WO2013099918A1 - スイッチング電源装置およびac-dc電力変換システム - Google Patents
スイッチング電源装置およびac-dc電力変換システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013099918A1 WO2013099918A1 PCT/JP2012/083596 JP2012083596W WO2013099918A1 WO 2013099918 A1 WO2013099918 A1 WO 2013099918A1 JP 2012083596 W JP2012083596 W JP 2012083596W WO 2013099918 A1 WO2013099918 A1 WO 2013099918A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
- H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
- H02M1/4258—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a single converter stage both for correction of AC input power factor and generation of a regulated and galvanically isolated DC output voltage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
- H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
- H02M3/33592—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P80/00—Climate change mitigation technologies for sector-wide applications
- Y02P80/10—Efficient use of energy, e.g. using compressed air or pressurized fluid as energy carrier
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a unidirectional or bidirectional switching power supply device that receives alternating current or direct current power and outputs direct current or alternating current power, and an AC-DC power conversion system.
- the single-phase or three-phase AC is rectified, and power is converted using a transformer to ensure insulation, and then stabilized to a constant DC voltage value.
- a system for supplying electric power to the electronic device is used.
- a switching power supply device is generally used in the AC-DC power conversion system.
- a passive method in which a filter is composed of only an inductor and a capacitor, and an active method that applies switching power supply technology.
- a PFC Power Factor Correction
- the PFC converter has a loss due to switching operation, it has a higher power factor improvement effect than the passive method, and the required inductor and capacitor values are also smaller than the passive method.
- FIG. 19 shows a first conventional example of the AC-DC power conversion system configured as described above.
- a MOSFET parasitic diode is clearly indicated by a dotted line for easy understanding.
- single-phase alternating current supplied from the power system ACin is rectified by a bridge rectification stage including diodes D11, D12, D13, and D14 and converted into a pulsating flow.
- the PFC converter of the PFC stage converts the pulsating flow into a direct current while maintaining a pulsating input current substantially proportional to the input voltage of the PFC stage.
- the topology of the boost converter is used for the PFC converter, and the PFC inductor Lpfc1, the switch element Q9, the rectifier element D15, and the smoothing energy storage capacitor Cens1 constitute the power converter circuit of the boost converter. ing.
- the DC voltage of the PFC output is set to be larger than the peak value of the pulsating current.
- the output voltage of the PFC converter is set to about 400 Vdc.
- the output voltage of the PFC stage is divided by the resistors R3 and R4, and then input to the third error amplifier AMP3 and compared with the first reference voltage Vref1 to form a first error signal.
- the first error signal is input to the multiplier M1 together with the pulsating voltage divided by the resistors R1 and R2, and a multiplication value of the first error signal and the pulsating voltage is calculated.
- a voltage proportional to the multiplication value and the input current of the PFC stage is compared by the first error amplifier AMP1 to form a second error signal.
- the second error signal is compared with the sawtooth voltage output from the sawtooth generator STG1 by the comparator COMP1 to form a PWM-controlled square wave signal.
- the primary side control circuit CNTP1 drives the switch element Q1 in accordance with the square wave signal, so that the output voltage of the PFC stage is stabilized at the target value while the input current is maintained in a sine wave shape.
- the DC power output from the PFC converter and once stored in the energy storage capacitor Cens1 is input to the isolated DC-DC converter of the isolated converter stage, and is stabilized after being converted into power with insulation secured by the transformer. Output as a DC voltage.
- the isolated converter stage of the first conventional example is configured with a topology of a current resonance half bridge converter.
- the first and second synchronous rectifier elements SR11 and SR12 each composed of an N-channel MOSFET each have an output current output from the secondary winding of the transformer T1 that changes substantially sinusoidally by the secondary-side control circuit CNTS1. Among them, it is turned on only during the conduction period from the source to the drain. A DC output voltage is formed across the output smoothing capacitor Cf1 by the rectifying operation of the first and second synchronous rectifying elements SR11 and SR12.
- the switching elements Q10 and Q11 are driven by ZVS (Zero-Voltage Switching: Zero Voltage Switching) and the synchronous rectifier elements SR11, SR12 are driven by ZCS (Zero-Current Switching: Zero Current Switching), thereby enabling highly efficient power conversion operation. is there.
- the DC output voltage is divided by resistors R5 and R6 and then compared with the second reference voltage Vref2 by the second error amplifier AMP2 to form a third error signal.
- the third error signal is input to the primary side control circuit CNTP1 through an insulation signal transmission element ISO1 formed of a photocoupler or the like.
- the primary side control circuit CNTP1 performs frequency control according to the third error signal, and stabilizes the DC output voltage to a target value.
- the second conventional example shown in FIG. 20 is a circuit disclosed in Patent Document 1 (US Pat. No. 4,421,277) generally called a bridgeless PFC converter.
- the power factor can be improved while rectifying the AC power by connecting the two boost converters in reverse direction and in series with the AC input, and the bridge rectification stage and the PFC stage of the first conventional example are configured in one stage. ing. Therefore, in the first conventional example, the AC-DC power conversion system configured by connecting the three stages of the bridge rectification stage, the PFC stage, and the isolated converter stage in series is the two of the rectifier / PFC stage and the isolated converter stage. It can be configured by connecting stages in series.
- the first boost converter constituted by the inductors 9 and 11, the switch element 17, and the diode 13 operates as a PFC converter.
- the switching current of the switch element 17 flows via the parasitic diode of the switch element 19 and is PWM controlled so that the switch element 17 makes the input current sinusoidal.
- the second boost converter constituted by the inductors 9 and 11, the switch element 19, and the diode 15 operates as a PFC converter.
- the switching current of the switch element 19 flows via the parasitic diode of the switch element 17, and PWM control is performed so that the switch element 19 makes the input current sinusoidal.
- the third conventional example shown in FIG. 21 is an insulating bridgeless PFC converter disclosed in Patent Document 2 (Japanese Patent No. 2632586).
- primary power switch elements Q12 and Q13 of a current-fed push-pull converter (current-feed push-pull converter) shown in FIG. It is compatible with AC input by replacing it with a bidirectional switch element that is connected to.
- FIG. 21 uses bridge rectification for the secondary side rectifier circuit
- FIG. 22 is different in that both wave rectification is used, but the topology is the same.
- PWM control is possible by controlling the overlap time during which both the primary power switches Q12 and Q13 are turned on, and the output voltage is stabilized against fluctuations in the input voltage and output current.
- the first conventional example is composed of a series connection of three stages of a bridge rectification stage, a PFC stage, and an insulated converter stage
- the second conventional example is comprised of a series connection of two stages of a rectifier / PFC stage and an insulated converter stage.
- an AC-DC power conversion system can be configured by one stage of a rectifier / PFC / insulation stage.
- a bidirectional switching power supply or a bidirectional AC-DC power conversion system is required.
- a circuit configuration in which a plurality of switching power supply devices are connected in series is generally used.
- the overall efficiency of the AC-DC power conversion system is a multiplication value of each stage efficiency.
- the efficiency of each stage is 98.0%, 94.0%, and 94.0%
- the total efficiency is 86.6%.
- the efficiency of each stage is 98.0%, 94.0%, and 94.0%
- the total efficiency is 86.6%.
- the first conventional example is configured by series connection of three stages
- the second conventional example is configured by serial connection of two stages.
- the number of times the input current passes through the rectifier diode is one less than that in the first conventional example (from 3 times to 2 times), and an improvement in efficiency of about 1% can be expected compared to the first conventional example.
- the overall efficiency of the AC-DC power conversion system is a multiplication value of the first and second stage efficiencies, and it is difficult to increase the efficiency.
- the second conventional example requires information on the AC input voltage and AC input current to perform PFC control, but the measurement circuit becomes complicated because those measurement parts are floated from the control circuit of the PFC. The problem is generally known.
- the AC-DC power conversion system is configured with three stages connected in series in the first conventional example and two stages in the second conventional example, whereas the AC-DC power conversion system is configured in one stage in the third conventional example.
- the overcurrent protection operation that droops the output voltage cannot be performed, and the soft start that gently raises the output voltage at startup cannot be performed.
- the switching operation is stopped in a state where the input voltage Vin is applied, a surge voltage is generated at both ends of the primary power switch elements Q12 and Q13 by the electromagnetic energy accumulated in the inductor L1, so that the input voltage Vin
- the switching operation of the primary power switch elements Q12 and Q13 cannot be stopped until the voltage sufficiently decreases.
- the current fed push-pull converter needs to be connected in series with a step-down stage for reducing or blocking the input voltage Vin in the previous stage.
- FIG. 23 shows a configuration example of a current fed push-pull converter in which step-down stages are connected in series.
- Switch element Q14, rectifier element D18 and inductor L1 constitute a step-down converter, and switch element Q14 is switched in synchronization with the switching operation of primary power switch elements Q12 and Q13.
- the input voltage Vin of the current fed push-pull converter can be reduced or cut off by PWM control of the switch element Q3.
- the third conventional example configured based on the current fed push-pull converter has the same problem as the current fed push-pull converter.
- a voltage step-down stage for reducing or shutting down the input voltage is connected in series to the previous stage, the drooping operation of the output voltage against the overcurrent, the soft start operation, and the switching operation cannot be stopped.
- a step-down stage is connected in series to the previous stage, there is a problem that power conversion efficiency is lowered because two stages are connected in series.
- the third conventional example has problems that are not found in the first and second conventional examples.
- the first and second conventional examples have an energy storage capacitor that holds a DC voltage at the output of the PFC converter.
- the third conventional example does not have an energy storage function, and the AC power is directly switched for insulation and power conversion. Therefore, power is not supplied to the output smoothing capacitor 20 in the phase in which the AC input voltage decreases. Therefore, in the phase where the AC input voltage is lowered, the output power is supplied only from the accumulated charge of the output smoothing capacitor 20, so that the AC ripple is large and can be adopted only for a load device that can tolerate a large ripple.
- a function of holding an output voltage for a certain period (for example, about 20 msec) is generally required when an AC input is interrupted by an instantaneous power failure.
- the third conventional example having no energy storage function cannot cope.
- the present invention is suitable for high efficiency, and since the input current is in a current continuous mode, the input filter can be simplified, and the AC input voltage necessary for PFC control, Since the AC input current can be measured with reference to the ground potential of the primary control circuit, the measurement circuit can be simplified, and since it has an energy storage function and a power supply function from the stored energy, the output ripple is small and the output voltage is maintained against instantaneous power outages.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a switching power supply device which has a function and has a small number of parts and is easy to be reduced in size and price.
- the bidirectional switching power supply also supports all operation modes of AC input / DC output, DC input / DC output, DC input / AC output, and can maintain a highly efficient power conversion operation in any operation mode.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an insulating bidirectional switching power supply device.
