WO2013073480A9 - 細胞内動態を改善したカチオン性脂質 - Google Patents
細胞内動態を改善したカチオン性脂質 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013073480A9 WO2013073480A9 PCT/JP2012/079160 JP2012079160W WO2013073480A9 WO 2013073480 A9 WO2013073480 A9 WO 2013073480A9 JP 2012079160 W JP2012079160 W JP 2012079160W WO 2013073480 A9 WO2013073480 A9 WO 2013073480A9
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
- C12N15/88—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation using microencapsulation, e.g. using amphiphile liposome vesicle
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/20—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing sulfur, e.g. dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO], docusate, sodium lauryl sulfate or aminosulfonic acids
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
- A61K47/22—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. ascorbic acid, tocopherol or pyrrolidones
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Liposomes
- A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes, liposomes coated with polymers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Liposomes
- A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes, liposomes coated with polymers
- A61K9/1272—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes, liposomes coated with polymers with substantial amounts of non-phosphatidyl, i.e. non-acylglycerophosphate, surfactants as bilayer-forming substances, e.g. cationic lipids
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- C07C323/00—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups
- C07C323/23—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C323/24—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton
- C07C323/25—Thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides substituted by halogen, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, or by sulfur atoms not being part of thio groups containing thio groups and nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups, bound to the same carbon skeleton having the sulfur atoms of the thio groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of the carbon skeleton the carbon skeleton being acyclic and saturated
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
- C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D311/04—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring
- C07D311/58—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring other than with oxygen or sulphur atoms in position 2 or 4
- C07D311/70—Benzo[b]pyrans, not hydrogenated in the carbocyclic ring other than with oxygen or sulphur atoms in position 2 or 4 with two hydrocarbon radicals attached in position 2 and elements other than carbon and hydrogen in position 6
- C07D311/72—3,4-Dihydro derivatives having in position 2 at least one methyl radical and in position 6 one oxygen atom, e.g. tocopherols
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
- C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
- C07C2601/16—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring the ring being unsaturated
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a cationic lipid having improved intracellular kinetics, a lipid membrane structure containing the cationic lipid, and uses thereof.
- Viral vectors are nucleic acid delivery carriers with good expression efficiency, but have practical problems from the viewpoint of safety. Therefore, development of a non-viral nucleic acid delivery carrier that can be used more safely has been developed, and among them, a carrier using a cationic lipid is the most commonly used non-viral nucleic acid delivery carrier.
- Cationic lipids are roughly composed of an amine moiety and a lipid moiety, and a cationic amine moiety and a polyanion nucleic acid interact electrostatically to form a positively charged liposome or lipid membrane structure. Thus, uptake into cells is promoted and nucleic acids are delivered into cells.
- Non-patent document 1 Examples of known cationic lipids that are widely used include DOTAP and DODAP. These known cationic lipids, when combined with phospholipids, form positively charged liposomes or lipid membrane structures that can interact with nucleic acids electrostatically to deliver nucleic acids to target cells.
- Patent Document 1 describes a cationic lipid containing a large amount of amino groups for the purpose of increasing the amount taken up into cells. It is claimed in this document that this cationic lipid has a high uptake ability into cells and acts on various cells having different cell membrane compositions.
- Cationic lipids with improved pharmacokinetics have been developed in this way.
- nucleic acid delivery carriers that generally introduce foreign substances into cells, it is desirable to exert a large effect with a small amount of uptake. ing. That is, when a lipid membrane structure is used as a carrier for delivering an expression vector into a cell, it is required to increase the expression level per unit lipid membrane structure incorporated into the cell and increase the expression efficiency in the cell. It has been.
- In order to increase the expression efficiency in the cell it is necessary to improve not only the in vivo kinetics but also the intracellular kinetics such as the uptake process, escape from endosomes, and nuclear membrane permeation.
- transfer in a cell it is known that it is necessary to dissociate a nucleic acid from a carrier and to improve the binding factor of a transcription factor (nonpatent literature 3).
- Patent Document 2 As an example of promoting dissociation of nucleic acid from a lipid membrane structure in a cell, a compound in which one amine moiety and two lipid moieties are bonded via a disulfide (Patent Document 2) or one amine moiety Thus, there is a compound in which two lipid sites are bonded via disulfide bonds, respectively (Patent Document 3). These compounds are claimed to have the effect of dissociating nucleic acids interacting with amine sites from lipid membrane structures by utilizing the fact that disulfide bonds are cleaved in cells.
- Nucleic acid delivery carriers using cationic lipids have the effect of introducing foreign substances into cells, so that they exert a large effect with a small uptake amount, that is, the expression level per unit lipid membrane structure incorporated into the cell. There is a need to increase the expression efficiency in cells.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a cationic lipid that can achieve high intracellular expression efficiency when used as a nucleic acid delivery carrier.
- the inventors of the present invention maintain the structure having two lipid sites even after the disulfide bond is cleaved in the compound of Patent Document 2, so that the lipid membrane structure is formed in the cell. It has been found that compounds such as nucleic acids that are not disrupted and are not efficiently released into the cytoplasm. In addition, when the compound of Patent Document 2 is used for nucleic acid introduction, the nucleic acid is released into the cell while interacting with the amine site, which may impede access and binding of the transcription factor to the nucleic acid.
- X a and X b are independently X 1 or X 2 ;
- R 4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- n a and nb are independently 0 or 1
- R 1a and R 1b independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 2a and R 2b independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- Y a and Y b independently represent an ester bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, an ether bond or a urea bond
- R 3a and R 3b independently represent a sterol residue, a fat-soluble vitamin residue, or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 12 to 22 carbon atoms).
- a lipid membrane structure comprising the compound according to any one of [1] to [5] as a constituent lipid of the membrane.
- a nucleic acid introduction agent comprising the compound according to any one of [1] to [5] or the lipid membrane structure according to [6].
- a method for introducing the nucleic acid into the cell comprising contacting the cell with the lipid membrane structure according to [6], wherein the nucleic acid is encapsulated in vitro.
- a method for introducing the nucleic acid into the cell comprising administering the lipid membrane structure according to [6] encapsulating the nucleic acid to a living body so as to be delivered to the target cell.
- the present invention relates to a compound having two tertiary amino groups, two lipid moieties, and a disulfide bond which is a biodegradable group, and a lipid membrane structure containing the compound.
- the compound of the present invention can form a stable lipid membrane structure such as a liposome, and the pKa as the lipid membrane structure can be adjusted to around neutrality.
- the disulfide bond contained in the cationic lipid of the present invention is cleaved in the reducing environment in the cell, and the inclusion is caused by destabilization of the lipid membrane structure. Release of matter (nucleic acid) is promoted. Therefore, not only can the efficiency of expression of the delivery gene in the cell, that is, the expression efficiency per unit lipid membrane structure incorporated into the cell, be achieved, but also efficient gene knockdown via the delivery nucleic acid can be achieved. be able to.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing values obtained by normalizing gene expression activities (FIG. 3) of various MENDs prepared from B-2, B-2-1, DODAP, and DOTAP by the amount of cellular uptake (FIG. 4).
- FIG. 3 shows the gene transfer activity of B-2 and its derivatives (B-2-2, B-2-3).
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the evaluation of the decoating efficiency of genes introduced by various MENDs prepared from B-2, B-2-1 and DOTAP. It is the figure which showed the gene expression activity in the liver after intravenous administration of MEND prepared from B-2 and a cationic lipid. It is the figure which showed the organ specificity of the gene expression of MEND prepared from B-2 and a cationic lipid.
- 3 is a graph showing gene transfer activity of various MENDs prepared from B-2, B-2-4, and DOTAP. It is a photograph showing the intracellular kinetics of MEND prepared from B-2 and MEND prepared from B-2-4 encapsulating rhodamine-labeled pDNA. It is a graph which shows the endosome escape efficiency of the gene introduce
- 2 is a graph showing the effect of retinoic acid on the gene expression activity of various MENDs prepared from B-2 and B-2-4. It is a photograph showing the intracellular kinetics of MEND prepared from B-2 and MEND prepared from B-2-4 encapsulating rhodamine-labeled pDNA.
- 4 is a graph showing the effect of GA on the gene expression activity of various MENDs prepared from B-2 and B-2-4. It is a graph which shows the effect of siRNA introduction
- the present invention provides a compound represented by the formula (1).
- the X a and X b are independently X 1 or X 2 shown below, and preferably X 1.
- R 4 in X 1 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and may be linear, branched or cyclic.
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- Specific examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, sec-butyl group, isobutyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, and isopentyl group.
- R 4 is preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group or an isopropyl group, and most preferably a methyl group.
- S in X 2 is 1 or 2.
- X 2 is preferably a pyrrolidinium group, and when s is 2, X 2 is preferably a piperidinium group.
- X a may be different be identical to X b, but preferably, X a is X b the same group.
- n a and nb are independently 0 or 1, preferably 1.
- n a is 1, R 3a is bonded to X a via Y a and R 2a , and when n a is 0, R 3a —X a —R 1a —S— is exhibited.
- n b is 1, R 3b is bonded to X b via Y b and R 2b , and when n b is 0, R 3b —X b —R 1b —S— is exhibited. .
- n a may be different even be identical to the n b, but preferably, n a is the same as n b.
