbing lithium from LiFePO 4 as the second active material, were weighed at a molar ratio of 97: 3, and The mixture was used as the positive electrode active material.
- Example 33 Comparative Example 15
- lithium having the composition and weight ratio shown in Table 10 was used as the first active material material shown in the composition formula (1) and the composition formula (2).
- the nickel composite oxide and the second active material Li 0 obtained by desorbing lithium from Li 0.4 VOPO 4 or LiFePO 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 .4 FePO 4 was weighed at a molar ratio of 97: 3 and mixed in a mortar, and used as the positive electrode active material.
- a battery having a capacity of 180 mAh / g or more, an initial charge / discharge efficiency of 90% or more, and an average discharge voltage of 3.6 V or more is evaluated as “A”.
- a battery having an average discharge voltage of less than 3.6 V was evaluated as “F”.
- Example 34 Comparative Example 16
- lithium having the composition and weight ratio shown in Table 11 was used as the first active material material shown in the composition formula (1) and the composition formula (2).
- the nickel composite oxide and the second active material Li 0 obtained by desorbing lithium from Li 0.4 VOPO 4 or LiFePO 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 .4 FePO 4 was weighed at a molar ratio of 97: 3 and mixed in a mortar, and used as the positive electrode active material.
- a battery having a capacity of 220 mAh / g or more, an initial charge / discharge efficiency of 80% or more, and an average discharge voltage of 3.6 V or more is evaluated as “A”.
- a battery having an average discharge voltage of less than 3.6 V was evaluated as “F”.
- Example 35 to 38 Comparative Examples 17 to 19
- a lithium nickel composite oxide having the composition described in Table 12 As the second active material, Li 0.4 VOPO 4 obtained by removing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 was weighed at a molar ratio of 97: 3 and mixed in a mortar to form a positive electrode Used as an active material.
- a battery having a capacity of 180 mAh / g or more, an initial charge / discharge efficiency of 90% or more, and an average discharge voltage of 3.6 V or more is evaluated as “A”.
- a battery having a capacity of less than 180 mAh / g was evaluated as “F”.
- Example 39 to 42, Comparative Examples 20 to 22 in producing the positive electrode, as the first active material shown in the composition formula (1), a lithium nickel composite oxide having the composition described in Table 13; As the second active material, Li 0.4 VOPO 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 was weighed at a molar ratio of 95: 5 and mixed in a mortar. Used as an active material.
- a battery having a capacity of 180 mAh / g or more, an initial charge / discharge efficiency of 90% or more, and an average discharge voltage of 3.6 V or more is evaluated as “A”.
- a battery having a capacity of less than 180 mAh / g was evaluated as “F”.
- Example 43 to 49 Comparative Examples 23 to 29
- a lithium nickel composite oxide having the composition described in Table 14 As the second active material, Li 0.4 VOPO 4 obtained by removing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 was weighed at a molar ratio of 97: 3 and mixed in a mortar to form a positive electrode Used as an active material.
- a battery having a capacity of 220 mAh / g or more, an initial charge / discharge efficiency of 80% or more, and an average discharge voltage of 3.6 V or more is evaluated as “A”.
- a battery having a capacity of less than 220 mAh / g was evaluated as “F”.
- Example 50 to 56 Comparative Examples 30 to 36
- a lithium nickel composite oxide having the composition described in Table 15 was used as the first active material shown in the above composition formula (2) in preparing the positive electrode.
- the second active material Li 0.4 VOPO 4 obtained by desorbing lithium from orthorhombic LiVOPO 4 was weighed at a molar ratio of 95: 5 and mixed in a mortar. Used as an active material.
- a battery having a capacity of 220 mAh / g or more, an initial charge / discharge efficiency of 80% or more, and an average discharge voltage of 3.6 V or more is evaluated as “A”.
- a battery having a capacity of less than 220 mAh / g was evaluated as “F”.
- Comparative Examples 37-38 In Comparative Examples 37 and 39, in producing the positive electrode, lithium nickel composite oxide (Li 1.01 Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al) was used as the first active material shown in the composition formula (2). 0.05 O 2 ) was used as the second active material, and V 2 O 5 was weighed in a molar ratio of 97: 3 and 95: 5 and mixed in a mortar and used as the positive electrode active material.
- lithium nickel composite oxide Li 1.01 Ni 0.8 Co 0.15 Al
- 0.05 O 2 was used as the second active material
- V 2 O 5 was weighed in a molar ratio of 97: 3 and 95: 5 and mixed in a mortar and used as the positive electrode active material.