- a series circuit having at least one PFC inductor (Lpfc), a first rectifier element (D1), and a first switch element (Q1) is connected to an AC power supply (Acin).
- a series circuit having at least one PFC inductor (Lpfc), a second rectifier element (D2), and a second switch element (Q2) is connected to the AC power source (ACin), and the first switch
- a series switch circuit having an element (Q1) and the second switch element (Q2) is configured, an energy storage capacitor (Cens1) is connected in parallel with the series switch circuit, and a positive half cycle of the AC input voltage is established.
- the first switch element (Q1) is a main switch element
- the second switch element (Q2) is a synchronous rectifier element
- the energy storage capacitor (C ns1) constitutes a first rectification / PFC circuit unit operating as a smoothing capacitor
- the second switch element (Q2) is a main switch element and the first switch element in the negative half cycle of the AC input voltage (Q1) constitutes a second rectification / PFC circuit unit in which the synchronous rectifier element and the energy storage capacitor (Cens1) operate as a smoothing capacitor
- the connection point of Q2) includes at least one resonance capacitor (Cr1 + Cr2) and a primary winding of at least one transformer (T1), or the resonance capacitor (Cr1 + Cr2), at least one resonance inductor (Lr1), and the transformer ( One end of a series resonant circuit having a primary winding of T1) and connecting the energy storage capacitor (Cens).
- a rectifying / smoothing circuit As an input source, and a rectifying / smoothing circuit is connected to the secondary winding of the transformer (T1).
- the bridge-type power converting circuit, the transformer, and the rectifying / smoothing circuit The first switch element (Q1) and the second switch element (Q2) are driven with a dead time when both are turned off, and the sine When a wavy AC input voltage is applied, a sinusoidal current that is substantially proportional to the AC input voltage flows in, and a stabilized DC voltage is output.
- the switching power supply device of the present invention includes a series circuit having at least one PFC inductor (Lpfc1), a first rectifier element (D1), and a first switch element (Q1) in an AC power supply (ACin). Connect the first synchronous rectifier element (Q3) and the first energy storage capacitor (Cens1) in parallel with the first switch element (Q1), and conduct in the positive half cycle of the AC input voltage And a first rectification / PFC circuit unit that outputs a DC voltage to both ends of the first energy storage capacitor (Cens1).
- the AC power supply includes at least one PFC inductor (Lpfc1); A series circuit having a second rectifier element (D2) and a second switch element (Q2), and a second synchronous rectifier element in parallel with the second switch element (Q2).
- Q4 is connected to the second energy storage capacitor (Cens2), is conducted in the negative half cycle of the AC input voltage, and outputs a DC voltage to both ends of the second energy storage capacitor (Cens2).
- the first rectifier (Cr1 + Cr2) and the first transformer (Q1) are connected to the connection point of the first switch element (Q1) and the first synchronous rectifier element (Q3).
- a first smoothing DC-DC converter section (converter 1) having a first smoothing power converter circuit, a first transformer, and a first rectifying and smoothing circuit.
- connection point between the second switch element (Q2) and the second synchronous rectifier element (Q4) is the primary winding of the second resonant capacitor (Cr3 + Cr4) and the second transformer (T2), or One end of a second series resonance circuit having a second resonance capacitor (Cr3 + Cr4), a second resonance inductor (Lr2), and a primary winding of a second transformer (T2) is connected to the second energy.
- a second bridge-type power converter circuit using a storage capacitor (Cens2) as an input source is configured, and a second rectifying / smoothing circuit is connected to the secondary winding of the second transformer (T2).
- a second insulation type DC-DC converter (converter 2) having a circuit, a second transformer, and a second rectifying / smoothing circuit, and comprising the first switch element (Q1) and the first switch
- the synchronous rectifier element (Q3), the second switch element (Q2), and the second synchronous rectifier element (Q4) are driven with a dead time when both are turned off, and a sinusoidal AC input voltage is applied. When applied, it is characterized in that a sinusoidal current substantially proportional to the AC input voltage flows in and a stabilized DC voltage is output.
- the switching power supply device of the present invention includes a first series circuit composed of a first rectifier element and a first switch element that switch an input current in a positive half cycle of an AC input voltage, and an AC input voltage
- a second series circuit composed of a second rectifying element and a second switching element that switch an input current in a negative half cycle; an energy storage capacitor; and at least a primary winding and a secondary winding.
- the transformer the rectifying / smoothing circuit configured on the secondary side of the transformer, the first comparator for comparing the AC input current and the signal corresponding to the AC input voltage, and comparing the DC output voltage with the reference voltage
- a sine wave-shaped AC input voltage applied to the input from an AC power source a sine wave current substantially proportional to the AC input voltage flows into both ends of the energy storage capacitor.
- the direct current is converted into alternating current by a switching operation, and then transmitted from the primary side to the secondary side by the transformer to be stabilized.
- a DC-DC converter unit that outputs a direct current voltage, wherein the rectification / PFC circuit unit and the DC-DC converter unit commonly use the first and second switch elements. It is characterized by that.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply device 101 according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows operation waveforms of main parts of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing an example of the relationship between the switching frequency fsw and the output voltage Vout when the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor Cens1 is assumed to be a constant value in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of the switching power supply apparatus 102 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of the switching power supply device 103 according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the influence on the common mode noise due to the difference in the connection position of the PFC inductor.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply device 101 according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows operation waveforms of main parts of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing an example of the relationship between the
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram of a control method for setting an upper limit and a lower limit on the duty ratio.
- FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram of an intermittent switching operation at a light load according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of the switching power supply device 104 according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing an example of the duty ratio variation with respect to the phase change of the rectification / PFC circuit unit and the isolated DC-DC converter unit in the AC input / DC output operation.
- FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit of the rectification / PFC circuit unit in DC input / AC output.
- FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of the switching power supply device 105 according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing the operation sharing of each converter in the fifth embodiment.
- FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram of the AC-DC power conversion system 106 according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a variation of the PFC inductor connection method.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing variations of the method of connecting the transformer primary winding and the resonant capacitor.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a variation of the rectification method of the insulated DC-DC converter section.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a variation in which a full bridge type power conversion circuit is used in the insulation type DC-DC converter section.
- FIG. 19 shows an AC-DC power conversion system as a first conventional example.
- FIG. 20 is a circuit diagram of a second conventional example.
- FIG. 21 is a circuit diagram of a third conventional example.
- FIG. 22 is a circuit diagram of a main circuit of a current fed push-pull converter related to the third conventional example.
- FIG. 23 is a circuit diagram of a converter main circuit in which a step-down stage is connected in series with the preceding stage in order to compensate for the drawbacks of the current-fed converter.
- FIG. 24 is a waveform diagram comparing the output voltages of the third conventional example and the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a switching power supply device 101 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the first embodiment is a circuit configuration example in which a rectifier / PFC circuit section and an insulating DC-DC converter section are integrated into one converter.
- a series circuit of a PFC inductor Lpfc1, a first rectifier element D1 having a polarity conducting in a positive half cycle of the AC input voltage, and a first switch element Q1 is connected to the AC power supply ACin, and the AC power supply ACin
- Also connected is a series circuit of a PFC inductor Lpfc1, a second rectifying element D2 having a polarity conducting in the negative half cycle of the AC input voltage, and a second switching element Q2.
- An energy storage capacitor Cens1 is connected in parallel to the series circuit of the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2.
- the primary side control circuit CNTP1 is connected to the gate terminals of the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2. Since the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 are driven with a dead time when both are turned off, the PFC inductor Lpfc1 and the first rectifier element are used in the positive half cycle of the AC input voltage.
- the first switch element Q1 operates as a main switch element and the second switch element Q2 operates as a synchronous rectifier element for power supplied via D1, and outputs a DC voltage across the energy storage capacitor Cens1. 1 commutation / PFC circuit section.
- the second switch element Q2 is the main switch element and the first switch element Q1 with respect to the electric power supplied via the PFC inductor Lpfc1 and the second rectifier element D2.
- the energy storage capacitor Cens1 plays a role of supplying energy to the load circuit Load at the time when the AC input voltage decreases or during an instantaneous power failure of the AC input, a relatively large capacity capacitor is required. Since a DC voltage is always applied to the energy storage capacitor Cens1 with the drain side of the first switch element Q1 being (+) and the source side of the second switch element Q2 being (-), an aluminum electrolytic capacitor having polarity is used. I can do things.
- a series circuit of capacitors Cr1 and Cr2 is connected in parallel with the energy storage capacitor Cens1, and the sum of them, Cr1 + Cr2, acts as a resonance capacitor.
- a connecting point between the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 is a series constituted by a resonant inductor Lr1, an inductance (excitation inductance) Lm of the primary winding Np1 of the transformer T1, and a Cr1 + Cr2 resonant capacitor.
- One end of the resonance circuit is connected to form a half-bridge power conversion circuit using the energy storage capacitor Cens1 as an input source.
- a first synchronous rectification element SR1 is connected in series with the first secondary winding Ns1 of the transformer T1, and a second synchronous rectification element SR2 is connected in series with the second secondary winding Ns2 of the transformer T1.
- a secondary side control circuit CNTS1 for driving them is connected to the gate terminals of the first synchronous rectifying element SR1 and the second synchronous rectifying element SR2. Since there are many known examples of the driving method of the synchronous rectifier element, a detailed description of the operation of the secondary side control circuit CNTS1 is omitted.
- the primary side control circuit CNTP1 is the first synchronous rectifier element.
- a voltage drop is observed at both ends between the drain and source of the second synchronous rectifier SR2, and the gate drive signal is supplied to the first synchronous rectifier SR1 and the second synchronous rectifier SR2 only when the voltage drop is a certain value or more.
- An output smoothing capacitor Cf1 is connected to both ends of the series circuit of the first secondary winding Ns1 and the first synchronous rectifier SR1, and the series circuit of the second secondary winding Ns2 and the second synchronous rectifier SR2.
- the conversion ratio from the input voltage of the AC power supply ACin to the voltage across the energy storage capacitor Cens1, that is, the input / output voltage conversion ratio of the rectification / PFC circuit unit, is controlled by the duty ratio, and the voltage across the energy storage capacitor Cens1 is converted from the DC output voltage.
- the conversion ratio that is, the input / output voltage conversion ratio of the insulated DC-DC converter section is controlled by the switching frequency.
- the circuit operation will be described using the operation waveforms of the first embodiment shown in FIG.
- the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 are both turned on / off with a dead time for turning off.
- the first switch element Q1 is a main switch element
- the second switch element Q2 is a synchronous rectifier element
- the energy storage capacitor Cens1 is a smoothing capacitor.
