WO2013077424A1 - 多能性幹細胞由来の組織の凍結保存方法 - Google Patents
多能性幹細胞由来の組織の凍結保存方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
- A01N1/02—Preservation of living parts
- A01N1/0205—Chemical aspects
- A01N1/021—Preservation or perfusion media, liquids, solids or gases used in the preservation of cells, tissue, organs or bodily fluids
- A01N1/0221—Freeze-process protecting agents, i.e. substances protecting cells from effects of the physical process, e.g. cryoprotectants, osmolarity regulators like oncotic agents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
- A01N1/02—Preservation of living parts
- A01N1/0205—Chemical aspects
- A01N1/021—Preservation or perfusion media, liquids, solids or gases used in the preservation of cells, tissue, organs or bodily fluids
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- C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for cryopreserving tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells.
- a tissue is a structure of a cell population having a structure in which a plurality of types of cells having different forms and properties are three-dimensionally arranged in a certain pattern.
- the retinal tissue that is one of the components of the eyeball is a membrane-like tissue that covers the inner wall on the back side of the eyeball, and the retinal tissue has a layer structure in which nerve cells are regularly arranged.
- nerve cells There are roughly five types of nerve cells in the retina: photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells. Light is converted into electrical signals in the photoreceptor cells, and the information is transmitted to bipolar cells and horizontal cells via chemical synapses.
- Bipolar cells synapse with amacrine cells and ganglion cells, and the ganglion cell axons connect to the visual center of the brain as the optic nerve.
- etiology research drug efficacy and safety research in drug discovery, cell transplantation treatment, etc. have been conducted so far, but the layer structure that reflects the human biological tissue that is the material of such research It was difficult to obtain retinal tissue with In recent years, the production of retinal tissues comparable to in vivo retinal tissues has been reported by inducing differentiation of pluripotent stem cells such as ES cells (Non-patent Document 1).
- the present invention includes [1] a method for cryopreserving tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells, comprising the following (1) to (3): (1) A first step in which a cell protection solution containing a sulfoxide and a chain polyol is brought into contact with a tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells. (2) A tissue derived from a pluripotent stem cell brought into contact with a cell protection solution in the first step.
- Second step of holding in cryopreservation solution (3) Third step of cryopreserving the tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells held in the cryopreservation solution in the second step in the presence of a cooling agent
- a cooling agent [2] Sulfoxide and chain The cryopreservation method according to the above [1], wherein the cytoprotective solution containing a polyol is a cytoprotective solution containing a sulfoxide, a chain polyol and an oligosaccharide.
- the cryopreservation method according to the above [2] wherein the sulfoxide concentration in the cell protection solution is 5 to 15%, the chain polyol concentration is 4 to 15%, and the oligosaccharide concentration is 5 to 20%.
- the present invention enables stable preservation of pluripotent stem cell-derived tissues.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a bright-field image of retinal tissue produced in an aggregate induced to differentiate from RAX :: green fluorescent protein (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “GFP”) knock-in human ES cells.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a fluorescent image of an aggregate having the retinal tissue shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a bright-field image of retinal tissue cultured after being separated from an aggregate.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a fluorescence image of the retinal tissue shown in FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the results of immunostaining a frozen section of retinal tissue cultured after being separated from an aggregate using anti-GFP antibody, anti-Chx10 antibody, anti-Pax6 antibody, and anti-Brn3 antibody.
- FIG. 6 shows retinal tissue cultured after being separated from aggregates.
- retinal tissue (A, B) which was not frozen, frozen without contact with cytoprotective solution (C, D), 11.0% ( w / v) Infiltrated with a solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and then frozen (E, F), with a solution containing 11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 5.55% (w / v) ethylene glycol
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- E, F frozen
- G, H After osmosis treatment and freezing (G, H), after osmosis treatment with a solution containing 11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 5.55% (w / v) ethylene glycol and 10% (w / v) sucrose
- FIG. 7 shows retinal tissues cultured after being separated from the aggregates, and after freezing after osmotic treatment with a solution containing retinal tissues (A, B) that were not frozen and 5% w / v sucrose as a control for the experiment ( C, D), Freeze (E, F) after osmosis treatment with a solution containing 10% (w / v) sucrose, Freeze (G, H) after osmosis treatment with a solution containing 20% (w / v) sucrose , 11.0% w (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 10% (w / v) after osmosis treatment with a solution containing sucrose, frozen (I, J), 5.55% (w / v) ethylene glycol and 10% ( FIG.
- E, F Freeze
- G, H Freeze
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the state of retinal tissue after freezing (K, L) after osmosis treatment with a solution containing w / v) sucrose.
- FIG. 8 shows retinal tissue cultured after being separated from the aggregate, and frozen after osmotic treatment with a solution containing 11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 5.55% (w / v) ethylene glycol. And then frozen after being permeabilized with a solution containing 11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 5.55% (w / v) ethylene glycol, and 10% (w / v) sucrose.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- Cryosections (C, D, E, F) of retinal tissue were obtained from anti-GFP antibody (A, C, E), anti-Chx10 antibody (B), anti-Chx10 and anti-Pax6 antibody (D), anti-Chx10 and anti-TuJ1 antibody ( It is a figure which shows the result of immunostaining using F).
- the “transformant” in the present invention means all or part of a living organism such as a cell produced by transformation.
- the transformant include prokaryotic cells, yeast, animal cells, plant cells, insect cells and the like.
- a transformant may be referred to as a transformed cell, a transformed tissue, a transformed host, or the like depending on the subject.
- the cell used in the present invention may be a transformant.
- prokaryotic cells used in the genetic manipulation technique related to the present invention include, for example, prokaryotic cells belonging to the genus Eschericia, Serratia, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Microbacterium, Pseudomonas, and the like.
