Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L26/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L24/00—Surgical adhesives or cements; Adhesives for colostomy devices
  • A61L24/001—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L24/0015—Medicaments; Biocides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
  • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
  • A61L15/22—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing macromolecular materials
  • A61L15/32—Proteins, polypeptides; Degradation products or derivatives thereof, e.g. albumin, collagen, fibrin, gelatin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
  • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
  • A61L15/22—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing macromolecular materials
  • A61L15/32—Proteins, polypeptides; Degradation products or derivatives thereof, e.g. albumin, collagen, fibrin, gelatin
  • A61L15/325—Collagen
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
  • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
  • A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L15/425—Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
  • A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
  • A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L15/44—Medicaments
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L24/00—Surgical adhesives or cements; Adhesives for colostomy devices
  • A61L24/001—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L24/0036—Porous materials, e.g. foams or sponges
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L24/00—Surgical adhesives or cements; Adhesives for colostomy devices
  • A61L24/0047—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material
  • A61L24/0073—Composite materials, i.e. containing one material dispersed in a matrix of the same or different material with a macromolecular matrix
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L24/00—Surgical adhesives or cements; Adhesives for colostomy devices
  • A61L24/04—Surgical adhesives or cements; Adhesives for colostomy devices containing macromolecular materials
  • A61L24/10—Polypeptides; Proteins
  • A61L24/108—Specific proteins or polypeptides not covered by groups A61L24/102 - A61L24/106
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L26/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form
  • A61L26/0009—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, wound dressings or bandages in liquid, gel or powder form containing macromolecular materials
  • A61L26/0028—Polypeptides; Proteins; Degradation products thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
  • A61P7/04—Antihaemorrhagics; Procoagulants; Haemostatic agents; Antifibrinolytic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
  • A61L2300/20—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials
  • A61L2300/25—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a defined sequence
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
  • A61L2300/20—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices containing or releasing organic materials
  • A61L2300/252—Polypeptides, proteins, e.g. glycoproteins, lipoproteins, cytokines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
  • A61L2300/40—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a specific therapeutic activity or mode of action
  • A61L2300/418—Agents promoting blood coagulation, blood-clotting agents, embolising agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2300/00—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices
  • A61L2300/60—Biologically active materials used in bandages, wound dressings, absorbent pads or medical devices characterised by a special physical form
  • A61L2300/606—Coatings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2400/00—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L2400/04—Materials for stopping bleeding
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2400/00—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L2400/18—Modification of implant surfaces in order to improve biocompatibility, cell growth, fixation of biomolecules, e.g. plasma treatment

Definitions

• This invention relates to haemostatic wound dressings, kits and haemostatic agents for formation of haemostatic wound dressings, methods of making the dressings, and use of the dressings to control bleeding, especially severe bleeding such as can occur in surgical practice.
• Absorbable gelatin sponges such as Gelfoam
• Gelfoam can absorb over forty times its weight in blood and expand to approximately two hundred percent of its initial volume.
• the surface of the sponge causes platelet activation via the contact activation pathway of the coagulation cascade.
• An alternative gelatin-based product, Floseal includes gelatin granules that have been cross-linked so that they do not swell to nearly the same extent as Gelfoam.
• Oxidised cellulose sheets such as Surgicel, are derived from alpha-cellulose, and act at the same point in the contact activation pathway of the coagulation cascade as Gelfoam. When saturated with blood, the sheets swell rapidly into a gelatinous mass.
• Microfibrillar collagen such as Avitene, uses collagen derived from bovine skin. It comes in the form of flour or sheets. It binds tightly to blood surfaces and causes minimal swelling, !t causes contact activation, but also activates platelets directly.
• Topical haemostats are often used in conjunction with thrombin, which generates fibrin from fibrinogen and promotes platelet activation, thereby accelerating blood coagulation.
• Purified bovine or human thrombin, or recombinant human thrombin is used. However, bovine thrombin is contaminated with bovine antigen, in particular bovine Factor V.
