WO2013128691A1 - 光導波路、光配線部品、光導波路モジュールおよび電子機器 - Google Patents

光導波路、光配線部品、光導波路モジュールおよび電子機器 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013128691A1
WO2013128691A1 PCT/JP2012/073444 JP2012073444W WO2013128691A1 WO 2013128691 A1 WO2013128691 A1 WO 2013128691A1 JP 2012073444 W JP2012073444 W JP 2012073444W WO 2013128691 A1 WO2013128691 A1 WO 2013128691A1
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Prior art keywords
refractive index
core
optical waveguide
layer
maximum value
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PCT/JP2012/073444
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English (en)
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
森　哲也
公雄 守谷
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住友ベークライト株式会社
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Application filed by 住友ベークライト株式会社 filed Critical 住友ベークライト株式会社
Priority to CN201280070191.8A priority Critical patent/CN104126138A/zh
Priority to KR20147023585A priority patent/KR20140137351A/ko
Priority to US14/381,115 priority patent/US9297951B2/en
Priority to EP12870277.6A priority patent/EP2821826A4/en
Publication of WO2013128691A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013128691A1/ja

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/028—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating with core or cladding having graded refractive index
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/1221—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths made from organic materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/125—Bends, branchings or intersections

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an optical waveguide, an optical wiring component, an optical waveguide module, and an electronic device.
  • This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-040798 for which it applied to Japan on February 27, 2012, and uses the content here.
  • optical communication technology for transferring data using an optical carrier wave has been developed, and in recent years, an optical waveguide has been widely used as a means for guiding the optical carrier wave from one point to another point.
  • This optical waveguide has a linear core part and a clad part provided so as to cover the periphery thereof.
  • the core part is made of a material that is substantially transparent to the light of the optical carrier wave
  • the cladding part is made of a material having a refractive index lower than that of the core part.
  • the optical waveguide In the optical waveguide, light introduced from one end of the core portion is conveyed to the other end while being reflected at the boundary with the cladding portion.
  • a light emitting element such as a semiconductor laser is disposed on the incident side of the optical waveguide, and a light receiving element such as a photodiode is disposed on the emission side. Light incident from the light emitting element propagates through the optical waveguide, is received by the light receiving element, and performs communication based on the flickering pattern of the received light or its intensity pattern.
  • optical waveguides for supercomputers and large-scale servers.
  • a conventional supercomputer is constructed by storing a large number of electric circuit boards on which semiconductor elements, electronic components, and the like are mounted in a rack and electrically connecting them together.
  • replacement of electrical connection within an electrical circuit board, electrical connection between electrical circuit boards, and electrical connection between racks with an optical connection using an optical fiber has been studied. This replacement is expected to increase the capacity, speed, and energy saving of information transmission and improve the performance of supercomputers.
  • optical circuit board side connector and the optical fiber ribbon side connector are coupled to perform optical connection.
  • a device in which a light emitting / receiving element is mounted on the optical fiber sheet side is also being studied.
  • this optical fiber sheet is formed by sandwiching the intersection of optical fibers with a film substrate. For this reason, it is inevitable that the optical fibers overlap each other at the intersection of the optical fibers and the thickness of the sheet at that portion increases. For this reason, it becomes difficult to bend at the time of optical connection work, and the optical fiber may be broken when it is strongly bent. For this reason, various restrictions are imposed on the wiring space and wiring work.
  • An object of the present invention is to make the core portions intersect without increasing the thickness, and to make the core portions dense, and to simplify the optical wiring and save space by including the optical waveguide. It is an object to provide an optical wiring component, an optical waveguide module, and an electronic device that can be easily miniaturized.
  • a plurality of core groups wherein a core group, which is an assembly of a plurality of core parts at least partially parallel to each other, is arranged to cross each other on the same plane; A side clad portion provided on both side surfaces of each core portion so as to be adjacent to the core portion, and an optical waveguide, A cross section of the optical waveguide is at a position corresponding to each of the core portions and has a relatively high refractive index region having a relatively high refractive index, and at a position corresponding to the side cladding portion and having a refractive index higher than that of the high refractive index region.
  • the refractive index distribution is such that the polymer layer composed of a material in which a photopolymerizable monomer having a refractive index different from that of the polymer is dispersed in a polymer is partially irradiated with light, and the photopolymerizable monomer.
  • An optical wiring component comprising: the optical waveguide according to any one of (1) to (5) above; and a connector provided at an end of the core group of the optical waveguide.
  • optical waveguide includes an optical path conversion unit that converts the optical path of the core unit, which is formed in the middle of the core unit or on an extension line.
  • optical waveguide according to any one of (1) to (5), and a light emitting and receiving element provided on one surface side of the optical waveguide and optically connected to the core portion.
  • An optical waveguide module characterized by that.
  • the refractive index distribution W in the width direction of the cross section of the optical waveguide has at least two minimum values, at least one first maximum value, and at least two second values smaller than the first maximum value. And a region where these values are arranged in the order of the second maximum value, the minimum value, the first maximum value, the minimum value, and the second maximum value, Of this region, the region sandwiched between the two minimum values so as to include the first maximum value is the core portion, and the region on the second maximum value side from each minimum value is the region described above.
  • the cladding, Each of the minimum values has a value less than the average refractive index in the cladding portion, and the refractive index continuously changes throughout the refractive index distribution W.
  • the core portion and the side clad portion form a core layer, Furthermore, a clad layer is laminated on both sides of the core layer,
  • the refractive index distribution W in the width direction of the cross section of the core layer is: At least two local minimum values, at least one first local maximum value, and at least two second local maximum values less than the first local maximum value, and these values are second local maximum values, A region in which the minimum value, the first maximum value, the minimum value, and the second maximum value are arranged in this order; Of these regions, a region sandwiched between the two minimum values so as to include the first maximum value is the core portion, and a region on the second maximum value side from each minimum value is the side cladding.
  • the refractive index distribution T in the thickness direction of the cross section of the optical waveguide is:
  • the refractive index is substantially constant in each of the region corresponding to the core portion and the region corresponding to the cladding layer, and the refractive index changes discontinuously at the interface between the core portion and the cladding layer.
  • the core portion and the side clad portion form a core layer, Furthermore, a clad layer is laminated on each side of the core layer,
  • the refractive index of the low refractive index region is substantially constant
  • the refractive index distribution T in the thickness direction of the cross section of the optical waveguide is: In each of the region corresponding to the core layer and the region corresponding to the cladding layer, the refractive index is substantially constant, and the refractive index changes discontinuously at the interface between the core portion and the cladding layer.
  • the refractive index of the low refractive index region is substantially constant
  • the refractive index distribution T in the thickness direction of the cross section of the optical waveguide is: A region corresponding to the core portion of the core layer and a region corresponding to the cladding layer;
  • the refractive index continuously changes in the region corresponding to the core portion of the core layer, and the refractive index is substantially constant in the region corresponding to the cladding layer,
  • the core portion and the side clad portion form a core layer, Furthermore, a clad layer is laminated on each side of the core layer,
  • the refractive index distribution T in the thickness direction of the cross section of the optical waveguide is: A maximum value, a first portion where the refractive index continuously decreases from the position of the maximum value toward the cladding layer, and a refractive index located on both upper and lower sides of the optical waveguide from the first portion.
  • the core portion and the side clad portion form a core layer, Furthermore, a clad layer is laminated on each side of the core layer,
  • the longitudinal refractive index profile T of the cross section of the optical waveguide has at least two minimum values, at least one first maximum value, and at least two second maximum values smaller than the first maximum value. Have These have a region in which the second maximum value, the minimum value, the first maximum value, the minimum value, and the second maximum value are arranged in this order.
  • the region sandwiched between the two minimum values so as to include the first maximum value is the core layer
  • the region from the minimum value to the second maximum value side is the cladding layer
  • Each minimum value has a value less than the average refractive index in the cladding layer, and the refractive index continuously changes in the entire refractive index distribution T.
  • the thickness of the core layer is about 1 to 200 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 to 50 ⁇ m; (Ii) the average width of the side cladding is in the range of 5 to 250 ⁇ m; (Iii) The ratio of the average width of the core portion to the average width of the side cladding portions is in the range of 0.1 to 10; (Iv) The average thickness of the cladding layer is 0.01 to 7 times the average thickness of the core layer; (V) In the cross section of the core layer, The width of the portion of the core layer having a refractive index continuously equal to or greater than the average refractive index of the side cladding portion is a, B is 0.01a to 1.2a, where b is the width of the core layer portion where the refractive index is continuously less than the average refractive index of the side cladding portion; The optical waveguide according to any one of (1) to (18).
  • the high refractive index region is composed of a top portion showing a maximum value, and two gradually decreasing portions where the refractive index continuously decreases from the maximum value to both sides, and the maximum value and the low refractive index.
  • the difference from the average refractive index of the refractive index region is preferably 0.005 to 0.07.
  • the refractive index distribution is preferably located at an interface between the low refractive index region and the high refractive index region and includes a minimum value having a refractive index lower than the average refractive index of the low refractive index region.
  • the refractive index of the low refractive index region may be substantially constant as necessary.
  • an optical waveguide capable of forming core portions at high density while intersecting core portions without increasing the thickness.
  • an optical wiring component and an optical waveguide module that are provided with the optical waveguide and can simplify optical wiring and save space can be obtained.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing an example (GI type) of a refractive index distribution W with respect to a cross section taken along line XX of the optical waveguide shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically showing another example (W type) of a refractive index distribution W with respect to a cross section taken along line XX of the optical waveguide shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of an intensity distribution of emitted light when light is incident on one of two core portions of the optical waveguide having the refractive index distribution illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a part of a cross section taken along line XX of the optical waveguide shown in FIG. 2 and a diagram schematically showing an example (W type) of a refractive index distribution T in the longitudinal direction of the part.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a part of a cross section taken along line XX of the optical waveguide shown in FIG. 2 and a diagram schematically showing an example (GI type) of a refractive index distribution T in the longitudinal direction of the part.
  • FIG. 3 is a top view of the optical waveguide shown in FIG. 2 with a cover film and a clad layer omitted. It is a figure which shows the refractive index distribution of the cross
  • FIG. 10 is a diagram showing a part of a cross section taken along line YY shown in FIG. 9, and a diagram schematically showing an example (W type) of a refractive index distribution T in the vertical direction of the part. It is a figure which shows an example of intensity distribution of the emitted light in an output side end surface when light injects into one of the two core parts of the optical waveguide shown in FIG. It is a top view which shows the other example of the optical wiring component of this invention. It is a figure explaining an example of the manufacturing method of the optical waveguide shown in FIG. It is a figure explaining an example of the manufacturing method of the optical waveguide shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating a state in which a refractive index difference is generated between an irradiated region and an unirradiated region in the stack illustrated in FIG.
  • 3 is a three-dimensional refractive index distribution showing the respective refractive index distributions in the width direction and the length direction of the optical waveguide (lateral W type and vertical GI type) of the present invention. It is the interference fringe photograph which obtained the optical waveguide fragment obtained from the cross section of the width direction of the optical waveguide (including three core parts) of the present invention using the interference microscope.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view showing an embodiment of an optical wiring component of the present invention (showing through a cladding layer).
  • An optical wiring component 10 shown in FIG. 1 has an optical waveguide 1 and a connector 101 provided at an end thereof.
  • the optical waveguide 1 has a rectangular shape in plan view, and a plurality of core groups 140 (in FIG. 1, four in parallel with one core group) are aggregates of a plurality of core portions 14.
  • the core portion 14 is included) in a desired pattern (four core groups 140 are included in FIG. 1).
  • the plurality of core groups 140 are arranged so as to cross each other on the same plane, and both end portions thereof are exposed at two opposite sides of the four sides of the optical waveguide 1.
  • all the core parts 14 shown in FIG. 1 are comprised so that a smooth curve may be drawn by planar view. With such a shape, attenuation of transmission light can be suppressed and a decrease in transmission efficiency can be suppressed.
  • the optical wiring component 10 has a connector 101 provided at the end of the core portion 14.
  • the optical waveguide 10 is configured so that the core portion of the optical waveguide 1 and other optical components can be optically connected via the connector 101.
  • connectors 101 are provided on two opposite sides of the optical waveguide 1, but the arrangement of the connectors 101 is not limited to this.
  • the optical waveguide 1 of the present invention is a sheet-like member having a core portion 14 and a cladding portion 15 and functions as an optical wiring that transmits an optical signal from one end portion to the other end portion.
  • the planar view shape of the optical waveguide 1 is not particularly limited, and may be a triangle, a quadrangle, a pentagon or more polygon, a circle, or the like.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view showing the first embodiment of the optical waveguide of the present invention (partially cut out and shown transparent).
  • the optical waveguide 1 shown in FIG. 2 has three layers of a cladding layer 11, a core layer 13, and a cladding layer 12 from the lower side on the support film 2. 2 is sandwiched between a support film 2 from below and a cover film 3 from above.
  • the core layer 13 includes two core parts 14 (first core part 141 and third core part 142) arranged in parallel, and one core part 14 (first core part 14) intersecting each of the core parts 14 at right angles. 2 core portions 145) and side clad portions 15 (first side clad portion 151, second side clad portion 152, and third side clad portion 153) adjacent to and connected to the core portions 14. Is formed.
  • the core layer 13 of the optical waveguide 1 shown in FIG. 2 has a refractive index distribution W in which the refractive index is biased in the width direction.
  • the refractive index distribution W includes a high refractive index region including a maximum value and a low refractive index region having a refractive index lower than that of the high refractive index region.
  • the refractive index is continuous at least partially or entirely.
  • the distribution has changed.
  • the core layer 14 has the core portion 14 corresponding to the high refractive index region and the side cladding portion 15 corresponding to the low refractive index region.
  • the “at least partly” means a distribution (GI type) in which a region having a constant refractive index exists in a low refractive index region.
  • the “entirely” means a distribution (W type) in which the refractive index continuously changes even in the low refractive index region.
  • This refractive index distribution W is partially applied to a layer containing a polymer and a photopolymerizable monomer having a refractive index different from that of the polymer and made of a material in which the photopolymerizable monomer is dispersed in the polymer. Is a distribution formed by causing the refractive index to be biased in the layer by irradiating with light and moving and unevenly distributing the photopolymerizable monomer. Since the film is formed based on such a principle, the refractive index continuously changes in the refractive index distribution W.
  • the optical waveguide 1 having such characteristics can propagate incident light confined in a region having a high refractive index.