- Examples include Eschericia XL1-Blue, Eschericia XL2-Blue, Eschericia DH1, and the like.
- Such cells are specifically described in ⁇ MolecularMCloning (3rd edition) '' by Sambrook, J and Russell, DW, Appendix 3 (Volume 3), Vectors and Bacterial strains. A3.2 (Cold Spring Harbor USA 2001) It is described in.
- a “vector” in connection with the present invention means a vector capable of transferring a target polynucleotide sequence to a target cell.
- vectors include autonomous replication in host cells such as prokaryotic cells, yeast, animal cells, plant cells, insect cells, individual animals and individual plants, or integration into chromosomes. Examples thereof include those containing a promoter at a position suitable for polynucleotide transcription.
- a vector suitable for cloning may be referred to as a “cloning vector”.
- Such cloning vectors usually contain multiple cloning sites containing multiple restriction enzyme sites.
- the “vector” related to the present invention includes “expression vector”, “reporter vector”, and “recombinant vector”.
- the “expression vector” means a nucleic acid sequence in which various regulatory elements are operably linked in a host cell in addition to a structural gene and a promoter that regulates its expression. Examples of the “regulatory element” include those containing a terminator, a selection marker such as a drug resistance gene, and an enhancer. It is well known to those skilled in the art that the type of expression vector of an organism (eg, animal) and the type of regulatory element used can vary depending on the host cell.
- “recombinant vectors” include, for example, (a) a lambda FIX vector (phage vector) for screening genomic libraries, and (b) a lambda ZAP for screening cDNA.
- a lambda FIX vector phage vector
- a lambda ZAP for screening cDNA.
- genomic DNA for example, pBluescript II II SK +/ ⁇ vector, pGEM vector, pCR2.1 vector (plasmid vector) and the like can be mentioned.
- Examples of the “expression vector” include pSV2 / neo vector, pcDNA vector, pUC18 vector, pUC19 vector, pRc / RSV vector, pLenti6 / V5-Dest vector, pAd / CMV / V5-DEST vector, pDON-AI-2 / neo vector, pMEI-5 / neo vector, etc. (plasmid vector).
- Examples of the “reporter vector” include pGL2 vector, pGL3 vector, pGL4.10 vector, pGL4.11 vector, pGL4.12 vector, pGL4.70 vector, pGL4.71 vector, pGL4.72 vector, pSLG vector, pSLO. Examples include vectors, pSLR vectors, pEGFP vectors, pAcGFP vectors, pDsRed vectors, and the like. Such vectors may be appropriately used with reference to the aforementioned Molecular Cloning magazine
- examples of techniques for introducing nucleic acid molecules into cells include transformation, transduction, transfection, and the like. Specific examples of such introduction techniques include Ausubel F. A. et al. (1988), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, New York, NY; Sambrook J. et al. (1987), Molecular Cloning: A. Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. And its third edition; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Listed in the separate experimental medicine "Gene transfer & expression analysis experiment method", Yodosha, 1997 etc. be able to. Examples of the technique for confirming that the gene has been introduced into the cell include Northern blot analysis, Western blot analysis, and other well-known conventional techniques.
- vector introduction methods include, for example, transfection, transduction, transformation and the like (for example, calcium phosphate method, liposome method, DEAE dextran method, electroporation method, particle gun (gene gun ) And the like.
- the cryopreservation method of the present invention is a cryopreservation method comprising the following (1) to (3).
- (1) A first step in which a tissue derived from a pluripotent stem cell is contacted with a cytoprotective solution containing a sulfoxide and a chain polyol.
- (2) A tissue derived from a pluripotent stem cell brought into contact with a cytoprotective solution in the first step.
- stem cells are cells that maintain the same differentiation ability even after cell division, and can be regenerated when the tissue is damaged.
- the stem cells can be embryonic stem cells (ES cells) or tissue stem cells (also referred to as tissue stem cells, tissue-specific stem cells or somatic stem cells), or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells: induced pluripotent stem cell). Is not limited to them. It is known that the above stem cell-derived tissue cells can differentiate normal cells close to a living body, as can be seen from the fact that tissue regeneration is possible.
- Stem cells can be obtained from a predetermined institution or commercially available products can be purchased.
- human embryonic stem cells KhES-1, KhES-2, and KhES-3 are available from the Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Kyoto University.
- mouse embryonic stem cells include EB5 cells.
- Stem cells can be maintained and cultured by a method known per se.
- stem cells can be maintained by culture with feeder-free cells supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS), KnockoutockSerum Replacement (KSR), and LIF.
- FCS fetal calf serum
- KSR KnockoutockSerum Replacement
- pluripotent stem cell refers to all cells that can be cultured in vitro and constitute a living body excluding the placenta (tissues derived from the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)). Stem cells having the ability to differentiate into (pluripotency), including embryonic stem cells (ES cells).
- ES cells embryonic stem cells
- a “pluripotent stem cell” is obtained from a fertilized egg, a cloned embryo, a germ stem cell, or a stem cell in tissue.
- Pluripotent stem cells can be prepared by a method known per se. Examples of the production method include the methods described in Cell 131 (5) pp. 861-872 (2007) and Cell 126 (4) pp. 663-676 (2006).
- an “embryonic stem cell (ES cell)” is a stem cell having self-renewal ability and pluripotency (that is, pluripotency “pluripotency”), and a pluripotent stem cell derived from an early embryo is Say. Embryonic stem cells were first established in 1981, and have been applied since 1989 to the production of knockout mice. In 1998, human embryonic stem cells were established and are being used in regenerative medicine.