- a boost converter is formed.
- the second switch element Q2 is the main switch element
- the first switch element Q1 is the synchronous rectifier element
- the energy storage capacitor Cens1 is smoothed.
- a boost converter as a capacitor is formed. That is, the role of the main switch of the boost converter and the role of the synchronous rectifier element are switched between the positive half cycle and the negative half cycle of the AC input voltage.
- the duty ratio of the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 is fixed to 0.5, almost current flows through the PFC inductor Lpfc1, as shown in FIG. However, only the current resonance half-bridge converter that constitutes the isolated DC-DC converter unit operates.
- the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 not only constitute a boost converter together with the PFC inductor Lpfc1, the first rectifier element D1, the second rectifier element D2, and the energy storage capacitor Cens1.
- PFC inductor Lpfc1, capacitor Cr1, capacitor Cr2, transformer T1, first synchronous rectifier element SR1, second synchronous rectifier element SR2, current smoothing capacitor Cf1 and current resonance using the stored charge of energy storage capacitor Cens1 as an input power source Operates as a half-bridge converter.
- the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 operate as a common component of the boost converter and the current resonance half-bridge converter, so that an energy storage element is provided even though it is a single converter, and AC ripple is reduced. In addition, it is possible to maintain the output voltage against an instantaneous power failure.
- the frequency control is performed in a range where the switching frequency fsw is larger than the second resonance frequency fr2.
- the conversion ratio of the output voltage Vout is adjusted.
- the switching frequency fsw is lowered to approach the resonance frequency fr2
- the input / output voltage conversion ratio increases
- the switching frequency fsw is increased and moved away from the resonance frequency fr2
- the input / output voltage conversion ratio decreases. Utilizing this, negative feedback control is performed so as to make the output voltage asymptotic to the target value.
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the switching frequency fsw and the output voltage Vout when the first resonance frequency fr1 is set to 480 kHz, the second resonance frequency fr2 is set to 210 kHz, and the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor is assumed to be a constant value. It is a graph which shows an example.
- the output voltage Vout increases near the second resonance frequency fr2 due to resonance of the resonance capacitor Cr, the resonance inductor Lr, and the excitation inductance Lm of the transformer T1, and the conversion ratio of the output voltage Vout to the energy storage capacitor both-ends voltage Vens is a peak value. become.
- the output voltage Vout increases or decreases as the duty ratio D changes, the influence of the duty ratio D is relatively small in the vicinity of the first resonance frequency fr1. Therefore, frequency control is performed in a region higher than the second resonance frequency fr2, and when the output voltage Vout is lower than the target value, the switching frequency fsw is lowered to approach the second resonance frequency fr2, and the output voltage Vout is set to the target value. If it is higher, the output voltage Vout can be stabilized at the target value by increasing the switching frequency fsw so as to be away from the second resonance frequency fr2.
- Equation (2) and Equation (3) are established between the AC input voltage Vin and the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor, but there is no term of the switching frequency fsw in Equations (2) and (3).
- the influence of the switching frequency is small at least in the current continuous mode region. Therefore, in the switching operation of the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2, both the duty ratio D and the switching frequency fsw are varied, and the AC input current and the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor Vens with respect to the AC input voltage Vin are changed.
- the conversion ratio is controlled by the duty ratio and the conversion ratio of the output voltage Vout with respect to the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor is controlled by the frequency, the input current is shaped almost sinusoidally and the output voltage is changed even though it is a single converter. In addition to stabilization, it is possible to reduce AC ripple and maintain output voltage against instantaneous power failure.
- the AC input voltage divided by the resistors R1 and R2 is input to the mode discriminator Mdt1.
- the mode discriminator Mdt1 discriminates between A, B and C modes according to the range of the AC input voltage.
- the A mode is a period in which the first switch element Q1 operates as a main switch of the boost converter and the second switch element Q2 operates as a synchronous rectifier element in a period corresponding to a positive half cycle of the AC input voltage.
- the B mode is a period in which the second switch element Q2 operates as a main switch of the boost converter and the first switch element Q1 operates as a synchronous rectifier element in a period corresponding to the negative half cycle of the AC input voltage.
- the C mode is a period in which the voltage value of the AC input is small and has little influence on the power factor. For example, if less than 1/10 of the peak voltage of the AC input is set in this period, about 18% of the total period is C mode.
- the PWM control is performed with the switching frequency fsw fixed at a constant value in the A and B modes, and only the frequency control is performed with the duty ratio fixed at 0.5 in the C mode.
- the switching frequency fsw is fixed to a constant value
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 calculates the duty ratio reference value Dstd of the first switch element Q1 from the relationship of the expression (2).
- Venst is a reference value of the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor for stabilizing the output voltage Vout to a target value.
- the error signal Verr2 is formed according to the following process.
- the output voltage divided by the resistors R5 and R6 and the reference voltage Vref2 are compared by the second error amplifier AMP2, and an error signal Verr3 proportional to the difference is formed.
- Verr3 is fed back to the primary side via an insulated signal transmission element ISO1 composed of a photocoupler or the like, and multiplied by the input voltage divided by the resistors R1 and R2 in the multiplier M1.
- the multiplication result is input to the first error amplifier AMP1 together with a voltage proportional to the AC input current detected by the current transformer or current detection resistor, and an error signal Verr2 proportional to the difference is formed.
- a component proportional to the error signal Verr2 is added to the duty ratio reference value Dstd, and a voltage Da corresponding to the duty ratio of the first switch element Q1 in the A mode is calculated.
- the polarity of the proportional constant K1 is set to be negative feedback control, and the magnitude of K1 determines the gain. Since the duty ratio reference value Dstd can be calculated if the input voltage Vin is known, it corresponds to feedforward control. Combining not only the feedback control of K1 and Verr2 but also the feedforward control based on the duty ratio reference value Dstd makes the change of the duty ratio smooth especially when the mode is switched.
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 When the voltage Da is output from the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 based on the equation (8) and compared with the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generation circuit STG1 by the comparator COMP1, the duty ratio corresponding to the voltage Da is output from the comparator COMP1.
- the square wave is output.
- An appropriate dead time is formed by delaying the rising edge of the square wave and its inverted signal by several tens of nsec to several hundreds of nsec, and the current is amplified so that the gates of the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 To drive.
- the switching frequency fsw is fixed to a constant value
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 determines the duty ratio reference value of the first switch element Q1 from the relationship of the equations (3) and (4). Dstd is calculated. Venst is a reference value of the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor.
- an error signal Verr2 is formed according to the same process as that in the above-described A mode discrimination.
- a component proportional to the error signal Verr2 is added to the duty ratio reference value Dstd, and a voltage Db corresponding to the duty ratio of the first switch element Q1 in the B mode is calculated.
- the polarity of the proportional constant K2 is set to be negative feedback control, and the magnitude of K2 determines the gain.
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 based on the equation (10) and compared with the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 by the comparator COMP1
- the duty ratio corresponding to the voltage Db is output from the comparator COMP1.
- the square wave is output.
- An appropriate dead time is formed by delaying the rising edge of the square wave and its inverted signal by several tens of nsec to several hundreds of nsec, and the current is amplified so that the gates of the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 To drive.
- the duty ratio Dc is fixed to 0.5.
- the frequency controller Fcnt1 controls the frequency of the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 based on the error signal Verr3 transmitted from the secondary side to the primary side.
- the voltage Dc is output from the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 based on the equation (11) and compared with the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 by the comparator COMP1, the duty ratio 0 controlled by the comparator COMP1 is controlled.
- a square wave of .5 is output.
- An appropriate dead time is formed by delaying the rising edge of the square wave and its inverted signal by several tens of nsec to several hundreds of nsec, and the current is amplified so that the gates of the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 To drive.
- the switching frequency fsw is performed only in a range higher than the second resonance frequency fr2, and when the output voltage Vout is lower than the target value, the switching frequency is lowered to approach the second resonance frequency fr2, and the output voltage Vout is higher than the target value. If it is high, the output frequency Vout is stabilized by increasing the switching frequency and moving away from the second resonance frequency fr2.
- the power transmitted from the primary side to the secondary side by the transformer T1 is leveled rather than the pulsating current, and the AC input power is extremely high particularly in the C mode period.
- stable power based on feedback control is supplied from the stored charge of the energy storage capacitor Cens1 to the secondary side, so that the AC ripple can be reduced.
- the mode shifts to the C mode due to a decrease in the AC input voltage Vin.
- the duty ratio is fixed to 0.5, and even if the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor decreases due to the frequency control of current resonance, the decrease in the output voltage Vout is suppressed, and the required output voltage holding time is ensured. Can do.
- the main switch of the boost converter when the main switch of the boost converter is turned on, current flows in the same direction (from the drain to the source) from the boost converter side and the isolated converter side, so that the conduction loss of both is added.
- the synchronous rectifier of the boost converter when the synchronous rectifier of the boost converter turns on, the current on the boost converter side (from the source to the drain) and the isolation converter side (from the drain to the source) tends to flow in the opposite direction in the synchronous rectifier. , They cancel each other and conduction loss is reduced.
- the synchronous rectifier element of the boost converter can always perform the ZVS operation, but the main switch performs the ZVS operation only at the phase where the AC input voltage Vin is lowered, in which the isolated converter operation is dominant.
- the switch element and the rectifier element may have the same breakdown voltage as the first conventional example if they have the same input specifications.
- the converter of the first embodiment can reduce the output voltage Vout from the target value by reducing the duty ratio of the switch element corresponding to the main switch of the boost converter or by increasing the switching frequency. Therefore, it can support soft start operation and drooping operation of output voltage against overcurrent. Further, even if the switching operation is stopped during the operation, no surge voltage is generated at both ends of the switching element and the rectifying element, so that the switching can be stopped without any problem.
- the power conversion circuit of the first conventional example there are five diodes, three switch elements, and two synchronous rectifier elements, whereas in the first embodiment, there are two diodes and two switch elements, synchronous. There are two rectifying elements, the number of power semiconductor components is reduced, and the circuit configuration is simplified.
- somewhat complicated control is required in the first embodiment, it is not a problem because it can be easily realized by applying a digital control technology of a switching power supply that has been remarkable in recent years.
- an AC input / DC output power conversion system constituted by three stages in the first conventional example and two stages in the second conventional example can be constituted by only one stage as in the third conventional example. Since the number of power components is small and the circuit configuration is simple, it is advantageous for downsizing and cost reduction.
- C Since ZVS (zero voltage switching) of the switching element and ZCS (zero current switching) of the secondary side rectifying element are possible at least in a part of the phase of the AC input, it is suitable for high efficiency.
- the converter of the third conventional example includes a large AC ripple component in the output voltage and does not have a holding time for an instantaneous power failure.