- R 1a and R 1b independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and may be linear or branched, but is preferably linear. Specific examples of the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, an isopropylene group, a tetramethylene group, an isobutylene group, a pentamethylene group, and a neopentylene group.
- R 1a and R 1b are preferably a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, an isopropylene group or a tetramethylene group, and most preferably an ethylene group.
- R 1a may be different be the same as R 1b, but preferably, R 1a is the same group as R 1b.
- R 2a and R 2b independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and may be linear or branched, but is preferably linear. Examples of the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include those listed as examples of the alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms of R 1a and R 1b .
- R 2a and R 2b are preferably a methylene group, an ethylene group, a trimethylene group, an isopropylene group or a tetramethylene group, and most preferably a trimethylene group.
- R 2a may be the be the same or different and R 2b, but preferably, R 2a is the same group as R 2b.
- Y a and Y b are independently an ester bond, an amide bond, a carbamate bond, an ether bond or a urea bond, preferably an ester bond, an amide bond or a carbamate bond, and most preferably an ester bond.
- the direction of the bond of Y a and Y b is not limited. However, when Y a is an ester bond, it preferably has a structure of R 3a —CO—O—R 2a —, and when Y b is an ester bond, preferably , R 3b —CO—O—R 2b —.
- Y a may be different even identical to Y b, but preferably, Y a is Y b and same group.
- R 3a and R 3b independently represent a sterol residue, a fat-soluble vitamin residue or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 12 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably a fat-soluble vitamin residue or an aliphatic group having 12 to 22 carbon atoms It is a hydrocarbon group, most preferably a fat-soluble vitamin residue.
- sterol residue examples include cholesteryl group (cholesterol residue), cholesteryl group (cholestanol residue), stigmasteryl group (stigmasterol residue), ⁇ -sitosteryl group ( ⁇ -sitosterol residue), lanosteryl group (lanosterol group) Residue), an ergosteryl group (ergosterol residue), and the like.
- the sterol residue is preferably a cholesteryl group or a cholesteryl group.
- fat-soluble vitamin residues in addition to residues derived from fat-soluble vitamins, residues derived from derivatives obtained by appropriately converting functional groups in fat-soluble vitamins such as hydroxyl groups, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids to other reactive functional groups are included.
- a fat-soluble vitamin having a hydroxyl group can be converted into a carboxylic acid by reacting succinic anhydride or glutaric anhydride.
- fat-soluble vitamins examples include retinoic acid, retinol, retinal, ergosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, calciferol, corcalciferol, dihydroergocalciferol, dihydrotaxosterol, tocopherol, tocotrienol and the like.
- the fat-soluble vitamin is preferably retinoic acid or tocopherol.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 12 to 22 carbon atoms may be linear or branched, but is preferably linear.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group may be saturated or unsaturated.
- the number of unsaturated bonds contained in the aliphatic hydrocarbon group is usually 1 to 6, preferably 1 to 3, and more preferably 1 to 2.
- Unsaturated bonds include carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds, with carbon-carbon double bonds being preferred.
- the number of carbon atoms contained in the aliphatic hydrocarbon group is preferably 12-18, and most preferably 13-17.
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group includes an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group and the like, and is preferably an alkyl group or an alkenyl group.
- Specific examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 12 to 22 carbon atoms include dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, icosyl, heicosyl, docosyl , Dodecenyl group, tridecenyl group, tetradecenyl group, pentadecenyl group, hexadecenyl group, heptadecenyl group, octadecenyl group, nonadecenyl group, icocenyl group, henicocenyl group, dococenyl group
- the aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 12 to 22 carbon atoms is preferably a tridecyl group, a tetradecyl group, a heptadecyl group, an octadecyl group, a heptadecadienyl group or an octadecadienyl group, particularly preferably a tridecyl group, a heptadecyl group, It is a heptadecadienyl group.
- an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 12 to 22 carbon atoms derived from a fatty acid, an aliphatic alcohol, or an aliphatic amine is used.
- R 3a (or R 3b ) is derived from a fatty acid
- Y a (or Y b ) is an ester bond or an amide bond
- a carbonyl carbon derived from a fatty acid is contained in Y a (or Y b ).
- R 3a (or R 3b ) is a heptadecadienyl group.
- R 3a may be different be the same as R 3b, but preferably, R 3a is the same group as R 3b.
- X a is identical to X b
- n a is the same as n b
- R 1a is the same as R 1b
- R 2a is the same as R 2b
- R 3a is a R 3b
- Y a is the same as Y b .
- X a and X b are independently X 1
- R 4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms
- n a and nb are 1
- R 1a and R 1b independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 2a and R 2b independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- Y a and Y b represent an ester bond
- R 3a and R 3b independently represent an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 12 to 22 carbon atoms.
- X a and X b are X 1
- R 4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms
- n a and nb are 1
- R 1a and R 1b represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 2a and R 2b represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- Y a and Y b represent an ester bond
- R 3a and R 3b represent an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 12 to 22 carbon atoms
- Xa is the same as Xb
- R 1a is the same as R 1b
- R 2a is the same as R 2b
- R 3a is the same as R 3b .
- X a and X b are X 1 , R 4 represents a methyl group, n a and n b is 1, R 1a and R 1b represent an ethylene group, R 2a and R 2b represent a trimethylene group, Y a and Y b represent —CO—O—, R 3a and R 3b independently represent an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 13 to 17 carbon atoms.
- X a and X b are X 1 , R 4 represents a methyl group, n a and n b is 1, R 1a and R 1b represent an ethylene group, R 2a and R 2b represent a trimethylene group, Y a and Y b represent —CO—O—, R 3a and R 3b represent an alkyl group or an alkenyl group having 13 to 17 carbon atoms, R 3a is the same as R 3b .
- X a and X b are independently X 1
- R 4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms
- n a and nb are 1
- R 1a and R 1b independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 2a and R 2b independently represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- Y a and Y b represent an ester bond
- R 3a and R 3b independently represent a fat-soluble vitamin residue (eg, retinoic acid residue, tocopherol residue).
- X a and X b are X 1
- R 4 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms
- n a and nb are 1
- R 1a and R 1b represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- R 2a and R 2b represent an alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms
- Y a and Y b represent an ester bond
- R 3a and R 3b represent a fat-soluble vitamin residue (eg, retinoic acid residue, tocopherol residue)
- Xa is the same as Xb
- R 1a is the same as R 1b
- R 2a is the same as R 2b
- R 3a is the same as R 3b .
- X a and X b are X 1 , R 4 represents a methyl group, n a and n b is 1, R 1a and R 1b represent an ethylene group, R 2a and R 2b represent a trimethylene group, Y a and Y b represent —CO—O—, R 3a and R 3b independently represent a fat-soluble vitamin residue (eg, retinoic acid residue, tocopherol residue).
- a fat-soluble vitamin residue eg, retinoic acid residue, tocopherol residue.
- X a and X b are X 1 , R 4 represents a methyl group, n a and n b is 1, R 1a and R 1b represent an ethylene group, R 2a and R 2b represent a trimethylene group, Y a and Y b represent —CO—O—, R 3a and R 3b represent a fat-soluble vitamin residue (eg, retinoic acid residue, tocopherol residue), R 3a is the same as R 3b .
- R 4 represents a methyl group
- n a and n b is 1
- R 1a and R 1b represent an ethylene group
- R 2a and R 2b represent a trimethylene group
- Y a and Y b represent —CO—O—
- R 3a and R 3b represent a fat-soluble vitamin residue (eg, retinoic acid residue, tocopherol residue)
- R 3a is the same as R 3b .
- Specific examples of the compound of the present invention include the following compounds B-2, B-2-2, B-2-3, B-2-4 and B-2-5.
- the compound of the present invention has a —SS— (disulfide) bond. Therefore, as a manufacturing method, R 3a- (Y a -R 2a ) n a -X a -R 1a -SH and R 3b- (Y b -R 2b ) n b -X b -R 1b -SH Is prepared by oxidizing (coupling) the compound of the present invention containing -SS-, starting from the compound containing -SS- bond, The method of finally obtaining the compound of this invention etc. is mentioned. The latter method is preferable.
- the starting compounds include both terminal carboxylic acids containing a —SS— bond, both terminal carboxylic acid esters, both terminal amines, both terminal isocyanates, both terminal alcohols, and both terminals having leaving groups such as MsO (mesylate group). Examples thereof include alcohols and both terminal carbonates having a leaving group such as pNP (p-nitrophenyl carbonate group).
- both terminal functional groups in the compound (1) containing an —S—S— bond are substituted with one —NH— group and one terminal.
- the terminal functional group that did not contribute to the reaction in the compound (2) and the functional group in the compound (3) containing R 3
- reacting a compound of the present invention comprising a -SS- bond R 1a and R 1b , X a and X b , R 2a and R 2b , Y a and Y b , and R 3a and R 3b Obtainable.
- an alkali catalyst such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, or t-butoxy potassium may be used as a catalyst, or the reaction may be performed without a catalyst.
- potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate is used as the catalyst.
- the amount of the catalyst is 0.1 to 100 molar equivalents, preferably 0.1 to 20 molar equivalents, more preferably 0.1 to 5 molar equivalents relative to the compound (1).
- the amount of compound (2) charged is 1 to 50 mole equivalents, preferably 1 to 10 mole equivalents, relative to compound (1).