- “artificial pluripotent stem cells” are cells in which differentiated cells such as fibroblasts are directly initialized by expression of several types of genes such as Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, Myc, etc. to induce pluripotency.
- fibroblasts are directly initialized by expression of several types of genes such as Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, Myc, etc. to induce pluripotency.
- Yamanaka et al. Yamanaka K, Yamanaka S.Cell. 2006, 126 (4), p663-676.
- differentiation refers to the generation of two or more types of cells having morphological and / or functional qualitative differences in a daughter cell population derived from the division of one cell.
- cell differentiation it is common to consider cell differentiation as a state in which a specific gene group in the genome is expressed, and cell differentiation by searching for intracellular or extracellular factors or conditions that bring about such gene expression state. Can be identified.
- the result of cell differentiation is in principle stable, especially in animal cells, which differentiates into other types of cells only in exceptional cases.
- tissue refers to a structure of a cell population having a structure in which a plurality of types of cells having different shapes and properties are three-dimensionally arranged in a fixed pattern.
- tissue is derived from “pluripotent stem cells”.
- a ⁇ tissue '' is an aggregate of cells that are induced to differentiate from pluripotent stem cells, and is a structure of a cell population having a structure in which a plurality of types of cells having different forms and properties are arranged in a three-dimensional pattern.
- Cells that are induced to differentiate from pluripotent stem cells include cerebral neurons, diencephalic neurons, hypothalamic neurons, basal ganglia neurons, cerebellar neurons, intestinal tissue cells, cardiomyocytes, pancreatic cells, liver cells, or These precursor cells are mentioned.
- WO 2009/148170 J Neurosci. 2011 Feb 2; 31 (5): 1919-33, Nat Neurosci. 2010 Oct; 13 (10): 1171-80, Cell Stem Cell. 2008 Nov 6; 3 (5): 519-32, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Aug 19; 105 (33): 11796-801, Nature. 2011 Feb 3; 470 (7332): 105-9, Nat Biotechnol. 2011 Mar; 29 (3): 267-72, Cell Stem Cell. 2011 Feb 4; 8 (2): 228-40, Development. 2011 Mar; 138 (5): 861-71, Nat Biotechnol. 2006 Nov; 24 (11) : 1402-11.
- Cerebral nerve tissue means a cell constituting each nerve layer and its precursor cell in the cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellum, and hindbrain of the living body (for example, in the case of the cerebrum, the sixth layer-specific Tbr1 positive Cell, 5th layer specific Crip2 positive cell, 2nd to 3rd layer specific Brn2 positive cell, etc.) means a structure in which at least a plurality of types are layered and arranged in a three-dimensional manner.
- a retinal tissue can be mentioned as a part of the cranial nerve tissue.
- Retinal tissue is a three-dimensional layered structure of at least multiple types of cells such as photoreceptor cells, horizontal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal node cells, or progenitor cells that constitute each retinal layer in the living retina. Means retinal tissue arranged.
- retinal tissue can be prepared by differentiating human ES cells. Specifically, it can be prepared by the method described in Nature 472, p51-56 (2011), WO2011 / 055855.
- cryoprotective solution refers to a mixture of a cryoprotectant and a solvent.
- the “cryoprotective substance” refers to a substance added for the purpose of preventing various damages caused by freezing in order to maintain the function and survival rate of the cell as much as possible when cryopreserving the cell.
- the cryoprotective solution is also synonymous with a cytoprotective solution from the viewpoint of protecting cells during freezing.
- the cytoprotective solution contains a sulfoxide and a chain polyol as a cryoprotectant, and preferably contains a sulfoxide, a chain polyol and an oligosaccharide.
- a sulfoxide such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO);
- a chain polyol such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, propanediol, propylene glycol, butanediol, and polyethylene glycol, preferably sucrose, trehalose, lactose
- a amide compound such as acetamide, Percoll, Ficoll 70, Ficoll 70000, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like may be included.
- the solvent examples include a buffer solution such as physiological saline, PBS, EBSS, and HBSS, a culture solution for culturing cells and tissues such as DMEM, GMEM, and RPMI, serum, and serum substitute (KnocknOut Serum Replacement: Invitrogen) ) Or a mixture thereof.
- the final concentration of sulfoxide in the cytoprotective solution is 5 to 15% (w / v), preferably 9 to 13% (w / v), more preferably 11% (w / v). v) Listed before and after.
- the final concentration of the chain polyol in the cytoprotective solution is 4 to 15% (w / v), preferably 4.5% to 8% (v / v), more preferably About 5.5% (v / v).
- the final concentration of oligosaccharide in the cytoprotective solution is 5 to 20% (w / v), preferably 8 to 12% (w / v), more preferably 10% (w / V) before and after.
- cryopreservation solution refers to a medium for cryopreserving tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells.
- cryopreservation solutions Cell Banker 1, 1 Plus, 2, 3 (Juji Field Co., Ltd.), TC Protector (DS Pharma Biomedical Co., Ltd.), Freezing Medium for human ES / iPS Cells (Repro Cell Co., Ltd.), Cry Commercially available products such as Oscarless DMSO-free (Bioverde), Stem Cell Keep (Bioverde), and EFS solution (NK system) can also be used.
- the cryopreservation solution may include a mixed solution of a cryoprotectant and a solvent. Examples of the cryoprotectant and the solvent include those described above.
- the cryopreservation solution in the present invention preferably contains dimethyl sulfoxide, acetamide and propylene glycol.
- the concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide in the cryopreservation solution is 1 to 4M
- the concentration of acetamide is 0.5 to 2M
- the concentration of propylene glycol is 1.5 to 6M.