- the converter of the present invention has a small AC ripple and can cope with a specified output voltage holding time.
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of the switching power supply apparatus 102 in the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the power conversion circuit is the same as that of the first embodiment, but the control method is changed.
- only PWM control is performed in the A and B modes, and only frequency control is performed in the C mode.
- both PWM control and frequency control are performed in the A and B modes, and the output voltage ripple is increased. We are aiming for further reduction.
- the AC input voltage divided by the resistors R1 and R2 is input to the mode determination circuit Mdt1, and the operation mode is determined.
- the definitions of A, B, and C modes are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the error signal used for the PWM control is formed not by comparing the output voltage Vout with the reference voltage but by comparing the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor with the reference voltage.
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 calculates the duty ratio reference value Dstd of the first switch element Q1 based on the expression (7) from the relation of the expression (2).
- Venst is a reference value of the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor for stabilizing the output voltage Vout to a target value.
- the error signal Verr2 is formed as follows.
- the voltage Vens1 across the energy storage capacitor divided by the resistors R3 and R4 and the reference voltage Vref1 are compared by the third error amplifier AMP3, and an error signal Verr1 proportional to the difference is formed.
- Verr1 is multiplied by an input voltage divided by resistors R1 and R2 in multiplier M1.
- the multiplication result is input to the first error amplifier AMP1 together with a voltage proportional to the AC input current detected by the current transformer or current detection resistor, and an error signal Verr2 proportional to the difference is formed.
- a component proportional to the error signal Verr2 is added to the duty ratio reference value Dstd, and a voltage Da corresponding to the duty ratio of the first switch element Q1 in the A mode is calculated based on the equation (8).
- the polarity of the proportional constant K1 is set to be negative feedback control, and the magnitude of K1 determines the gain. Combining not only the feedback control of K1 and Verr2 but also the feedforward control based on the duty ratio reference value Dstd makes the change of the duty ratio smooth especially when the mode is switched.
- the error signal Verr3 is transmitted from the secondary side via the insulating signal transmission element ISO1 to the frequency controller Fcnt2, and the frequency of the sawtooth wave generated from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 is controlled.
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 When the voltage Da is output from the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 based on the equation (8) and compared with the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 by the comparator COMP1, the duty ratio corresponding to the voltage Da is output from the comparator COMP1. And a square wave having a frequency corresponding to the frequency control is output. An appropriate dead time is formed by delaying the rising edge of the square wave and its inverted signal by several tens of nsec to several hundreds of nsec, and the current is amplified so that the gates of the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 To drive.
- the switching frequency fsw is fixed to a constant value
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 determines the duty ratio reference value of the first switch element Q1 from the relationship of the equations (3) and (4).
- Dstd is calculated based on equation (9).
- Venst is a reference value of the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor.
- an error signal Verr2 is formed according to the same process as that in the above-described A mode discrimination.
- a component proportional to the error signal Verr2 is added to the duty ratio reference value Dstd, and a voltage Db corresponding to the duty ratio of the first switch element Q1 in the B mode is calculated based on the equation (10).
- the polarity of the proportional constant K2 is set to be negative feedback control, and the magnitude of K2 determines the gain.
- the frequency of the sawtooth wave generated from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 is controlled by the method described above.
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 based on the equation (8) and compared with the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 by the comparator COMP1
- the duty ratio corresponding to the voltage Db is output from the comparator COMP1.
- a square wave having a frequency corresponding to the frequency control is output.
- An appropriate dead time is formed by delaying the rising edge of the square wave and its inverted signal by several tens of nsec to several hundreds of nsec, and the current is amplified so that the gates of the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 To drive.
- the duty ratio Dc is fixed to 0.5 as shown in the equation (11).
- the frequency controller Fcnt1 controls the frequency of the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 based on the error signal Verr3 transmitted from the secondary side to the primary side.
- the voltage Dc is output from the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 based on the equation (11) and compared with the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 by the comparator COMP1, the duty ratio 0 controlled by the comparator COMP1 is controlled.
- a square wave of .5 is output.
- An appropriate dead time is formed by delaying the rising edge of the square wave and its inverted signal by several tens of nsec to several hundreds of nsec, and the current is amplified so that the gates of the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 To drive.
- the switching frequency fsw is performed only in a range higher than the second resonance frequency fr2.
- the switching frequency fsw is lowered to approach the second resonance frequency fr2, and the output voltage Vout is set to the target value. If higher, the switching frequency fsw is increased and the output voltage Vout is stabilized by moving away from the second resonance frequency fr2.
- FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram of the switching power supply device 103 according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the switching power supply device of the third embodiment is configured by a combination of one rectification / PFC circuit section and one insulation type DC-DC converter section, and the operation of the power conversion circuit is the first. This is almost the same as the first embodiment and the second embodiment.
- the PFC inductor Lpfc1 is connected between one end of the AC power supply ACin and the first and second switch elements Q1 and Q2.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining the difference in common mode noise depending on the connection position of the PFC inductor Lpfc1.
- Cdis1 and Cdis2 indicate the parasitic capacitance with respect to the ground potential from the (+) and ( ⁇ ) outputs of the PFC circuit section. Due to the switching operation of the first and second switch elements Q1 and Q2, potential fluctuation occurs at both ends of the PFC inductor Lpfc1.
- (+) of the PFC circuit portion is caused by potential fluctuations at both ends of the PFC inductor Lpfc1.
- ( ⁇ ) outputs fluctuate in potential from one end of the AC power supply ACin, and accordingly, the parasitic capacitances Cdis1 and Cdis2 are charged and discharged to generate common mode noise.
- the PFC inductor Lpfc1 is connected between one end of the AC power supply ACin and the first and second switch elements Q1 and Q2 as shown in FIG.
- the output obtained by rectifying the AC power supply ACin by the rectifier elements D19 and D20 is connected to the primary side control circuit ground in order to facilitate the compliance with the safety standard.
- a voltage with respect to the primary control circuit ground of the AC power supply ACin is divided by resistors R1, R2, R7, and R8, and the polarity and voltage value of the AC input voltage are detected.
- the voltage between the AC power supply ACin and the primary side control circuit ground divided by the resistors R1, R2, and R7, R8 is input to the mode discriminator Mdt1.
- the mode discriminator Mdt1 discriminates between A, B, and C modes according to the polarity of the AC input and the voltage value.
- the A mode is a period in which the first switch element Q1 operates as a main switch of the boost converter and the second switch element Q2 operates as a synchronous rectifier element in a period corresponding to a positive half cycle of the AC input voltage.
- the B mode is a period in which the second switch element Q2 operates as a main switch of the boost converter and the first switch element Q1 operates as a synchronous rectifier element in a period corresponding to the negative half cycle of the AC input voltage.
- the C mode is a phase in which the voltage value of the AC input is small and has little influence on the power factor.
- both the duty ratio and the switching frequency are controlled in the A and B modes, and only the frequency control is performed with the duty ratio fixed at 0.5 in the C mode.
- the resistance between the (+) output of the PFC circuit section and the ground of the primary side control circuit is divided by resistors R3 and R4, and the distance between the ( ⁇ ) output of the PFC circuit section and the ground of the primary side control circuit is divided by resistors R9 and R10.
- the output voltage of the PFC circuit unit is estimated from the voltage value obtained by differential amplification by the amplifier AMP4.
- An error signal Verr1 that is input to the error amplifier AMP3 and proportional to the difference from the reference voltage Vref is formed.
- the PFC inductor Lpfc1 is provided with an auxiliary coil to constitute a transformer, and the current of the PFC inductor Lpfc1 is estimated from the voltage obtained by integrating the output of the Lpfc1 auxiliary coil by the integration circuit INT1.
- the Verr1 and the input voltage divided by the resistors R1 and R2 or the resistors R7 and R8 are multiplied by the multiplier M1, and the multiplication result is input to the first error amplifier AMP1 together with a voltage proportional to the Lpfc1 current.
- An error signal Verr2 proportional to the difference is formed.
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 calculates the duty ratio of the first and second switch elements Q1 and Q2 from the addition result of the component proportional to the duty ratio reference value Dstd and the error signal Verr2, and performs PWM control.
- the current resonance half-bridge converter forming the isolated DC-DC converter unit can transmit the maximum power from the primary side to the secondary side when the duty ratio is 0.5.
- the power transmission capacity decreases when the distance is 5 away. If the maximum power defined by the specifications of the switching power supply cannot be transmitted from the primary side to the secondary side, the output voltage drops at that phase, and AC ripple occurs.
- the duty ratio calculated by the duty ratio calculator Dcnt1 is limited to a range of 0.25 to 0.75 as shown in FIG. 7B.
- the input / output conversion ratio of the rectification / PFC circuit section is controlled by PWM, whereas the input / output conversion ratio of the isolated DC-DC converter section is controlled by PFM.
- the output voltage of the isolated DC-DC converter unit is not directly detected, but indirect control is used in which the output voltage is indirectly estimated from the rectified smoothing voltage of the auxiliary coil of the transformer T1, and the auxiliary voltage of the transformer T1 is The voltage obtained by rectifying and smoothing the outputs of the coils Na1 and Na2 by the resistors R5 and R6 is input to the error amplifier AMP2, and an error signal Verr3 proportional to the difference from Vref is formed.
- the error signal Verr3 is input to the frequency controller Fcnt1, and controls the frequency of the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generator STG1.
- the voltage drop due to the secondary side circuit components is not compensated for by negative feedback control, resulting in droop characteristics in which the output voltage gradually decreases as the output current increases, but this is particularly problematic in applications where strict output voltage accuracy is not required. do not become.
- the primary side control circuit CNTP1 and Insulating signal transmission elements ISO5 and ISO6 are inserted between them to transmit drive signals. In recent years, insulation drivers suitable for such applications are commercially available.
- intermittent switching operation is performed to improve the efficiency in the light load region.
- the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 are driven with a dead time therebetween, and the Lpfc1 current is conducted in a continuous mode.
- an intermittent switching operation is performed by extending the dead time during which both the first switch element Q1 and the second switch element Q2 are turned off, and the Lpfc1 current is conducted in the discontinuous mode.
- the dead time immediately after the switch element corresponding to the synchronous rectification element of the rectification / PFC circuit section is turned off. That is, in the positive half cycle of the AC input voltage, the dead time immediately after the second switch element Q2 is turned off is extended, and in the negative half cycle of the AC input voltage, the dead time immediately after the first switch element Q1 is turned off. Is extended.
- the third embodiment has the following effects in addition to the effects of the first and second embodiments.
- FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of the switching power supply device 104 according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- the first and second rectifier elements are configured by synchronous rectifier elements SR9 and SR10 using MOSFETs, whereby the first, second, The following three effects not obtained in the third embodiment can be obtained.