  • the optical waveguide 1 having the refractive index distribution W since the change of the refractive index is continuous, the incident light is concentrated and propagated in the vicinity of the maximum value of the refractive index of the refractive index distribution W.
  • transmission loss and blunting of the pulse signal are suppressed, and highly reliable optical communication can be performed even when a large-capacity optical signal is incident.
  • the optical waveguide 1 can be formed only by the process of selecting and irradiating light.
  • the interval between the core portions 14 is narrowed to increase the density, or a large number of core portions 14 intersect at one point, the design is possible.
  • the street shape can be reproduced, and high-quality optical communication can be performed.
  • the refractive index distribution W is a distribution formed by continuously changing the refractive index by moving and unevenly distributing the photopolymerizable monomer as described above. For this reason, the core layer 13 does not have a clear structural interface between the core part 14 and the side clad part 15 formed therein. For this reason, problems such as peeling and cracks between the core portion 14 and the side clad portion 15 hardly occur, and the optical waveguide 1 is a highly reliable product.
  • each part of the optical waveguide 1 will be described in detail.
  • the cut surface In the core layer 13, when each core portion 14 is cut along a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, the cut surface (first cross section) has a refractive index in the width direction as described above. A changing refractive index distribution W can be formed.
  • the cross section of the optical waveguide may be considered as a cross section orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the core portion.
  • FIG. 3A shows a cross-sectional view of the optical waveguide shown in FIG. 2 taken along line XX.
  • FIG. 3B shows a center line C1 passing through the center of the thickness of the core layer 13 in the cross-sectional view when the horizontal axis is the distance in the horizontal direction and the vertical axis is the refractive index. It is a figure which shows typically an example (GI type) of refractive index distribution W.
  • the refractive index distribution W corresponds to the position of each core portion 14 and the position of each side cladding portion 15 (width direction distribution: hereinafter referred to as refractive index distribution W). Is provided).
  • the refractive index distribution W includes a maximum value Wm provided corresponding to the position of each core portion 14 and two gradually decreasing portions in which the refractive index continuously decreases from the maximum value Wm toward both sides. It has a high refractive index region WH having a relatively high refractive index.
  • the low refractive index region WL having a relatively low refractive index provided corresponding to the position of each side cladding portion 15 is provided.
  • the refractive index continuously decreases in a curved manner toward the adjacent low refractive index region WL. That is, in the high refractive index region WH, the refractive index is distributed so that the maximum value Wm is at the apex, and the both sides of the maximum value Wm are gently lowered. On the other hand, in the low refractive index region WL, a refractive index having a substantially constant value that is lower than the refractive index of the high refractive index region WH is distributed.
  • the plurality of maximum values Wm existing in the refractive index distribution W are preferably the same value, but may be slightly different from each other. In that case, the deviation amount is preferably within 10% of the average value of the plurality of maximum values Wm.
  • the two core parts 14 (the 1st core part 141 and the 3rd core part 142) in parallel have comprised the elongate linear shape, respectively.
  • the refractive index distribution W as described above is maintained substantially the same distribution in the entire longitudinal direction of these core portions 14.
  • the refractive index distribution W as described above is also formed in the core portion 14 (second core portion 145) intersecting with the core portions 14 (first core portion 141 and third core portion 142). Has been. That is, substantially the same distribution is maintained in the entire longitudinal direction of the core portion 14 (second core portion 145).
  • the core layer 13 shown in FIG. 2 includes two long core portions 14, a core portion 14 that intersects with these core portions 14, and these core portions.
  • a side clad portion 15 adjacent to the side surface of 14 is formed.
  • the core layer 13 shown in FIG. 2 includes two parallel core portions 141 and 142 (first core portion and third core portion) in parallel, and a core portion 145 (second core) intersecting them. And a first side clad part 151, a second side clad part 152, and a third side clad part 153 provided in a region other than these core parts.
  • Each core part 141, 142, and 145 will be in the state surrounded by each side clad part 151, 152, 153, and the upper and lower clad layers 11 and 12, respectively.
  • the refractive indexes of the core portions 141, 142, and 145 are higher than the refractive indexes of the side cladding portions 151, 152, and 153.
  • each core part 14 shown in FIG. 1 is represented with a dense dot, and each side cladding part 15 is provided with a sparse dot.
  • the light incident on one end portion of the core portion 14 is propagated to the other end while confining in the thickness direction of each core portion 14, thereby the other end portion of the core portion 14. Can be taken out from.
  • the cross-sectional shape has a quadrangle (rectangle) like a square or a rectangle.
  • the shape of the cross section is not particularly limited, and may be, for example, a circle such as a perfect circle, an ellipse, or an oval, or a polygon such as a triangle, pentagon, or hexagon.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the core part 14 is rectangular, the core part 14 with stable quality can be efficiently manufactured.
  • the cross-sectional shape of the core part 14 is circular, the transmission efficiency of the core part 14 is improved, the convergence of the transmitted light is improved, and the optical coupling efficiency with other optical components is increased.
  • the width and height of the core part 14 are not particularly limited, but are preferably about 1 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably about 5 to 100 ⁇ m, and more preferably about 10 to 70 ⁇ m. More preferably. Thereby, crosstalk in the optical waveguide 1 can be further suppressed.
  • the thickness of the core layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 1 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably about 5 to 100 ⁇ m, and still more preferably about 10 to 70 ⁇ m.
  • the refractive index distribution W has a refractive index that changes at least partially or entirely in a continuous curve. This feature enhances the effect of confining light in the core portion 14 as compared with an optical waveguide having a so-called step index type (SI type) refractive index distribution in which the refractive index is changed in a stepped manner. Reduction is achieved.
  • SI type step index type
  • the refractive index continuously changes and has a maximum value in the region. For this reason, due to the property that the speed of light is inversely proportional to the refractive index, the speed of light increases with distance from the center, and a difference in propagation time for each optical path is less likely to occur. For this reason, the transmission waveform is not easily broken. For example, even when the transmission light includes a pulse signal, blunting of the pulse signal (spreading of the pulse signal) can be suppressed. In addition, interference of transmitted light at the intersection is suppressed. As a result, the optical waveguide 1 that can further improve the quality of optical communication is obtained.
  • the refractive index continuously changing in the refractive index distribution W means that the curve of the refractive index distribution W is rounded in each part and that this curve is differentiable. Means.
  • the maximum value Wm is located in the core portions 141 and 142 as shown in FIG.
  • the maximum value Wm is preferably located at the center of the width of the core portion among the core portions 141 and 142. Due to this feature, in each of the core parts 141 and 142, the probability that transmitted light is collected at the center of the width of the core parts 141 and 142 is high, and the probability of leaking to the side clad parts 151, 152, and 153 is relatively low. . As a result, the transmission loss of the core parts 141 and 142 can be further reduced.
  • the central portion of the width of the core portion 141 is a region having a distance of 30% of the width of the high refractive index region WH from the center of the high refractive index region WH to both sides, preferably a region of 15%.
  • the difference between the maximum value Wm and the average refractive index in the low refractive index region WL should be as large as possible. Although it can be selected as necessary, for example, it is preferably about 0.005 to 0.07, more preferably about 0.007 to 0.05, and about 0.01 to 0.03. Is more preferable. With this feature, light can be reliably confined in the core portions 141 and 142. That is, when the refractive index difference is less than the lower limit value, light may leak from the core portions 141 and 142. On the other hand, when the difference in refractive index exceeds the upper limit value, further improvement in the effect of confining light cannot be expected, and the manufacture of the optical waveguide 1 may be difficult.
  • the refractive index distribution W in the core portions 141 and 142 when the horizontal axis is the position (distance) of the cross section of the core layer 13 and the vertical axis is the refractive index, It is preferable that the shape in the vicinity of the maximum value Wm is a substantially inverted U shape that is convex upward. With this shape, the light confinement action in the core portions 141 and 142 becomes more remarkable.
  • the amount of deviation of the refractive index from the average refractive index in the low refractive index region WL is preferably within 5% of the average refractive index.
  • the refractive index distribution W as described above, it is possible to obtain effects such as transmission loss reduction, pulse signal dullness reduction, crosstalk suppression, and crosstalk suppression. Further, the present inventors have found that these effects are greatly influenced by the average width WCL of the side cladding part and / or the ratio of the average width WCO of the core part and the average width WCL of the side cladding part. . It has also been found that when these factors are within a predetermined range, the aforementioned effects become more prominent and reliable.
  • the ratio of the average width WCO of the core portion 14 to the average width WCL of the side cladding portion 15 is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10.
  • the WCO / WCL is more preferably about 0.1 to 5, and further preferably about 0.2 to 4.
  • the average width WCO of the core portion 14 and the average width WCL of the side clad portion 15 can be arbitrarily selected.
  • a preferable range of these widths may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more, 1 ⁇ m or more, 5 ⁇ m or more, or 10 ⁇ m or more, for example, regarding the lower limit. .
  • it may be 30 ⁇ m or more, or 50 ⁇ m or more.
  • the upper limit may be 5 mm or less, 1 mm or less, 0.5 mm or less, or 0.2 ⁇ m or less.
  • the distance between the maximum values Wm can be selected as necessary.
  • a lower limit value is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 30 ⁇ m or more. It may be 50 ⁇ m or more.
  • 800 micrometers or less are preferable, 500 micrometers or less are more preferable, 400 micrometers or less are still more preferable, and 300 micrometers is especially preferable.
  • it may be 200 ⁇ m or less, or 100 ⁇ m or less.
  • the length of the core part can be selected as necessary. For example, it may be 1 to 500 cm, 2 to 200 cm, 10 to 100 cm, and the like.
  • the average width WCL of the side cladding 15 is in the range of 5 to 250 ⁇ m, independently of or in addition to WCO / WCL.
  • the WCL is more preferably in the range of 10 to 200 ⁇ m, still more preferably in the range of 10 to 120 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably in the range of 10 to 60 ⁇ m.
  • the average width WCO of the core part 14 is also preferably in the range of 10 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 10 to 120 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably in the range of 10 to 60 ⁇ m.
  • the refractive index distribution W may include a flat portion in which the refractive index does not substantially change in the vicinity of each maximum value Wm.
  • the optical waveguide of the present invention has the effects and effects as described above.
  • the flat portion where the refractive index does not substantially change is a region where the refractive index fluctuation is less than 0.001, and the refractive index continuously decreases on both sides thereof.
  • the length of the flat portion is not particularly limited, but is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less.
  • the refractive index change rate is preferably about 0.001 to 0.035 [/ 10 ⁇ m], more preferably about 0.002 to 0.030 [/ 10 ⁇ m]. . If the change rate of the refractive index is within the above range, effects such as transmission loss reduction in each core portion 14, reduction in pulse signal dullness, crosstalk suppression, and crosstalk suppression at the intersection are further enhanced. .
  • the core layer 13 includes the three core portions 14
  • the number of core portions 14 is not particularly limited and can be arbitrarily selected.
  • the number may be two, or four or more.
  • the refractive index distribution W has a high refractive index region WH corresponding to each core portion 14, and a low refractive index region WL exists between the high refractive index regions WH.
  • the constituent material (main material) of the core layer 13 as described above is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that causes the above-described difference in refractive index.
  • polyolefin resins such as acrylic resins, methacrylic resins, cyclic ether resins such as epoxy resins and oxetane resins, polyimide, polybenzoxazole, polysilane, polysilazane, silicone resins, fluorine resins, norbornene resins, etc.
  • Various resin materials such as resin, glass materials, and the like can be used.
  • the resin material may be a composite material in which materials having different compositions are combined.
  • the refractive index distribution W may further have a minimum value between the high refractive index region WH and the low refractive index region WL (interface portion).
  • a local maximum value (this is referred to as a “first local maximum value”) included in the high refractive index region WH (this is referred to as a “second local maximum value”). It is also preferable that it is included.
  • a second maximum value By including such a second maximum value in the low refractive index region WL, crosstalk between core portions adjacent in the width direction is suppressed.
  • the optical waveguide 1 of the present invention can provide high-quality light. Communication can be maintained. And even when the several core part 14 mutually cross
  • FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line XX in FIG.
  • FIG. 4B is a diagram schematically showing another example of the refractive index distribution W on the center line C1 passing through the center of the core layer 13 in the thickness direction. Unless otherwise noted, the same conditions as in the above example may be included here.
  • the refractive index distribution W shown in FIG. 4B has four minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 and five maximum values Wm1, Wm2, Wm3, Wm4, and Wm5.
  • the five maximum values include a maximum value (first maximum value) Wm2 and Wm4 having a relatively large refractive index, and a maximum value (second maximum value) Wm1, Wm3 having a relatively small refractive index. , And Wm5.
  • the maximum value Wm2 and the maximum value Wm4 exist between the minimum value Ws1 and the minimum value Ws2, and between the minimum value Ws3 and the minimum value Ws4.
  • a maximum value Wm2 having a relatively high refractive index is located between the minimum value Ws1 and the minimum value Ws2, and a region having a relatively high refractive index is a core portion 14. It becomes.
  • the maximum value Wm4 is located between the minimum value Ws3 and the minimum value Ws4, and this region having a relatively large refractive index is the core portion.
  • a core portion 141 is defined between the minimum value Ws1 and the minimum value Ws2, and a core portion 142 is defined between the minimum value Ws3 and the minimum value Ws4.
  • the region on the left side of the minimum value Ws1, the region between the minimum value Ws2 and the minimum value Ws3, and the region on the right side of the minimum value Ws4 are regions adjacent to both side surfaces of the core part 14, respectively. These regions are the side cladding portions 15.
  • the region on the left side of the minimum value Ws1 is the side cladding portion 151 (first side cladding portion), and the side cladding portion 152 (second side cladding portion) is between the minimum value Ws2 and the minimum value Ws3.
  • the region on the right side of the minimum value Ws4 is defined as a side cladding portion 153 (third side cladding portion).
  • the refractive index distribution W includes at least the second maximum value and the minimum value included in the low refractive index region, the first maximum value and the minimum value included in the high refractive index region, and It suffices if the second maximum value different from the second maximum value has a region arranged in this order. In addition, this area
  • the refractive index distribution W has the second maximum value, the minimum value, the first maximum value, the minimum value, the second maximum value, the minimum value,
  • the local maximum value and the local minimum value are alternately arranged in the order of the local maximum value, the local minimum value, and the second local maximum value, and for the local maximum value, the first local maximum value and the second local maximum value are alternately displayed. It suffices to have a lined area.