- the first step in the cryopreservation method of the present invention is a step of contacting a tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells with a cytoprotective solution containing a sulfoxide and a chain polyol before freezing.
- a cytoprotective solution containing sulfoxide and a chain polyol is brought into contact with the tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells.
- a cell protection solution containing sulfoxide and a chain polyol with a tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells transfer the tissue derived from a pluripotent stem cell into a cell protection solution containing a sulfoxide and a chain polyol.
- a cytoprotective solution containing sulfoxide and a chain polyol may be added to the tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells.
- the time for contacting the cytoprotective solution containing sulfoxide and the chain polyol with the tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells is 1 minute to 180 minutes, preferably 5 minutes to 60 minutes, more preferably 15 minutes to 30 minutes. it can.
- the temperature at which the cell protection solution containing sulfoxide and chain polyol is brought into contact with the tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells is ⁇ 10 ° C. to 40 ° C., preferably 0 ° C. to 25 ° C., more preferably 0 ° C. to 8 ° C. °C can be mentioned.
- the density of tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells in the contact system in the first step for example, in terms of the number of aggregates, examples thereof include about 1 to 1000 / mL, preferably 1 to 100 aggregates / mL.
- the number of cells per aggregate is about 10 3 to 10 6 .
- the incubator used when contacting the cell protection solution is not particularly limited and can be appropriately determined by those skilled in the art.
- Examples of such incubators include flasks, tissue culture flasks, dishes, petri dishes, tissue culture dishes, multi dishes, micro plates, micro well plates, micro pores, multi plates, multi well plates, chamber slides, Petri dishes, tubes, trays, culture bags, and roller bottles.
- the second step in the cryopreservation method of the present invention is a step of holding the tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells brought into contact with the cell protection solution in a cryopreservation solution.
- the tissue derived from the pluripotent stem cells brought into contact with the cytoprotective solution in the first step is held in a cryopreservation solution.
- the density of the tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells in the cell preservation solution in the second step is, for example, about 1 to 1000 / mL, preferably 1 to 100 / aggregate in terms of the number of aggregates. mL.
- the number of cells per aggregate is about 10 3 to 10 6 .
- the third step in the cryopreservation method of the present invention is a step of cryopreserving tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells held in a cryopreservation solution in the presence of a cooling agent.
- cryopreservation method there is a method of freezing over a long time at a slow rate of 0.1 to 10 ° C./min. This method can be carried out by using an apparatus or an instrument such as a program freezer or a bicell (Nippon Freezer Co., Ltd.).
- a rapid freezing storage method there is a method that applies a phenomenon of vitrification that occurs when a crystalline liquid or gas is rapidly crystallized to a solid below the glass transition temperature without being crystallized.
- This method is excellent in that it can be frozen and stored stably and in a short time with a simple operation by vitrifying a tissue, embryo, or egg previously immersed in a high-concentration preservation solution.
- the quick cryopreservation method is a freezing method for a biological sample, which is a method of putting the sample into a coolant such as liquid nitrogen.
- a tissue derived from pluripotent stem cells and a cryopreservation solution are placed in a freezing tube on ice, and the freezing tube is submerged in a coolant using tweezers.
- the time from holding the pluripotent stem cell-derived tissue in the cryopreservation solution to putting it into the coolant is preferably as short as possible, and can be within 30 seconds, preferably within 10 seconds.
- the “cooling agent” used in the present invention is preferably one that can cause vitrification of cells, and usually a cooling agent of ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower, preferably ⁇ 80 ° C. or lower, more preferably ⁇ 150 ° C. or lower is used. be able to.
- the coolant examples include liquid nitrogen, slush nitrogen (Slush Nitrogen), liquid helium, liquid propane, and ethane slush, preferably liquid nitrogen or slush nitrogen.
- Slush nitrogen is nitrogen in which the liquid nitrogen temperature is reduced to -205 to -210 ° C., which is lower than the normal pressure of ⁇ 196 ° C. by holding the liquid nitrogen under reduced pressure (Huang et al., Human Reproduction, Vol. 20). , No.1, pp.122-128 (2005)).
- vitrification storage can be performed by an apparatus such as Vit-Master TM (IMT, Nes Ziona, Israel).
- the temperature decrease rate when cryopreserving in the presence of a coolant is 10 ° C./min or more, preferably 30 ° C./min or more, more preferably 50 ° C./min or more, particularly preferably 100 ° C./min or more.
- the rate of decrease can be mentioned.
- the time required from the normal temperature to the intended cryopreservation temperature (for example, -196 ° C for liquid nitrogen) when performing cryopreservation in the presence of a coolant is, for example, within 5 minutes, more preferably within 3 minutes. More preferably, it can be mentioned within 1 minute.
- RAX knock-in human ES cells A human ES cell line in which GFP was knocked in at the RAX locus, which is one of the marker genes of retinal progenitor cells, was prepared.
- Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) that specifically cleaves the RAX gene on the genomic DNA of a human ES cell line (KhES-1: human ES cell line established by Kyoto University) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich.
- RAX knock-in human ES cells Retinal tissue differentiation was induced using established RAX :: GFP knock-in human ES cells.
- RAX :: GFP knock-in human ES cells (derived from KhES-1) were obtained from “Ueno, M. et al. PNAS 2006, 103 (25), 9554-9559” “Watanabe, K. et al. Nat Biotech 2007, 25, 681 -686 "was cultured according to the method described in the above and used for the experiment.
- the medium used was a DMEM / F12 medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 20% KSR (Knockout Serum Replacement; Invitrogen), 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 5-10 ng / ml bFGF, and the like.