- Comparative Examples 39 and 40 In Comparative Example 39 and Comparative Example 40, a lithium-nickel composite oxide (Li 1.2 Ni 0.17 Co 0 .0 ) was used as the first active material material represented by the composition formula (2) in preparing the positive electrode . 08 Mn 0.55 O 2 ) as a second active material, V 2 O 5 was weighed in a molar ratio of 97: 3 and 95: 5 and mixed in a mortar and used as the positive electrode active material.
- the example has a higher capacity, higher initial charge / discharge efficiency, and higher average discharge voltage than the comparative example.
Abstract
Description
しかし、上記のNi-Co-Mn三元系複合酸化物や固溶体系材料は、初回充電時の不可逆容量が高いため、正極活物質の初期充放電効率が低く、電池設計において対向する負極を過剰に用いなければならず、電池容量の低下等の問題があった。
そのため、特許文献1においては、ニッケルとマンガンとを含有するリチウム含有金属酸化物とLiFePO4とを含むようにすることにより、初回の充放電効率を向上させることが提案されている。
組成式(1)または組成式(2)で表される活物質材料から選ばれる少なくとも1種の第1の活物質材料と、
LiwNix(M1)y(M2)zO2 ・・・(1)
〔M1はCo、Mnから選ばれた少なくとも1種;M2はAl、Fe、CrおよびMgから選ばれた少なくとも1種;1.0<w<1.1;2.0<(x+y+z+w)≦2.1;0.3<x<0.95;0.01<y<0.4;0.001<z<0.2〕、
LitNipCoqMnr(M3)sO2 ・・・(2)
〔M3はAl,Si,Zr,Ti,Fe,Mg,Nb,BaおよびVからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種、2.0≦(p+q+r+s+t)≦2.2、1.0<t≦1.3、0<p≦0.3、0≦q≦0.3、0.3≦r≦0.7、0≦s≦0.1〕、
前記第1の活物質とは異なる組成式(3)で表される第2の活物質材料と、
Li1-αVOPO4 ・・・(3)
〔ただしαは、0<α≦1である。〕
を含んでおり、
第1の活物質材料(A)と第2の活物質材料(B)の合計モル数に対する第2の活物質材料(B)の割合(δ)が0.4mol%≦δ≦18mol%であることを特徴とする。
つまりδ(単位:mol%)は、δ=(B/(A+B))×100で示されるものである。
組成式(1)または組成式(2)で表される活物質材料から選ばれる少なくとも1種の第1の活物質材料と、
LiwNix(M1)y(M2)zO2 ・・・(1)
〔M1はCo、Mnから選ばれた少なくとも1種;M2はAl、Fe、CrおよびMgから選ばれた少なくとも1種;1.0<w<1.1;2.0<(x+y+z+w)≦2.1;0.3<x<0.95;0.01<y<0.4;0.001<z<0.2を満たすものである。〕、
LitNipCoqMnr(M3)sO2 ・・・(2)
〔M3はAl,Si,Zr,Ti,Fe,Mg,Nb,BaおよびVからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種、2.0≦(p+q+r+s+t)≦2.2、1.0<t≦1.3、0<p≦0.3、0≦q≦0.3、0.3≦r≦0.7、0≦s≦0.1を満たすものである。〕、
第1の活物質とは異なる組成式(3)で表される第2の活物質材料
Li1-αVOPO4 ・・・(3)
〔ただしαは、0<α≦1である。〕
と、を含んでおり、第1の活物質材料(A)対する第2の活物質材料(B)との割合(δ)が0.4mol%≦δ≦18mol%であることを特徴としている。
第1の活物質材料としては、組成式(1)LiwNix(M1)y(M2)zO2で表されるもの挙げられる。M1はCo、Mnから選ばれた少なくとも1種以上である。またM2は、Al、Fe、CrおよびMgから選ばれた少なくとも1種以上である。中でも、wが1.0<w<1.1、x+y+z+wが2.0<(x+y+z+w)≦2.1、xが0.3<x<0.95、yが0.01<y<0.4、zが0.001<z<0.2を満たすものを用いることができる。これにより高容量が得られる。
第2の活物質材料としては、第1の活物質とは異なる組成式(3) Li1-αVOPO4で表されるものが挙げられる。
αは0<α≦1であればよい。このうちαは、0.1≦α≦1であることが好ましく、0.2≦α≦1であることがより好ましい。0.5≦α≦1であることがさらに好ましい。αが0.2以上であると第1の活物質材料とのLiの相互拡散が起こりやすくなると考えられる。
δ=(B/(A+B))×100
割合(δ)が0.4mol%未満だと初回充放電効率が小さくなる可能性があり、18mol%より大きいと容量が小さくなる可能性がある。
さらには、第2活物質の一次粒子の平均粒子径は、第1活物質の一次粒子の平均粒子径よりも小さいことが好ましい。また、第2活物質は第1活物質の表面近傍に存在することが好ましい。これらにより、第1の活物質と第2の活物質の混合あるいは熱処理時に、第1の活物質のLiが第2の活物質へ移動するなどの相互作用が容易に行われる。
なお、上述した金属源や、リチウム源、バナジウム源、リン源の化合物形態は、特に問わず、酸化物、塩、等、プロセスに合わせ公知の材料が選択できる。
続いて、本実施形態に係る電極、およびリチウムイオン二次電池について図1を参照して簡単に説明する。
実施例1においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(1)に示す第1の活物質材料として、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物(Li1.01Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2)と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4VOPO4とを99:1のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