- the solvent used for the reaction of the compound (1) and the compound (2) may be any solvent or aqueous solution that does not inhibit the reaction, and can be used without any particular limitation. Examples thereof include ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene and toluene. Of these, toluene and chloroform are preferred.
- the reaction temperature is ⁇ 20 to 200 ° C., preferably 0 to 80 ° C., more preferably 20 to 50 ° C., and the reaction time is 1 to 48 hours, preferably 2 to 24 hours.
- potassium carbonate sodium carbonate
- An alkali catalyst such as t-butoxypotassium may be used, an acid catalyst such as PTS (p-toluenesulfonic acid) or MSA (methanesulfonic acid), or non-catalyst may be used.
- a condensing agent such as DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide), DIC (diisopropylcarbodiimide), EDC (1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride), compound (1) and compound (2 )
- a condensing agent such as DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide), DIC (diisopropylcarbodiimide), EDC (1-ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride
- compound (1) and compound (2 ) ethyl-3- (3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride
- the compound (3) may be directly reacted, or the compound (3) is converted to an anhydride etc. once using a condensing agent, and then the compound (1) and the compound (2) You may make it react with the reaction product.
- the amount of compound (3) charged is 1 to 50 mole equivalents, preferably 1 to 10 mole equivalents, relative to the reaction product of compound (1) and compound (2).
- the catalyst to be used is appropriately selected depending on the functional groups to be reacted.
- the amount of the catalyst is 0.05 to 100 mole equivalents, preferably 0.1 to 20 mole equivalents, more preferably 0.2 to 5 mole equivalents relative to the compound (1). .
- any solvent or aqueous solution that does not inhibit the reaction may be used without particular limitation.
- examples thereof include ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene and toluene. Of these, toluene and chloroform are preferred.
- the reaction temperature is 0 to 200 ° C., preferably 0 to 120 ° C., more preferably 20 to 50 ° C., and the reaction time is 1 to 48 hours, preferably 2 to 24 hours.
- the reaction product obtained by the above reaction is appropriately purified by a general purification method such as washing with water, silica gel column chromatography, crystallization, recrystallization, liquid-liquid extraction, reprecipitation, ion exchange column chromatography and the like. be able to.
- 3- (methylamino) -1-propanol is bound using a compound having —S—S— bond and a leaving group such as MsO (mesylate group) at both ends as a starting material.
- MsO mesylate group
- examples in which fatty acids or fat-soluble vitamins are bound will be described later (see Examples 1 to 5).
- a person skilled in the art can produce a desired compound of the present invention by appropriately selecting a raw material and carrying out a reaction according to the method of this Example.
- the lipid membrane structure of the present invention contains the compound represented by the general formula (1) as a constituent lipid of the membrane.
- the “lipid membrane structure” in the present invention means a particle having a membrane structure in which hydrophilic groups of amphiphilic lipids are arranged toward the aqueous phase side of the interface.
- the form of the lipid membrane structure containing the lipid of the invention is not particularly limited.
- a liposome single membrane liposome, multilamellar liposome
- O / W emulsion a W / O / W type
- W / O / W type examples thereof include emulsions, spherical micelles, string micelles, and amorphous layered structures.
- the lipid membrane structure is preferably a liposome.
- the lipid membrane structure of the present invention comprises molecules other than the compound of the present invention, such as lipids (phospholipids (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, etc.), glycolipids, peptide lipids, cholesterol, compounds of the present invention.
- lipids phospholipids (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, etc.), glycolipids, peptide lipids, cholesterol, compounds of the present invention.
- surfactants eg, CHAPS, sodium cholate, octyl glucoside, ND-gluco-N-methylalkanamides, etc.
- the content of the compound of the present invention contained in the lipid membrane structure of the present invention is not particularly limited, but is usually sufficient to introduce a nucleic acid when the lipid membrane structure is used as a nucleic acid introduction agent described later.
- An amount of a compound of the invention is included. For example, 5 to 100 mol%, preferably 10 to 70 mol%, more preferably 30 to 50 mol% of the total lipid.
- the lipid membrane structure of the present invention includes a polyarginine peptide described in International Publication No. 2005/032593, a GALA peptide that enhances resistance to biological components described in International Publication No. 2008/105178, or blood.
- a functional element capable of imparting various functions to the lipid membrane structure such as polyalkylene glycol that enhances medium stability, is modified on the surface of the lipid membrane by a known method known for each element, Can be used.
- the compound of the present invention and other components are dispersed in an appropriate dispersion medium such as an aqueous solvent or an alcoholic solvent, and the organization is induced as necessary. It can be prepared by performing the operation.
- an appropriate dispersion medium such as an aqueous solvent or an alcoholic solvent
- the organization is induced as necessary. It can be prepared by performing the operation.
- Examples of the “operation for inducing organization” include ethanol dilution method, simple hydration method, ultrasonic treatment, heating, vortex, ether injection method, French press method, cholic acid method, Ca 2+ fusion method, freezing ⁇
- Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, methods known per se such as a melting method and a reverse phase evaporation method.
- the nucleic acid can be introduced into the cell in vivo and / or in vitro by encapsulating the nucleic acid in the lipid membrane structure of the present invention and bringing it into contact with the cell. Accordingly, the present invention provides a nucleic acid introduction agent comprising the compound of the present invention or a lipid membrane structure.
- nucleic acid can be introduced into the cell.
- nucleic acid examples include, but are not limited to, DNA, RNA, chimeric nucleic acid of DNA and RNA, DNA / RNA hybrid, and the like.
- the nucleic acid can be any one of 1 to 3 strands, but is preferably single strand or double strand.
- Nucleic acids may be other types of nucleotides that are N-glycosides of purine or pyrimidine bases, or other oligomers having a non-nucleotide backbone (eg, commercially available peptide nucleic acids (PNA), etc.) or other oligomers containing special linkages (However, the oligomer contains a nucleotide having a configuration allowing base pairing or base attachment as found in DNA or RNA).
- the nucleic acid may be modified with known modifications, such as those with labels known in the art, capped, methylated, and one or more natural nucleotides replaced with analogs.
- Those with intramolecular nucleotide modifications such as those with uncharged bonds (eg methylphosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoramidates, carbamates, etc.), charged bonds or sulfur-containing bonds (eg phosphorothioate) Having side chain groups such as proteins (nucleases, nuclease inhibitors, toxins, antibodies, signal peptides, poly-L-lysine, etc.) and sugars (eg monosaccharides, etc.) Intercurrent compounds (eg acridine, psoralen ), Containing a chelate compound (eg, metal, radioactive metal, boron, oxidizing metal, etc.), containing an alkylating agent, having a modified bond (eg, ⁇ Anomeric nucleic acids and the like.
- uncharged bonds eg methylphosphonates, phosphotriesters, phosphoramidates, carbamates, etc.
- sulfur-containing bonds eg phosphorot
- Any kind of DNA can be appropriately selected according to the purpose of use, and examples include plasmid DNA, cDNA, antisense DNA, chromosomal DNA, PAC, BAC, etc., preferably plasmid DNA, cDNA, antisense DNA, more preferably plasmid DNA.
- Circular DNA such as plasmid DNA can be appropriately digested with a restriction enzyme or the like and used as linear DNA.
- any kind of RNA can be appropriately selected according to the purpose of use.
- siRNA, miRNA, shRNA, antisense RNA messenger RNA, single-stranded RNA genome, double-stranded RNA genome, RNA replicon , Transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and the like, and preferably siRNA, miRNA, shRNA, mRNA, antisense RNA, and RNA replicon.
- the nucleic acid used in the present invention is preferably purified by a method commonly used by those skilled in the art.
- the nucleic acid used in the present invention has a low frequency of CpG sequences and is preferably free of CpG sequences.
- a nucleic acid having a low frequency of CpG sequence the nucleic acid introduced into the cell stays in the cell for a long period of time, and its physiological effect lasts for a long period of time.
- the target gene can be expressed continuously for a longer period of time.
- the CpG sequence is a two-base sequence of a type in which guanine appears after cytosine from 5 'to 3'.
- the frequency of CpG sequences in the nucleic acid used in the present invention is 1 or less per 50 bases, preferably 1 or less per 100 bases, more preferably 1 or less per 1000 bases, most preferably CpG sequences. Not included.
- a nucleic acid (preferably a nucleic acid not containing the CpG sequence) in which the frequency of the CpG sequence is suppressed to a low level is used in the present invention. Occurrence of side effects such as inflammation can be avoided.
- the compound of the present invention or the lipid membrane structure itself has low irritation and hardly induces the production of inflammatory cytokines when administered into a living body, the lipid membrane structure of the present invention and the frequency of the CpG sequence are low.
- the nucleic acid was encapsulated by coexisting the target nucleic acid when forming the lipid membrane structure of the present invention.
- the lipid structure of the present invention is formed.
- the aqueous solution of the nucleic acid and the ethanol solution of the components of the lipid membrane structure of the present invention are vigorously mixed by vortexing, and then the mixture is buffered appropriately. Dilute with liquid.
- the components (lipids, etc.) of the lipid membrane structure of the present invention are dissolved in an appropriate organic solvent, the solution is placed in a glass container and dried under reduced pressure to retain the solvent. Leave to obtain a lipid film. An aqueous solution of nucleic acid is added thereto to hydrate it, followed by sonication with a sonicator.