  • the plurality of minimum values, the plurality of first maximum values, and the plurality of second maximum values are preferably substantially the same value. However, if the relationship that the local minimum value is smaller than the first local maximum value and the second local maximum value and the second local maximum value is smaller than the first local maximum value is maintained, the values may be slightly different from each other. Absent. In that case, it is preferable that the amount of deviation is suppressed within 10% of the average value of the plurality of minimum values.
  • the four local minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 shown in FIG. 4 each have a value less than the value of the average refractive index WA in the adjacent side cladding portion 15. Due to this feature, a region having a smaller refractive index than the average refractive index in the side cladding portion 15 exists at the boundary between each core portion 14 and each side cladding portion 15. As a result, a steeper refractive index gradient is formed in the vicinity of the local minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4. Thereby, since the leakage of the light from each core part 14 is suppressed, the optical waveguide 1 with a small transmission loss is obtained.
  • the maximum values Wm1, Wm3, and Wm5 are located in the side cladding portions 151, 152, and 153. These maximum values are particularly preferably located outside the edge portions of the side clad portions 151, 152, and 153 (near the interface between the core portions 141 and 142 and the side clad portion).
  • the maximum values Wm2 and Wm4 (first maximum value) in the core portions 141 and 142 and the maximum values Wm1, Wm3, and Wm5 (second maximum values) in the side cladding portions 151, 152, and 153 are obtained. Value) are sufficiently separated from each other. For this reason, the probability that the transmission light in the core portions 141 and 142 leaks into the side cladding portions 151, 152, and 153 can be sufficiently reduced. As a result, the transmission loss of the core parts 141 and 142 can be reduced.
  • the vicinity of the edges of the side cladding portions 151, 152, and 153 refers to the distance from the above-described edge portion to the inside of the side cladding portions up to a distance of 5% of the width of the side cladding portions 151, 152, and 153. It is an area.
  • the maximum values Wm1, Wm3, and Wm5 are located at the center of the width of the side cladding portions 151, 152, and 153, and the maximum values Wm1, Wm3, and Wm5 ( From the second maximum value) to the adjacent minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4, it is preferable that the refractive index continuously decreases. Due to this feature, the maximum values Wm2, Wm4 (first maximum value) in the core portions 141, 142 and the maximum values Wm1, Wm3, and Wm5 (second maximum values) in the side cladding portions 151, 152, 153 are obtained.
  • the maximum values Wm1, Wm3, and Wm5 have a refractive index smaller than the maximum values Wm2, Wm4 (first maximum value) located in the core portions 141, 142 described above. Therefore, although it does not have a high light transmission property like the core parts 141 and 142, it has a slight light transmission property because its refractive index is higher than the surroundings. As a result, the side clad parts 151, 152, and 153 have a function of preventing transmission to other core parts by confining transmission light leaked from the core parts 141 and 142. That is, the presence of the maximum values Wm1, Wm3, and Wm5 (second maximum value) can suppress crosstalk.
  • the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 are each less than the average refractive index WA of the adjacent side cladding portions 15 as described above.
  • the difference is desirably within a predetermined range.
  • the difference between the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 and the average refractive index WA of the side cladding portion 15 is any one of the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4, the average value, and the core. It is preferably about 3 to 80%, more preferably about 5 to 50%, and more preferably about 7 to 20% of the difference between the maximum value Wm2 and Wm4 in the portions 141 and 142 or the average value. More preferably.
  • the side clad portion 15 has a light transmission property necessary and sufficient to suppress crosstalk.
  • the difference between the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 and the average refractive index WA of the side cladding 15 is below the lower limit of the above range, the light transmission in the side cladding 15 is too small. There is a possibility that the crosstalk cannot be sufficiently suppressed.
  • the upper limit is exceeded, the light transmission property in the side clad portion 15 is too large, and the light transmission properties of the core portions 141 and 142 may be adversely affected.
  • the difference between the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 and the maximum values Wm1, Wm3, and Wm5 is the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 and the maximum values Wm2, Wm4. It is preferably about 6 to 90% of the difference from the (first maximum value), more preferably about 10 to 70%, and further preferably about 14 to 40%. Thereby, the balance between the refractive index height in the side cladding portion 15 and the refractive index height in the core portion 14 is optimized, and the optical waveguide 1 has a particularly excellent optical transmission property and more reliably crosstalk. It can be suppressed.
  • the refractive index difference between the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 and the maximum values Wm2 and Wm4 (first maximum values) in the core portions 141 and 142 is preferably as large as possible, but is 0.005. It is preferably about 0.07 to 0.07, more preferably about 0.007 to 0.05, and still more preferably about 0.01 to 0.03. Thereby, the above-described difference in refractive index becomes necessary and sufficient for confining light in the core portions 141 and 142.
  • the distance between the local maximum values Wm2 and Wm4 (first local maximum value) can be selected as necessary.
  • a preferable range For example, if the lower limit of a preferable range is mentioned, 10 micrometers or more are preferable, 20 micrometers or more are more preferable, and 30 micrometers or more are further more preferable. Moreover, if an upper limit is given, 800 micrometers or less are preferable, 500 micrometers or less are more preferable, 400 micrometers or less are still more preferable, and 300 micrometers is especially preferable. If necessary, it may be 200 ⁇ m or less, or 100 ⁇ m or less.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the intensity distribution of the emitted light when light is incident only on the core portion 141 of the optical waveguide 1 having the refractive index distribution shown in FIG.
  • This intensity distribution is the other end of the optical waveguide when light is incident on the end (incident end) of the core 141 out of the two parallel cores 141 and 142 formed in the optical waveguide 1. It is intensity distribution of the emitted light in.
  • the intensity of the emitted light becomes the largest at the central part of the outgoing end of the core part 141.
  • strength of emitted light becomes small as it leaves
  • an intensity distribution is obtained such that the intensity of the emitted light has a minimum value in the core part 142 adjacent to the core part 141.
  • the minimum value of the intensity distribution of the emitted light coincides with the position of the core portion 142, so that the crosstalk in the core portion 142 can be suppressed to be extremely small.
  • the intensity distribution of the emitted light does not take the minimum value in the core part adjacent to the core part where the light is incident, but rather takes the maximum value. As a result, a crosstalk problem has occurred.
  • the intensity distribution of the emitted light in the optical waveguide of the present invention as described above is extremely useful for suppressing crosstalk.
  • the conventional refractive index distribution W has the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 and the refractive index continuously changes throughout the refractive index distribution W, the core 142 In the intensity distribution of the emitted light having a local maximum value, the local maximum value is shifted to the side clad portion 153 or the like adjacent to the core portion 142. That is, the crosstalk is reliably suppressed by the shift of the intensity distribution.
  • the intensity distribution of the emitted light as described above is not necessarily observed although there is a high probability of being observed when at least two core portions 14 are formed in parallel in the optical waveguide of the present invention. Absent. Depending on the incident light NA (numerical aperture), the cross-sectional area of the core part 141, the pitch of the core parts 141, 142, etc., a clear minimum value is not observed, or the position of the minimum value deviates from the core part 142 There is also. However, even in such a case, crosstalk is sufficiently suppressed.
  • the refractive index in the vicinity of the maximum values Wm2 and Wm4 (first maximum value) is continuous.
  • the width of the portion having the average refractive index WA or more is defined as a [ ⁇ m]
  • the width of the portion where the refractive index in the vicinity of the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 is continuously less than the average refractive index WA is defined as b [ ⁇ m]. It was. At this time, b is preferably about 0.01a to 1.2a, more preferably about 0.03a to 1a, and still more preferably about 0.1a to 0.8a.
  • the substantial widths of the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 become necessary and sufficient to exhibit the above-described functions and effects. That is, when b is less than the lower limit value, the substantial widths of the minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 are too narrow, so that the effect of confining light in the core portions 141 and 142 may be reduced. .
  • the average refractive index WA in the side cladding 15 can be approximated at the midpoint between the maximum value Wm1 and the minimum value Ws1.
  • the clad layers 11 and 12 constitute clad portions located at the lower and upper portions of the core layer 13, respectively.
  • the average thickness of the cladding layers 11 and 12 is preferably about 0.05 to 1.5 times the average thickness of the core layer 13 (the average height of each core portion 14). More preferably, it is about 25 times.
  • the average thickness of the clad layers 11 and 12 is not particularly limited, but each is usually preferably about 1 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably about 3 to 100 ⁇ m, and more preferably about 5 to 60 ⁇ m. More preferably. Thereby, the function as a clad part is suitably exhibited while preventing the optical waveguide 1 from becoming unnecessarily large (thickened).
  • constituent materials of the cladding layers 11 and 12 can be arbitrarily selected, for example, the same material as the constituent material of the core layer 13 described above can be used.
  • (meth) acrylic resin, epoxy resin, or polyolefin resin is preferable.
  • the material may be selected in consideration of the difference in refractive index between them. Specifically, in order to reliably confine light in the core portion 14, the material may be selected so that the refractive index of the constituent material of the core portion 14 is sufficiently large. As a result, a sufficient refractive index difference is obtained in the thickness direction of the optical waveguide 1, and light can be prevented from leaking from the respective core portions 14 to the cladding layers 11 and 12.
  • the adhesiveness (affinity) between the constituent material of the core layer 13 and the constituent materials of the cladding layers 11 and 12 is high.
  • the refractive index distribution T in the thickness direction of the optical waveguide 1 is not particularly limited as long as the refractive index of the core portion 14 is high and the refractive indexes of the cladding layers 11 and 12 are low (for example, step index type (SI Type), or a so-called graded index type (GI type) or W type whose refractive index is continuously changed.
  • the core portion 14 has a maximum value and has a minimum value near the boundary between the core portion 14 and the cladding layers 11 and 12.
  • “the refractive index continuously changes” means that the refractive index distribution T has a rounded curve in each part, as in the above-described refractive index distribution W, and this curve is differentiable. is there.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B are part of the cross-sectional view taken along the line XX shown in FIG. 2 and are cut out centering on the core portion sandwiched between the upper and lower clad layers.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams schematically showing an example of the refractive index distribution T on the center line C2 that passes vertically through the center of the width of the core portion.
  • the horizontal axis represents the refractive index
  • the vertical axis represents the position on the center line C2 (distance: the center of the core in the thickness direction is zero). It is a figure which shows an example of the refractive index distribution T when taking.
  • the optical waveguide 1 is divided into the clad layer 11, the core layer 13, and the clad layer 12.
  • the refractive index distribution T in the thickness direction in the core portion 14 shown in FIG. 6A (b) has a maximum value Tm located at the center and minimum values located on both sides of the maximum value Tm.
  • Ts1 and Ts2 are included. Note that the minimum value positioned below the maximum value Tm is Ts1, and the maximum value positioned above the maximum value Tm is Ts2.
  • the region below the minimum value Ts1 becomes the cladding layer 11
  • the region above the minimum value Ts2 becomes the cladding layer 12.
  • the refractive index distribution T only needs to have at least a region in which the minimum value, the maximum value, and the minimum value are arranged in this order.
  • this region is repeatedly provided in accordance with the number of core layers 13 stacked.
  • the minimum value and the maximum value are alternately arranged in the refractive index distribution T.
  • the relatively large first maximum value and the relatively small second maximum value are alternately arranged. That is, it is preferable that the maximum values are arranged like the second maximum value, the minimum value, the first maximum value, the minimum value, the second maximum value, the minimum value, the first maximum value, and the like. .
  • the plurality of minimum values, the plurality of first maximum values, and the plurality of second maximum values are substantially the same value. If the relationship that the local minimum value is smaller than the first local maximum value or the second local maximum value and the second local maximum value is smaller than the first local maximum value is maintained, the values of the plurality of values are slightly different from each other. There is no problem. In that case, it is preferable that the amount of deviation is suppressed within 10% of the average value of the plurality of minimum values.
  • the minimum value Ts1 is less than the average refractive index TA in the cladding layer 11.
  • the minimum value Ts2 is less than the average refractive index TA in the cladding layer 12.
  • a region having a refractive index smaller than the average refractive index of the clad layers 11 and 12 exists between the core portion 14 and the clad layers 11 and 12.
  • a steeper refractive index gradient is formed in the vicinity of the local minimum values Ts1 and Ts2.
  • the refractive index distribution T of these refractive index distributions T changes continuously as a whole.
  • the effect of confining light in the core portion 14 is further enhanced. For this reason, the transmission loss can be further reduced.
  • the refractive index distribution T has the minimum values Ts1 and Ts2 as described above, and the refractive index continuously changes. For this reason, due to the property that the speed of light is inversely proportional to the refractive index, the speed of light increases with distance from the center, and a difference in propagation time for each optical path is less likely to occur. For this reason, the transmission waveform does not easily collapse, and for example, even when the transmission light includes a pulse signal, it is possible to suppress blunting of the pulse signal (spreading of the pulse signal). As a result, the optical waveguide 1 that can further improve the quality of optical communication is obtained.
  • the refractive index continuously changing in the refractive index distribution T is a state in which the curve of the refractive index distribution T is rounded at each part, and this curve is differentiable.
  • the maximum value Tm is located in the core portion 14 as shown in FIG. 6A (b), and is located in the central portion of the thickness of the core portion 14. is doing.
  • the probability that transmission light will gather in the center part of the thickness of the core part 14 will become high, and the probability that it will leak to each clad layer 11 and 12 relatively becomes low.
  • the transmission loss of the core parts 141 and 142 can be further reduced.
  • center part of the thickness of the core part 14 is a region having a distance of 30% of the thickness of the core part 14 on both sides from the midpoint between the minimum value Ts1 and the minimum value Ts2.
  • the position of the maximum value Tm is not necessarily the center portion, but may be located at a location other than the vicinity of the edge of the core portion 14 (near the interface with the clad layers 11 and 12). Thereby, the transmission loss of the core part 14 can be suppressed to some extent.
  • the vicinity of the edge of the core portion 14 is a region having a distance of 5% of the thickness of the core portion 14 from the above-described edge to the inside.
  • the refractive index of each cladding layer 11 and 12 changes so as to be the highest in the vicinity of the interface with the core portion 14 and the lowest in the vicinity of the interface with the core portion 14.
  • the maximum value Tm in the core portion 14 and the region having a high refractive index in each of the cladding layers 11 and 12 are sufficiently separated from each other. For this reason, the probability that the transmission light in the core portion 14 leaks into the clad layers 11 and 12 can be sufficiently reduced. As a result, the transmission loss of the core unit 14 can be reduced.