• Antibodies generated against this antigen can cross-react with human factor V and lead to life threatening bleeding and, in some circumstances, anaphylaxis and death.
• Human thrombin has been isolated from pooled plasma of donors in an effort to minimize these risks, but has the potential to transmit blood-borne pathogens, especially viruses.
• a recombinant human thrombin has been developed and approved for use by the FDA. It has the advantage of being minimally antigenic and does not carry the risk of viral transmission. However, it is made using a genetically modified Chinese hamster ovary cell line, and so is relatively expensive to produce.
• Purified bovine, and recombinant human thrombin preparations are stored at room temperature as a powder which must be reconstituted with saline into solution before use.
• the FDA-approved purified human thrombin is packaged as a solution, but this can only be stored at room temperature for up to 24 hours; long-term storage requires freezing (Lew and Weaver, Biologies: Targets & Therapy 2008:2(4) 593-599).
• a further disadvantage of using thrombin is that it takes time for the enzyme to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, so there is a slight delay before blood coagulation is accelerated.
• a haemostatic wound dressing which comprises a non-colloidal porous dressing material, and a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides immobilised to the non-colloidal porous dressing material, wherein each fibrinogen-binding peptide comprises: an amino acid sequence Gly-Pro-Arg-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 1 ) at an amino-terminal end of the peptide, wherein Xaa is any amino acid other than Val, preferably Pro, Sar, or Leu; or an amino acid sequence Gly-His-Arg-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 2) at an amino-terminal end of the peptide, wherein Xaa is any amino acid other than Pro.
• Fibrinogen comprises two terminal domains (D-domains), each of which can bind to a fibrinogen-binding peptide.
• D-domains terminal domains
• fibrinogen for example in plasma or blood
• a copolymer is formed comprising the fibrinogen-binding peptides and fibrinogen which has characteristics of a fibrin clot.
• the presence of the fibrinogen-binding peptides in a haemostatic wound dressing of the invention thus accelerates haemostasis.
• Haemostatic wound dressings of the invention have surprisingly been found to have significantly better haemostatic properties than a conventional gelatin pad soaked in thrombin.
• Haemostatic wound dressings of the invention do not rely on the action of exogenous thrombin.
• the fibrinogen-binding peptides can be made synthetically and so are minimally antigenic, do not carry the risk of viral transmission, can be made more cheaply than recombinant proteins expressed in mammalian cell lines, and can be stored long-term at room temperature in solution.
• Haemostatic wound dressings of the invention do not require enzymatic activity to accelerate haemostasis, and so accelerate haemostasis immediately on contact with fibrinogen.
• non-colloidal porous dressing material is used herein to refer to any non- colloidal porous material that can be topically applied to cover, dress, or protect a wound.
• Examples of such material include sheets, pads, sponges, foams, films, gauzes, mesh, granules, and beads.
• Non-colloidal porous dressing material includes material that is suitable for topical application to a wound, but not suitable for injection into the body. In particular, the granules or beads are too large to pass through the lung capillary bed. At least a majority of the granules or beads have a maximum dimension that is greater than 6 ⁇ .
• the non-colloidal porous dressing material may comprise any suitable chemical. Examples include gelatin, cotton, rayon, polyester, collagen, alginate, and oxidised cellulose. Gelatin is preferred.
• Thrombin cleaves peptides (releasing fibrinopeptides A and B) from the amino terminals of the a and ⁇ chains of fibrinogen to expose the sequences NH 2 -GPRV- (SEQ ID NO: 3) and NH 2 -GHRP- (SEQ ID NO: 4), respectively.
• the fibrinogen-binding peptides of the haemostatic wound dressing of the invention therefore, differ in sequence from the sequences exposed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen.
• at least some (more preferably, all) of the fibrinogen-binding peptides comprise the sequence NH 2 -GPRP- (SEQ ID NO: 5) at the amino terminal end.