- the present invention also provides the above lipid membrane structure in which such a nucleic acid is encapsulated.
- a multifunctional envelope nanostructure prepared by encapsulating an electrostatic complex between a nucleic acid and a polycation (eg, protamine) with a liposome; Multifunctional envelope-type nano ⁇ device, which may be abbreviated as “MEND” in this specification) (Kogure K et al., Multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND) as a non-viral gene delivery system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008).
- MEND multifunctional envelope-type nano ⁇ device
- This structure can be used as a drug delivery system for selectively delivering nucleic acids into specific cells. For example, it is useful for DNA vaccines by introducing antigen genes into dendritic cells and tumor gene therapy. It is.
- the surface charge (zeta potential) of the lipid membrane structure of the present invention encapsulating nucleic acid is preferably ⁇ 10 to +10 mV, more preferably ⁇ 10 to +5 mV.
- particles having a positive surface potential have been mainly used. Although this is useful as a method to promote electrostatic interaction with negatively charged cell surface heparin sulfate and promote cellular uptake, positive surface charge is introduced into the cell.
- the surface charge can be measured using a Metasizer Nano (Malvern).
- the surface charge of the lipid membrane structure can be adjusted by the composition of the components of the lipid membrane structure containing the compound of the present invention.
- the encapsulated nucleic acid By bringing the lipid membrane structure of the present invention encapsulating the nucleic acid thus obtained into contact with the cell, the encapsulated nucleic acid can be introduced into the cell.
- the type of “cell” is not particularly limited, and prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can be used, but eukaryotic cells are preferable.
- the type of eukaryote is not particularly limited, and for example, mammals including humans (human, monkey, mouse, rat, hamster, cow, etc.), birds (chicken, ostrich, etc.), amphibians (frog etc.), fish (zebra) Vertebrates such as fish and medaka), invertebrates such as insects (eg, moths, moths, and fruit flies), and microorganisms such as plants and yeasts.
- the cells targeted by the present invention are animal or plant cells, more preferably mammalian cells.
- the cell may be a cultured cell line containing cancer cells, a cell isolated from an individual or tissue, or a tissue or tissue piece cell. Further, the cells may be adherent cells or non-adherent cells.
- the target cell into which the nucleic acid is introduced preferably expresses intracellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII) It is a cell.
- CRABPII has a function of transporting retinoic acid to the nucleus in a SUMOylation-dependent manner.
- R 3a and R 3b are retinoic acid residues
- the function of CRABPII It is expected that the transport of nucleic acid into the inside will be promoted. Whether a cell expresses CRABPII can be confirmed using Western blotting or the like.
- organs that express CRABPII include normal tissues such as skin, testicles, uterus, ovary, choroid plexus, and various cancer tissues (retinoblastoma, Wilms tumor), and cells that express CRABPII Specific examples of these include fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080 cells), oral squamous cell carcinoma (BHY cells), breast cancer cells (KATO3 cells, BT474, MCF-7, MDA-MB-134), etc. It is not limited.
- Cells are suspended in an appropriate medium several days before contact with the lipid membrane structure and cultured under appropriate conditions. Upon contact with the lipid membrane structure, the cell may or may not be in the growth phase.
- the culture medium at the time of the contact may be a serum-containing medium or a serum-free medium, but the serum concentration in the medium is preferably 30% or less, more preferably 20% or less. If the medium contains an excessive amount of protein such as serum, the contact between the complex and the cell may be inhibited.
- the cell density at the time of the contact is not particularly limited and can be appropriately set in consideration of the cell type and the like, but is usually in the range of 1 ⁇ 10 4 to 1 ⁇ 10 7 cells / mL.
- the suspension of the lipid membrane structure described above is added to the cells thus prepared.
- the addition amount of the complex-containing solution is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately set in consideration of the number of cells and the like.
- the concentration of the lipid membrane structure at the time of contacting with the cell is not particularly limited as long as the target nucleic acid can be introduced into the cell, but the lipid concentration is usually 1 to 100 nmol / ml, preferably 10 to 50 nmol.
- the concentration of the nucleic acid is usually 0.01 to 100 ⁇ g / ml, preferably 0.1 to 10 ⁇ g / ml.
- the cells After adding the complex-containing solution, the cells are cultured, and the temperature, humidity, CO 2 concentration, etc. during the culture are appropriately set in consideration of the cell type.
- the temperature In the case of mammalian cells, the temperature is usually about 37 ° C., the humidity is about 95%, and the CO 2 concentration is about 5%.
- the culture time can be appropriately set in consideration of conditions such as the type of cells used, but is usually 0.1 to 24 hours, preferably 0.25 to 4 hours, more preferably 0.5 to 4 hours. The range is 2 hours. If the culture time is too short, the nucleic acid is not sufficiently introduced into the cells, and if the culture time is too long, the cells may be weakened.
- the nucleic acid is introduced into the cells by the above culture, but preferably the medium is replaced with a fresh medium, or the fresh medium is added to the medium and the culture is further continued. If the cells are mammalian cells, the fresh medium preferably contains serum or nutrient factors.
- the lipid membrane structure of the present invention it is possible to introduce a nucleic acid into a cell not only in vitro (in vitro) but also in vivo (in vivo). That is, by administering to a subject the lipid membrane structure of the present invention in which nucleic acid is encapsulated, the lipid membrane structure reaches and contacts the target cell, and the nucleic acid encapsulated in the lipid membrane structure in vivo Is introduced into the cell.
- the subject to which the complex can be administered is not particularly limited.
- mammals including humans (human, monkey, mouse, rat, hamster, cow, etc.), birds (chicken, ostrich, etc.), amphibians (frog, etc.) And vertebrates such as fish (eg zebrafish, medaka), invertebrates such as insects (eg, moths, moths, and fruit flies), and plants.
- the subject of administration of the complex includes a human or other mammal.
- the type of target cell is not particularly limited, and by using the lipid membrane structure of the present invention, various tissues (eg, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung, spleen, heart, blood, muscle, bone, brain, stomach, Nucleic acids can be introduced into cells in the small intestine, large intestine, skin, adipose tissue, etc.).
- various tissues eg, liver, kidney, pancreas, lung, spleen, heart, blood, muscle, bone, brain, stomach, Nucleic acids can be introduced into cells in the small intestine, large intestine, skin, adipose tissue, etc.).
- the administration method of the complex is not particularly limited as long as the complex reaches / contacts the target cell and the introduced compound contained in the complex can be introduced into the cell.
- a known administration method oral administration, parenteral administration (intravenous administration, intramuscular administration, local administration, transdermal administration, subcutaneous administration, intraperitoneal administration, spraying, etc.) Etc.) can be selected as appropriate.
- the dosage of the lipid membrane structure is not particularly limited as long as the introduction of the compound into the cell can be achieved, taking into consideration the type of administration target, the administration method, the type of introduced compound, the type and site of the target cell, etc. And can be selected as appropriate.
- the compound or lipid membrane structure of the present invention when used as a nucleic acid introduction agent, it can be formulated according to conventional means.
- the carrier of the present invention can be used as it is or, for example, water or other physiologically acceptable liquids (for example, the above-mentioned water-soluble solvents, ethanol, methanol, DMSO). Or a mixture of an aqueous solvent and an organic solvent, etc.).
- the agent can appropriately contain physiologically acceptable excipients, vehicles, preservatives, stabilizers, binders and the like known per se.
- the carrier of the present invention is used as it is or is pharmaceutically acceptable such as a carrier, flavoring agent, excipient, vehicle, preservative, stabilizer, binder and the like. It is manufactured as an oral preparation (for example, tablets, capsules, etc.) or a parenteral preparation (for example, injections, sprays, etc.) by mixing with known additives in a unit dosage form generally required for the practice of the formulation. can do.
- the nucleic acid introduction agent of the present invention can also be provided in the form of a kit.
- the kit can contain a reagent used for introducing a nucleic acid.
- the nucleic acid introduction agent (or kit) of the present invention further comprises a polycation (eg, protamine).
- a polycation eg, protamine
- pDNA Plasmid DNA Chol: Cholesterol NBD-DOPE: 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N- (7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-yl)
- DMEM dulbecco's modified eagle medium
- PEG 2000 -DSG 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene Glycol (PEG MW 2000)
- PEG 2000 -DMG 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene Glycol (PEG MW 2000)
- DOPE 1,2-Dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine
- SOPE 1-Stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phsophoethanolamine
- SOPC 1-Stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho
- Table 2 shows the names and structures of the compounds produced in the following examples and comparative examples.
- Example 1 (Synthesis of B-2) ⁇ Mesylation> To 15 g (97.2 mmol) of 2,2′-dithiodiethanol (manufactured by ACROS), 143 ml of acetonitrile was added and dissolved at 20 to 25 ° C. After adding 33.3 g (328 mmol) of triethylamine and stirring at 20 to 25 ° C. for 5 minutes, 34.5 g (300 mmol) of methanesulfonyl chloride was added under ice cooling, and the reaction was performed at 20 to 25 ° C. for 3 hours. .
- reaction solution was extracted and washed with 10 g of 5% sodium bicarbonate water, and the aqueous layer was discarded.
- the collected organic layer was washed with water by adding 10 g of water.