- the first effect is that the conduction loss of the first and second rectifying elements is reduced by synchronous rectification, and the maximum input voltage is relatively low, and a low breakdown voltage MOSFET can be used for the synchronous rectifying elements SR9 and SR10. In some cases, it is effective in improving efficiency.
- the second effect is that a bidirectional switching power supply device can be configured.
- the first and second rectifying elements and the secondary side rectifying element of the insulated DC-DC converter unit are configured by synchronous rectifying elements using MOSFETs.
- MOSFETs synchronous rectifying elements using MOSFETs.
- the power for continuously operating the load circuit Load is the secondary battery Bat1.
- the voltage doubler rectifier circuit composed of the resonant capacitors Cr14 and Cr15 and the synchronous rectifier elements SR13 and SR14 has the same circuit configuration as the half bridge, and when combined with the double-wave rectifier circuit connected to the secondary coils Ns1 and Ns2, A current resonance half bridge converter is configured between the secondary battery Bat1 and the load circuit Load. Therefore, the duty ratio in the switching operation is fixed to 0.5, and the input / output conversion ratio is adjusted by frequency control.
- the switching power supply device 104 functions as a DC input / DC output isolated DC-DC converter.
- the half bridge circuit composed of the switching elements Q1 and Q2 connected to the primary coil Np1 of the transformer T1 and the resonant capacitors Cr1 and Cr2 functions as a voltage doubler rectifier circuit, and the resonant capacitors Cr14 and Cr15 and the synchronous rectifier.
- a current resonance half-bridge converter combined with a half-bridge circuit composed of the elements SR13 and SR14 is configured to transmit power from the secondary battery Bat1 to the energy storage capacitor Cens1.
- the DC power stored in the energy storage capacitor Cens1 is converted into AC power by a buck converter that can switch the polarity of the output voltage composed of the switch elements Q1, Q2, the synchronous rectifier elements SR9, SR10, and the PFC inductor Lpfc1. Output from the single-phase AC power source ACin.
- the switching power supply device 104 functions as a DC input / AC output isolated DC-AC inverter.
- the third effect is that in the region where the absolute value of the AC input / output voltage is 1 ⁇ 2 or less of the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor, the duty ratio of the isolated DC-DC converter unit is maintained at 0.5, while the rectification / This is an effect that the duty ratio of the PFC circuit section can be freely adjusted.
- the current resonance half-bridge converter constituting the isolated DC-DC converter unit can transmit power most efficiently at a duty ratio of 0.5 where an increase in the effective current value does not occur due to the bias of the secondary circuit current.
- the duty ratio of the rectification / PFC circuit section can be freely adjusted without the influence of the insulated DC-DC converter section, distortion of the input / output AC current can be reduced.
- FIG. 10 is an equivalent circuit of the rectification / PFC circuit unit in the AC input / DC output operation.
- the on-period of the switching element Q1 constitutes a rectification / PFC circuit unit.
- the off-period of the switch element Q1 corresponds to the off-period of the boost converter.
- FIG. 10 if a period for turning on the synchronous rectifier SR10 is provided during the off-period of the switch element Q1, FIG.
- the ON period of the boost converter is longer than the ON period of the switch element Q2.
- the duty ratio of the isolated DC-DC converter can be maintained at 0.5 in the region where the absolute value of the AC input voltage is 1 ⁇ 2 or less of the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor.
- the duty ratio fluctuation of the isolated DC-DC converter can be suppressed by the switching operation of the synchronous rectifier elements SR9 and SR10.
- the effect is high in a region where the AC input voltage is low. For example, when the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor is 400 Vdc, the duty ratio of the isolated DC-DC converter can be maintained at 0.5 over the entire range at 100 Vac input.
- FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit of the inverter circuit unit (same as the rectification / PFC circuit unit) in the operation of transmitting power from the secondary battery Bat1 of FIG. 9 to the single-phase AC power source ACin in FIG.
- the on period of the switch element Q2 is the on period of the buck converter constituting the inverter circuit section as shown in FIGS. 11 (a) and 11 (b).
- the OFF period of the switch element Q2 corresponds to the OFF period of the buck converter, but if a period for turning off the synchronous rectifier SR9 is provided during the ON period of the switch element Q2, the current path shown in FIG.
- the buck converter is in a state corresponding to OFF, so that the OFF period of the buck converter becomes longer than the OFF period of the switch element Q2.
- the on period of the switch element Q1 of the buck converter constituting the inverter circuit unit is shown in FIGS. 11 (d) and 11 (e).
- 11 corresponds to the ON period
- the OFF period of the switch element Q1 corresponds to the OFF period of the buck converter, but when the period for turning off the synchronous rectifier SR10 is provided in the ON period of the switch element Q1, as shown in FIG.
- the off period of the buck converter is longer than the off period of the switch element Q1.
- the duty ratio of the isolated DC-DC converter can be maintained at 0.5 in a region where the absolute value of the AC output voltage is 1 ⁇ 2 or less of the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor.
- the duty ratio fluctuation with respect to the phase change of the insulation type DC-DC converter section is the same as in FIG. 10 (g), and the duty fluctuation can be suppressed by the switching operation of the synchronous rectifier elements SR9 and SR10.
- FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of the switching power supply device 105 according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- the entire range of the AC input voltage is converted by a single isolated DC-DC converter
- the first rectification / A converter 1 composed of a PFC circuit section and a first insulation type DC-DC converter section
- a converter 2 composed of a second rectification / PFC circuit section and a second insulation type DC-DC converter section
- Other operating principles are exactly the same as those in the first and second embodiments. As shown in FIG.
- each converter operates as a frequency-controlled current resonance converter while the duty ratio of the switch element is fixed to 0.5 during a period in which AC power is not input. Further, similarly to the first and second embodiments, even in a region where the AC input voltage is very small, the duty ratio of the switch element is fixed to 0.5 and the circuit operates as a frequency-controlled current resonance converter. When an instantaneous power failure occurs in the AC input, both converter 1 and converter 2 shift to the C mode due to a decrease in AC input voltage. As a result, the duty ratio is fixed to 0.5, and even if the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor decreases due to the frequency control of current resonance, the decrease in the output voltage Vout is suppressed, and the required output voltage holding time is ensured. Can do.
- a series circuit of a PFC inductor Lpfc1, a first rectifier element D1, and a first switch element Q1 is connected to the AC power source ACin, and a first synchronization is connected in parallel with the first switch element Q1.
- the rectifying element Q3 and the first energy storage capacitor Cens1 are connected, are conducted in the positive half cycle of the AC input voltage, and output the DC voltage to both ends of the first energy storage capacitor Cens1.
- a circuit unit is configured, and a series circuit of a PFC inductor Lpfc1, a second rectifier element D2, and a second switch element Q2 is connected to the AC power source ACin, and the second switch element Q2
- the second synchronous rectifier element Q4 and the second energy storage capacitor Cens2 are connected in parallel, and are conducted in the negative half cycle of the AC input voltage.
- Second rectifier / PFC circuit unit for outputting across the second energy storage capacitor Cens2 is configured.
- the first energy storage capacitor Cens1 and the second energy storage capacitor Cens2 play a role of supplying energy to the load at the time when the AC input voltage decreases or during an instantaneous blackout of the AC input.
- a connection point between the first switch element Q1 and the first synchronous rectifier element Q3 is a series connection of capacitors Cr1 and Cr2, acting as a resonance capacitor, a first resonance inductor Lr1, and a primary winding of the first transformer T1.
- a first rectifying / smoothing circuit including the synchronous rectifying elements SR1, SR2 and the output smoothing capacitor Cf1 is connected, and the first half-bridge type power conversion circuit, the first transformer T1, and the first rectifying / smoothing circuit are connected.
- a first isolated DC-DC converter section converter 1 is configured.
- a connection point between the second switch element Q2 and the second synchronous rectifier element Q4 is a series connection of capacitors Cr3 and Cr4 acting as a resonance capacitor, a second resonance inductor Lr2, and a primary winding of the second transformer T2. Is connected to one end of the second series resonant circuit to form a second half-bridge power converter circuit using the second energy storage capacitor Cens2 as an input source, and the second winding of the second transformer T2 is connected to the secondary winding.
- a second rectifying / smoothing circuit composed of the synchronous rectifying elements SR3, SR4 and the output smoothing capacitor Cf1 common to the converter 1 is connected, and the second half-bridge type power conversion circuit, the second transformer T2, and the second
- the second insulation type DC-DC converter section converter 2 is constituted by the rectifying / smoothing circuit.
- the synchronous rectifier elements SR1 and SR2 of the converter 1 are driven by the secondary side control circuit CNTS1, and the synchronous rectifiers SR3 and SR4 of the converter 2 are driven by the secondary side control circuit CNTS2.
- the first switch element Q1 and the first synchronous rectifier element Q3, and the second switch element Q2 and the second synchronous rectifier element Q4 are driven with a dead time when both are turned off, and are input to the AC power supply ACin.
- the conversion ratio from the voltage to the voltage across the first and second energy storage capacitors Cens1, Cens2, that is, the input / output voltage conversion ratio of the first and second rectification / PFC circuit units is controlled by the duty ratio
- the conversion ratio from the voltage across the second energy storage capacitors Cens1 and Cens2 to the DC output voltage, that is, the input / output voltage conversion ratio of the first and second isolated DC-DC converter units is controlled by the switching frequency.
- the AC input voltage divided by the resistors R1 and R2 is input to the mode determination circuit Mdt1, and the operation mode is determined.
- the definitions of A, B, and C modes are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the duty ratio controller Dcnt2 that controls the duty ratio of the first switch element Q1 and the first synchronous rectifier element Q3 of the converter 1 varies the duty ratio only in the A mode, and the duty ratio is 0.5 in the B and C modes. Secure to.
- the mode determination circuit Mdt1 determines the A mode
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt2 calculates the duty ratio reference value Dstd of the switch element 1 based on the expression (7) from the relationship of the expression (2).
- Venst is a reference value of the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor for stabilizing the output voltage Vout to a target value.
- the voltage between both ends of the first energy storage capacitor Cens1 and the second energy storage capacitor Cens2 is set to an approximately equal value (Vens).
- the error signal Verr2 is formed as follows.
- the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor divided by the resistors R3 and R4 and the reference voltage Vref1 are compared by the third error amplifier AMP3, and an error signal Verr1 proportional to the difference is formed.
- Verr1 is multiplied by an input voltage divided by resistors R1 and R2 in multiplier M1.
- the multiplication result is input to the first error amplifier AMP1 together with a voltage proportional to the AC input current detected by the current transformer or current detection resistor, and an error signal Verr2 proportional to the difference is formed.