• the fibrinogen-binding peptides are each 4-60, preferably 4-30, more preferably 4-10, amino acid residues in length.
• each fibrinogen-binding peptide is able to bind to "holes" in the fibrinogen molecule (Weisel, Fibrinogen and Fibrin, Advances in Protein Chemistry, 2005, Vol. 70, pp. 247-299).
• any sequence of the fibrinogen-binding peptides that is carboxy-terminal to the four amino acid residues at the amino-terminal end of each peptide is not critical as long as this sequence does not inhibit binding of the amino-terminal end of the peptide to fibrinogen.
• each fibrinogen-binding peptide is at least 5 amino acid residues long to ensure that the peptide is sufficiently long to engage with high affinity to its binding site in fibrinogen.
• each fibrinogen binding peptide is 5-60, 5-30, or 5-10 amino acid residues in length.
• the fifth amino acid residue from the amino-terminal end of each such fibrinogen-binding peptides is a glycine residue.
• each fibrinogen- binding peptide may be at least 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11 amino acid residues in length. It is prefered that each fibrinogen binding peptide is no longer than 60 amino acid residues in length, more preferably no longer than 30 amino acid residues in length.
• each fibrinogen-binding peptide is a synthetic peptide.
• the fibrinogen binding peptides bind to fibrinogen with a dissociation constant of between 10 "9 to 10 ⁇ 6 M, for example around 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, or more nM.
• a dissociation constant of around 100nM is preferred.
• the fibrinogen-binding peptides may each have the same sequence, preferably each comprising sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 at the amino-terminal end.
• the fibrinogen-binding peptides may comprise peptides of different sequence, as long as each peptide comprises sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2 at its amino-terminal end.
• the plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides may be covalently or non-covalently
• a plurality of carriers are non- covalently immobilised to the non-colloidal porous dressing material, and a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides are immobilised, preferably covalently immobilised, to each carrier.
• fibrinogen for example in plasma or blood
• fibrinogen-binding peptides immobilised to the carriers it binds to the peptides. Because each fibrinogen molecule can bind two peptides, the fibrinogen molecules become non-covalently cross-linked via the carriers, and a copolymer is formed comprising the carriers and fibrinogen which has characteristics of a fibrin clot.
• the carriers may be soluble or insoluble carriers, but are not platelets.
• the carriers should be suitable for topical administration to a bleeding wound site.
• the carriers may comprise a soluble or insoluble polymer, for example a protein, a polysaccharide, or a synthetic biocompatible polymer, such as polyethylene glycol, or a combination of any of these.
• Albumin is a preferred protein carrier.
• An insoluble carrier may be a microparticle (including a solid, hollow, or porous
• microparticle preferably a substantially spherical microparticle.
• the microparticle may be formed of any suitable substance, for example cross-linked protein.
• a suitable protein is albumin (serum-derived or recombinant, human or non-human in sequence).
• Microparticles suitable for use as insoluble carriers in the present invention may be formed by spray drying human serum albumin (HSA) using well known spray-drying technology, for example as in WO 92/18164.
• HSA human serum albumin
• Alternatives to use of microparticles as carriers include liposomes, synthetic polymer particles (such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid and
• poly(lactic/glycolic) acid poly(lactic/glycolic) acid), or cell membrane fragments. At least a majority of the carriers preferably have a maximum dimension that is less than 6 ⁇ .
• fibrinogen-binding peptides there is no upper limit to the number of fibrinogen-binding peptides per carrier molecule.
• the optimum number is likely to depend on many factors, such as the nature of the carrier, and the number of reactive groups on each carrier for attaching the fibrinogen- binding peptides.
• a preferred range is 10-20 fibrinogen-binding peptides per carrier molecule.
• the fibrinogen-binding peptides are covalently immobilised to the carriers.
• the carriers may comprise reactive groups which permit attachment of the fibrinogen- binding peptides.