- the organic layer was dehydrated by adding 0.4 g of magnesium sulfate. Insoluble matter was filtered off with Oplite and filter paper (5A), and the solvent was distilled off using an evaporator to obtain 7.9 g of an orange liquid (hereinafter referred to as diacyl derivative).
- the collected organic layer was washed with water by adding 10 g of water. After discarding the aqueous layer, the organic layer was dehydrated by adding 0.4 g of magnesium sulfate. Insoluble matter was filtered off with Oplite and filter paper (5A), and the solvent was distilled off using an evaporator to obtain 6.0 g of a diacyl compound as an orange liquid.
- the organic layer was dehydrated by adding 2 g of sodium sulfate. Insoluble matter was filtered off with Oplite and filter paper (5A), and the solvent was distilled off using an evaporator. The obtained concentrate was dissolved in 47 ml of hexane and extracted and washed with 39 ml of acetonitrile. The hexane layer was collected and the solvent was distilled off using an evaporator to obtain 2.83 g of the target B2-2-1 compound.
- Ethanol solutions of lipids were prepared by mixing 5 mM cationic lipid, 5 mM phospholipid, 5 mM cholesterol (Chol) in an Eppendorf tube at a desired ratio so that the total lipid was 165 nmol.
- PEG lipid (1 mM ethanol solution) was further added in an amount corresponding to 3 mol% of the total lipid, and ethanol was added to a total volume of 100 ⁇ L.
- HEPES buffer 1.8 mL was added and diluted until the ethanol concentration was 5%.
- Amicon Ultra 4 (Millipore)
- the solution was ultrafiltered to about 50 ⁇ L under centrifugation conditions (room temperature, 2267 rpm, 20 min) and concentrated. Thereafter, the volume was increased to 4 mL using 100 mM HEPES buffer adjusted to pH 7.4, and the mixture was concentrated again by centrifugation (2267 rpm, 20 min) under room temperature conditions. Finally, the volume was increased to the target lipid concentration with 10 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4).
- Rhodamine labeled pDNA was prepared using Label / IT CX-Rhodamine Labeling Kit (Mirus) according to the attached protocol. The concentration of the obtained rhodamine-labeled pDNA solution was calculated using Nano Drop (Thermo Scientific).
- MEND MEND encapsulating rhodamine-labeled pDNA
- All the pDNA solutions described in [Test Example 1] (1) are replaced with rhodamine-labeled pDNA, and [Test Example 1] (2), ( MEND was prepared according to the method described in 3).
- B-2 and DODAP the charge is -10 to +10 mV, which is a preferred form, at physiological pH, whereas in B-2-1, the charge is +12.3 and +10 mV or more.
- the surface potential of MEND using DOTAP which is a known cationic lipid, was about +50 mV.
- TNS fluorescence attenuation due to DTT treatment was not observed.
- B-2 disappearance of fluorescence due to time-dependent TNS was observed.
- TNS is adsorbed on the surface of particles having a positive surface potential through an electrostatic interaction in an acidic environment at pH 4.0, and emits fluorescence depending on the lipid-soluble environment of the lipid structure site of the liposome. It is.
- the disappearance of fluorescence in B-2 as in this result is considered to depend on the loss of the fat-soluble environment, suggesting the collapse of the lipid membrane structure accompanying the degradation of the lipid.
- DOTAP DOTAP
- 6-well plate was seeded with HT1080 cells at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / 2 mL / well, and various sample MENDs were diluted with DMEM (FBS +) to a lipid concentration of 27.5 nmol / 1 mL / well. Wells were transfected. After 1 hour, MEND-containing DMEM was removed, and the cells were washed twice with 1 mL of heparin (20 units / mL), and further washed once with 1 mL of PBS ( ⁇ ). After adding 500 ⁇ L of 0.05% Trypsin solution, it was allowed to stand in a 37 ° C. incubator for 3 minutes.
- DMEM FBS +
- NBD-DOPE which is a fluorescently labeled lipid
- the amount of neutral particles B-2 and DODAP incorporated was higher than that of the untreated group (background), but very low.
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 4 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 500 ⁇ L / well on a 24-well plate 24 hours ago, and various MENDs were converted to pDNA amounts so that DMEM (FBS 10% + ) And then transfected. After 24 hours, the cells were washed with 500 ⁇ L of PBS ( ⁇ ), 75 ⁇ L of 1 ⁇ lysis buffer was added to each well, and left at ⁇ 80 ° C. for 30 minutes or longer. The frozen 24-well plate was thawed on ice, the cells were detached with a cell scraper, and the entire amount was transferred to an Eppendorf tube (15000 rpm, 4 ° C., 5 min) and centrifuged. 50 ⁇ L of the supernatant was collected in another eppendorf tube and used for luciferase assay and BCA assay.
- the activity of MEND formed from B-2 and B-2-1 exceeded that of DODAP, which is a conventionally known cationic lipid.
- the activity of MEND prepared from B-2 was significantly higher than that of MEND formed from B-2-1.
- activity comparable to that of DOTAP, which is a conventionally known cationic lipid was obtained.
- FIG. 4 shows the value obtained by dividing the gene transfer activity by the amount of intracellular uptake obtained from [Test Example 4] (1). Compared to conventional DOTAP, DODAP, or B-2-1 that does not have a disulfide group, the value of B-2 is high, so that the intracellular kinetic properties after incorporation into cells are excellent. It has been shown.
- MEND formed from B-2-2 and B-2-3 was found to exceed the activity of DODAP, a conventional pH-responsive lipid-cationic lipid, although it was inferior to the activity of B-2. .
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells / 2 mL / dish in a glass bottom dish 24 hours ago, and MEND consisting of B-2 and DODAP has a low uptake activity into cells. Therefore, pDNA 8 ⁇ g / 1 mL Krebs buffer / dishes Dilute MEND with Krebs buffer so that B-2-1 and DOTAP MEND with high uptake activity become pDNA 1.6 ⁇ g / 1 mL Krebs buffer / dish. Transfected. After 2.5 hours, Lysotracker Green (Life technologies) was added at 1 ⁇ L / dish, and another 30 minutes later, Hoechst 33342 (Dojindo) was added at 1 ⁇ L / dish.
- Lysotracker Green Life technologies
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells / 2 mL / dish in a glass bottom dish, and MEND was diluted with Krebs buffer so that B-2 MEND was pDNA 8 ⁇ g / 1 mL Krebs buffer / dish.
- B-2-1 and DOTAP MEND were transfected by diluting MEND with Krebs buffer so that pDNA was 1.6 ⁇ g / 1 mL Krebs buffer / dish.
- Hoechst 33342 was added at 1 ⁇ L / dish, and further 30 minutes later, it was washed twice with 2 mL of heparin solution (20 units / mL), 1 mL of Krebs buffer was added, and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results are shown in FIG.
- Rhodamine-labeled pDNA, MEND lipid membranes, and nuclei were displayed in pseudo-color in red, green, and blue, respectively. Red dots are conspicuous in B-2 and DOTAP, and the gene is considered to be efficiently dissociated from MEND in the cell. On the other hand, in B-2-1, red and green co-localized clearly, and almost all pDNA was observed as yellow dots. From this, it is considered that the decoating efficiency of the gene of B-2 MEND is superior to that of B-2-1 MEND.
- 750 ⁇ L of electrostatic complex solution consisting of gene and protamine is mixed with 750 ⁇ L of lipid solution, stirred rapidly, diluted to 15 mL with 10 mM HEPES solution (pH 5.3), and Amicon (R) Ultra-15 100K device is used. Ultrafiltration was performed at 3,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 25 ° C. The solution after ultrafiltration was diluted with 100 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), and ultrafiltration was performed again. This solution was diluted to 750 ⁇ L with 10 mM HEPES buffer.
- the conventional cationic MEND has poor organ selectivity, and gene expression activity comparable to that in the liver is also observed in the lung and spleen.
- the gene expression activity in the lung and spleen is at the background level. It was shown that the organ selectivity (particularly liver selectivity) was excellent (FIG. 10).
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 4 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 500 ⁇ L / well on a 24-well plate 24 hours ago, and bafilomycin A1 was added to a concentration of 0.5 ⁇ M 30 minutes before pretreatment.
- Various MENDs were diluted with DMEM (FBS 10% +) so that the amount of pDNA was converted to 0.4 ⁇ g / 500 ⁇ L / well, and bafilomycin A1 was added to 0.5 ⁇ M for transfection. After 3 hours, the MEND solution was removed, and DMEM (FBS 10% +) was added to 500 ⁇ L / well to change the medium.
- the cells were washed with 500 ⁇ L of PBS ( ⁇ ), 75 ⁇ L of 1 ⁇ lysis buffer was added to each well, and left at ⁇ 80 ° C. for 30 minutes or longer.
- the frozen 24-well plate was thawed on ice, the cells were detached with a cell scraper, and the entire amount was transferred to an Eppendorf tube (15000 rpm, 4 ° C., 5 min) and centrifuged. 50 ⁇ L of the supernatant was collected in another eppendorf tube and used for luciferase assay and BCA assay.
- the gene expression evaluation was performed by the method described in [Test Example 4] (2).
- Luciferase mRNA solution was diluted to 0.005 ⁇ g / ⁇ L. To 1 ⁇ L of mRNA solution, various MEND solutions were added to make 0.0625, 0.125, and 0.25 ⁇ g to make the total volume 6.5 ⁇ L.