  • the vicinity of the interface with the core portion 14 in each of the cladding layers 11 and 12 is a region having a distance of 5% of the thickness of each of the cladding layers 11 and 12 inward from the interface.
  • the average refractive index TA in each of the cladding layers 11 and 12 can be approximated by the midpoint between the minimum values Ts1 and Ts2 and the maximum value in each of the cladding layers 11 and 12.
  • the minimum values Ts1 and Ts2 are less than the average refractive index TA of each of the cladding layers 11 and 12, as described above.
  • the difference between the two values is desirably within a predetermined range.
  • the difference between the minimum values Ts1 and Ts2 and the average refractive index TA of the cladding layers 11 and 12 is about 3 to 80% of the difference between the minimum values Ts1 and Ts2 and the maximum value Tm in the core portion 14.
  • it is about 5 to 50%, more preferably about 7 to 30%.
  • each of the cladding layers 11 and 12 is a layer having a light transmission property that is necessary and sufficient to suppress crosstalk.
  • the difference between the minimum values Ts1 and Ts2 and the average refractive index TA of each of the cladding layers 11 and 12 is less than the lower limit value, the light transmission property in each of the cladding layers 11 and 12 is too small, and crosstalk. May not be sufficiently suppressed.
  • the upper limit value is exceeded, the optical transmission properties of the clad layers 11 and 12 are too large, and the optical transmission properties of the core part 14 may be adversely affected.
  • the difference in refractive index between the minimum values Ts1, Ts2 and the maximum value Tm in the core portion 14 should be as large as possible.
  • the difference can be selected as necessary, but is preferably about 0.005 to 0.07, more preferably about 0.007 to 0.05, and about 0.01 to 0.05. More preferably. Thereby, the above-described refractive index difference becomes a difference necessary and sufficient for confining light in the core portion 14.
  • the refractive index distribution T may be a so-called graded index type distribution as shown in (d) of FIG. 6B.
  • the refractive index distribution T shown in FIG. 6B (d) has a maximum value Tm in the core portion 14, and the cladding layers 11 and 12 have a constant refractive index smaller than the maximum value Tm.
  • FIG. 7A is a top view showing the optical waveguide 1 shown in FIG. 2 (the upper layer 3 and the layer 12 are omitted).
  • FIG. 7B is a diagram showing a refractive index distribution near the intersection.
  • the intersection portion 147 between the core portions 141 (first core portion) and 142 (third core portion) and the core portion 145 (second core portion) has a local maximum value.
  • signal light easily gathers at the center of the intersection 147, so that interference is less likely to occur.
  • the signal light can travel straight in the intersection 147, and propagation in an unintended direction is suppressed.
  • the refractive index of the intersecting portion 147 is higher than the surrounding area. Based on this refractive index difference, the signal light that has entered the intersecting portion 147 is less likely to enter the core portion that intersects the core portion through which the signal light has propagated. As a result, in the optical waveguide 1, the core portions can be crossed on the same plane without causing signal light to interfere at the crossing portion 147.
  • the maximum refractive index of the intersection 147 is preferably about 0.001 to 0.05 higher than the maximum value Wm of the refractive index distribution W, and more preferably about 0.002 to 0.03.
  • the constituent material of the intersecting portion 147 may be different from other parts constituting the core layer 13.
  • a part of the core layer 13 is removed, and another material is filled therein, thereby forming the crossing portion 147 having a uniform refractive index distribution.
  • the other material include a polymer described later, and are appropriately selected depending on the magnitude relationship with the refractive index of the core portion 14.
  • the fact that the refractive index distribution is uniform means that the variation in the refractive index at the intersection 147 is 5% or less of the average refractive index at the intersection 147.
  • the optical axis of the core part 141 (first core part) is A1
  • the optical axis of the core part 142 (third core part) is A2
  • the optical axis of the core part 145 (second core part).
  • Is A5 the crossing angle between the optical axis A1 and the optical axis A5 and the crossing angle between the optical axis A2 and the optical axis A5 are each preferably 10 to 90 °, and preferably 20 to 90 °. Is more preferable. If the crossing angle is within this range, the occurrence of interference can be sufficiently suppressed.
  • the signal light is concentrated and propagated in the vicinity of the maximum value, so that interference at the intersecting portion 147 hardly occurs as described above.
  • attenuation at the intersection 147 can also be suppressed.
  • the optical waveguide 1 of the present invention has a transmission loss of 0.02 dB or less at the intersection 147. Since such an optical waveguide 1 can suppress transmission loss even if a large number of intersections 147 are formed, a complicated optical wiring can be constructed.
  • FIGS. 8A and 8B are partially enlarged views showing other configuration examples in the vicinity of the intersection.
  • the optical waveguides shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B are configured so that the widths of the core part 141 and the core part 145 gradually increase toward the intersection part 147 in the vicinity of the intersection part 147.
  • the widths of the core part 141 and the core part 145 are gradually increased linearly.
  • the widths of the core part 141 and the core part 145 gradually increase in a curved manner.
  • FIG. 7A shows an example in which the core part 141 and the core part 145, and the core part 142 and the core part 145 intersect with each other at different intersections 147, the core part 141, the core part 142, and Three of the core portions 145 may intersect at the same intersection. Or more core parts may cross.
  • 8C and 8D are diagrams illustrating an example of the latter in which three or more core portions intersect.
  • the optical axis A1 of the core part 141, the optical axis A2 of the core part 142, and the optical axis A5 of the core part 145 intersect at one point so that the inner angle formed is 60 °. is doing.
  • the optical axis A1 of the core part 141, the optical axis A2 of the core part 142, the optical axis A5 of the core part 145, and the optical axis A6 of the core part 146 are all formed at an inner angle. It intersects at one point so as to be 45 °.
  • the optical waveguide 1 becomes an optical waveguide capable of constructing a higher density and more complicated optical wiring.
  • the number of the core parts which cross in the crossing part 148 can be selected as needed, and may be five or more.
  • the number of intersections is appropriately adjusted so that the inner angle formed is preferably 10 to 80 °, more preferably 20 to 70 °, and still more preferably 30 to 60 °. Further, the plurality of inner angles formed may be equal to or different from each other.
  • a mirror may be formed in the middle of the core portion 14 of the optical waveguide 1.
  • a support film 2 as shown in FIG. 2 may be laminated on the lower surface of the optical waveguide 1 as necessary.
  • the support film 2 can be arbitrarily selected and supports and reinforces the lower surface of the optical waveguide 1 by supporting it. Thereby, the reliability and mechanical characteristics of the optical waveguide 1 can be improved.
  • FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing a second embodiment of the optical waveguide according to the present invention (partially cut out and shown through).
  • the upper side in FIG. 9 is referred to as “upper” and the lower side is referred to as “lower”.
  • the second embodiment is the same as the first embodiment except that the second embodiment has two core layers 13 laminated via a cladding layer. That is, the optical waveguide 1 shown in FIG. 9 is formed by laminating five layers of a cladding layer 11, a core layer 13, a cladding layer 121, a core layer 13, and a cladding layer 122 in this order from the bottom.
  • the two core layers 13 each have two core portions 14 (first core portion and third core portion) arranged in parallel in the width direction, as in the first embodiment, and these core portions 14.
  • One core portion 14 (second core portion) that intersects with each other, and a side cladding portion 15 adjacent to these core portions 14 are formed.
  • the lower core layer 131 includes two core portions 141 (first core portion) and 142 (third core portion) arranged in parallel, and these One core portion 145 (second core portion) that intersects each of the core portions 141 and 142, and side clad portions 151, 152, and 153 adjacent to the core portions 141, 142, and 145 are formed. ing.
  • the upper core layer 132 also has two core parts 143 (first core part) and 144 (third core part) arranged in parallel, and one core part intersecting with these core parts 143 and 144, respectively.
  • 145 (second core part) and side clad parts 154, 155, 156 adjacent to these core parts 143, 144, and 145 are formed.
  • each core portion 14 (141, 142, 145, 143, 144, and 145) is overlapped in a plan view by a predetermined position and combination. Is provided.
  • a refractive index distribution T having a refractive index biased in the thickness direction is formed.
  • This refractive index distribution T has a region having a relatively high refractive index and a region having a relatively low refractive index, whereby incident light can be confined and propagated in a region having a high refractive index.
  • FIG. 10 (a) is a part of the cross-sectional view taken along the line YY shown in FIG. 9, and is a view in which two core portions sandwiched between the cladding layers are cut out.
  • FIG. 10B is a diagram schematically showing an example of the refractive index distribution T on the center line C2 ′ passing through the center of the width of the core portion of the YY line cross section.
  • FIG. 10B shows an example of the refractive index distribution in the thickness direction, where the horizontal axis represents the refractive index and the vertical axis represents the position (distance) in the thickness direction of the core portion of the cross section.
  • FIG. The horizontal axis indicates that the refractive index increases toward the right.
  • the optical waveguide 1 has a refractive index including four minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 and five maximum values Tm1, Tm2, Tm3, Tm4, and Tm5 as shown in FIG. It has a distribution T. Further, the five maximum values include a maximum value (first maximum value) Tm2 and Tm4 having a relatively large refractive index, and a maximum value (second maximum value) Tm1, Tm3 having a relatively small refractive index. And Tm5.
  • Tm2 and Tm4 there are local maximum values Tm2 and Tm4 having a relatively high refractive index between the local minimum value Ts1 and the local minimum value Ts2, and between the local minimum value Ts3 and the local minimum value Ts4.
  • the other maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5 are each a maximum value having a relatively small refractive index.
  • the minimum value Ts1 is on the boundary line between the cladding layer 11 and the core part 141
  • the minimum value Ts2 is on the boundary line between the core part 141 and the cladding layer 121
  • the minimum value Ts3 is the boundary between the cladding layer 121 and the core part 143
  • the local minimum value Ts4 is located on the boundary line between the core part 143 and the cladding layer 122, respectively.
  • the local maximum values Tm2 and Tm4 are located in the central portions of the core portions 141 and 143.
  • the local maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5 are preferably located in the center of the cladding layers 11, 121, and 122.
  • the refractive index distribution T should have at least a region where the second maximum value, the minimum value, the first maximum value, the minimum value, and the second maximum value are arranged in this order. This region is repeatedly provided according to the number of core layers stacked.
  • the refractive index distribution T has the second maximum value, the minimum value, the first maximum value, the minimum value, the second maximum value, and the minimum. Value, first local maximum value, local minimum value, and second local maximum value, the local maximum value and the local minimum value are alternately arranged, and for the local maximum value, the first local maximum value and the second local maximum value are alternately arranged. Any shape can be used.
  • the four minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 are less than the value of the average refractive index TA in the adjacent cladding layers 11, 121, and 122, respectively.
  • a region having a refractive index smaller than the average refractive index TA of each cladding layer 11, 121, 122 exists between each core portion 14 and each cladding layer 11, 121, 122.
  • a steeper refractive index gradient is formed in the vicinity of the local minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4.
  • the refractive index distribution T the refractive index continuously changes as a whole.
  • the effect of confining light in the core portion 14 is further enhanced. For this reason, the transmission loss can be further reduced and the occurrence of crosstalk can be further suppressed.
  • the maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5 (second maximum values) of the refractive index distribution T are located in the clad layers 11, 121, and 122, as shown in FIG. ing. These maximum values are particularly preferably located at locations other than the vicinity of the edge portions of the cladding layers 11, 121, and 122 (near the interface with the core portions 141, 143).
  • the maximum values Tm2, Tm4 (first maximum value) in the core portions 141, 143 and the maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5 (second maximum value) in the cladding layers 11, 121, 122 are obtained. Are sufficiently separated from each other.
  • the probability that the transmission light in the core portions 141 and 143 leaks into the clad layers 11, 121, and 122 can be sufficiently reduced.
  • the transmission loss of the core parts 141 and 143 can be reduced and crosstalk can be further suppressed.
  • each cladding layer 11, 121, and 122 is a region having a distance of 5% of the thickness of each cladding layer 11, 121, and 122 from the edge to the inside.
  • the local maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5 are located at the center of the thicknesses of the cladding layers 11, 121, and 122, and the local maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5. It is preferable that the refractive index continuously decreases from the adjacent minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4. As a result, the maximum values Tm2, Tm4 (first maximum value) in the core portions 141, 143 and the maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5 (second maximum value) in the cladding layers 11, 121, 122 are obtained. The maximum distance is ensured, and light is reliably confined in the vicinity of the maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5. For this reason, the leakage of the transmission light from the core parts 141 and 143 described above can be more reliably suppressed.
  • the central portion of the thickness of the clad layer 121 is a region from the midpoint between the minimum value Ts2 and the minimum value Ts3 to both sides and a distance of 30% of the thickness of the clad layer 121.
  • the local maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5 are local maximum values having a lower refractive index than the local maximum values Tm2, Tm4 (first local maximum values) located in the core portions 141, 143 described above. Therefore, although it does not have a high light transmission property like the core parts 141 and 143, it has a slight light transmission property because its refractive index is higher than the surroundings. As a result, each of the cladding layers 11, 121, and 122 has a function of preventing transmission to other core parts by confining transmission light leaked from the core parts 141, 143. That is, the presence of the maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5 can more reliably suppress crosstalk.
  • the minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 have a refractive index less than the average refractive index TA of each of the cladding layers 11, 121, and 122, but the difference is within a predetermined range. It is desirable to be. Specifically, the difference between the minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 and the average refractive index TA of each of the cladding layers 11, 121, and 122 is the minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 and the core portion 141. , 143 of the maximum values Tm2 and Tm4 (first maximum value), preferably about 3 to 80%, more preferably about 5 to 50%, and more preferably about 7 to 30%. More preferably.
  • each clad layer 11, 121, and 122 becomes a layer having a light transmission property necessary and sufficient for suppressing crosstalk.
  • the difference between the minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 and the average refractive index TA of each of the cladding layers 11, 121, and 122 is less than the lower limit value, each of the cladding layers 11, 121, and 122 There is a possibility that the crosstalk can not be sufficiently suppressed because the optical transmission property in the case is too small.
  • the upper limit value is exceeded, the optical transmission properties of the clad layers 11, 121, and 122 are too large, and the optical transmission properties of the core parts 141, 143 may be adversely affected.
  • the difference between the minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 and the maximum values Tm1, Tm3, and Tm5 is the minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 and the maximum values Tm2, Tm4. It is preferably about 6 to 90% of the difference from the (first maximum value), more preferably about 10 to 70%, and further preferably about 14 to 40%. As a result, the balance between the refractive index height of the cladding layer and the refractive index height of the core portion is optimized. Therefore, the optical waveguide 1 has a particularly excellent light transmission property and can more reliably suppress crosstalk.