- a component proportional to the error signal Verr2 is added to the reference duty ratio Dstd, and a voltage Da corresponding to the duty ratio of the switch element Q1 in the A mode is calculated based on the equation (8).
- the polarity of the proportional constant K1 is set to be negative feedback control, and the magnitude of K1 determines the gain.
- the output voltage divided by the resistors R5 and R6 and the reference voltage Vref2 are compared by the second error amplifier AMP2 to form the error signal Verr3.
- the error signal Verr3 is transmitted to the frequency controller Fcnt2 via the insulation signal transmission element ISO1, and controls the frequency of the sawtooth wave generated from the sawtooth wave generator STG1.
- the switching frequency fsw is performed only in a range higher than the second resonance frequency fr2.
- the switching frequency fsw is lowered to approach the second resonance frequency fr2, and the output voltage Vout is set to the target value. If it is higher, the output frequency Vout is stabilized by increasing the switching frequency and moving away from the second resonance frequency fr2.
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt2 When the voltage Da is output from the duty ratio calculator Dcnt2 based on the equation (8) and compared with the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 by the comparator COMP1, the duty ratio corresponding to the voltage Da is output from the comparator COMP1. And a square wave having a frequency corresponding to the frequency control is output. Both the first switch element Q1 and the first synchronous rectifier element Q3 are driven with a dead time to be turned off. By delaying the rising edge of the square wave and its inverted signal by several tens of nsec to several hundreds of nsec, an appropriate dead time is formed, and the current is amplified to gate the first switch element Q1 and the first synchronous rectifier element Q3. Drive.
- the duty ratio controller Dcnt3 that controls the duty ratio of the second switch element Q2 and the second synchronous rectifier element Q4 of the converter 2 varies the duty ratio only in the B mode, and the duty ratio is 0 in the A and C modes. .5 is fixed.
- the duty ratio calculator Dcnt3 calculates the duty ratio reference value Dstd ′ of the second switch element Q2 from the relationship between the expressions (3) and (4).
- Venst is a reference value of the voltage Vens across the energy storage capacitor.
- an error signal Verr2 is formed according to the same process as that in the above-described A mode discrimination.
- a component proportional to the error signal Verr2 is added to the duty ratio reference value Dstd ′, and a voltage Db ′ corresponding to the duty ratio of the first switch element Q1 in the B mode is calculated.
- the polarity of the proportional constant K2 is set to be negative feedback control, and the magnitude of K2 determines the gain. Further, it is necessary to set the gain so that the input current is balanced between the positive half cycle and the negative half cycle.
- the frequency of the sawtooth wave generated from the sawtooth wave generator is controlled by the method described above.
- the voltage Db ′ is output from the duty ratio calculator Dcnt3 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ based on the equation (10) and compared with the sawtooth wave output from the sawtooth wave generator STG1 by the comparator COMP2, the voltage Db ′ is output from the comparator COMP2.
- a square wave having a frequency corresponding to the duty ratio and frequency control is output.
- Both the second switch element Q2 and the second synchronous rectifier element Q4 are driven with a dead time to be turned off.
- An appropriate dead time is formed by delaying the rising of the square wave and its inverted signal by several tens of nsec to several hundreds of nsec, and the current is amplified to gate the second switch element Q2 and the second synchronous rectifier element Q4. Drive.
- the current resonance converter has a maximum power supply capacity (corresponding to the peak value on the graph) with a duty ratio D of 0.5 and a maximum power supply capacity (peak) when the duty ratio is larger or smaller than that. Value) is low.
- the duty ratio is sequentially changed. Accordingly, when the duty ratio is extremely small or large, the output voltage decreases due to insufficient power supply capability of the isolated DC-DC converter unit. There is a risk of increasing the output voltage ripple.
- the converter 1 and the converter 2 alternately repeat the PFC operation and the current resonance operation fixed at a duty ratio of 0.5, and at least one converter at any timing.
- the configuration of the power conversion circuit is more complex than those in the first to fourth embodiments, but the output ripple is small, and the component heat generation is distributed between the converter 1 and the converter 2, so that particularly high power output is possible. Suitable for use.
- FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram of an AC-DC power conversion system 106 according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- the sixth embodiment shown in FIG. 14 is an example in which the present invention is applied to a three-phase alternating current. Even in the case of three-phase alternating current, the circuit configurations shown in the first and second embodiments can be used as they are. If a total of three switching power supply devices are connected between the respective phases, high efficiency can be obtained as in the first and second embodiments. Therefore, it is possible to operate with a small output ripple and a sufficient holding time for an instantaneous input power failure.
- the third embodiment a total of three switching power supply devices of the present invention already shown in the first and second embodiments are connected to the three-phase AC supplied by star connection between the phases. Since the primary side control circuits CNTP1, CNTP3, and CNTP4 of each switching power supply device have different ground potentials, they correlate with the input current of each switching power supply device through the insulated signal transmission elements ISO2, ISO3, and ISO4 configured by photocouplers and the like. Information exchange is performed. Further, in FIG. 14, information regarding the current of the primary side circuit is exchanged between the switching power supply units.
- the PFC inductors Lpfc1, Lpfc2, and Lpfc3 of each switching power supply device are respectively connected between the three-phase AC power source ACin3p and the first and second rectifier elements D1 and D2, and the three-phase AC power source ACin3p and the first and second Are connected between the three-phase AC power supply ACin3p and the first and second rectifier elements D5 and D6, as described in the third embodiment, Between the AC power supply ACin3p and the first and second switch elements Q1 and Q2, Between the three-phase AC power supply ACin3p and the first and second switch elements Q5 and Q6, the three-phase AC power supply ACin3p and the first and second The connection between the two switching elements Q7 and Q8 can suppress the occurrence of common mode noise in the continuous input current mode.
- the switching power supply device of the present invention has completely the same principle, object, and effect, but there are many variations in circuit connection methods. Here, these variations are comprehensively described with reference to the drawings.
- the PFC inductor may be divided into a plurality of inductors Lpfc1 and Lpfc2 and connected in series with both input lines. Further, the inductors Lpfc1 and Lpfc2 divided as shown in FIG. 15B may be connected in series with the first rectifier element D1 and the second rectifier element D2, respectively. Even when the switching power supply device is configured by connecting the converter 1 and the converter 2 in parallel as in the third embodiment, the inductors Lpfc1 and Lpfc2 divided as shown in FIG. D1 and the second rectifying element D2 may be connected in series.
- inductors inserted in both input lines may be transformer-coupled to form a transformer Tpfc1, and the exciting inductance of the transformer Tpfc1 may be used to function as an inductor.
- the resonance capacitor is divided into two capacitors Cr1 and Cr2 or Cr3 and Cr4, which are equivalently connected in parallel.
- one resonance capacitor may be unified.
- the series circuit of the resonance capacitor and the primary winding of the transformer, or the series circuit of the resonance capacitor, the resonance inductor, and the primary winding of the transformer is in parallel with the first switch element Q1 as shown in FIG. Or may be connected in parallel with the second switch element Q2 as shown in FIG. Further, as shown in FIG.
- a rectification method with high transformer utilization efficiency is suitable for miniaturization and high efficiency.
- the voltage doubler rectification in FIG. 17A and the bridge rectification in FIG. 17B are suitable for applications where the output voltage is relatively high.
- a choke input type using a choke coil as shown in FIG. 17C can be used, and in this case, the coil current of the transformer can be limited by the choke coil Lf1, so that the resonant inductor in series with the transformer coil is omitted. You may do it.
- the rectifying element of the insulated DC-DC converter unit may be a diode or a synchronous rectifying element such as a MOSFET. Although the circuit configuration of the diode can be simplified, when the output voltage is relatively low, the effect of improving the efficiency by the synchronous rectifier element is great. Since there are many known examples of the driving method of the synchronous rectifying element, detailed description thereof is omitted.
- FIG. 18 is a configuration example in which a full bridge type power conversion circuit is used instead of a half bridge type power conversion circuit in the insulation type DC-DC converter section in the switching power supply device of the present invention.
- the third switch element Q3 is turned on / off in synchronization with the first switch element Q1
- the fourth switch element Q4 is turned on / off in synchronization with the second switch element Q2.
- the circuit configuration is slightly more complicated than the half-bridge type, there is an advantage that the switching current in the isolated DC-DC converter can be reduced as compared with the half-bridge type.
- control method is not limited to the methods of the first to sixth embodiments.
- the AC input current detection element may be inserted in series with the first and second rectifier elements, or the input voltage may be estimated from the slope of the input current during the ON period of the main switch.
- the threshold value of the input voltage that causes the operation mode in which the duty ratio is fixed to 0.5 may be varied depending on the output current.
- control may be performed by using the intermittent switching mode described in the third embodiment, or occurs at both ends of the first or second switching element during the idle switching mode. Switching loss can be reduced by observing the voltage oscillation and turning it on at the timing when the voltage across the switching element becomes small.
- the output voltage may be stabilized by frequency control with a duty ratio fixed to a value other than 0.5, for example, 0.2 or 0.8.
- ACin single phase AC power supply
- ACin3P three phase AC power supply
- Vin DC input power supply
- Vout DC output voltage
- Load load circuit
- CNTP5 primary Side control circuit CNTS1, CNTS2, CNTS3, CNTS4, CNTS5 ...
- B mode negative half cycle of AC input voltage and absolute value of input voltage is more than reference value
- C mode absolute value of AC input voltage is less than reference value Dcnt1, Dcnt2, Dcnt3 Duty ratio controller Fcnt1 ...