- ES cells are monodispersed using 0.25% trypsin-EDTA (Invitrogen), and a non-cell-adhesive 96-well culture plate (Sumilon Spheroid Plate, Sumitomo Bakelite) The cells were suspended in 150 ⁇ l of differentiation medium so that 9 ⁇ 10 3 cells per well were formed, and aggregates were rapidly formed, followed by culturing at 37 ° C.
- a differentiation medium at that time a serum-free medium obtained by adding 20% KSR, Y27632, or the like to a G-MEM medium was used. Further, from the second day of culture, matrigel was added and cultured. After the initiation of differentiation, the expression of GFP was confirmed in the aggregate from about the 12th day by observation with a fluorescence microscope, and a neuroepithelium-like structure expressing GFP was formed around the aggregate in about the 14th day (FIG. 1). , FIG. 2).
- this neuroepithelial-like structure was separated from the aggregate using tweezers, and after continuation of culture by adding fetal bovine serum or retinoic acid in a non-adhesive plastic petri dish (FIGS. 3 and 4), sections were prepared, and the differentiation state was analyzed by fluorescent immunostaining (FIG. 5).
- a neuroepithelium-like structure 40 days after the start of differentiation induction is composed of GFP positive cells in which the RAX gene is expressed, and Pax6, which is one of the retinal progenitor cell marker genes, in the GFP positive cells. It was revealed that retinal tissue was formed in which positive cells, Chx10 positive cells, which are one of the bipolar cell marker genes, and Brn3 positive cells, which are one of the ganglion cell marker genes, were arranged in layers (FIG. 5). ).
- Comparative Example 1 (Cryopreservation by freezing of retinal tissue induced to differentiate from human ES cells) The differentiation-induced retinal tissue was cryopreserved at a temperature decrease rate of 100 ° C./min or more.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- DAP213 3M propylene glycol
- the freezing tube was immersed in liquid nitrogen and cryopreserved at a temperature decrease rate of 100 ° C./min or more.
- the frozen tubes were stored in a ⁇ 150 ° C. freezer until thawing was performed.
- the freezing tube was taken out from the ⁇ 150 ° C. freezer, and the medium previously warmed to 37 ° C. using a 37 ° C. water bath was placed in the freezing tube and thawed. After dispensing into a 15 ml tube and transferring the retinal tissue into 10 ml of the medium heated to 37 ° C., the supernatant was removed.
- Comparative Example 2 (Cryopreservation by freezing after permeabilization of cryoprotectant (11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) of retinal tissue induced to differentiate from human ES cells)
- cryoprotectant 11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)
- the retinal tissue induced to differentiate was subjected to osmotic treatment using a solution containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant before freezing, and then cryopreserved at a temperature decrease rate of 100 ° C./min or more.
- About 10 to 20 retinal tissues are transferred from the culture dish to a 15 ml polypropylene tube, and the supernatant is removed.
- a solution containing a cryoprotectant a solution obtained by adding 11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the above-mentioned medium for retinal tissue culture was used.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- 200 ⁇ l of DAP213 is added as a cryopreservation solution, the retinal tissue is transferred to the cryotube together with the cryopreservation solution, and the cryotube is immediately immersed in liquid nitrogen using tweezers.
- Cryopreservation was performed at a temperature decrease rate of at least ° C / min.
- the frozen tubes were stored in a ⁇ 150 ° C. freezer until thawing was performed.
- cryopreservation was performed at a temperature decrease rate of 100 ° C./min or higher after osmosis treatment using a medium for retinal tissue culture containing 11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a cryoprotectant.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- Example 1 Freezing by freezing after osmotic treatment of retinal tissue cryo-protective substances (11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 5.55% (w / v) ethylene glycol) induced to differentiate from human ES cells) Save) Osmotic treatment was performed using a solution containing 11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 5.55% (w / v) ethylene glycol (EG) as cryoprotectants using retinal tissue induced to differentiate before freezing. The procedure was the same as in Comparative Example 2 except that.
- RAX is expressed more than when the cryoprotectant infiltration treatment using the above-mentioned culture medium for retinal tissue culture containing 11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is performed. It was found that the preservation of the retinal tissue was improved (FIGS. 6G and H), and the layer structure was retained (FIGS. 8A and B).
- Example 2 (Cryoprotectant of retinal tissue differentiated from human ES cells (11.0% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 5.55% (w / v) ethylene glycol (EG) and 10% (w / v) v) Sucrose) Cryopreservation by freezing after osmosis treatment)
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- EG ethylene glycol
- cryopreservation was performed at a temperature decrease rate of 100 ° C./min or more, and the retina not cryopreserved although the expression intensity of GFP was slightly weaker than that of the retina tissue not cryopreserved.
- the state comparable to that of the tissue was maintained, the storage stability was very good (FIGS. 6I and J), and the layer structure was also maintained (FIGS. 8C, D and E).