  • the average refractive index in each of the cladding layers 11, 121, and 122 is TA
  • the refraction in the vicinity of the maximum values Tm2, Tm4 first maximum value
  • the width of the portion where the refractive index is continuously greater than or equal to the average refractive index TA is a [ ⁇ m]
  • the width of the portion where the refractive index in the vicinity of the minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 is continuously less than the average refractive index TA Is b [ ⁇ m] (a and b are set in the same manner as in FIG. 4).
  • b is preferably about 0.01a to 1.2a, more preferably about 0.03a to 1a, and still more preferably about 0.1a to 0.8a.
  • the substantial widths of the minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 become necessary and sufficient to exhibit the above-described functions and effects. That is, when b is less than the lower limit value, the substantial widths of the minimum values Ts1, Ts2, Ts3, and Ts4 are too narrow, which may reduce the effect of confining light in the core portions 141 and 143. .
  • the average refractive index TA in the clad layer 11 can be approximated at the midpoint between the maximum value Tm1 and the minimum value Ts1.
  • crosstalk can be suppressed between the core portions 141 and 143 arranged in the thickness direction of the optical waveguide 1.
  • the intensity distribution P2 of the emitted light at the part is acquired, the intensity distribution shows a characteristic distribution suitable for suppressing crosstalk.
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the intensity distribution P2 of the emitted light at a part of the exit side end face when light is incident only on the core portion 141 of the optical waveguide 1 shown in FIG. Specifically, it is a diagram showing an example of an intensity distribution when the horizontal axis represents the intensity of outgoing light and the vertical axis represents the position (distance in the thickness direction) of the outgoing side end face.
  • the intensity of the emitted light becomes the largest at the central part of the outgoing end of the core part 141.
  • the intensity of the emitted light decreases as the distance from the central portion of the core portion 141 decreases, but takes a locally small value in the core portion 143 (CH2) adjacent in the thickness direction of the core portion 141. That is, the intensity distribution P2 of the emitted light in this case takes the maximum value Pm1 at the center of the emission end of the core part 141 (CH1) and takes the minimum value Ps1 at the core part 143 (CH2).
  • the optical waveguide 1 in which the emitted light has such an intensity distribution the leakage of the light propagating through the core portion 141 cannot be prevented, but the leakage light is prevented from collecting in the core portion 143. For this reason, “crosstalk” in which leaked light is mixed in the core portion 143 can be reliably suppressed. As a result, even if the optical waveguide 1 is multi-channeled and densified not only in the width direction but also in the thickness direction, the occurrence of crosstalk can be reliably prevented.
  • the refractive index distribution T may be a so-called step index type or a graded index type as described above.
  • the connector 101 is provided at the end of the optical waveguide 1 and can optically connect the core group 140 to other optical components.
  • the connector 101 may conform to various connector standards. Examples of the connector conforming to the connector standard include a miniature MT connector, an MT connector defined in JIS C 5981, a 16MT connector, a two-dimensional array MT connector, an MPO connector, and an MPX connector.
  • the end of the core group 140 is exposed from the end surface of the connector 101.
  • the core group 140 and an optical component such as another optical waveguide or optical fiber can be optically connected.
  • the optical component to be connected include a wavelength conversion element, a filter, a diffraction grating, a polarizer, a prism, and a lens in addition to the optical waveguide and the optical fiber.
  • examples of the constituent material of the connector 101 include a resin material, a metal material, and a ceramic material.
  • the mounting structure of the connector 101 is not particularly limited.
  • the connector 101 may protrude from the end face of the optical waveguide 1, and in that case, it is not necessary to provide a notch or the like in the optical waveguide 1.
  • pattern of the core group 140 in the optical waveguide 1 is not limited to that shown in FIG. 1 and may be any pattern.
  • FIG. 12 is a plan view showing another configuration example of the optical wiring component according to the first embodiment of the present invention (shown through the cladding layer).
  • the optical waveguide 1 shown in FIG. 12 is laid so that each core part 14 is divided into different directions in the middle of the core group 140 that is an assembly of four core parts 14 arranged in parallel, and different connectors 101.
  • the optical waveguide 1 is the same as the optical waveguide 1 shown in FIG.
  • the optical wiring component 10 including the optical waveguide 1 having such a pattern the same effect as described above can be obtained. That is, it is possible to construct a complicated and high-density signal path that intersects each other on the same plane without increasing the thickness. Therefore, it is easy to bend, and wiring work can be easily performed even in a small wiring space. A possible optical wiring component 10 is obtained.
  • the optical waveguide 1 can be manufactured by sequentially forming a composition for forming the cladding layer 11, a composition for forming the core layer 13, and a composition for forming the cladding layer 12.
  • a plurality of compositions can be simultaneously produced by extruding a plurality of compositions into a plurality of layers, for example, three kinds of compositions into three layers at the same time. The latter method will be described below.
  • FIGS. 13 to 15 are diagrams for explaining a method of manufacturing the optical waveguide 1 shown in FIG.
  • the upper side in FIGS. 13 to 15 is referred to as “upper” and the lower side is referred to as “lower”.
  • the following steps can be included.
  • two types of optical waveguide forming compositions 901 and 902 are alternately layered on a support substrate 951 in an arbitrary number, preferably extrusion molding.
  • a layer 910 is irradiated with actinic radiation to cause a difference in refractive index, whereby the optical waveguide 1 is obtained.
  • compositions 901 and 902 for forming an optical waveguide are prepared.
  • Optical waveguide forming compositions 901 and 902 each contain a polymer 915 and an additive 920 (including at least a monomer in the present embodiment). However, the compositions are different from each other.
  • the optical waveguide forming composition 901 is a material mainly for forming the core layer 13.
  • the composition 901 for forming an optical waveguide is a material that causes an active reaction of at least a monomer in the polymer 915 upon irradiation with actinic radiation, and changes the refractive index distribution accordingly. That is, in the optical waveguide forming composition 901, the refractive index distribution changes due to the deviation in the ratio of the polymer 915 and the monomer, and as a result, the core portion 14 and the side cladding portion 15 are formed in the core layer 13. It is a material that can be used.
  • the optical waveguide forming composition 902 is mainly a material for forming the clad layers 11 and 12, and is composed of a material having a lower refractive index than the material of the optical waveguide forming composition 901.
  • the difference in refractive index between the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902 is determined by setting the composition of the polymer 915, the composition of the monomer, the abundance ratio of the polymer 915 and the monomer, and the like. It can be adjusted appropriately.
  • the content of the monomer in the composition is preferably higher in the optical waveguide forming composition 902 than in the optical waveguide forming composition 901.
  • the content of the monomer in the composition is preferably higher in the optical waveguide forming composition 901 than in the optical waveguide forming composition 902.
  • the composition of the polymer 915 and the additive 920 (including the monomer) in each of the optical waveguide forming compositions 901 and 902 is appropriately selected according to the refractive indexes of the polymer 915 and the monomer.
  • the composition of the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902 is set so that the monomer contents are substantially equal to each other. With this setting, the difference in monomer content between the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902 is reduced. For this reason, the diffusion movement of the monomer triggered by this can be suppressed. As described above, the diffusion movement of the monomer may be useful in the formation of the refractive index difference. However, when the content difference is large, it may be unavoidable that the monomer moves in an undesirable direction. In the multicolor extrusion molding method described later, the refractive index distribution in the thickness direction of the layer 910 can be freely formed.
  • the optical waveguide 1 having the refractive index distribution T having the target shape can be reliably manufactured.
  • the conditions of the polymer 915 or the monomer may be different between the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902.
  • the composition of the polymer 915 to be used is different between the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902, and the molecular weight and degree of polymerization of the polymer are different from each other even in the same composition. You can do it.
  • the composition of the monomer used that is, the refractive index may be varied. In this way, the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902 have substantially the same monomer content and suppress the difference in refractive index between the two while suppressing the diffusion movement of the monomer. Can be formed.
  • the optical waveguide forming composition 901 is extruded in three layers, and the optical waveguide forming composition 902 is extruded between these layers, thereby forming a multicolor molded body 914 having five layers. Batch formation. Specifically, in the multicolor molded body 914, an optical waveguide forming composition 901, an optical waveguide forming composition 902, an optical waveguide forming composition 901, an optical waveguide forming composition 902, and an optical waveguide forming composition. Objects 901 are simultaneously extruded from below in this order. For this reason, the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902 are slightly turbid at the boundary between the compositions.
  • the multicolor molded body 914 has a first molded layer 914a mainly composed of the optical waveguide forming composition 901, the optical waveguide forming composition 901, and the optical waveguide formation from below the layer (a) in FIG.
  • a second molding layer 914b made of a mixture of the composition 902 for optical use, a third molding layer 914c mainly made of the composition 902 for optical waveguide formation, and a mixture of the composition 901 for optical waveguide formation and the composition 902 for optical waveguide formation.
  • the solvent in the obtained multicolor molded body 914 is evaporated (desolvent) to obtain a layer 910 (see FIG. 13B).
  • the obtained layer 910 includes a clad layer 11 formed from a layer below the center portion of the third molding layer 914c and a center portion of the third molding layer 914c from below the stack in FIG.
  • the core layer 13 is formed from a layer below the center of the seventh molding layer 914g
  • the clad layer 12 is formed from a layer above the center of the seventh molding layer 914g.
  • the core layer 13 has a higher refractive index than the cladding layers 11 and 12.
  • the polymer (matrix) 915 exists substantially uniformly and randomly in the lateral direction.
  • the additive 920 is substantially uniformly and randomly dispersed in the polymer 915. Thereby, the additive 920 is substantially uniformly and randomly dispersed in the layer 910.
  • the average thickness of the layer 910 is appropriately set according to the thickness of the optical waveguide 1 to be formed, and is not particularly limited. However, it is preferably about 10 to 500 ⁇ m, more preferably about 20 to 300 ⁇ m.
  • the support substrate 951 can be arbitrarily selected, and for example, a silicon substrate, a silicon dioxide substrate, a glass substrate, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, or the like is used.
  • a silicon substrate for example, a silicon substrate, a silicon dioxide substrate, a glass substrate, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, or the like is used.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • the multicolor molded body 914 for obtaining such a layer 910 is manufactured using, for example, a die coater (multicolor extrusion molding apparatus) that can be arbitrarily selected.
  • the first molding layer 914a and the ninth molding layer 914i are sufficiently thinner than other molding layers, for example, the fifth molding layer 914e, so that the lowermost layer It can prevent that the refractive index of a part and a lowermost layer part becomes higher than the refractive index of a middle layer part.
  • the multicolor molded body 914 can also be formed on a transport film, and this transport film can be used as it is as the support substrate 951 and further as the support film 2.
  • the multicolor extrusion molding method and the die coater are examples of a method and an apparatus for manufacturing the multicolor molded body 914.
  • the method and apparatus can cause turbidity of the composition between layers, other methods and apparatuses such as injection molding method (apparatus), coating method (apparatus), printing method (apparatus) and other various methods (apparatus) It can also be used.
  • the polymer 915 is a material that becomes a base polymer of the optical waveguide 1.
  • the polymer 915 a polymer having a sufficiently high transparency (colorless and transparent) and compatible with a monomer described later is suitably used. Furthermore, as will be described later, among the polymers, monomers can be reacted (polymerization reaction or crosslinking reaction), and those having sufficient transparency even after the monomers are polymerized are preferably used.
  • “having compatibility” means that the monomer is at least mixed and does not cause phase separation with the polymer 915 in the optical waveguide forming compositions 901 and 902 or in the layer 910.
  • Such a polymer 915 can be selected as necessary.
  • an acrylic resin polymer
  • a methacrylic resin a methacrylic resin
  • a cyclic ether resin such as an epoxy resin or an oxetane resin
  • a polyolefin such as a norbornene resin
  • the acrylic polymer can be selected as necessary. For example, it is preferable to use methyl (meth) acrylate, benzyl (meth) acrylate, and / or cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate.
  • MMA monomer manufactured by Kuraray or Mitsubishi Rayon
  • the refractive index of each part of the core layer 13 is determined according to the relative size relationship between the refractive index of the (meth) acrylic polymer and the refractive index of the monomer and the abundance ratio in each part. Therefore, the refractive index of each part of the core layer 13 can be adjusted by appropriately selecting the type of monomer to be used and the type of the (meth) acrylic polymer.
  • Epoxy polymer An epoxy-type polymer can be selected as needed. Epoxy polymers are particularly preferably used as the polymer in the present invention because of their high transparency, excellent light transmission properties, and excellent heat resistance and adhesion. In addition, the epoxy-based polymer is compatible with the monomer described later, and among them, the monomer can react (polymerization reaction or crosslinking reaction) as described later, and is sufficient even after the monomer reacts. Those having transparency are preferably used.
  • “having compatibility” means that the monomer is at least mixed and does not cause phase separation with the epoxy-based polymer in the optical waveguide forming compositions 901 and 902 and in the layer 910.
  • examples of the alicyclic epoxy monomer include those represented by the following formula (4).
  • the compound represented by the formula (4) is 3,4-epoxycyclohexenylmethyl-3 ′, 4′-epoxycyclohexenecarboxylate, and as this compound, for example, Celoxide 2021P manufactured by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. is used. can do.
  • epoxy-based polymer or raw material monomer in addition to the above, phenoxy resin YP series such as YP-50S, Ogsol EG (manufactured by Osaka Gas Chemical), etc. can be used.
  • the refractive index of each part of the core layer 13 is determined according to the relative size relationship between the refractive index of the epoxy polymer and the refractive index of the monomer and the abundance ratio in each part. Therefore, the refractive index of each part of the core layer 13 can be adjusted by appropriately selecting the type of monomer to be used and the type of epoxy polymer.
  • Silicone polymers are used as the polymers in the present invention because they are particularly highly transparent, have excellent light transmission properties, and have excellent heat resistance, light stability, and electrical insulation.
  • the silicone polymer has compatibility with the monomer described later, and among them, the monomer can react (polymerization reaction or crosslinking reaction) as described later, and is sufficient even after the monomer reacts. Those having transparency are preferably used.
  • “having compatibility” means that the monomer is at least mixed and does not cause phase separation with the silicone-based polymer in the optical waveguide forming compositions 901 and 902 and in the layer 910.
  • the silicone polymer is a polymer (including resin and rubber) obtained by polymerizing (hydrolyzing / condensing or condensing) this raw material monomer using organoalkoxysilane or a derivative thereof as a raw material monomer.