実施例1の活物質と、導電助剤と、バインダーを含む溶媒とを混合して、正極用塗料を調製した。正極用塗料を集電体であるアルミニウム箔(厚み20μm)にドクターブレード法で塗布後、100℃で乾燥し、圧延した。これにより、正極活物質層及び集電体から構成される正極を得た。導電助剤としては、カーボンブラック(電気化学工業(株)製、DAB50)および黒鉛を用いた。バインダーを含む溶媒としては、PVDFを溶解したN-メチル-2-ピロリジノン(呉羽化学工業(株)製、KF7305)を用いた。
天然黒鉛を用い、導電助剤としてカーボンブラックだけを用い、正極用塗料と同様の方法で、負極用塗料を調製した。負極用塗料を集電体である銅箔(厚み16μm)にドクターブレード法で塗布後、100℃で乾燥し、圧延した。これにより、負極活物質層及び集電体から構成される負極を得た。
作製した正極、負極とセパレータ(ポリオレフィン製の微多孔質膜)を所定の寸法に切断した。正極、負極には、外部引き出し端子を溶接するために電極用塗料を塗布しない部分を設けておいた。正極、負極、セパレータをこの順序で積層した。積層するときには、正極、負極、セパレータがずれないようにホットメルト接着剤(エチレン-メタアクリル酸共重合体、EMAA)を少量塗布し固定した。正極、負極には、それぞれ、外部引き出し端子としてアルミニウム箔(幅4mm、長さ40mm、厚み100μm)、ニッケル箔(幅4mm、長さ40mm、厚み100μm)を超音波溶接した。この外部引き出し端子に、無水マレイン酸をグラフト化したポリプロピレン(PP)を巻き付け熱接着させた。これは外部端子と外装体とのシール性を向上させるためである。正極、負極、セパレータを積層した電池要素を封入する電池外装体として、PET層、Al層およびPP層から構成されるアルミニウムラミネート材料を用いた。PET層の厚さは12μmであった。Al層の厚さは40μmであった。PP層の厚さは50μmであった。なお、PETはポリエチレンテレフタレート、PPはポリプロピレンである。電池外装体を作製では、PP層を外装体の内側に配置させた。この外装体の中に電池要素を入れ電解液を適当量添加し、外装体を真空密封し、実施例1のリチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。なお、電解液としては、エチレンカーボンネート(EC)とジメチルカーボネート(DMC)の混合溶媒にLiPF6を濃度1M(mol/L)で溶解させたものを用いた。混合溶媒におけるECとDMCとの体積比は、EC:DMC=30:70とした。
次に、上記のようにして作製した実施例1の電池セルを用いて、それぞれ19mA/gの定電流で充電終止電圧が4.3V(vs.Li/Li+)になるまで充電を行い、さらに4.3V(vs.Li/Li+)の定電圧で電流値が9.5mA/gに低下するまで定電圧充電を行って、初回充電容量Qcを測定した。
初回充放電効率(%)=(Qd/Qc)×100
実施例7においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物(Li1.2Ni0.17Co0.08Mn0.55O2)と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4VOPO4とを99.6:0.4のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
次に、実施例1と同様に作製した実施例7の電池セルを用いて、それぞれ24mA/gの定電流で充電終止電圧が4.6V(vs.Li/Li+)になるまで充電を行い、さらに4.6V(vs.Li/Li+)の定電圧で電流値が12mA/gに低下するまで定電圧充電を行って、初回充電容量Qcを測定した。
(実施例8~12、比較例3、4)
実施例8~12、比較例3および比較例4おいては、割合δを変更した以外は、実施例7と同様にリチウムイオン二次電池を作製し、電気特性を評価した。結果は表2に示す。
実施例13~17および比較例5においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物(Li1.2Ni0.17Co0.08Mn0.55O2)と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得た表3記載の組成の化合物とを97:3のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
比較例6および比較例7においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物(Li1.2Ni0.17Co0.08Mn0.55O2)と、第2の活物質材料としてはLiFePO4からリチウムを脱離させて得た表4に記載の組成の化合物とを97:3のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
実施例18~22および比較例8においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(1)に示す第1の活物質材料として、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物(Li1.01Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2)と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得た表5記載の組成の化合物とを97:3のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
実施例23~25においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(1)に示す第1の活物質材料として、表6記載の組成のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4VOPO4とを97:1のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
実施例26~32においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(1)に示す第1の活物質材料として、表7記載の組成のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4VOPO4とを97:1のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
比較例9~12においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物(Li1.01Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2)と、第2の活物質材料としてはLiFePO4からリチウムを脱離させて得た表8に記載の組成の化合物とを97:3のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