- RRL Ragon Reticulocyte Lysate 17.5 ⁇ L
- AAM Amino Acid Mixture
- AAM-Leu 0.25 ⁇ L RRI (Recombinant RNase Inhibitor) 0.5 ⁇ L mixed at 90 ° C. and mixed at 90 ° C. did.
- B-2 has a small interaction with nucleic acid in cells.
- reaction solution was diluted with 210 ⁇ L of water, mixed with 280 ⁇ L of alkaline phenol / chloroform / isoamyl alcohol, stirred vigorously for about 30 seconds, centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 25 ° C., and the supernatant was collected.
- a 1% agarose gel was used for electrophoresis. 6 ⁇ loading dye 2 ⁇ L was mixed with 12 ⁇ L of the sample, and the entire amount was applied to the well for electrophoresis. The gel was soaked in EtBr aqueous solution for 30 minutes and photographed.
- Test Example 12 B-2 Evaluation of time-dependent change in gene expression activity by MEND Cationic MEND using R8 / GALA having high gene expression in the MEND solution prepared by the method shown in Test Example 9 (Khalil et al. al., J Control Release., 156 (3) 374-80, 2011), in vivo JetPEI-Gal (PolyPlus-Transfection), a commercially available gene transfer reagent targeting the liver, each 40 ⁇ g DNA equivalent, 5 weeks old Of male ICR mice were administered via tail vein. At this time, the pCpGfree-Luc (0) described in International Publication No.
- 2011/132713 was used as a pDNA excluding all CpG sequences known to induce an immune response as a DNA to be loaded on the MEND composed of B-2.
- a plasmid DNA (pcDNA3.1) having a CpG sequence in the backbone of the plasmid DNA and also having a CpG sequence in the start codon to the stop codon of the luciferase sequence which is a marker gene.
- pCpGfree-Luc (0) was used for gene transfer using cationic MEND and in vivo JetPEI-Gal.
- luciferin in vivo grade, Promega
- IVIS Lumina II Caliper Life Sciences
- the MEND consisting of B-2 was imaged about twice a week even at a time later than 72 hours.
- the total amount of luminescence in the mouse abdomen was calculated as photon / sec from the acquired image, and this was used as an index of gene expression activity in the liver.
- the acquired image is shown in FIG. 14 (upper), and the graph of the total light emission amount is shown in FIG. 14 (lower).
- Anesthesia was performed by intraperitoneally administering 50 mg / mL sodium pentobarbital (Nacalai Tesque) 5-fold diluted with physiological saline to ICR mice (5-week-old mice). About 80 ⁇ L of Griffinia simplicifolia Lectin I-B4 Isolectin, FITC Conjugate (VECTOR Laboratories) was administered to the anesthetized mouse through the tail vein, and vascular endothelial cells were stained. The mouse was laparotomized to expose the liver, and Immersol TM 518F (Carl Zeiss) was dropped into the organ to prevent the organ from drying out.
- Immersol TM 518F Carl Zeiss
- a winged vein indwelling needle connected with an extension tube filled with a MEND solution was placed in the mouse tail vein.
- a confocal microscope using a device that adsorbs and fixes the liver (Shimizu K et al., J Biosci Bioeng. 112 (5): 508-10) Observation was performed with a 60 ⁇ water immersion lens using (Nikon A1).
- MEND was administered to the mouse so that the concentration of 40 ⁇ g DNA / mouse was about 5 seconds after the start of movie recording, and the movie recording was terminated about 10 minutes later. The results are shown in FIG.
- TNF- ⁇ was slightly elevated 3 hours after administration, and IFN- ⁇ was elevated 6 hours after administration.
- B-2 MEND TNF- ⁇ became high after 3 hours and IL-12p70 became high after 6 hours when pcDNA3.1-Luc (+) was used.
- pCpGfree-Luc (0) was introduced using B-2 MEND, all three cytokines maintained normal values at any time.
- B-2 MEND prepared using pCpGfree-Luc (0) hardly causes an immune reaction. Therefore, it is considered that gene expression activity decreases due to immune reaction and harmful side effects are unlikely to occur.
- Cy5-labeled pDNA was prepared using Label / IT Cy5 Labeling Kit (Mirus) according to the attached protocol. The concentration of the obtained Cy5-labeled pDNA solution was calculated using Nano Drop (Thermo Scientific).
- concentration of the obtained Cy5-labeled pDNA solution was calculated using Nano Drop (Thermo Scientific).
- Test Example 16 Measurement of particle size and surface potential of various MENDs The particle size and surface potential were measured using a dynamic light scattering method (Zetasizer Nano; Malvern). Table 4 shows the particle diameters and surface potentials of various MENDs prepared by the preparation method of [Test Example 1]. Both B-2-4 and B-2-5 had a preferred charge at physiological pH of ⁇ 10 to +10 mV.
- the activity of MEND formed from B-2-5 was equivalent to that of B-2.
- the activity of MEND formed from B-2-4 was significantly higher than B-2 and B-2-5.
- 6-well plate was seeded with HT1080 cells at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / 2 mL / well, and various sample MENDs were diluted with DMEM (FBS +) to a pDNA concentration of 1.6 ⁇ g / 2 mL / well.
- Wells were transfected. After 1, 3, and 6 hours, MEND-containing DMEM was removed, and the cells were washed twice with 1 mL of heparin (20 units / mL), and further washed once with 1 mL of PBS ( ⁇ ). After adding 500 ⁇ L of 0.05% Trypsin solution, it was allowed to stand in a 37 ° C. incubator for 3 minutes.
- B-2 which is a neutral particle
- B-2-4 uptake was low. MEND using B-2-4 was incorporated higher than B-2.
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 4 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 2 mL / dish in a 3.5 cm cell culture dish 24 hours ago, and various concentrations of MEND were converted to pDNA amounts so that the final concentration was 1.6 ⁇ g / 2 mL / dish.
- the amount of luminescence for 2 minutes was measured every 20 minutes to obtain luciferase activity (RLU / 2 min). The results are shown in FIG.
- the activity of MEND formed from B-2-4 was significantly higher than MEND formed from B-2 and DOTAP.
- the activity of B-2 was equivalent to DOTAP.
- MEND consisting of B-2-4 was found to have a significantly higher gene expression activity despite a low uptake into cells compared to MEND formed from the cationic lipid DOTAP. Compared to conventional DOTAP and B-2, B-2-4 was shown to have better intracellular kinetic properties after incorporation into cells.
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 2 mL / dish in a glass bottom dish 24 hours ago.
- MEND was diluted with DMEM (FBS 10% +) so that the pDNA was 1.6 ⁇ g / 2 mL, and the cells were transfected.
- Lysotracker Green (Life technologies) was added at 2 ⁇ L / dish.
- the plate was washed twice with 2 mL of heparin (20 units / mL), 1 mL of Krebs buffer was added, and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results are shown in FIG.
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 2 mL / dish in a glass bottom dish 24 hours ago.
- MEND was diluted with DMEM (FBS 10% +) so that the pDNA was 1.6 ⁇ g / 2 mL, and the cells were transfected.
- a non-transfected MEND was used as a control.
- Lysotracker Green Life technologies
- Hoechst 33342 (Dojindo) was added at 2 ⁇ L / dish.
- the plate was washed twice with 2 mL of heparin (20 units / mL), 1 mL of Krebs buffer was added, and observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results are shown in FIG.
- the endosome, lysosome, and nucleus were displayed in pseudo-color in green and blue, respectively.
- the relative endosome amount was calculated according to the following formula.
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 2 mL / dish in a glass bottom dish 24 hours ago.
- MEND was diluted with DMEM (FBS 10% +) so that the pDNA was 1.6 ⁇ g / 2 mL, and the cells were transfected.
- the plate was washed twice with 2 mL of heparin solution (20 units / mL), 1 mL of Krebs buffer was added, and images after 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours of transfection were read with a confocal laser scanning microscope. I got it. The results are shown in FIG.
- the rhodamine-labeled pDNA and MEND lipid membranes were pseudo-colored in red and green, respectively.
- the decoating efficiency was calculated according to the following formula.
- PEG 2000 -DMG was used as the PEG lipid, and a MEND solution corresponding to 0.55 mM in terms of lipid concentration was prepared.
- pDNA was fluorescently labeled, it was carried out by the method described in [Test Example 15] (2).
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / 2 mL / well on a 6-well plate 24 hours ago. Thirty minutes before transfection, the medium was replaced with DMEM (FBS +) containing a final concentration of 10 ⁇ g / ⁇ L filipin. Fifteen minutes before transfection, the medium was replaced with DMEM (FBS +) containing a final concentration of 0.3 M sucrose and 1 mM amylide. At the time of transfection, various MENDs were added to the dish so that the amount of pDNA was 1.6 ⁇ g / 2 mL / dish. Three hours after transfection, the amount of intracellular pDNA was measured by the method described in [Test Example 19] (1). The results are shown in FIG.
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 4 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 500 ⁇ L / well on a 24-well plate 24 hours ago. Thirty minutes before transfection, the medium was replaced with DMEM (FBS +) containing a final concentration of 10 ⁇ g / ⁇ L filipin. Fifteen minutes before transfection, the medium was replaced with DMEM (FBS +) containing final concentrations of 0.3 M sucrose and 1.5 mM amylide. At the time of transfection, various MENDs were added to the well so as to be 0.8 ⁇ g / 500 ⁇ L / well in terms of pDNA amount. Thereafter, gene expression activity was evaluated according to the method described in [Test Example 4] (2). The results are shown in FIG.