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Abstract
Description
図1は本発明の第1実施例におけるスイッチング電源装置101の回路図である。第1実施例は、整流/PFC回路部、絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部を一体化して1つのコンバータにした回路構成例である。交流電源ACinに、PFCインダクタLpfc1と、交流入力電圧の正の半周期で導通する極性の第1の整流素子D1と、第1のスイッチ素子Q1との直列回路が接続され、また、交流電源ACinには、PFCインダクタLpfc1と、交流入力電圧の負の半周期で導通する極性の第2の整流素子D2と、第2のスイッチ素子Q2との直列回路も接続されている。第1のスイッチ素子Q1と第2のスイッチ素子Q2の直列回路に対して並列に、エネルギー蓄積コンデンサCens1が接続されている。第1のスイッチ素子Q1と第2のスイッチ素子Q2のゲート端子には1次側制御回路CNTP1が接続されている。第1のスイッチ素子Q1と第2のスイッチ素子Q2とは、双方がオフ状態になるデッドタイムを挟んで駆動されるので、交流入力電圧の正の半周期ではPFCインダクタLpfc1、第1の整流素子D1を経由して供給される電力に対して第1のスイッチ素子Q1が主スイッチ素子、第2のスイッチ素子Q2が同期整流素子として動作し、直流電圧をエネルギー蓄積コンデンサCens1の両端に出力する第1の整流/PFC回路部を構成する。一方で、交流入力電圧の負の半周期ではPFCインダクタLpfc1、第2の整流素子D2を経由して供給される電力に対して第2のスイッチ素子Q2が主スイッチ素子、第1のスイッチ素子Q1が同期整流素子として動作し、直流電圧をエネルギー蓄積コンデンサCens1の両端に出力する第2の整流/PFC回路部を構成する。エネルギー蓄積コンデンサCens1は交流入力電圧が低下する位相や交流入力の瞬時停電時に負荷回路Loadにエネルギーを供給する役割を担うため、比較的大容量のコンデンサを必要とする。エネルギー蓄積コンデンサCens1には常に第1のスイッチ素子Q1のドレイン側を(+)、第2のスイッチ素子Q2のソース側を(-)とする直流電圧が加わるので、極性を有するアルミ電解コンデンサを用いる事ができる。
(a)本発明は第1従来例において3ステージ、第2従来例において2ステージで構成される交流入力/直流出力の電力変換システムを、第3従来例と同様に1ステージだけで構成できるので、電力部品の数が少なく回路構成が簡易なので、小型化、低コスト化に有利である。
(b)入力電流が通過する整流素子、スイッチ素子の数が少ないので導通損失を低減可能である。
(c)少なくとも交流入力の一部の位相ではスイッチ素子のZVS(ゼロ電圧スイッチング)、2次側整流素子のZCS(ゼロ電流スイッチング)が可能なので高効率化に適している。
(d)大半の領域で入力電流が電流連続モードになるので入力フィルタが簡易化できる。
(e)PFC制御に必要な交流入力電圧、交流入力電流を1次側制御回路のグランド電位を基準に測定できるので測定回路が簡易化できる。
(f)出力電圧を0V近辺まで低下させる事が可能なので、過電流に対する出力電圧の垂下動作やソフトスタート動作が可能である。
(g)交流入力電圧が加わった状態でスイッチング動作を停止しても、スイッチ素子、及び整流素子の両端にサージ電圧は発生しない。
(h)エネルギー蓄積と蓄積エネルギーからの電力供給機能を有するので出力リップルが小さく、瞬時停電に対する出力電圧の保持が可能である。図24は第3従来例と本発明との出力電圧波形を比較した図であり、第3従来例のコンバータが出力電圧に大きな交流リップル成分を含み、瞬時停電に対する保持時間を持たないのに対して、本発明のコンバータは交流リップルが小さく、規定された出力電圧保持時間に対応できる。
図4は本発明の第2実施例におけるスイッチング電源装置102の回路図である。図4に示す第2実施例においては、電力変換回路は第1実施例と同一であるが、制御の方法を変更している。第1実施例ではA、BモードではPWM制御のみ、Cモードでは周波数制御のみを行っていたが、第2実施例では、A、BモードにおいてPWM制御と周波数制御の両方を行い、出力電圧リップルの更なる低減を図っている。
図5は本発明の第3実施例であるスイッチング電源装置103の回路図である。第3実施例のスイッチング電源装置は、第1、第2実施例と同じく、1つの整流/PFC回路部と1つの絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部の組み合わせによって構成され、電力変換回路の動作は第1実施例、第2実施例とほぼ同じである。
(i)PFCインダクタLpfc1両端のスイッチングによる電位変動によってPFC回路部の出力と、接地電位間の寄生容量が充放電されないので、コモンモードノイズの発生が少ない。
(j)絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部が、仕様で規定される最大電力を1次側から2次側に伝送できる範囲にデューティ比を制限したので、交流リップルが全く発生しない。
(k)軽負荷では第1、第2のスイッチ素子Q2が共にオフするデッドタイムを延長した間欠スイッチング動作を行う事で、スイッチング損失、スイッチ素子の駆動損失、磁性部品のコア損失、各部品の無効電流による導通損失等が軽減されるので、軽負荷領域においても高効率な電力変換が実現できる。
図9は本発明の第4実施例であるスイッチング電源装置104の回路図である。第4実施例は、第1、第2、第3実施例と異なり、第1、第2の整流素子をMOSFETによる同期整流素子SR9、SR10で構成しており、それによって第1、第2、第3実施例にはない以下の3つの効果が得られる。
図12は本発明の第5実施例のスイッチング電源装置105の回路図である。第1~第4実施例が1つの絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部で交流入力電圧の全範囲を変換していたのに対して、図12に示す第5実施例においては、第1の整流/PFC回路部、第1の絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部とで構成されるコンバータ1と、第2の整流/PFC回路部、第2の絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部とで構成されるコンバータ2とを、並列接続してスイッチング電源装置を構成する。それ以外の動作原理は第1実施例、第2実施例と全く同じである。図13に示すように、それぞれのコンバータは交流電力が入力されない期間には、スイッチ素子のデューティ比を0.5に固定して周波数制御の電流共振コンバータとして動作する。また、第1実施例、第2実施例と同様に交流入力電圧が非常に小さい領域においても、スイッチ素子のデューティ比を0.5に固定して周波数制御の電流共振コンバータとして動作する。交流入力に瞬時停電が発生した場合は、交流入力電圧の低下によってコンバータ1、コンバータ2が共にCモードに移行する。その結果、デューティ比は0.5に固定され、電流共振の周波数制御によってエネルギー蓄積コンデンサ両端電圧Vensが低下しても出力電圧Voutの低下が抑制され、必要とする出力電圧保持時間を確保する事ができる。
図14は本発明の第6実施例におけるAC-DC電力変換システム106の回路図である。図14に示す第6実施例は、本発明を3相交流に適用した例である。3相交流であっても、実施例1、2で示した回路構成がそのまま使用可能であり、各相間に合計3台のスイッチング電源装置を接続すれば、実施例1、2と同様に高効率で、出力リップルが小さく、かつ入力瞬時停電に対する保持時間を確保した動作が可能である。唯一異なるのは、3相交流では各相の電流をバランスさせる事が要求されるため、各相の電流バランス機能を備える事が望ましい点である。第3実施例では、スター結線で供給される3相交流に対して実施例1、2で既に示した本発明のスイッチング電源装置を各相間に合計で3台接続している。各スイッチング電源装置の1次側制御回路CNTP1、CNTP3、CNTP4はグランド電位が異なるため、フォトカプラ等で構成される絶縁信号伝送素子ISO2、ISO3、ISO4を介して各スイッチング電源装置の入力電流と相関する信号を情報交換している。また、図14では1次側回路の電流に関する情報を各スイッチング電源装置間で情報交換しているが、2次側回路の電流に関する情報を各スイッチング電源装置間で情報交換する事で、結果的に各相の電流をバランスさせる事も可能であり、その場合は絶縁信号伝送素子ISO2、ISO3、ISO4が不要になり、回路構成が簡略化できる利点がある。ただし、複数のスイッチング電源装置間の電流バランスを確保する回路に関しては多くの公知例があるので、詳細な動作説明は割愛する。
ACin3P・・・3相交流電源
Vin・・・直流入力電源
Vout・・・直流出力電圧
Load・・・負荷回路
CNTP1、CNTP2、CNTP3、CNTP4、CNTP5・・・1次側制御回路
CNTS1、CNTS2、CNTS3、CNTS4、CNTS5・・・2次側制御回路
Mdt1・・・動作モード判別器
Aモード・・・交流入力電圧の正の半周期で、かつ入力電圧の絶対値が基準値以上
Bモード・・・交流入力電圧の負の半周期で、かつ入力電圧の絶対値が基準値以上
Cモード・・・交流入力電圧の絶対値が基準値未満
Dcnt1、Dcnt2、Dcnt3・・・デューティ比制御器
Fcnt1・・・周波数制御器、Cモードのみで周波数制御
Fcnt2・・・周波数制御器、A、B、Cモードの全てで周波数制御
STG1・・・鋸歯状波発生器
M1、M2・・・乗算器
AMP1、AMP2、AMP3、AMP4、AMP5・・・誤差アンプ
COMP1、COMP2・・・コンパレータ
ISO1、ISO2、ISO3、ISO4、ISO5、ISO6・・・絶縁信号伝送素子
Vref1、Vref2、Vref3・・・基準電圧源
コンバータ1、コンバータ2・・・第3実施例の並列電力供給システムを構成する各コンバータ
Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4、Q5、Q6、Q7、Q8、Q9、Q10、Q11、Q12、Q13、Q14・・・スイッチ素子
D1、D2、D3、D4、D5、D6、D7、D8、D9、D10、D11、D12、D13、D14、D15、D16、D17、D18、D19、D20・・・整流素子
SR1、SR2、SR3、SR4、SR5、SR6、SR7、SR8、SR9、SR10、SR11、SR12、SR13、SR14・・・同期整流素子
T1、T2、T3・・・トランス
Np1、Np2・・・トランスの1次巻線
Ns1、Ns2、Ns3・・・トランスの2次巻線
Na1、Na2・・・トランスの補助巻線
Tpfc・・・トランス結合されたPFCインダクタ
Lpfc1、Lpfc2、Lpfc3、Lpfc4、Lpfc5・・・PFCインダクタ
Lr1、Lr2、Lr3、Lr4、Lr5、Lr6・・・共振インダクタ
Lf1・・・チョークコイル
L1・・・インダクタ
Cens1、Cens2、Cens3、Cens4・・・エネルギー蓄積コンデンサ
Cr1、Cr2、Cr3、Cr4、Cr5、Cr6、Cr7、Cr8、Cr9、Cr10、Cr11、Cr12、Cr13、Cr14、Cr15・・・共振コンデンサ
Cf1・・・出力平滑コンデンサ
Cdis1、Cdis2・・・寄生容量
Bat1・・・2次電池
R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6、R7、R8、R9、R10・・・抵抗
Claims (17)
- 交流電源に少なくとも1つのPFCインダクタと、第1の整流素子と、第1のスイッチ素子とを有する直列回路を接続し、前記交流電源に少なくとも1つのPFCインダクタと、第2の整流素子と、第2のスイッチ素子とを有する直列回路を接続し、
前記第1のスイッチ素子と前記第2のスイッチ素子とを有する直列スイッチ回路を構成し、
前記直列スイッチ回路と並列にエネルギー蓄積コンデンサを接続し、