• the carriers may comprise thiol moieties or amine moieties on their surface. If the carriers are proteinaceous, the thiol or amine moieties may be provided by side chains of amino acids, for example cysteine or lysine.
• reactive groups may be added to the carrier. This is particularly advantageous if the carrier is formed from protein, such as HSA.
• the carrier may be thiolated using a reagent such as 2-iminothiolane (2-IT) which is able to react with primary amine groups on the carrier.
• cystamine may be coupled to carboxyl groups on the carrier in the presence of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N- hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), followed by reductive cleavage of the introduced disulphide bond.
• EDC 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride
• NHS N- hydroxysuccinimide
• the fibrinogen-binding peptides are covalently immobilised to the carrier via a spacer.
• a preferred spacer is a non-peptide spacer, for example comprising a hydrophilic polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG).
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• a plurality of peptide conjugates, each comprising a fibrinogen-binding peptide linked to a thiol-reactive group (for example, a maleimide group) by a PEG spacer are reacted with a thiolated carrier (for example prepared using 2-IT or cystamine as described above).
• the carriers may be non-covalently immobilised to the non-colloidal porous dressing material by contacting an aqueous solution or suspension of the carriers with the dressing material for sufficiently long that the carriers become immobilised to the dressing material. In a preferred method, the carriers are soaked onto the dressing material.
• each fibrinogen-binding peptide is covalently immobilised directly to the non-colloidal porous dressing material, optionally via a spacer.
• a preferred spacer is a non-peptide spacer, preferably comprising a hydrophilic polymer such as PEG.
• the non-colloidal porous dressing material preferably comprises granules or beads.
• the granules or beads comprise a polymeric substance, for example a protein such as gelatin.
• the non-colloidal dressing material may comprise reactive groups which permit attachment of the fibrinogen-binding peptides.
• the dressing material may comprise thiol moieties or amine moieties on its surface. If the dressing material is proteinaceous, the thiol or amine moieties may be provided by side chains of amino acids, for example cysteine or lysine. Alternatively, reactive groups may be added to the dressing material. This is particularly advantageous if the dressing material is formed from protein, such as gelatin.
• the dressing material may be thiolated using a reagent such as 2- iminothiolane (2-IT) which is able to react with primary amine groups on the dressing material.
• cystamine may be coupled to carboxyl groups on the dressing material in the presence of 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), followed by reductive cleavage of the introduced disulphide bond.
• EDC 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride
• NHS N-hydroxysuccinimide
• the fibrinogen-binding peptides are covalently immobilised to the non-colloidal dressing material via a spacer.
• a preferred spacer is a non-peptide spacer, for example comprising a hydrophilic polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG).
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• a plurality of peptide conjugates, each comprising a fibrinogen- binding peptide linked to a thiol-reactive group (for example, a maleimide group) by a PEG spacer are reacted with a thiolated dressing material (for example prepared using 2-IT or cystamine as described above).
• a haemostatic wound dressing of the invention may be in dry form, preferably in freeze- dried form.
• Example 5 below shows that a haemostatic wound dressing of the invention retains ability to co-polymerise fibrinogen following re-hydration after freeze-drying.
• the wound dressing is sterile.
• a haemostatic wound dressing of the invention may be provided as a sterile wound dressing ready for administration to a wound.
• a haemostatic wound dressing of the invention packaged with instructions for application of the wound dressing to a wound.
• a kit for formation of a haemostatic wound dressing which comprises a non-colloidal porous dressing material, and, separately, a haemostatic agent comprising a plurality of carriers and a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides immobilised to each carrier, wherein each fibrinogen-binding peptide comprises: an amino acid sequence Gly-Pro-Arg-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 1 ) at an amino terminal end of the peptide, wherein Xaa is any amino acid other than Val, preferably Pro, Sar, or Leu; or an amino acid sequence Gly-His-Arg-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 2) at an amino-terminal end of the peptide, wherein Xaa is any amino acid other than Pro.