- B-2 gene expression was inhibited by sucrose and amylide.
- the gene expression of B-2-4 was inhibited by amylide. This suggests that B-2 and B-2-4 are both taken up by the sucrose and amylide-sensitive pathways, but in B-2-4, the amylide-sensitive pathway contributes greatly to gene expression.
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 4 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 2 mL / dish in a 3.5 cm cell culture dish 24 hours ago. Thirty minutes before transfection, the medium was changed to DMEM (FBS 10% +) containing 0.5 ⁇ M BafA1 (Bafilomycin A1). After 30 minutes, various MENDs were added to the dish so that the amount of pDNA was 1.6 ⁇ g / 2 mL / dish in terms of the amount of pDNA.
- DMEM FBS 10% +
- BafA1 Bafilomycin A1
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 4 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 2 mL / dish in a 3.5 cm cell culture dish 24 hours ago, and various concentrations of MEND were converted to pDNA amounts so that the final concentration was 1.6 ⁇ g / 2 mL / dish.
- the amount of luminescence for 2 minutes was measured every 20 minutes to obtain luciferase activity (RLU / 2 min). The results are shown in FIG.
- the gene expression activity of MEND formed from B-2-4 was decreased by RA in a concentration-dependent manner (FIG. 30 right).
- the gene expression activity of MEND formed from B-2 did not decrease (FIG. 30 left). It was suggested that the gene expression of B-2-4 is involved in recognition as RA.
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 2 mL / dish in a glass bottom dish 24 hours ago.
- MEND was diluted with DMEM (FBS 10% +) so that the pDNA was 1.6 ⁇ g / 2 mL, and the cells were transfected.
- DMEM FBS 10% +
- 1 ⁇ L of hoechst 33342 was added, and after 10 minutes, the plate was washed twice with 2 mL of a heparin solution (20 units / mL), 1 mL of Krebs buffer was added, and obtained with a confocal laser scanning microscope. The results are shown in FIG.
- B-2 was diffused in the cells, while B-2-4 was observed to accumulate around the nucleus. This suggested the existence of a transport mechanism to the nucleus.
- HT1080 cells were seeded at 4 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 2 mL / dish in a 3.5 cm cell culture dish 24 hours ago, and various concentrations of MEND were converted to pDNA amounts so that the final concentration was 1.6 ⁇ g / 2 mL / dish.
- DMEM FBS 10% +, Phenol red free
- GA Calbiochem
- the amount of luminescence for 2 minutes was measured every 20 minutes to obtain luciferase activity (RLU / 2 min). The results are shown in FIG.
- GA had a greater inhibitory effect on B-2-4 than B-2.
- GA is a small molecule that inhibits sumoylation of intracellular proteins.
- HT1080 expresses intracellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII) that transports RA to the nucleus in a SUMOylation-dependent manner. It is conceivable that the significant decrease in the gene expression activity for B-2-4 is caused by the decrease in the activity of CRABPII by GA.
- CRABPII retinoic acid binding protein II
- PEG2000-DMG as a PEG lipid was added in an amount corresponding to 3 mol% with respect to the total lipid amount, and ethanol was added so that the total amount was 400 ⁇ L.
- 400 ⁇ L of the nucleic acid electrostatic complex solution composed of siRNA / protamine prepared in [Test Example 27] was mixed, and then quickly 10 mM HEPES buffer (pH 5.3) 2. 4 mL was added and stirred vigorously.
- an Amicon Ultra-15 100K device (Millipore)
- the solution was centrifuged at 1000 g for 10 minutes at 30 ° C. and ultrafiltered. Thereafter, the solution was sufficiently diluted with 10 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), subjected to ultrafiltration again and concentrated. This solution was adjusted with 10 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4) to the desired lipid concentration.
- [Test Example 30] Knockdown effect of siRNA encapsulated MEND The MEND solution prepared by the method shown in [Test Example 28] was administered to 4 weeks old male ICR mice at 3 mg siRNA / kg via tail vein, and blood was collected 24 hours later. did. The blood sample was centrifuged at 1000 g for 10 minutes at 4 ° C., and the supernatant was collected to obtain plasma. The amount of Factor VII (FVII) in plasma was quantified using BIOPHEEN FVII CHROMOGENIC ASSAY (HYPHEN BioMed). The results are shown in FIG. Compared to the untreated group, the FVII expression level was decreased in all of B-2, B-2-4, and B-2-5, and B-2-5 MEND showed the largest knockdown effect among them. .
- FVII Factor VII
- the gene knockdown effect peaked one day after administration and then gradually disappeared over about 7 weeks.
- nucleic acid into cells with high efficiency, which is useful for gene therapy and biochemical experiments.
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Abstract
Description
[1]式(1)
R4は炭素数1~6のアルキル基を表し、
na及びnbは独立して、0又は1であり、
R1a及びR1bは独立して、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を表し、
R2a及びR2bは独立して、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を表し、
Ya及びYbは独立して、エステル結合、アミド結合、カーバメート結合、エーテル結合又は尿素結合を表し、
R3a及びR3bは独立して、ステロール残基、脂溶性ビタミン残基又は炭素数12~22の脂肪族炭化水素基を表す)で示される化合物。
[2]Xa及びXbが独立して、X1である[1]記載の化合物。
[3]R3a及びR3bが独立して、脂溶性ビタミン残基又は炭素数12~22の脂肪族炭化水素基である[1]又は[2]記載の化合物。
[4]R3a及びR3bが独立して、脂溶性ビタミン残基である[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の化合物。
[5]R3a及びR3bが独立して、炭素数12~22の脂肪族炭化水素基である[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の化合物。
[6][1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の化合物を膜の構成脂質として含む脂質膜構造体。
[7][1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の化合物、又は[6]記載の脂質膜構造体を含む核酸導入剤。
[8]生体外において、核酸を内封した[6]記載の脂質膜構造体と細胞とを接触させることを含む、当該核酸を当該細胞内へ導入する方法。
[9]核酸を内封した[6]記載の脂質膜構造体を、標的細胞へ送達されるように、生体へ投与することを含む、当該核酸を当該細胞内へ導入する方法。
Xa及びXbは独立して、X1であり、
R4は炭素数1~3のアルキル基を表し、na及びnbは1であり、
R1a及びR1bは独立して、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を表し、
R2a及びR2bは独立して、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を表し、
Ya及びYbはエステル結合を表し、
R3a及びR3bは独立して、炭素数12~22の脂肪族炭化水素基を表す。
Xa及びXbは、X1であり、
R4は炭素数1~3のアルキル基を表し、na及びnbは1であり、
R1a及びR1bは、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を表し、
R2a及びR2bは、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を表し、
Ya及びYbはエステル結合を表し、
R3a及びR3bは、炭素数12~22の脂肪族炭化水素基を表し、
XaはXbと同一であり、
R1aはR1bと同一であり、
R2aはR2bと同一であり、
R3aはR3bと同一である。
Xa及びXbは、X1であり、