交流入力電圧の正の半周期には前記第1のスイッチ素子が主スイッチ素子、前記第2のスイッチ素子が同期整流素子、前記エネルギー蓄積コンデンサが平滑コンデンサとして動作する第1の整流/PFC回路部を構成し、
交流入力電圧の負の半周期には前記第2のスイッチ素子が主スイッチ素子、前記第1のスイッチ素子が同期整流素子、前記エネルギー蓄積コンデンサが平滑コンデンサとして動作する第2の整流/PFC回路部を構成し、
前記第1のスイッチ素子と前記第2のスイッチ素子の接続点には、少なくとも1つの共振コンデンサと少なくとも1つのトランスの1次巻線、もしくは前記共振コンデンサと少なくとも1つの共振インダクタと前記トランスの1次巻線とを有する直列共振回路の一端を接続して前記エネルギー蓄積コンデンサを入力源とするブリッジ形電力変換回路を構成し、かつ前記トランスの2次巻線に整流平滑回路を接続し、前記ブリッジ形電力変換回路と、前記トランスと、前記整流平滑回路とを有する絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部を構成し、
前記第1のスイッチ素子と前記第2のスイッチ素子は、双方がオフ状態になるデッドタイムを挟んで駆動され、
正弦波状の交流入力電圧が加わると、この交流入力電圧にほぼ比例する正弦波状の電流を流入し、かつ安定化された直流電圧を出力することを特徴とするスイッチング電源装置。 - 交流電源に少なくとも1つのPFCインダクタと、第1の整流素子と、第1のスイッチ素子とを有する直列回路を接続し、前記第1のスイッチ素子と並列に第1の同期整流素子と、第1のエネルギー蓄積コンデンサとを接続し、交流入力電圧の正の半周期で導通し、直流電圧を前記第1のエネルギー蓄積コンデンサの両端に出力する第1の整流/PFC回路部を構成し、
交流電源に少なくとも1つのPFCインダクタと、第2の整流素子と、第2のスイッチ素子とを有する直列回路を接続し、前記第2のスイッチ素子と並列に第2の同期整流素子と、第2のエネルギー蓄積コンデンサとを接続し、交流入力電圧の負の半周期で導通し、直流電圧を前記第2のエネルギー蓄積コンデンサの両端に出力する第2の整流/PFC回路部を構成し、
前記第1のスイッチ素子と前記第1の同期整流素子の接続点には、第1の共振コンデンサと第1のトランスの1次巻線、もしくは第1の共振コンデンサと第1の共振インダクタと第1のトランスの1次巻線とを有する第1の直列共振回路の一端が接続されて前記第1のエネルギー蓄積コンデンサを入力源とする第1のブリッジ形電力変換回路を構成し、かつ前記第1のトランスの2次巻線に第1の整流平滑回路を接続し、前記第1のブリッジ形電力変換回路と、第1のトランスと、第1の整流平滑回路とを有する第1の絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部を構成し、
前記第2のスイッチ素子と前記第2の同期整流素子の接続点には、第2の共振コンデンサと第2のトランスの1次巻線、もしくは第2の共振コンデンサと第2の共振インダクタと第2のトランスの1次巻線とを有する第2の直列共振回路の一端を接続して前記第2のエネルギー蓄積コンデンサを入力源とする第2のブリッジ形電力変換回路を構成し、かつ前記第2のトランスの2次巻線に第2の整流平滑回路を接続し、前記第2のブリッジ形電力変換回路と、第2のトランスと、第2の整流平滑回路とを有する第2の絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部を構成し、
前記第1のスイッチ素子と前記第1の同期整流素子、前記第2のスイッチ素子と前記第2の同期整流素子は、双方がオフ状態になるデッドタイムを挟んで駆動され、
正弦波状の交流入力電圧が加わると、この交流入力電圧にほぼ比例する正弦波状の電流を流入し、かつ安定化された直流電圧を出力することを特徴とするスイッチング電源装置。 - 前記交流電源の交流入力電圧から前記エネルギー蓄積コンデンサ両端電圧への変換比(整流/PFC回路部の入出力電圧変換比)をデューティ比によって制御し、前記エネルギー蓄積コンデンサの両端電圧から直流出力電圧への変換比(絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部の入出力電圧変換比)をスイッチング周波数によって制御することを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載のスイッチング電源装置。
- スイッチング周波数をfsw、直列共振回路における共振コンデンサの容量をCr、共振インダクタのインダクタンスをLr、トランスの励磁インダクタンスをLmとすると、前記絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部の入出力電圧変換比は前記スイッチング周波数fswを、
前記スイッチング周波数fswを低下させて前記共振周波数fr2に近づけると前記入出力電圧変換比が増加し、前記スイッチング周波数fswを増加させて前記共振周波数fr2から遠ざけると前記入出力電圧変換比が低下する関係を利用して、出力電圧を目標値に漸近させるように負帰還制御することを特徴とする請求項1から請求項3に記載のスイッチング電源装置。 - 前記エネルギー蓄積コンデンサの両端電圧、もしくは出力電圧と第一の目標値とを比較して第1の誤差信号を形成し、前記第1の誤差信号と入力電圧に比例する信号を乗算する乗算器を備え、
前記乗算結果と交流入力電流に比例する信号とを比較して第2の誤差信号を形成し、
前記第2の誤差信号をフィードバック信号として前記フィードフォワード信号に負帰還となる極性で加算し、
前記加算結果からデッドタイムを差分して前記第1のスイッチ素子および前記第2のスイッチ素子の少なくとも一方のデューティ比を決定し、前記第1のスイッチ素子および前記第2のスイッチ素子の少なくとも一方の制御端子を駆動する方形波信号を形成することを特徴とする請求項5に記載のスイッチング電源装置。 - 前記交流電源の交流入力電圧を検出し、前記交流入力電圧の範囲によって動作モードを判別する動作モード判別器を備え、交流入力電圧の絶対値が一定値未満の場合は前記第1のスイッチ素子、及び前記第2のスイッチ素子のデューティ比を概ね0.5(50%)に固定することを特徴とする請求項1から請求項6に記載のスイッチング電源装置。
- 前記第1のスイッチ素子、及び前記第2のスイッチ素子のデューティ比を概ね0.5に固定した動作モードでは、絶縁型DC-DCコンバータ部の入出力電圧変換比がスイッチング周波数によって制御されることを特徴とする請求項7に記載のスイッチング電源装置。
- 交流入力電圧の正の半周期に入力電流をスイッチングする第1の整流素子と第1のスイッチ素子とで構成する第1の直列回路と、
交流入力電圧の負の半周期に入力電流をスイッチングする第2の整流素子と第2のスイッチ素子とで構成する第2の直列回路と、
エネルギー蓄積コンデンサと、
少なくとも1次巻線と2次巻線とを備えるトランスと、
前記トランスの2次側に構成される整流平滑回路と、
交流入力電流と、交流入力電圧に応じた信号とを比較する第1の比較器と、
直流出力電圧と基準電圧とを比較する第2の比較器とを備え、
交流電源から正弦波状の前記交流入力電圧が入力に加わると前記交流入力電圧にほぼ比例する正弦波状の電流を流入し、前記エネルギー蓄積コンデンサの両端に直流電圧を出力する整流/PFC回路部と、
前記エネルギー蓄積コンデンサを直流電力源として、スイッチング動作によって直流を交流に変換した後、前記トランスによって1次側から2次側に伝送し、安定化された直流電圧を出力するDC-DCコンバータ部とを備えるスイッチング電源装置であって、
前記整流/PFC回路部とDC-DCコンバータ部とが、前記第1、第2のスイッチ素子を共通に利用することを特徴とするスイッチング電源装置。 - 前記整流/PFC回路部の入出力電圧変換比を前記第1のスイッチ素子、及び前記第2のスイッチ素子のデューティ比によって制御し、前記DC-DCコンバータ部の入出力電圧変換比をスイッチング周波数によって制御することを特徴とする請求項9に記載のスイッチング電源装置。
- 前記第1、第2の整流素子が双方向に導通可能な同期整流素子で構成され、
かつ、前記トランスの2次巻線に接続された整流平滑回路の整流素子が双方向に導通可能な同期整流素子で構成され、
前記交流電源から交流電力を入力して前記トランスの2次巻線に接続された整流平滑回路から直流電力を出力する交流/直流変換の動作モードを備え、
かつ、前記トランスの2次巻線に接続された整流平滑回路に直流電力を入力して前記交流電源から交流電力を出力する直流/交流変換に動作モードを備え、双方向の電力伝送を行う事を特徴とする請求項1から請求項10に記載のスイッチング電源装置。 - 前記第1、第2の整流素子が双方向に導通可能な同期整流素子で構成され、交流入出力電圧の絶対値がエネルギー蓄積コンデンサ両端電圧の1/2未満の領域において、前記第1、第2の整流素子のスイッチング動作によって前記第1のスイッチ素子、及び前記第2のスイッチ素子のデューティ比を概ね0.5に固定しつつ、前記整流/PFC回路部の実質的なデューティ比を調整する事を特徴とする請求項1から請求項11に記載のスイッチング電源装置。
- 交流電源の一端から第1、もしくは第2の整流素子を介して整流/PFC回路部の(+)、もしくは(-)出力に至る経路にはPFCインダクタが挿入されず、
少なくとも重負荷領域において、前記PFCインダクタが前記第1、もしくは第2の整流素子を介して連続モードで導通する期間を有する事を特徴とする請求項1から請求項12に記載のスイッチング電源装置。 - 正弦波状の交流入力電圧に対応して流入する入力電流が、所定の高調波を包含する事を特徴とする請求項1から請求項13記載のスイッチング電源装置。
- 軽負荷領域において、前記第1のスイッチ素子、及び前記第2のスイッチ素子が共にオフするデッドタイムを延長した間欠スイッチング動作をおこなう事を特徴とする請求項1から請求項14記載のスイッチング電源装置。
- 前記交流電源が単相交流であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項15に記載のスイッチング電源装置。
- 前記交流電源が3相交流であり、請求項1から請求項15に記載のスイッチング電源装置が3相交流入力の各相間に接続され、かつ各相間の電流バランスを維持する電流バランス改善回路を有するAC-DC電力変換システム。
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US11916492B2 (en) | 2019-06-17 | 2024-02-27 | Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives | Device for supplying power from an AC voltage |
TWI700881B (zh) * | 2019-08-30 | 2020-08-01 | 崑山科技大學 | 雙向式直流-直流轉換器 |
WO2024017172A1 (zh) * | 2022-07-19 | 2024-01-25 | 深圳市海柔创新科技有限公司 | 充电控制电路及电子设备 |
CN116317528A (zh) * | 2023-03-14 | 2023-06-23 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 单级单相无桥倍压式cuk型pfc变换器 |
CN116317528B (zh) * | 2023-03-14 | 2024-04-05 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | 单级单相无桥倍压式cuk型pfc变换器 |
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JPWO2013099918A1 (ja) | 2015-05-07 |
JP5757344B2 (ja) | 2015-07-29 |
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