  • organoalkoxysilane examples include isopropyltrimethoxysilane, neopentyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, and the like.
  • the polyimide-based polymer has particularly high transparency, excellent light transmission properties, and further excellent heat resistance, light stability, mechanical properties, adhesion, and electrical insulation. Therefore, it is preferably used as a polymer in the present invention.
  • the polyimide-based polymer those having compatibility with the monomer described later, and among them, the monomer can be reacted (polymerization reaction or crosslinking reaction) as described later, and sufficient even after the monomer has reacted. Those having transparency are preferably used.
  • “having compatibility” means that no phase separation occurs with the polyimide polymer in the optical waveguide forming compositions 901 and 902 and in the layer 910 when the monomer is mixed at least.
  • the polyimide polymer is a polymer containing a polyimide (oligomer) obtained by heating and curing (imidizing) a polyamic acid obtained by reacting a tetracarboxylic acid anhydride with a diamine.
  • the fluorine-based polymer has high transparency, excellent light transmission properties, and excellent mechanical properties and moisture absorption resistance. Therefore, it is preferably used as a polymer in the present invention.
  • the fluorine-based polymer has a compatibility with the monomer described later, and among them, the monomer can react (polymerization reaction or crosslinking reaction) as described later, and is sufficient even after the monomer reacts. Those having transparency are preferably used.
  • the fluoropolymer is a polymer containing a fluorine atom in its molecular structure.
  • the fluoropolymer has at least one ring structure selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic ring structure, an imide ring structure, a triazine ring structure, a benzoxazole structure, and an aromatic ring structure.
  • Those containing fluorine atoms are preferred.
  • a polymer having an aliphatic ring structure as a main chain is particularly preferable.
  • the layer 910 obtained from the optical waveguide forming compositions 901 and 902 can have a more uniform film thickness.
  • fluorinated aliphatic ring structure polymer that can be preferably used in the present invention include those having structural units (repeating units) as shown in the following formulas (12) to (16) in the main chain. Is mentioned.
  • l is 0-5, m is 0-4, n is 0-1, 1 + m + n is 1-6, o, p, q are each independently 0-5, o + p + q is 1-6, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each independently F, Cl, CF 3 , C 2 F 5 , C 3 F 7 or OCF 3 , and X 1 and X 2 Are each independently F or Cl.
  • the polyolefin-based polymer can be selected as necessary.
  • the polyolefin polymer may be a cyclic olefin polymer such as a norbornene polymer or a benzocyclobutene polymer.
  • a cyclic olefin-based polymer for example, those described in JP 2010-090328 A are used.
  • the additive 920 includes a monomer in both the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902.
  • the additive 920 in the optical waveguide forming composition 901 may further contain a polymerization initiator, while the additive 920 in the optical waveguide forming composition 902 is polymerized. It does not have to contain an initiator.
  • the monomer (photopolymerizable monomer) reacts in the irradiated region by irradiation with actinic radiation, which will be described later, to form a reaction product, and the monomer diffuses and moves with it, so that the layer 910 has an irradiated region and an unirradiated region. It is a compound that can cause a refractive index difference between them.
  • a polymer formed by polymerizing the monomer in the polymer 915 (polymer), a crosslinked structure in which the monomer cross-links the polymers 915, and a monomer is polymerized into the polymer 915 to branch from the polymer 915
  • the reactant of the monomer a polymer formed by polymerizing the monomer in the polymer 915 (polymer), a crosslinked structure in which the monomer cross-links the polymers 915, and a monomer is polymerized into the polymer 915 to branch from the polymer 915
  • the refractive index difference generated between the irradiated region and the non-irradiated region is generated based on the difference between the refractive index of the polymer 915 and the refractive index of the monomer. From this, the monomer contained in the additive 920 is selected in consideration of the magnitude relationship with the refractive index of the polymer 915.
  • a polymer 915 having a relatively low refractive index and a monomer having a high refractive index with respect to the polymer 915 are included. Used in combination.
  • a polymer 915 having a relatively high refractive index and a monomer having a low refractive index with respect to the polymer 915 are used in combination.
  • the low refractive index region WL of the refractive index distribution W corresponds to a region where the refractive index of the irradiated region in the layer 910 has decreased due to the monomer reaction (reactant generation).
  • the high refractive index region WH of the refractive index distribution W corresponds to the region where the refractive index of the irradiation region has increased.
  • those having compatibility with the polymer 915 and having a refractive index difference with the polymer 915 of 0.01 or more are preferably used.
  • Such a monomer may be a compound having a polymerizable site in the molecular structure.
  • the monomer etc. which were mentioned as a raw material of the polymer 915 are used, and are not specifically limited. Examples thereof include acrylic acid (methacrylic acid) monomers, epoxy monomers, oxetane monomers, norbornene monomers, vinyl ether monomers, styrene monomers, and photodimerization monomers. One or more of these can be used in combination.
  • the monomer by using the same type of monomer as the polymer 915, the monomer can be more uniformly dispersed in the polymer 915. Therefore, the characteristics of the optical waveguide forming compositions 901 and 902 can be homogenized.
  • the molecular weight of the monomer can be selected as necessary. For example, 50 to 500 is preferable, 80 to 400 is more preferable, 100 to 400 is more preferable, and 100 to 350 is particularly preferable.
  • unsaturated hydrocarbons are particularly preferably used as the polymerizable portion of the monomer.
  • a compound containing an unsaturated hydrocarbon easily causes a polymerization reaction such as radical polymerization or cationic polymerization, and is suitable as a monomer used in the present invention.
  • acrylic acid (methacrylic acid) -based monomer and epoxy-based monomer that can be used as the monomer
  • the same monomers as those cited as the raw material of the polymer 915 can be used.
  • a monomer or oligomer having a cyclic ether group such as an oxetanyl group and an epoxy group can easily react because the ring opening of the cyclic ether group is likely to occur. Therefore, by using the monomer, it is possible to shorten the time for forming the core layer 13 and hence the time for manufacturing the optical waveguide 1.
  • the molecular weight of the monomer having a cyclic ether group or the molecular weight (weight average molecular weight) of the oligomer can be selected as necessary. For example, 50 to 500 are preferable, 80 to 400 are more preferable, 100 to 400 are more preferable, and 100 to 350 are particularly preferable.
  • the monomer having an oxetanyl group for example, Aron oxetane (manufactured by Toagosei) can be used.
  • the monomer may be oligomerized as described above.
  • examples of the monomer and oligomer having an oxetanyl group and the monomer and oligomer having an epoxy group include those described in JP 2010-090328 A.
  • the amount of these monomers added can be selected as necessary. It is preferably 1 part by mass or more and 50 parts by mass or less, more preferably 2 parts by mass or more and 40 parts by mass or less, and further preferably 15 parts by mass or more and 40 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymer 915. Thereby, the refractive index modulation between the core part 14 and the side clad part 15 can be caused more reliably.
  • the degree of monomer movement may be adjusted by a method selected as necessary. A preferable W-type or GI-type distribution in the width direction may be created by controlling the degree of movement.
  • the monomer contained between the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902 may be the same or different.
  • the optical waveguide forming composition 901 may include a monomer, while the optical waveguide forming composition 902 may include no monomer.
  • the monomer diffusion movement in the layer does not occur, so that the refractive index in each of the cladding layers 11 and 12 can be made uniform.
  • the photopolymerizable monomer described above is a kind of so-called refractive index adjusting component.
  • the refractive index adjusting component added as the additive 920 may be a polymer or a monomer other than the photopolymerizable polymer as long as the refractive index is different from that of the polymer 915. Examples thereof include 2-bromotetrafluorobenzotrifluoride, chloropentafluorobenzene, decafluorobenzophenone, perfluoroacetophenone, perfluorobiphenyl, bromoheptafluoronaphthalene and the like. At least one of these or a mixture thereof with other components is used.
  • the refractive index distribution as described above can be formed by giving a gradient to the concentration.
  • the addition amount may be biased according to the refractive index distribution to be formed.
  • a polymerization initiator may optionally be included in the composition.
  • the polymerization initiator acts on the monomer with irradiation of actinic radiation and promotes the reaction of the monomer.
  • the polymerization initiator to be used is appropriately selected according to the type of monomer polymerization reaction or crosslinking reaction.
  • radical polymerization initiators are preferably used for acrylic acid (methacrylic acid) monomers and styrene monomers.
  • Cationic polymerization initiators are preferably used for epoxy monomers, oxetane monomers, and vinyl ether monomers.
  • radical polymerization initiators examples include benzophenones and acetophenones. Specifically, Irgacure 651, Irgacure 184 (above, manufactured by BASF Japan) and the like can be mentioned.
  • examples of the cationic polymerization initiator include Lewis acid generating type such as diazonium salt, Bronsted acid generating type such as iodonium salt and sulfonium salt.
  • Lewis acid generating type such as diazonium salt
  • Bronsted acid generating type such as iodonium salt and sulfonium salt.
  • Specific examples include Adekaoptomer SP-170 (manufactured by ADEKA), Sun-Aid SI-100L (manufactured by Sanshin Chemical Industries), Rhodorsil 2074 (manufactured by Rhodia Japan), and the like.
  • the layer 910 containing the polymer 915 and the additive 920 as described above has a predetermined refractive index due to the action of the additive 920 dispersed uniformly in the polymer 915.
  • Step [2] Subsequent to the step [1], a mask (masking) 935 in which an opening (window) 9351 is formed is then formed on the layer 910 formed as shown in FIG.
  • the layer 910 is irradiated with actinic radiation 930 through the mask 935 (see FIG. 14).
  • the composition of the polymer 915 is such that the optical waveguide forming compositions 901 and 902 used to form the layer 910 are (refractive index of the optical waveguide forming composition 901)> (optical waveguide) It is set so as to satisfy the relationship of the refractive index of the forming composition 902. Under this condition, the layer 910 has the highest refractive index at the center in the thickness direction, there are minimum values between the surface and the back surface of the layer 910, and the refractive index continuously changes. A refractive index distribution is formed.
  • the irradiation region 925 of the active radiation 930 is mainly the side cladding portion 15.
  • the mask 935 is mainly formed with an opening (window) 9351 equivalent to the pattern of the side cladding portion 15 to be formed, that is, having the same or substantially the same shape.
  • the opening 9351 has a transmission part through which the active radiation 930 to be irradiated passes.
  • the pattern of the core part 14 and the side clad part 15 is determined based on the refractive index distribution W formed according to the irradiation of the active radiation 930. For this reason, the pattern of the opening 9351 and the pattern of the side cladding portion 15 do not completely coincide with each other, and there may be some deviation between the two patterns.
  • the mask 935 may be formed in advance (separately formed) (for example, plate-shaped) or may be formed on the layer 910 by, for example, a vapor deposition method or a coating method.
  • preferable mask 935 examples include a photomask, a stencil mask, and a metal thin film formed by a vapor deposition method (evaporation, sputtering, etc.) made of quartz glass or a PET base material.
  • a vapor deposition method evaporation, sputtering, etc.
  • quartz glass or a PET base material quartz glass or a PET base material.
  • the opening (window) 9351 of the mask 935 is shown by partially removing the mask along the pattern of the irradiation region 925 of the active radiation 930.
  • a mask provided with a shielding portion of active radiation 930 made of a shielding material made of metal such as chromium on the photomask is provided where necessary. It can also be used.
  • the part other than the shielding part is the window (transmission part).
  • the actinic radiation 930 to be used is not particularly limited as long as it can cause a photochemical reaction (change) to the polymerization initiator.
  • a photochemical reaction change
  • visible light ultraviolet light, infrared light, and laser light
  • electron beams electron beams, X-rays, and the like can be used.
  • the actinic radiation 930 can be appropriately selected depending on the polymerization initiator and the like, and is not particularly limited. It is preferable to have a peak wavelength in the wavelength range of 200 to 450 nm. Thereby, a polymerization initiator can be activated comparatively easily.
  • the monomer is polymerized in the irradiation region 9253 in the core layer 13 in the irradiation region 925.
  • the amount of the monomer in the irradiation region 9253 decreases. Therefore, in the unirradiated region 940, the monomer in the unirradiated region 9403 in the core layer 13 diffuses and moves to the irradiated region 9253 accordingly.
  • the polymer 915 and the monomer are appropriately selected so that a difference in refractive index is generated between them.
  • the polymerization reaction of the monomer can be suppressed by adopting the condition that the monomer is not contained in the optical waveguide forming composition 902.
  • a method for suppressing the monomer polymerization reaction in the irradiation regions 9251 and 9252 can be arbitrarily selected.
  • the type of monomer is changed, or the polymerization agent is added to the additive 920 in the optical waveguide forming composition 902 while the polymerization initiator is included in the additive 920 in the optical waveguide forming composition 901.
  • a method of adding a small amount can be employed.
  • the monomer is sufficiently polymerized and moved in the core layer 13 by the light irradiation with the aid of the polymerization initiator.
  • the monomer does not polymerize or is insufficiently polymerized, and there is no or little monomer migration.
  • FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram for explaining a state in which a difference in refractive index occurs between the irradiated region 9253 and the unirradiated region 9403 of the core layer 13 in FIG. It is a figure which shows the change by irradiation of a refractive index distribution when taking the position of the width direction of the cross section of the layer 910 on a horizontal axis, and taking the refractive index of a cross section on the vertical axis
  • a monomer having a smaller refractive index than that of the polymer 915 is used as the monomer. For this reason, as the monomer diffuses and moves, the refractive index of the unirradiated region 9403 increases and the refractive index of the irradiated region 9253 decreases (see FIG. 16). Since the width of the irradiated part and the non-irradiated part are narrow, it is assumed that the monomer can move sufficiently.
  • a high refractive index portion H is formed on the non-irradiated region 9403 side and a low refractive index portion L is formed on the irradiated region 9253 side with the boundary between the irradiated region 9253 and the non-irradiated region 9403 interposed therebetween.
  • the high refractive index portion H and the low refractive index portion L are formed with the diffusion movement of the monomer as described above. For this reason, it is necessarily composed of a smooth curve.
  • the high refractive index portion H has, for example, a substantially U shape that is convex upward
  • the low refractive index portion L has, for example, a substantially U shape that is convex downward.