- Comparative Example 3 (Cryopreservation by freezing after cryoprotectant (sucrose) permeation treatment of retinal tissue induced to differentiate from human ES cells)
- a cryoprotectant penetration solution retinal tissue culture medium with 5% sucrose, 10% sucrose, 20% sucrose, 5.55% EG and 10% sucrose , 11% (w / v) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 10% (w / v) sucrose were added and frozen and thawed in the same manner as described above.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
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Abstract
Description
例えば、眼球の構成要素の一つである網膜組織は、眼球の後ろ側の内壁を覆う膜状の組織であり、網膜組織は神経細胞が規則的に並ぶ層構造を有している。網膜には大別すると視細胞、双極細胞、水平細胞、アマクリン細胞、神経節細胞の5種類の神経細胞が存在する。光は視細胞で電気信号に変換され、その情報は化学シナプスを介して双極細胞と水平細胞に伝達される。双極細胞はアマクリン細胞や神経節細胞とシナプス結合しており、神経節細胞の軸索が視神経として大脳の視覚中枢に連絡している。網膜障害の治療には、これまでも病因研究、創薬における薬効・安全性研究、細胞移植治療などが実施されているが、このような研究の材料となるヒトの生体組織を反映した層構造を持つ網膜組織を入手することは困難であった。
近年、ES細胞等の多能性幹細胞を分化誘導することにより、生体内網膜組織に匹敵する網膜組織の作製が報告された(非特許文献1)。多能性幹細胞を分化させて得られる組織を再生医療や安全性試験等に活用するには、品質のそろった組織を安定的に大量に供給することが必須である。一方、多能性幹細胞を分化させて様々な組織を作製するには、例えばヒトES細胞から網膜組織を作製するためには3週間以上の期間を要するように、一定以上の分化誘導期間が必要となる。また、分化誘導の効率も分化誘導処理ごとに変わることが多い。よって、当該組織を逐次、用時調製していては現実的な実用化は困難であり、当該組織を分化誘導の途中段階で保存する技術が切望されていた。
即ち、本発明は
[1]下記(1)~(3)を含むことを特徴とする多能性幹細胞由来の組織の凍結保存方法。
(1)多能性幹細胞由来の組織にスルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む細胞保護溶液を接触させる第一工程
(2)第一工程で細胞保護溶液と接触させた多能性幹細胞由来の組織を凍結保存液に保持する第二工程
(3)第二工程で凍結保存液に保持された多能性幹細胞由来の組織を、冷却剤存在下にて凍結保存する第三工程
[2]スルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む細胞保護溶液が、スルホキシド、鎖状ポリオール及びオリゴ糖を含む細胞保護溶液である前記[1]記載の凍結保存方法。
[3]細胞保護溶液中の、スルホキシドの濃度が5~15%、鎖状ポリオールの濃度が4~15%、オリゴ糖の濃度が5~20%である前記[2]記載の凍結保存方法。
[4]スルホキシドがジメチルスルホキシドであり、鎖状ポリオールがエチレングリコールであり、オリゴ糖がスクロースである前記[2]または[3]記載の凍結保存方法。
[5]前記多能性幹細胞が、ヒト多能性幹細胞である前記[1]~[4]のいずれか記載の凍結保存方法。
[6]組織が、脳神経組織である前記[1]~[5]のいずれか記載の凍結保存方法。
[7]組織が、網膜組織である前記[1]~[5]のいずれか記載の凍結保存方法。
[8]第三工程が、10℃/分以上の温度低下速度で行なわれることを特徴とする前記[1]~[7]のいずれか記載の凍結保存方法。
[9]冷却剤が、液体窒素である前記[1]~[8]のいずれか記載の凍結保存方法。
[10]凍結保存液が、ジメチルスルホキシド、アセトアミド及びプロピレングリコールを含む凍結保存液である前記[1]~[9]のいずれか記載の凍結保存方法。
[11]ジメチルスルホキシドの濃度が1~4M、アセトアミドの濃度が0.5~2M、プロピレングリコールの濃度が1.5~6Mである前記[10]記載の凍結保存方法。
[12]スルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む、多能性幹細胞由来の組織の凍結保存用の細胞保護溶液。
[13]さらにオリゴ糖を含む、前記[12]記載の細胞保護溶液。
本発明における「形質転換体」とは、形質転換により作製された細胞等の生命体の全部又は一部を意味する。形質転換体としては、例えば、原核細胞、酵母、動物細胞、植物細胞、昆虫細胞等を挙げることができる。形質転換体は、その対象に依存して、形質転換細胞、形質転換組織、形質転換宿主等とも呼ばれることがある。本発明において用いられる細胞は、形質転換体であってもよい。
このようなベクターのうち、クローニングに適したベクターを「クローニングベクター」と記すこともある。このようなクローニングベクターは、通常、制限酵素部位を複数含むマルチプルクローニング部位を含む。現在、遺伝子のクローニングに使用可能なベクターは、当該技術分野において多数存在しており、販売元により、微妙な違い(例えば、マルチクローニングサイトの制限酵素の種類や配列)から名前を代えて販売されている。例えば、「Molecular Cloning(3rd edition)」 by Sambrook, J and Russell, D.W., Appendix 3 (Volume 3), Vectors and Bacterial strains. A3.2 (Cold Spring Harbor USA, 2001)に代表的なものが記載(発売元も記載)されており、このようなものを当業者は適宜目的に応じて使用することができる。
(1)多能性幹細胞由来の組織とスルホキシド及び鎖状ポリオールを含む細胞保護溶液とを接触させる第一工程
(2)第一工程で細胞保護溶液と接触させた多能性幹細胞由来の組織を凍結保存液に保持する第二工程
(3)第二工程で凍結保存液に保持された多能性幹細胞由来の組織を冷却剤存在下にて凍結保存する第三工程
例えば網膜組織はヒトES細胞を分化させることにより作製可能であり、具体的には、Nature 472, p51-56 (2011)、WO2011/055855記載の方法により作製することができる。
また、凍結保存液としては、凍結保護物質と溶媒との混合液を含んでもよい。凍結保護物質および溶媒としては、上記記載のものを挙げることができる。