比較例13および比較例14においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物(Li1.2Ni0.17Co0.08Mn0.55O2)と、第2の活物質材料としてはLiFePO4からリチウムを脱離させて得た表9に記載の組成の化合物とを97:3のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
実施例33、および比較例15においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(1)および組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、表10記載の組成および重量比のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4VOPO4またはLiFePO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4FePO4とを97:3のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
実施例34、および比較例16においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(1)および組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、表11記載の組成および重量比のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4VOPO4またはLiFePO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4FePO4とを97:3のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
実施例35~38および比較例17~19においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(1)に示す第1の活物質材料として、表12記載の組成のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4VOPO4とを97:3のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
実施例39~42および比較例20~22においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(1)に示す第1の活物質材料として、表13記載の組成のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4VOPO4とを95:5のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
実施例43~49および比較例23~29においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、表14記載の組成のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4VOPO4とを97:3のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
実施例50~56および比較例30~36においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、表15記載の組成のリチウムニッケル複合酸化物と、第2の活物質材料としては斜方晶系のLiVOPO4からリチウムを脱離させて得たLi0.4VOPO4とを95:5のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
比較例37および39においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物(Li1.01Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2)を、第2の活物質材料として、V2O5を97:3および95:5のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
比較例39および比較例40においては、正極を作製するにあたり、前記の組成式(2)に示す第1の活物質材料として、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物(Li1.2Ni0.17Co0.08Mn0.55O2)を、第2の活物質材料としてV2O5を97:3および95:5のmol比で秤量し、乳鉢にて混合したものを正極活物質として用いた。
Claims (3)
- 組成式(1)または組成式(2)で表される活物質材料から選ばれる少なくとも1種の第1の活物質材料と、
LiwNix(M1)y(M2)zO2 ・・・(1)
〔M1はCo、Mnから選ばれた少なくとも1種;M2はAl、Fe、CrおよびMgから選ばれた少なくとも1種 ;1.0<w<1.1 ; 2.0<(x+y+z+w)≦2.1;0.3<x<0.95;0.01<y<0.4;0.001<z<0.2〕、
LitNipCoqMnr(M3)sO2 ・・・(2)
〔M3はAl,Si,Zr,Ti,Fe,Mg,Nb,BaおよびVからなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種、2.0≦(p+q+r+s+t)≦2.2、1.0<t≦1.3、0<p≦0.3、0≦q≦0.3、0.3≦r≦0.7、0≦s≦0.1〕、
前記第1の活物質とは異なる組成式(3)で表される第2の活物質材料
Li1-αVOPO4 ・・・(3)
〔ただしαは、0<α≦1である。〕
と、を含んでおり、前記第1の活物質材料(A)と前記第2の活物質材料(B)の合計モル数に対する前記第2の活物質材料(B)の割合(δ)が0.4mol%≦δ≦18mol%であることを特徴とする、活物質。
〔ただし、δは、δ=(B/(A+B))×100とする。〕 - 集電体と、請求項1に記載の活物質を含み前記集電体上に設けられた活物質層と、を備えることを特徴とする電極。
- 請求項2記載の電極と、それに対向して設けられた負極と、その間に設けられたセパレータと、電解液と、を備えることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池。
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JP2017152295A (ja) * | 2016-02-26 | 2017-08-31 | Tdk株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用正極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 |
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