• the kit may further comprise instructions to apply the agent to the non-colloidal porous dressing material before application of the dressing material to a wound and/or instructions for application of the haemostatic wound dressing to a wound.
• a haemostatic agent comprising a plurality of carriers and a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides immobilised to each carrier, wherein each fibrinogen-binding peptide comprises: an amino acid sequence Gly- Pro-Arg-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 1 ) at an amino-terminal end of the peptide, wherein Xaa is any amino acid other than Val, preferably Pro, Sar, or Leu; or an amino acid sequence Gly-His- Arg-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 2) at an amino-terminal end of the peptide, wherein Xaa is any amino acid other than Pro, and wherein the agent is packaged with instructions to apply the agent to a non-colloidal porous dressing material before application of the dressing material to a wound.
• the haemostatic agent may be in solution, in suspension, or in dry form, for example freeze-dried form.
• Example 3 demonstrates that a haemostatic agent of the invention retains ability to co-polymerise fibrinogen following extraction into solution from a freeze-dried haemostatic wound dressing of the invention.
• Example 6 shows that a haemostatic agent of the invention is stable in solution for at least six months at 37°C.
• a haemostatic agent of the invention can be stored in solution thereby avoiding the need for reconstitution into solution prior to use.
• the invention further provides a method of controlling bleeding, especially severe bleeding, which comprises administering a haemostatic wound dressing of the invention to a wound.
• severe bleeding is used herein to include bleeding that requires intervention (surgical or endoscopic) or decompression of a closed space to stop or control the event, bleeding causing hemodynamic compromise (requiring blood, fluid replacement, inotropic support, or surgical intervention), or bleeding which cannot be controlled by conventional intervention such as manual pressure, cauterization or sutures.
• a method of making a haemostatic wound dressing which comprises immobilising a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides to a non- colloidal porous dressing material, wherein each fibrinogen-binding peptide comprises: an amino acid sequence Gly-Pro-Arg-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 1 ) at an amino-terminal end of the peptide, wherein Xaa is any amino acid other than Val, preferably Pro, Sar, or Leu; or an amino acid sequence Gly-His-Arg-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 2) at an amino-terminal end of the peptide, wherein Xaa is any amino acid other than Pro.
• the plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides may be covalently or non-covalently
• the plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides are immobilised to the non-colloidal porous dressing material by immobilising a plurality of carriers to the non-colloidal porous dressing material, wherein a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides are immobilised to each carrier.
• Such methods may further comprise immobilising a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides to each carrier.
• a plurality of carriers are non-covalently immobilised to the non-colloidal porous dressing material, and a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides are immobilised, preferably covalently, to each carrier.
• Suitable methods for covalently immobilising each fibrinogen-binding peptide directly to the non-colloidal porous dressing material, optionally via a spacer preferably a non-peptide spacer, for example comprising a hydrophilic polymer such as PEG, are described above.
• a method of making a haemostatic wound dressing which comprises applying a haemostatic agent to a non-colloidal porous dressing material, wherein the haemostatic agent comprises a plurality of carriers and a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides immobilised to each carrier, wherein each fibrinogen-binding peptide comprises: an amino acid sequence Gly-Pro-Arg-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 1) at an amino terminal end of the peptide, wherein Xaa is any amino acid other than Val, preferably Pro, Sar, or Leu; or an amino acid sequence Gly-His-Arg-Xaa (SEQ ID NO: 2) at an amino- terminal end of the peptide, wherein Xaa is any amino acid other than Pro.
• the haemostatic agent may be non-covalently applied to the non-colloidal porous dressing material, for example by contacting an aqueous solution or suspension of the haemostatic agent with the dressing material for sufficiently long that the haemostatic agent becomes immobilised to the dressing material.
• the haemostatic agent is soaked onto the dressing material.