「多能性幹細胞由来の組織にスルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む細胞保護溶液を接触させる」には、スルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む細胞保護溶液中に、多能性幹細胞由来の組織を移してもよいし、多能性幹細胞由来の組織にスルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む細胞保護溶液を加えてもよい。
多能性幹細胞由来の組織にスルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む細胞保護溶液を接触させる時間としては、1分~180分、好ましくは5分から60分、より好ましくは15分から30分を挙げることができる。また、多能性幹細胞由来の組織にスルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む細胞保護溶液を接触させる温度としては、-10℃~40℃、好ましくは0℃から25℃、より好ましくは0℃~8℃を挙げることができる。
上記第二工程における細胞保存液中での多能性幹細胞由来の組織の密度としては、例えば、凝集体数に換算して、1~1000個/mL程度、好ましくは凝集体1~100個/mLを挙げることができる。1凝集体あたりの細胞数は103~106個程度である。
網膜前駆細胞のマーカー遺伝子の1つであるRAX遺伝子座にGFPをノックインしたヒトES細胞株の作製を実施した。
ヒトES細胞株(KhES-1:京都大学が樹立したヒトES細胞株)のゲノムDNA上RAX遺伝子を特異的に切断するZinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN)をSigma Aldrich社から購入した。単一細胞化したヒトES細胞を用いて、エレクトロポレーション法により、ZFNをコードするmRNAとGFP及び薬剤選択遺伝子であるネオマイシン耐性遺伝子が搭載されたノックインベクターを共導入し、マイトマイシンC処理したネオマイシン耐性マウス線維芽細胞上へ播種した。播種翌日から培地中にG418を添加し、薬剤選択を行った。得られた耐性クローンのコロニーをピックアップして培養を続け、PCR法やサザンブロット法により、ノックイン細胞を選別し、RAX::GFPノックインヒトES細胞株を樹立した。
樹立したRAX::GFPノックインヒトES細胞を用いて、網膜組織の分化誘導を実施した。
RAX::GFPノックインヒトES細胞(KhES-1由来)を「Ueno, M. et al. PNAS 2006, 103(25), 9554-9559」 「Watanabe, K. et al. Nat Biotech 2007, 25, 681-686」に記載の方法に倣って培養し、実験に用いた。
培地にはDMEM/F12培地(Invitrogen)に20%KSR(Knockout Serum Replacement;Invitrogen)、0.1mM 2-メルカプトエタノール、5~10ng/ml bFGFなどを添加したものを用いた。浮遊培養による網膜組織分化誘導には、0.25% trypsin-EDTA (Invitrogen)を用いてES細胞を単一分散し、非細胞接着性の96穴培養プレート(スミロン スフェロイド プレート,住友ベークライト社)の1ウェルあたり9×103細胞になるように150μlの分化培地に浮遊させ、凝集塊を速やかに形成させた後、37℃、5%CO2で培養した。
その際の分化培地には、G-MEM培地に20%KSR、Y27632などを添加した無血清培地を用いた。また、培養2日目からマトリゲルを添加して培養した。分化誘導開始後、12日目くらいから凝集塊内にGFPの発現が蛍光顕微鏡観察で確認され、14日目くらいで凝集塊周囲にGFPを発現する神経上皮様構造体が形成された(図1,図2)。18日目から30日目の間に、この神経上皮様構造体をピンセットを用いて凝集塊から分離し、非接着性プラスチックシャーレ内でウシ胎児血清やレチノイン酸を添加して培養を継続した後(図3,図4)、切片を作製し、蛍光免疫染色法で分化状態を解析した(図5)。例えば、分化誘導開始から40日を経過した神経上皮様構造物はRAX遺伝子が発現しているGFP陽性細胞で構成されており、GFP陽性細胞においては、網膜前駆細胞マーカー遺伝子の一つであるPax6陽性細胞、双極細胞マーカー遺伝子の1つであるChx10陽性細胞、神経節細胞マーカー遺伝子の1つであるBrn3陽性細胞が層状に配列した網膜組織が形成されていることが明らかとなった(図5)。
分化誘導した網膜組織を用いて100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存を行った。
DMEM/F12培地に2Mジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)、1Mアセトアミドおよび3Mプロピレングリコールを添加したもの(DAP213)を凍結保存液として用いた。10個程度の網膜組織を培養皿から15mlポリプロピレンチューブへ回収し、上清を除去した後、200μlの凍結保存液を加え、網膜組織を凍結保存液と一緒に凍結チューブへ移し、即座にピンセットを用いて凍結チューブを液体窒素中に浸し、100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存を実施した。凍結したチューブは解凍を実施するまで-150℃フリーザーで保存した。
-150℃フリーザーから凍結チューブを取り出し、37℃ウォーターバスを用いて事前に37℃に温めておいた培地を凍結チューブに入れ、解凍を行った。15mlチューブに分注し、37℃に加温しておいた培地10ml中へ網膜組織を移した後、上清を除去した。PBS 10mlを用いて洗浄後、DMEM/F12培地にN2、10%FBS、レチノイン酸などを添加した培地(網膜組織培養用培地)を入れた浮遊培養皿へ移し、37℃で培養した。解凍の翌日以降に顕微鏡観察および蛍光顕微鏡観察により、細胞の生存状態、上皮構造の外見について凍結保存を実施していない網膜組織(図6 A,B)と比較し、凍結保存の成否判定を実施した。
その結果、殆どの細胞が死んでしまっており、死細胞の破片が多く観察された。また、GFPの発現も殆ど観察されなかった。よって、単なる100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存を実施しただけでは網膜組織は全く凍結保存できないことが示された。(図6 C,D)
分化誘導した網膜組織を用いて凍結前に凍結保護物質としてジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)を含む溶液を用いて浸透処理を行った後、100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存を行った。
10~20個程度の網膜組織を培養皿から15mlポリプロピレンチューブへ移し、上清を除去した後、あらかじめ氷上で冷却しておいた凍結保護物質を含む溶液1mlを添加し、氷上で15分~30分間静置した。凍結保護物質を含む溶液として、前述の網膜組織培養用培地に11.0% (w/v)ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)を加えたものを用いた。凍結保護物質を含む溶液を除去した後、凍結保存液としてDAP213 200μlを加え、網膜組織を凍結保存液と一緒に凍結チューブへ移し、即座にピンセットを用いて凍結チューブを液体窒素中に浸し、100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存を行った。凍結したチューブは解凍を実施するまで-150℃フリーザーで保存した。