  • the refractive index of the polymer formed by polymerizing the monomers as described above is almost the same as the refractive index of the monomer before polymerization (the difference in refractive index is about 0 to 0.001). For this reason, in the irradiation region 9253, as the polymerization of the monomer proceeds, the refractive index decreases according to the amount of the moving monomer and the amount of the substance derived from the monomer. Therefore, the shape of the refractive index distribution W can be controlled by appropriately adjusting the amount of the monomer relative to the polymer or the amount of the polymerization initiator. For example, the distribution shown in FIG. 3 and the distribution shown in FIG. 4 can be freely selected.
  • the formed refractive index difference and the shape of the refractive index distribution can be controlled.
  • the refractive index difference can be enlarged by increasing the irradiation amount.
  • the layer 910 may be dried before the irradiation with the active radiation 930.
  • the shape of the refractive index distribution can also be controlled by adjusting the degree of drying at that time. For example, by increasing the degree of drying, the diffusion transfer amount of the monomer can be suppressed. For example, the distribution shown in FIG. 3 and the distribution shown in FIG. 4 can be freely selected.
  • the irradiation region 9253 not only the diffusion movement of the monomer from the unirradiated region 9403 in the core layer 13 but also the monomer from the irradiation region 9251 in the cladding layer 11 and the irradiation region 9252 in the cladding layer 12 in the irradiation region 9253. May also occur. If the refractive index of the monomer contained in the cladding layer is also low, this causes a further decrease in the refractive index in the irradiated region 9253. On the other hand, in the irradiation region 9251 and the irradiation region 9252, the refractive index increases with the diffusion movement of the monomer. In this region, the composition of the polymer 915 is set so that the refractive index is originally lowered. Therefore, even if the refractive index rises, the function of the optical waveguide 1 is not impaired.
  • the optical waveguide 1 is obtained based on the above principle (see FIG. 15).
  • Such an optical waveguide 1 partially irradiates actinic radiation 930 to a layer 910 composed of a composition for forming an optical waveguide in which a monomer is dispersed in a polymer 915, thereby diffusing and moving the monomer.
  • the layer 910 has a refractive index distribution W that causes a refractive index bias.
  • such an optical waveguide 1 can be formed simply by partially irradiating the active radiation 930, and has high transmission efficiency. Therefore, even if the width and pitch of the core part 14 and the side cladding part 15 are narrow, high-quality optical communication is possible. Moreover, even if many core parts 14 cross
  • the irradiation region 925 and the non-irradiation region 940 may be set according to the behavior.
  • the refractive index distribution W is formed by continuously changing the refractive index as the photopolymerizable monomer moves and is unevenly distributed as described above. For this reason, the core layer 13 does not have a clear structural interface between the core portion 14 and the side clad portion 15. For this reason, problems such as peeling and cracks are unlikely to occur, and the optical waveguide 1 is highly reliable.
  • the Shore D hardness of the polymer 915 is preferably about 35 to 95, more preferably about 40 to 90, and further preferably about 45 to 85.
  • the polymer 915 having such hardness contributes to the formation of a sufficient refractive index difference by reliably diffusing and moving the monomer while providing the optical waveguide 1 with necessary and sufficient flexibility and bending resistance. Therefore, the obtained optical waveguide 1 has sufficient flexibility and mechanical strength suitable for bending use, and has excellent optical characteristics even in a bent state.
  • the Rockwell hardness of the polymer 915 is preferably about 40 to 125 on the M scale, more preferably about 50 to 115, and further preferably about 60 to 110.
  • the softening point of the polymer 915 is preferably 90 ° C. or more and 300 ° C. or less, more preferably 95 to 280 ° C., and particularly preferably 100 to 260 ° C.
  • the obtained optical waveguide 1 can reliably form the refractive index distribution W and can maintain the formed refractive index distribution W for a long period of time, and prevents disconnection even when used in a bent state.
  • an optical waveguide having sufficient mechanical strength can be obtained. Therefore, the optical waveguide 1 has excellent optical characteristics and high reliability.
  • the softening point of the polymer 915 is the glass transition temperature or melting point of the polymer 915, and when both are present, it indicates the lower one.
  • the monomer diffuses and moves in all directions, so the change width of the refractive index increases. In this way, the maximum value of the refractive index of the intersecting portion 147 can be made higher than the maximum value of the core portion 14.
  • a refractive index distribution T ′ is formed in the thickness direction. That is, the refractive index distribution (W type) is shown when the refractive index is taken on the horizontal axis and the position (distance) in the thickness direction of the cross section is taken on the vertical axis.
  • the refractive index distribution T ′ is formed by using the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902 having different refractive indexes and obtaining the layer 910 by the multicolor molding method. It has been done. When such a structure is doubled, for example, a refractive index distribution as shown in FIG. 10B can also be obtained.
  • the layer 910 is irradiated with the active radiation 930 through the mask 935, if there is a difference in monomer content between the optical waveguide forming composition 901 and the optical waveguide forming composition 902, the unirradiated region 9403 The monomer in the region diffuses and moves to the irradiation region 9253, so that the refractive index of the region corresponding to the core portion 14 is high in the refractive index distribution T ′ in the thickness direction of the core portion 14.
  • the refractive index does not change or the change is small.
  • the refractive index between the core portion 14 and the upper and lower clad layers 11 and 12 is as follows. The difference will increase.
  • the optical waveguide 1 having a refractive index distribution T having a large refractive index difference between the maximum value and the minimum value is obtained (see FIG. 17B). If the refractive index distribution T ′ has already realized a refractive index distribution shape that is sufficiently effective, the above-described change from the refractive index distribution T ′ to the refractive index distribution T is omitted. May be.
  • FIG. 13A in the case of a structure in which the optical waveguide forming composition 901 is not provided as the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer, an optical waveguide having a refractive index distribution in the thickness direction as shown in FIG. 17C is obtained. be able to.
  • the refractive index distribution W has a certain correlation with the monomer-derived structure concentration in the core layer 13. Therefore, the refractive index distribution W of the optical waveguide 1 can be indirectly specified by measuring the concentration of the monomer-derived structure and the concentration of the material.
  • the refractive index distribution T has a certain correlation with the concentration of the monomer-derived structure in the optical waveguide 1 and the concentration of the material. Therefore, it is possible to indirectly specify the refractive index distribution T of the optical waveguide 1 by measuring the concentration of the monomer-derived structure.
  • the monomer-derived structure is an unreacted monomer or a structure formed by the reaction, such as a monomer, an oligomer obtained by reacting the monomer, and a polymer obtained by reacting the monomer. .
  • the concentration of the structure can be measured using, for example, FT-IR or TOF-SIMS line analysis or surface analysis.
  • the refractive index distribution W and the refractive index distribution T can be obtained by utilizing the fact that the intensity distribution of the emitted light from the optical waveguide 1 has a certain correlation with the refractive index distribution W or the refractive index distribution T. It can be specified indirectly. That is, the intensity distribution of the emitted light may be used for concentration measurement.
  • a method of observing a refractive index dependent interference fringe using an interference microscope and calculating a refractive index distribution from the interference fringe
  • a refractive near field method It is possible to use a method of direct measurement by means of a Refractioned Near Field method (RNF).
  • RMF Refractioned Near Field method
  • the refractive near field method can employ measurement conditions described in, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-332880.
  • the interference microscope is preferably used in that the refractive index distribution can be easily measured.
  • the optical waveguide is sliced in the cross-sectional direction (width direction) to obtain an optical waveguide fragment.
  • the optical waveguide is sliced so that the length is 200 to 300 ⁇ m.
  • a chamber filled with oil having a refractive index of 1.536 is produced in a space surrounded by two glass slides.
  • a measurement sample part and a blank sample part which does not put an optical waveguide fragment are produced by inserting an optical waveguide fragment in a space in the chamber.
  • the measurement sample part and the blank sample part are irradiated with light divided into two parts, respectively, and then the transmitted light is integrated to obtain an interference fringe photograph (see FIG. 23. Horizontal W type and vertical type).
  • Interference fringe photograph of the optical waveguide of the present invention having a GI distribution.
  • the interference fringes are generated along with the refractive index distribution (phase distribution) of the optical waveguide fragment. Therefore, by analyzing the image of the obtained interference fringe photograph, the refractive index distribution W in the width direction of the optical waveguide can be obtained (see FIG. 21.
  • the optical waveguide of the present invention having a lateral W type and a vertical SI type distribution. W-type refractive index distribution in the transverse direction of the waveguide).
  • the accuracy of the refractive index distribution W can be improved by image analysis of a plurality of interference fringe photographs.
  • image analysis is performed on the interference fringe photograph, for example, analysis points may be set at intervals of 2.5 ⁇ m. It is also possible to obtain the three-dimensional refractive index distribution of the optical waveguide of the present invention as shown in FIG. 22 by obtaining the refractive index distribution W in the width direction and the refractive index distribution T in the vertical direction by image analysis. is there. Thus, the optical waveguide 1 is obtained.
  • the optical waveguide of the present invention can preferably have a W-type or GI-type distribution shape in cross section (transverse cross section). Further, the optical waveguide of the present invention can preferably have a W-type, GI-type, or SI-type distribution shape in a cross section (longitudinal cross section). Among these, an optical waveguide having a W-shaped distribution shape in the transverse section and a GI-type or SI-type distribution shape in the longitudinal section is preferable.
  • An optical waveguide having a W-shaped distribution shape in the transverse section and a GI distribution shape in the longitudinal section is particularly preferable.
  • the graphs of FIGS. 18 to 20 represent transmission loss at the intersection of two core portions, specifically, the horizontal axis indicates the number of crossings, and the vertical axis indicates the relative loss compared to the case without the number of crossings. I'm showing.
  • the intersecting portion of the core portion was formed by a method using a photomask in which the intersecting portion was formed as a pattern.
  • the cross angles of the core layer are 90 °, 60 ° and 30 °.
  • two transverse paths formed under substantially the same conditions specifically, (1) an optical waveguide having a W-shaped distribution shape in a transverse section and an SI-type distribution shape in a longitudinal section ( (2: black square) and (2) an optical waveguide ( ⁇ : white square) having a W-shaped distribution shape in the transverse section and a GI-type distribution shape in the longitudinal section.
  • the straight line shown in FIG. 18 is a straight line calculated on the assumption that the loss per crossing is 0.02 dB.
  • Data indicated by a cross (x) is obtained by plotting data of an optical waveguide formed by a conventional technique for reference. Since the manufacturing conditions are different, the graph is shown for reference only.
  • references describing the prior art include "Optical interconnection using VCSELs and polymeric waveguide circuits," T. Sakamoto, H. Tsuda, M. Hikita, T. Kagawa, K. Tateno, and C. Amano, J. Lightwave Technol. 11, 1487-1492 (2000) ”was used as is.
  • the optical waveguide having the combination of the W-type distribution + SI type distribution and the optical waveguide having the combination of the W-type distribution + GI type distribution according to the present invention both have excellent and low transmission loss. Show.
  • optical waveguides having a combination of W-type distribution + GI-type distribution achieve very low transmission losses at all evaluated cross angles.
  • the layer 910 is formed so as to include a plurality of core layers 13
  • the core portions 14 and the side cladding portions 15 are collectively applied to the plurality of core layers 13 by one irradiation. Can be formed.
  • the optical waveguide 1 having a plurality of core layers 13 can be manufactured with a small number of steps.
  • the core portion 14 can hardly be displaced between the plurality of core layers 13. Therefore, the optical waveguide 1 with extremely high dimensional accuracy can be obtained.
  • Such an optical waveguide 1 has a particularly high optical coupling efficiency when optically coupling with a light emitting / receiving element or the like.
  • the optical waveguide of the present invention has small transmission loss and pulse signal dullness, and crosstalk and crosstalk at crossovers hardly occur even when the number of channels is increased and the density is increased. For this reason, an optical waveguide having high density and a small area and high reliability can be obtained. By mounting the optical waveguide, the reliability of electronic equipment can be improved and the size can be reduced.
  • the optical waveguide, the optical wiring component, the optical waveguide module, and the electronic device of the present invention have been described.
  • the present invention is not limited to this, and for example, an arbitrary component is added to the optical waveguide. May be.
  • the method for producing the optical waveguide of the present invention is not limited to the above method.
  • a method in which molecular bonds are broken by irradiation with actinic radiation to change the refractive index (photo bleach method), and a photocrosslinkable polymer having an unsaturated bond that can be photoisomerized or photodimerized in the composition forming the core layer
  • a method such as a method (photoisomerization method or photodimerization method) of changing the refractive index by changing the molecular structure by irradiation with actinic radiation.
  • the amount of change in the refractive index can be adjusted in accordance with the irradiation amount of active radiation. Therefore, the core layer having the refractive index distribution W can be formed by varying the irradiation amount of the active radiation applied to each part of the layer according to the shape of the target refractive index distribution W.
  • optical waveguide having a refractive index distribution shown in FIG. 3 First, optical waveguides having a linear core part having a refractive index distribution shown in FIG. 3 were produced under different conditions (Examples 1 to 18). The optical waveguides of Comparative Example 1 and Reference Examples 1 to 4 for comparison were also manufactured. Further, in the case of 3 shown below, these optical waveguides were evaluated.
  • Example 1 (1) Manufacture of resin composition for forming clad layer Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd. alicyclic epoxy resin: 20 g of Celoxide 2081, ADEKA Co., Ltd. Cationic polymerization initiator: Adekaoptomer SP-170 0.6 g , And 80 g of methyl isobutyl ketone were mixed with stirring to prepare a solution.
  • the obtained solution was filtered with a PTFE filter having a pore size of 0.2 ⁇ m to obtain a clean and colorless and transparent resin composition E1 for forming a cladding layer.
  • the obtained solution was filtered with a PTFE filter having a pore size of 0.2 ⁇ m to obtain a clean, colorless and transparent photosensitive resin composition F1.
  • the clad layer-forming resin composition E1 was uniformly applied onto a polyimide film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m by a doctor blade. Thereafter, it was put into a dryer at 50 ° C. for 10 minutes. After completely removing the solvent, the entire surface was irradiated with ultraviolet rays with a UV exposure machine to cure the applied resin composition E1. As a result, a colorless and transparent lower cladding layer having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m was obtained. The cumulative amount of ultraviolet light was 500 mJ / cm 2 .
  • the photosensitive resin composition F1 was uniformly applied by a doctor blade. Thereafter, it was put into a dryer at 40 ° C. for 5 minutes. After completely removing the solvent to form a film, a photomask having a linear pattern of lines and spaces drawn on the entire surface was pressure-bonded onto the obtained film. Then, ultraviolet rays were irradiated from above the photomask with a parallel exposure machine. The cumulative amount of ultraviolet light was 1000 mJ / cm 2 .