• Particularly preferred haemostatic wound dressings of the invention comprise a plurality of soluble carriers (preferably soluble protein carriers, such as albumin carriers) to which a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides (each peptide preferably comprising an amino acid sequence Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly- (SEQ ID NO: 6) at the amino-terminal end of the peptide) are covalently immobilised via a non-peptide spacer (suitably a hydrophilic polymer, such as polyehtylene glycol) to each carrier.
• the carriers are non-covalently immobilised to a non-colloidal porous dressing material (preferably comprising gelatin, such as a gelatin pad, or comprising rayon or polyester).
• haemostatic wound dressings examples include a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides (each peptide preferably comprising an amino acid sequence Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly- at the amino-terminal end of the peptide) covalently immobilised via a non-peptide spacer (suitably a hydrophilic polymer, such as polyethylene glycol) directly to a non-colloidal porous dressing material (preferably comprising gelatin, such as gelatin granules). Examples of such haemostatic wound dressings are described in Example 5 below.
• Figure 1 shows the structure of a preferred example of a fibrinogen-binding peptide covalently immobilised to a carrier (according to preferred embodiments of the invention a plurality of such fibrinogen-binding peptides are covalently immobilised to the carrier - only a single fibrinogen-binding peptide immobilised to the carrier is shown in the figure);
• Figure 2a shows a scheme for assignment of bleeding scores according to Adams et al, J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2009, 28( 1 ): 1 -5;
• Figure 2b is a graph showing the results of an assessment of the haemostatic activity of a haemostatic wound dressing according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 3 shows the results of a comparison of the clotting activity of carriers with immobilised fibrinogen-binding peptides recovered from freeze-dried and non freeze-dried haemostatic wound dressings of the invention
• Figure 4 shows the results of an assessment of the haemostatic activity of a haemostatic wound dressing according to a further preferred embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 5 shows the results of stability testing of fibrinogen-binding peptides immobilised to HSA carrier in solution stored at 37°C for up to 6 months.
• Reference to "clot formation” and “clotting activity” in relation to haemostatic wound dressings and haemostatic agents of the invention is reference to formation of a copolymer comprising the fibrinogen-binding peptides of the dressings or agents and fibrinogen, which has characteristics of a fibrin clot.
• This example describes conjugation of a fibrinogen-binding peptide of sequence GPRPG, linked to a maleimide group (Mai) by a polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker, to an albumin carrier.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• Human serum albumin is diluted to 50 mg/mL in reaction buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, 100 mM Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA], pH 8.0 ⁇ 0.2) and thiolated by the addition of a sixty-fold molar excess of 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride. After incubation for one hour at room temperature, thiolated albumin is separated from unreacted 2-iminothiolane hydrochloride by tangential flow diafiltration using 20 mM sodium phosphate, 150 mM sodium chloride, 1 mM EDTA pH 7.2 ⁇ 0.2 (filtration buffer).
• Peptide conjugation is performed by dissolving peptide (GPRPG-PEG12-maleimide) at a concentration of 50 mg/mL in filtration buffer and adding to thiolated albumin at a ratio of 0.95 mg peptide per 1 mg albumin. Following incubation for one hour at room temperature, excess peptide is removed by dialysing against a 60-fold excess of Tris-buffered saline (TBS; 20 mM Tris, 150 mM sodium chloride pH 7.2 ⁇ 0.2) using dialysis membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 10-14 KD for at least 16 hours at 4°C, with one change of buffer.
• TBS Tris-buffered saline
• Recovered PeproStat is diluted to 5 mg/mL in TBS, sterile filtered through a 0.2 p filter, dispensed and stored at 4°C.