11.0% (w/v)ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)を凍結保護物質として含む網膜組織培養用培地を用いて浸透処理を実施した後に100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存を行った場合は、凍結を実施していない対照と比較するとRAXを発現する網膜組織が大幅に縮小していた(図6 E,F)。
分化誘導した網膜組織を用いて凍結前に凍結保護物質として11.0% (w/v)ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)及び5.55% (w/v)エチレングリコール(EG)を含む溶液を用いて浸透処理を行った以外は、比較例2と同様に行った。
11.0% (w/v)ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)及び5.55% (w/v)エチレングリコール(EG)を含む網膜組織培養用培地を用いて凍結保護物質浸透処理を実施した後に100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存を行った場合、前述の11.0% (w/v)ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)を含む網膜組織培養用培地を用いた凍結保護物質浸透処理を実施した場合より、RAXを発現する網膜組織の保存性が改善され(図6 G,H)、層構造を保持していることが分かった(図8 A,B)。
分化誘導した網膜組織を用いて凍結前に凍結保護物質として11.0% (w/v)ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)、5.55% (w/v)エチレングリコール(EG)及び10% (w/v)スクロースを含む溶液を用いて浸透処理を行った以外は、比較例2と同様に行った。
11.0% (w/v)ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)、5.55% (w/v)エチレングリコール(EG)に加え10% (w/v)スクロースを添加した網膜組織培養用培地を用いて凍結保護物質浸透処理を実施後、100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存を行ったところ、凍結保存を行っていない網膜組織と比較して、ややGFPの発現強度が弱いものの凍結保存を行っていない網膜組織に匹敵するほどの状態が保たれており保存性は非常に良好であり(図6 I,J)、層構造も維持されていた(図8 C,D,E)。
凍結保護物質浸透溶液として、前述の網膜組織培養用培地に5% スクロースを加えたもの、10% スクロースを加えたもの、20% スクロースを加えたもの、5.55%EG及び10%スクロースを加えたもの、11% (w/v)ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)及び10% (w/v)スクロースを加えたものをそれぞれ用いて上述と同様の手順で凍結及び解凍を実施した。
網膜組織培養用培地にスクロースのみを加えた凍結保護物質浸透溶液を用いて浸透処理を行った後に100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存した場合、凍結していない対照(図7 A,B)と比較すると、5% (w/v)、10% (w/v)、20% (w/v)のいずれの濃度においても、解凍後の細胞生存性が非常に悪く、GFPの発現も殆ど観察されなかった(図7 C,D,E,F,G,H)。5.55% (w/v)EG及び10% (w/v)スクロースを含む網膜組織培養用培地を用いて浸透処理を行った後に100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存した場合においても、凍結保存していない対照と比較すると、解凍後の細胞生存性が非常に悪く、GFPの発現も殆ど観察されなかった(図7 K,L)。11.0% (w/v)ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)及び10% (w/v)スクロースを含む網膜組織培養用培地を用いて浸透処理を行った後に100℃/分以上の温度低下速度で凍結保存した場合、凍結していない対照と比較すると、細胞生存性が悪く、GFPの発現も弱く、凍結していない対照に匹敵する程度の状態で保存することはできなかった(図7 I,J)。
Claims (13)
- 下記(1)~(3)を含むことを特徴とする多能性幹細胞由来の組織の凍結保存方法。
(1)多能性幹細胞由来の組織にスルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む細胞保護溶液を接触させる第一工程
(2)第一工程で細胞保護溶液と接触させた多能性幹細胞由来の組織を凍結保存液に保持する第二工程
(3)第二工程で凍結保存液に保持された多能性幹細胞由来の組織を、冷却剤存在下にて凍結保存する第三工程 - スルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む細胞保護溶液が、スルホキシド、鎖状ポリオール及びオリゴ糖を含む細胞保護溶液である請求項1記載の凍結保存方法。
- 細胞保護溶液中の、スルホキシドの濃度が5~15%、鎖状ポリオールの濃度が4~15%、オリゴ糖の濃度が5~20%である請求項2記載の凍結保存方法。
- スルホキシドがジメチルスルホキシドであり、鎖状ポリオールがエチレングリコールであり、オリゴ糖がスクロースである請求項2または3記載の凍結保存方法。
- 前記多能性幹細胞が、ヒト多能性幹細胞である請求項1~4のいずれか1項記載の凍結保存方法。
- 組織が、脳神経組織である請求項1~5のいずれか1項記載の凍結保存方法。
- 組織が、網膜組織である請求項1~5のいずれか1項記載の凍結保存方法。
- 第三工程が、10℃/分以上の温度低下速度で行なわれることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1項記載の凍結保存方法。
- 冷却剤が、液体窒素である請求項1~8のいずれか1項記載の凍結保存方法。
- 凍結保存液が、ジメチルスルホキシド、アセトアミド及びプロピレングリコールを含む凍結保存液である請求項1~9のいずれか1項記載の凍結保存方法。
- ジメチルスルホキシドの濃度が1~4M、アセトアミドの濃度が0.5~2M、プロピレングリコールの濃度が1.5~6Mである請求項10記載の凍結保存方法。
- スルホキシドと鎖状ポリオールとを含む、多能性幹細胞由来の組織の凍結保存用の細胞保護溶液。
- さらにオリゴ糖を含む、請求項12記載の細胞保護溶液。
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