  • Table 1 shows the average width WCO of the core portion and the average width WCL of the side cladding portion. Further, the thickness of the obtained core layer was 50 ⁇ m, and the number of core portions was eight.
  • the refractive index distribution W of the width direction was acquired with the interference microscope.
  • the refractive index distribution W had a plurality of low refractive index regions and high refractive index regions, and the refractive index changed continuously.
  • Example 2 to 8 The composition of the polymer, the composition and content of the monomer, and the cumulative amount of ultraviolet light are set as shown in Table 1, and the average width WCO of the core portion and the average width WCL of the side cladding portions are values shown in Table 1, respectively.
  • the optical waveguides of Examples 2 to 8 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the photomask pattern was set as described above.
  • Example 9 (1) Synthesis of (meth) acrylic polymer 20.0 g of methyl methacrylate (MMA), 30.0 g of benzyl methacrylate (BzMA), and 450 g of methyl isobutyl ketone were charged into a separable flask. These were stirred and mixed, and then replaced with nitrogen gas to prepare a monomer solution.
  • MMA methyl methacrylate
  • BzMA benzyl methacrylate
  • 450 g of methyl isobutyl ketone 450 g of methyl isobutyl ketone
  • the initiator solution was added to the monomer solution using a syringe while stirring the monomer solution while being heated to 80 ° C.
  • the mixture was stirred at 80 ° C. for 1 hour and then cooled to prepare a polymer solution.
  • 5 L of isopropanol was prepared in a beaker, and the polymer solution was dropped into the beaker while stirring at room temperature with a stirrer. After completion of dropping, the mixture was further stirred for 30 minutes, and then the precipitated polymer was taken out and dried at 60 ° C. under reduced pressure for 8 hours in a vacuum dryer. Thereby, acrylic polymer A1 was obtained.
  • the obtained solution was filtered through a PTFE filter having a pore size of 0.2 ⁇ m to obtain a clean and colorless and transparent resin composition B1 for forming a cladding layer.
  • the obtained solution was filtered with a PTFE filter having a pore size of 0.2 ⁇ m to obtain a clean, colorless and transparent photosensitive resin composition C1.
  • the clad layer-forming resin composition B1 was uniformly applied onto a polyimide film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m by a doctor blade, and then placed in a dryer at 80 ° C for 10 minutes. After completely removing the solvent, it was further put into an oven at 150 ° C. for 10 minutes and cured to obtain a colorless and transparent lower clad layer having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m.
  • the photomask was removed and placed in an oven at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes. When taken out from the oven, it was confirmed that a clear waveguide pattern having a rectangular cross section appeared on the coating.
  • Table 2 shows the average width WCO of the core portion and the average width WCL of the side cladding portions. Further, the thickness of the obtained core layer was 50 ⁇ m, and the number of core portions was eight.
  • the refractive index distribution W of the width direction was acquired with the interference microscope.
  • the refractive index distribution W had a plurality of low refractive index regions and high refractive index regions, and the refractive index changed continuously.
  • Example 10 to 12 The composition and content of the monomer, and the cumulative amount of ultraviolet light are set as shown in Table 2, and the photo is taken so that the average width WCO of the core portion and the average width WCL of the side cladding portions are the values shown in Table 2, respectively.
  • Optical waveguides of Examples 10 to 12 were obtained in the same manner as Example 9 except that the mask pattern was set.
  • Example 13 (1) Synthesis of polyolefin-based resin In a glove box whose moisture and oxygen concentrations are both controlled to 1 ppm or less and filled with dry nitrogen, 7.2 g (40.1 mmol) of hexylnorbornene (HxNB) and diphenylmethylnorbornene 12.9 g (40.1 mmol) of methoxysilane was weighed into a 500 mL vial, and 60 g of dehydrated toluene and 11 g of ethyl acetate were added. The glove box was covered with a silicon sealer and sealed at the top.
  • HxNB hexylnorbornene
  • diphenylmethylnorbornene 12.9 g (40.1 mmol) of methoxysilane was weighed into a 500 mL vial, and 60 g of dehydrated toluene and 11 g of ethyl acetate were added.
  • the glove box was covered with a silicon sealer and sealed
  • the molar ratio of each structural unit in polymer # 1 was 50 mol% for the hexylnorbornene structural unit and 50 mol% for the diphenylmethylnorbornenemethoxysilane structural unit, as determined by NMR.
  • composition for forming core layer 10 g of the above-mentioned polymer # 1 was weighed into a 100 mL glass container, and 40 g of mesitylene, 0.01 g of antioxidant Irganox 1076 (manufactured by Ciba Geigy), cyclohexyloxetane monomer ( Toa Gosei CHOX, CAS # 483303-25-9, molecular weight 186, boiling point 125 ° C./1.33 kPa) 2 g, and polymerization initiator (photoacid generator) Rhodosil Photoinitiator 2074 (manufactured by Rhodia, CAS # 178233-72-2) ) (0.0125 g in 0.1 mL of ethyl acetate) was added and dissolved uniformly. Then, it filtered with a 0.2 micrometer PTFE filter, and obtained the composition for clean core layer formation.
  • the polymerization initiator is expressed as PI 2074 in Table 1.
  • the clad layer forming composition was uniformly applied onto a polyimide film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m by a doctor blade. Thereafter, it was put into a dryer at 50 ° C. for 10 minutes. After completely removing the solvent, the entire surface was irradiated with UV light by a UV exposure machine to cure the applied composition. As a result, a colorless and transparent lower cladding layer having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m was obtained. The cumulative amount of ultraviolet light was 500 mJ / cm 2 .
  • the core layer resin composition was uniformly apply
  • the photomask was removed and placed in an oven at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes. When taken out from the oven, it was confirmed that a clear waveguide pattern having a rectangular cross section appeared on the coating.
  • the thickness of the obtained core layer was 50 ⁇ m.
  • the number of core portions was eight.
  • the refractive index distribution W of the width direction was acquired with the interference microscope.
  • the refractive index distribution W had a plurality of low refractive index regions and high refractive index regions, and the refractive index changed continuously.
  • Example 14 and 15 The composition and content of the monomer, and the cumulative amount of UV light are set as shown in Table 3, and the average width WCO of the core portion and the average width WCL of the side cladding portions are set to values shown in Table 3, respectively.
  • An optical waveguide was obtained in the same manner as in Example 13 except that the mask pattern was set.
  • Example 16 (1) Manufacture of optical waveguide Using the composition for forming an optical waveguide used in Example 13, multicolor extrusion molding was performed on a polyethersulfone (PES) film by a die coater. As a result, a multicolor molded body was obtained in which three layers were extruded with the composition for forming the core layer as an intermediate layer and the composition for forming the clad layer as a lower layer and an upper layer. This was put into a dryer at 55 ° C. for 10 minutes to completely remove the solvent. Thereafter, a photomask was pressed and selectively irradiated with ultraviolet rays at 1300 mJ / cm 2 . The mask was removed, and heating was performed at 150 ° C.
  • PES polyethersulfone
  • the formed optical waveguide has eight core portions formed in parallel.
  • the total thickness of the optical waveguide was 100 ⁇ m.
  • the refractive index distribution W of the width direction was acquired with the interference microscope.
  • the refractive index distribution W had a plurality of low refractive index regions and high refractive index regions, and the refractive index changed continuously.
  • a refractive index distribution T in the thickness direction was obtained by an interference microscope along a center line passing through the center of the width of the core portion in the vertical direction.
  • the refractive index distribution T had a region where the refractive index continuously changed at the center thereof, and a region having a refractive index lower than that of the region and a substantially constant value on both sides thereof.
  • the refractive index distribution T in the thickness direction of the obtained optical waveguide was a so-called graded index type.
  • Examples 17 and 18 The composition and content of the monomer and the integrated light quantity of ultraviolet rays are set as shown in Table 3, and the photomask is set so that the average width WCO of the core portion and the average width WCL of the side cladding portions are values shown in Table 3, respectively.
  • the optical waveguides of Examples 17 and 18 were obtained in the same manner as Example 16 except that the above pattern was set.
  • Comparative Example 1 An optical waveguide of Comparative Example 1 was obtained in the same manner as Example 13 except that CHO was not added and the amount of PI2074 added was 0.01 g for the core forming composition and the cladding forming composition.
  • the refractive index of the core part was constant, the refractive index of the side cladding part was also constant, and the refractive index of the core part and the cladding part was discontinuous. That is, the refractive index distribution of the core layer of the obtained optical waveguide was a so-called step index (SI) type distribution.
  • SI step index
  • Tables 1, 2, and 3 show the manufacturing conditions of the optical waveguides obtained in the above Examples, Comparative Examples, and Reference Examples.
  • Example 19 to 37 Comparative Example 2 and Reference Examples 5 to 10.
  • the manufacturing conditions were changed as shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6, and the drying conditions at the time of forming the core layer in Examples 19 to 31 and Reference Examples 5 to 8 were set to 50 ° C. ⁇ 10 minutes.
  • Optical waveguides were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the drying conditions for forming the core layer in Comparative Example 2 and Reference Examples 9 and 19 were changed to 60 ° C. ⁇ 15 minutes.
  • an optical waveguide was manufactured using the same method as in Example 16.
  • the shape of the distribution designated as “GI type” in Tables 1, 2, and 3 is a high refractive index region WH including a maximum value Wm and a low refractive index region WL as shown in FIG. It was the shape where was arranged alternately.
  • the distribution shape of “W type” in Tables 4, 5, and 6 has four minimum values and five maximum values alternately arranged as shown in FIG. It was a shape. From the W-type refractive index distribution W, the respective minimum values Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 and the respective maximum values Wm1, Wm2, Wm3, Wm4, and Wm5 were obtained, and the average refractive index WA in the cladding portion was obtained.
  • the refractive index distribution W in the width direction of the optical waveguide obtained in each example and each reference example had a continuous change in the refractive index in the whole.
  • the width a [ ⁇ m] of the portion where the refractive index in the vicinity of the maximum values Wm2 and Wm4 formed in the core portion is equal to or greater than the average refractive index WA, and
  • the width b [ ⁇ m] of the portion where the refractive index in the vicinity of each local minimum value Ws1, Ws2, Ws3, and Ws4 has a value less than the average refractive index WA was measured.
  • the maximum change rate of the refractive index in the gradually decreasing portion was in the range of 0.008 to 0.025. Further, the maximum values of the refractive indexes at the intersections were all higher than the maximum value Wm, and the difference was in the range of 0.003 to 0.015.
  • the above measurement results are shown in Tables 7 to 13.
  • the refractive index distribution W in the width direction of the optical waveguide obtained in Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was a step index type.
  • the evaluation results of 3.2 and 3.3 are shown in Tables 14 to 19.
  • the amount of modulation of the refractive index can be adjusted according to the amount of irradiation light.
  • the refractive index distribution was evaluated as described above for the obtained optical waveguide, a high refractive index region and a low refractive index region were confirmed, but the change in refractive index was not as continuous as in each example. .
  • the obtained optical waveguide had a larger transmission loss than the respective examples, and the retention of the pulse signal waveform was also low.
  • Example A An optical waveguide having crossed portions is manufactured by manufacturing an optical waveguide in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a photomask used for producing the core layer is one corresponding to the pattern of the optical waveguide having crossed portions. Manufactured. In the manufacture of the optical waveguide, three types of optical waveguides having intersection angles of 30 °, 60 °, and 90 ° at each intersection were manufactured.
  • Examples B to Z, a to k, Comparative Examples A and B, and Reference Examples A to J Except that the photomask used for producing the core layer was one corresponding to the pattern of the core part having the intersecting part, the same as in Examples 2 to 37, Comparative Examples 1 and 2, and Reference Examples 1 to 10
  • the optical waveguide optical waveguides each having an intersecting portion were manufactured.
  • three types of optical waveguides having crossing angles of 30 °, 60 °, and 90 ° at each crossing portion were manufactured.
  • the insertion loss between both ends of the obtained optical waveguide having the crossing portion was measured.
  • the insertion loss value showed the same tendency as the transmission loss described above. That is, the optical waveguides having the intersections obtained in each example had a sufficiently small insertion loss, whereas the optical waveguides having the intersections obtained in each comparative example had a relatively large insertion loss. And 2. It was confirmed that the smaller the transmission loss measured in (3), the smaller the amount of signal light that interferes.
  • the optical waveguide having the intersection obtained in each example has a smaller transmission loss at the intersection than the optical waveguide having the intersection obtained in each comparative example. Became clear. Tables 14 to 19 show the calculated transmission loss at the intersection. When the intersection angle was 90 °, the transmission loss was 0.02 dB or less.
  • the calculation method of the transmission loss at the intersection is a method in which a plurality of samples having different numbers of intersections are prepared and the transmission loss per intersection is calculated from comparison of the insertion loss.
  • the amount of signal light interfering with the core portion intersecting with the core portion to be measured (hereinafter referred to as “interference light amount”) was measured.
  • the measured value of the optical waveguide obtained in Comparative Example 1 is 1 in Tables 14 to 16
  • the measured value of the optical waveguide obtained in Comparative Example 2 is 1 in Tables 17 to 19. Relative values were calculated and shown in Tables 14-19.
  • An optical waveguide that allows core portions to intersect with each other without increasing the thickness, and that can be formed with high density, and an optical wiring component that includes such an optical waveguide and can simplify optical wiring and save space And an optical waveguide module and an electronic device that can be easily miniaturized.
  • Optical waveguide 10 Optical wiring component 101 Connector 11, 12, 121, 122 Clad layer 13, 131, 132 Core layer 14 Core part 140 Core group 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146 Core part 147, 148 Crossing part 15 Side clad 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 Side clad 2 Support film 3 Cover film 901 Composition for forming optical waveguide (first composition) 902 Composition for forming optical waveguide (second composition) 910 layer 914 multi-color molded body 914a first molded layer 914b second molded layer 914c third molded layer 914d fourth molded layer 914e fifth molded layer 914f sixth molded layer 914g seventh molded layer 914h eighth molded layer 914i ninth Molding layer 915 Polymer 920 Additive 930 Actinic radiation 935 Mask (masking) 9351 opening (window) 925 Irradiated region 9251, 9252, 92

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  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
PCT/JP2012/073444 2012-02-27 2012-09-13 光導波路、光配線部品、光導波路モジュールおよび電子機器 WO2013128691A1 (ja)

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US14/381,115 US9297951B2 (en) 2012-02-27 2012-09-13 Optical waveguide, optical wiring component, optical waveguide module and electronic device
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