• the activity of the final product is investigated using a Sigma Amelung KC4 coagulometer. Briefly, 30 pL test sample at 0.5mg/ml is added to 100 pL purified human fibrinogen at 3 mg/ml, the KC4 registers clot formation in less than 6 seconds. The molecular weight of the final product is estimated by SDS-PAGE of reduced samples using 4-15% Tris-glycine precast gels stained with Coomassie by comparison with the band profile of unstained protein ladder. Product profile
• the haemostatic activity of PeproStat was to be determined using a heparinised rabbit model. However, before using this model, it was important to determine that the product is active in a rabbit, and in particular that the fibrinogen-binding sequence of PeproStat (GPRP-) binds to rabbit fibrinogen. This was done by conjugating a GPRPG peptide to albumin microparticles, which were then incubated with FITC-labelled rabbit fibrinogen. Fluorescent fibrinogen binding to the particles can then be measured using a Flow
• the fourth amino acid in the sequence confers a higher affinity for fibrinogen than the natural cleaved sequence in human fibrinogen which has a valine residue at that position (Laudano and Doolittle Biochemistry 1980, 19: 1013-1019). Laudano and Doolittle have shown that whilst all species share the terminal GPR sequence, there is variation in the amino acid at position four, which is known to affect affinity for fibrinogen. Sequence data shows that rabbit fibrinogen also has a valine residue at position four and therefore rabbit and human fibrinogen might be expected to have comparable affinity for GPRP, as we have found.
• a rabbit liver abrasion injury model was used to assess the comparative haemostatic effect of PeproStat, thrombin, or saline soaked onto a gelatin pad. Haemostatic activity was determined in rabbits dosed with heparin at 1000 lU/kg. A gelatin pad was cut to 2.0 x 3.0 cm using a scalpel blade. For each treatment, a pad sample was immersed in a 1.5ml aliquot of test solution (a PeproStat, thrombin, or saline solution). It was then withdrawn and squeezed between gloved fingers to expel air bubbles, then returned to the solution until required.
• test solution a PeproStat, thrombin, or saline solution
• a superficial circular lesion (diameter 10.3mm, depth 2-3mm) was created by abrading the surface of the liver lobe using a Dremel hand drill (Model 395 Type 5, USA; 10,000- 35,000rpm) with a flat surface abrasion stone (Dremel, part no. 85602 USA). Blood exiting the wound was collected for 15s with a pre-weighed dry swab. The weight of blood collected was used as a measure of bleeding severity. After removal of the swab the pre- soaked test pad was applied, and wet gauze was used to apply gentle pressure to the treated wound for 30 seconds.
• Seven injuries can be performed sequentially on each liver, and test pads randomised across the seven sites. 34 tests were performed on each test pad.
• a score of 0 (i.e. no bleeding) is judged as successful haemostasis at each time point.
• PeproStat at 10mg/ml was desalted using an Amicon Ultra centrifugal filter device and diluted to 2.5mg/ml.
• a 40cm 2 gelatin pad was soaked in 8ml PeproStat at 2.5mg/ml and the pad then squeezed through gloved fingers to remove air bubbles. The pads were left in the solution and gently rocked for 1 hour at room temperature to ensure all the solution was adsorbed.
• the pad was then freeze-dried using a bench-top Freeze Dryer.
• the shelves of the Freeze-Dryer were equilibrated at -36°C, and the pads placed on the pre-frozen shelf and subjected to thermal treatment steps bringing the temperature up to - 20°C over a period of 270 minutes.
• the freeze-dried pad was stored in a desiccator.
• the success of the freeze-drying was analysed by comparison of the clotting activity of PeproStat recovered from the pad after freeze-drying with PeproStat which had not been freeze-dried.
• the 40cm 2 pad containing 40mg PeproStat was found to weigh 440mg in total after freeze- drying. 25mg was cut from the pad and placed in a weighing boat. The dry PeproStat was extracted from the pad by thoroughly soaking the pad in 1 mL 10mM sodium phosphate, 150mM sodium chloride buffer, pH 7.2 ⁇ 0.2, and then squeezing the resultant solution out of the pad. The extraction procedure was performed on four separate occasions. The protein content of recovered PeproStat in the solution was measured using a 5pm C8 Symmetry Reverse Phase HPLC from a calibration curve constructed from dilutions of standard PeproStat.
• Example 4 Haemostatic activity of PeproStat soaked onto rayon/polyester porous dressing
• the haemostatic activity of 0.5ml_ PeproStat at 5 mg/mL soaked onto a polyester/rayon blend was measured using a blood impedance method as follows:
• a double layer of the polyester/rayon gauze was stretched over a Universal container with an internal diameter of 2.5cm and the area of gauze covering the open tube was marked.
• the gauze was removed from the tube and 0.5ml_ PeproStat at 5 mg/mL was applied to the marked circle; 0.5 ml water was applied to a second dressing marked in the same manner as a control.
• the Universal containers were weighed and the soaked gauzes stretched across the mouth of the tube. 4 x 0.5mL citrated whole blood was then applied sequentially to the soaked gauze, and blood transfer through the gauze was measured by the weight of blood in the tube.
• This example describes preparation of two different preferred haemostatic wound dressings of the invention, and their haemostatic properties.
• Both dressings comprise a plurality of gelatin carriers, with a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptides covalently immobilised to each carrier via a PEG linker.
• the gelatin carriers or granules provide the non-colloidal porous dressing material.
• 2-iminothiolane was used to covalently attach a plurality of fibrinogen-binding peptide-PEG linker conjugates to the gelatin carrier.
• cystamine moieties were conjugated to the carboxyl groups of gelatin in the presence of 1 -Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), followed by reductive cleavage of the introduced disulphide bond to generate a free thiol for attachment of the fibrinogen-binding peptide.
• EDC Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride
• NHS N-hydroxysuccinimide
• Gelatin granules were thiolated using 2-iminothiolane which modifies amine residues.
• the method used was that of Medareddy S, Amiji M, 2005, Bioconjugate Chem 16: 1423- 1432.
• 1g of gelatin granules were weighed and hydrated in 40ml of a buffer containing 50mM sodium phosphate, 0.15M NaCI, 0.1 M EDTA pH 8.0 ⁇ 0.2, by mixing on a roller mixer for 10 minutes at room temperature. 102g of 2-iminothiolane are added to the hydrated gelatin and mixed on a roller mixer for 1 hour. The granules were then spun at 500rpm-RCF 28 for 2 minutes, the supernatant removed, and volume replaced with 20mM sodium phosphate, 0.15M NaCI, 0.1 M EDTA pH 7.2 ⁇ 0.2. This was repeated four times to remove the 2- iminothiolane.
• the shelves of the freeze-dryer were equilibrated at -36°C, and the gelatin granules placed on the pre-frozen shelf and subjected to thermal treatment steps bringing the temperature up to -20°C over a period of 270 minutes. Primary drying was accomplished over 800 minutes decreasing the vacuum from 800mTorr with a concomitant increase in temperature to 20°C. The freeze-dried granules were stored in a desiccator prior to testing. Testing of dry gelatin granules in a plug disintegration test
• TBS tris-buffered saline
• the gelatin slurry was added to a third 3ml syringe and the syringe plunger used to form a plug. 0.2ml of plasma was then injected into the plug, and left to stand for 3 minutes. The bottom of the syringe was cut off and the plug pushed out into a 50ml tube containing 0.9% saline. The tube was then mixed on a vortex mixer for up to 10 minutes. The plug was then scored over a period of 10 minutes as follows:
• This example describes the results of stability testing of fibrinogen-binding peptides immobilised to carriers in solution at 37°C.
• PeproStat comprising fibrinogen-binding peptides, each of sequence GPRPG immobilised to HSA carrier
• PeproStat was stored in solution for 6 months at 37°C.
• samples of the stored solution were assayed for ability to form a co-polymer with fibrinogen, as follows:
• Fibrinogen was diluted in 10mM HEPES, 0.15M NaCI, pH 7.3+/1 0.2 to 6mg/ml. 25 ⁇ PeproStat at 5mg/ml was added to 400 ⁇ of the diluted fibrinogen, and the time taken for formation of a visual clot comprising a co-polymer of PeproStat and fibrinogen was recorded.

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