R4はメチル基を表し、na及びnbは1であり、
R1a及びR1bはエチレン基を表し、
R2a及びR2bはトリメチレン基を表し、
Ya及びYbは-CO-O-を表し、
R3a及びR3bは独立して、炭素数13~17のアルキル基又はアルケニル基を表す。
Xa及びXbは、X1であり、
R4はメチル基を表し、na及びnbは1であり、
R1a及びR1bはエチレン基を表し、
R2a及びR2bはトリメチレン基を表し、
Ya及びYbは-CO-O-を表し、
R3a及びR3bは、炭素数13~17のアルキル基又はアルケニル基を表し、
R3aはR3bと同一である。
Xa及びXbは独立して、X1であり、
R4は炭素数1~3のアルキル基を表し、na及びnbは1であり、
R1a及びR1bは独立して、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を表し、
R2a及びR2bは独立して、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を表し、
Ya及びYbはエステル結合を表し、
R3a及びR3bは独立して、脂溶性ビタミン残基(例、レチノイン酸残基、トコフェロール残基)を表す。
Xa及びXbは、X1であり、
R4は炭素数1~3のアルキル基を表し、na及びnbは1であり、
R1a及びR1bは、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を表し、
R2a及びR2bは、炭素数1~6のアルキレン基を表し、
Ya及びYbはエステル結合を表し、
R3a及びR3bは、脂溶性ビタミン残基(例、レチノイン酸残基、トコフェロール残基)を表し、
XaはXbと同一であり、
R1aはR1bと同一であり、
R2aはR2bと同一であり、
R3aはR3bと同一である。
Xa及びXbは、X1であり、
R4はメチル基を表し、na及びnbは1であり、
R1a及びR1bはエチレン基を表し、
R2a及びR2bはトリメチレン基を表し、
Ya及びYbは-CO-O-を表し、
R3a及びR3bは独立して、脂溶性ビタミン残基(例、レチノイン酸残基、トコフェロール残基)を表す。
Xa及びXbは、X1であり、
R4はメチル基を表し、na及びnbは1であり、
R1a及びR1bはエチレン基を表し、
R2a及びR2bはトリメチレン基を表し、
Ya及びYbは-CO-O-を表し、
R3a及びR3bは、脂溶性ビタミン残基(例、レチノイン酸残基、トコフェロール残基)を表し、
R3aはR3bと同一である。
R3a-(Ya-R2a)n a-Xa-R1a-SH、及び
R3b-(Yb-R2b)n b-Xb-R1b-SH
を製造後、これを酸化(カップリング)することで-S-S-を含む本発明の化合物を得る方法、-S-S-結合を含む化合物から出発し、必要な部分を順次結合していき、最終的に本発明の化合物を得る方法等が挙げられる。好ましくは、後者の方法である。
pDNA: プラスミドDNA
Chol: Cholesterol
NBD-DOPE:1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-(7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-yl)
DMEM: dulbecco’s modified eagle medium
PEG2000-DSG: 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene Glycol (PEG MW 2000)
PEG2000-DMG: 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol, methoxypolyethylene Glycol (PEG MW 2000)
DOPE: 1,2-Dioleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine
SOPE: 1-Stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phsophoethanolamine
SOPC: 1-Stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
<メシル化>
2,2’-ジチオジエタノール(ACROS社製)15g(97.2mmol)に、アセトニトリル143mlを加え、20~25℃にて溶解させた。トリエチルアミン33.3g(328mmol)を加え、20~25℃で5分間攪拌した後に、氷冷下にて塩化メタンスルホニル34.5g(300mmol)を加え、20~25℃にて3時間反応を行った。TLC分析(展開溶媒:クロロホルム/メタノール=85/15(v/v))を行い、反応生成物のスポットが得られたこと、並びに原料である2,2’-ジチオジエタノールが消失したことを確認し反応を終了した。反応溶液にエタノール29mLを加え反応を停止させた後に、不溶物を濾紙(5A)で濾別した。濾液に、ジクロロメタン150ml、10%重曹水150gを加え5分間攪拌を行った後に10分間静置し、水層を除去した。次に、有機層に水150gを加え5分間攪拌を行った後に10分間静置し、水層を除去した。水洗を4回繰り返した後に、有機層を回収し、硫酸ナトリウム4.5gを加え脱水を行った。脱水処理後に、オプライト、濾紙(5A)にてろ過を行い、エバポレーターを用いて濾液の溶媒を留去し褐色液体29.4gを得た。
ジメシル体5.0g(16mmol)にアセトニトリル127mlを加え40℃にて溶解させ、更に炭酸カリウム5.5g(39.8mmol)を加え25℃で5分間攪拌した。3-(メチルアミノ)-1-プロパノール(東京化成工業社製)7.2g(80.8mmol)をアセトニトリル9.2mlにて25℃で溶解させた後に、上記のジメシル体/アセトニトリル溶液に1.5時間かけて滴下した。滴下終了2時間後にTLC分析(展開溶媒:クロロホルム/メタノール/28%アンモニア水=80/20/2(v/v/v))を行い、反応が終了したことを確認した。濾紙(5A)にて炭酸カリウムを濾別した後にエバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去し、褐色液体13.2gを得た。得られた褐色液体をクロロホルム132mlを用いて溶解させた後に、10%食塩水132mlを加え洗浄を行った。水層を廃棄し、10%食塩水洗浄を5回繰り返すことで原料である3-(メチルアミノ)-1-プロパノールを除去した。クロロホルム層を回収した後に、エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去し、淡黄色透明の液体(以下di-MAP体)4.3gを得た。
ミリスチン酸1.5g(6.7mmol)をジクロロメタン5.8mlに溶解させた後に、DMAP0.082g(0.67mmol)を加え、TEA0.68g(6.7mmol)を氷冷下にて加えた。この溶液に、di-MAP体1g(3.4mmol)、ジイソプロピルカルボジイミド(以下DIC)1.7g(13.5mmol)をジクロロメタン5.8mlに溶解させた溶液を1時間かけて滴下した。滴下終了後から2時間後のTLC分析(展開溶媒:クロロホルム/メタノール=95/5(v/v))を行った結果より、di-MAP体が消失したことを確認し反応を終了した。濾紙(5A)を用いて不溶分を濾別した後に、エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去し、無色透明液体7.2gを得た。この液体にアセトニトリル38mlを加え冷却晶析(10℃)を3回行った。得られた結晶をヘキサン45mlで溶解させ、そこにアセトニトリル38mlを加え抽出洗浄を行った。アセトニトリル層を廃棄し、更に抽出洗浄を6回繰り返し、DIC、ミリスチン酸由来の不純物を除去した。ヘキサン層を回収した後に、エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去し目的物であるB-2化合物0.73gを得た。
δ0.85~0.9ppm(t、CH3-CH2-、6H)、δ1.22~1.35ppm(m、CH3-(CH2)10-、40H)、δ2.67~2.7ppm(q、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-S-、4H)、δ2.78~2.82(q、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-S-、4H)、δ4.10~4.13 (t、-CH2-C(O)-O-CH2-、4H)
di-MAP体2.0g(6.7mmol)とステアリン酸4.6g(16.2mmol)をクロロホルム20mlに溶解させた後に、DMAP0.33g(2.7mmol)及び1-エチル-3-(3-ジメチルアミノプロピル)カルボジイミド塩酸塩(以下EDC)3.9g(20.3mmol)を加えた。反応4時間後のTLC分析(展開溶媒:クロロホルム/メタノール=95/5(v/v))を行った結果より、di-MAP体が消失したことを確認し反応を終了した。その後、反応液を5%重曹水10gを用いて抽出洗浄した後に、水層を廃棄した。次に、回収した有機層に水10gを加えることにより水洗を行った。水層廃棄後、有機層に硫酸マグネシウム0.4gを加えることにより脱水処理を行った。オプライト、濾紙(5A)にて不溶分を濾別し、エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去し、橙色の液体(以下ジアシル体)7.9gを得た。
δ0.85~0.9ppm(t、CH3-CH2-、6H)、δ1.22~1.35ppm(m、CH3-(CH2)14-、56H)、δ2.67~2.7ppm(q、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-S-、4H)、δ2.78~2.82(q、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-S-、4H)、δ4.10~4.13 (t、-CH2-C(O)-O-CH2-、4H)
di-MAP体2.0g(6.7mmol)、リノール酸4.5g(16.0mmol)をクロロホルム20mlに溶解させた後に、DMAP0.33g(2.7mmol)、EDC3.9g(20.3mmol)を加えた。反応4時間後のTLC分析(展開溶媒:クロロホルム/メタノール=95/5(v/v))を行った結果より、di-MAP体が消失したことを確認し反応を終了した。その後、反応液を5%重曹水10gを用いて抽出洗浄した後に、水層を廃棄した。次に、回収した有機層に水10gを加えることにより水洗を行った。水層廃棄後、有機層に硫酸マグネシウム0.4gを加えることにより脱水処理を行った。オプライト、濾紙(5A)にて不溶分を濾別し、エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去し、橙色の液体であるジアシル体6.0gを得た。
δ0.85~0.9ppm(t、CH3-CH2-、6H)、δ1.22~1.35ppm(m、CH3-(CH2)3-、(CH2)4-CH2-CH2-C(O)-O-、28H)、δ2.67~2.7ppm(q、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-S-、4H)、δ4.10~4.13 (t、-CH2-C(O)-O-CH2-、4H) 、δ5.30~5.40(m、- CH2- CH- CH- CH2-、8H)
(B-2-4の合成)
di-MAP 体0.40 g (1.35 mmol)とレチノイン酸 (all-trans-retinoic acid,和光純薬工業) 0.97 g (3.24mmol)をクロロホルム 6.00 gに溶解させた後に、DMAP 0.07 g (0.54mmol)、EDC 0.78 g (4.05mmol) を加え、25±3℃ にて5 時間反応させた。TLC分析(展開溶媒:クロロホルム/メタノール = 9/1 v/v )により、di-MAP体が消失したことを確認し反応を終了した。エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去し、2.70 g の液体を得た。この液体をシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製(溶離液:クロロホルム/メタノール = 98/2 (v/v))し、目的物であるB-2-4化合物0.42gを得た。
δ1.00~1.10ppm(s、(CH3)2C-、12H)、δ1.45~1.50ppm(t、(CH3)2C-CH2-CH2-、4H)、δ1.55~1.65ppm (m、-CH2-CH2-CH2-、4H)、δ1.70~1.75 (s、-CH2-C(CH3)=C-、6H) 、δ1.80~1.90(t、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH2-O-C(O)-、4H)、δ1.95~2.0.5(m、-CH2-CH2-C(CH3)=C-、=CH-CH(CH3)=CH-、10H)、δ2.20~2.30(s、-N(CH3)-、6H)、δ2.30~2.40(s、-C(CH3)=CH-C(O)-O-、6H)、δ2.45~2.55(t、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH2-O-C(O)-、4H)、δ2.65~2.75(t、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-S-、4H)、δ2.75~2.85(t、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-S-、4H)、δ4.10~4.25(t、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2- CH2-O-C(O)-、4H) 、δ5.75~5.85(t、-C(O)-O-CH2-CH2-O-C(O)-、4H)
(B-2-5の合成)
di-MAP 体 0.50 g (1.69 mmol)とD-α-tocopherol succinate (SIGMA-ALDRICH) 2.15 g (4.06mmol)をクロロホルム 7.50 g,に溶解させた後に、DMAP 0.08 g (0.62mmol)、EDC 0.97 g (5.07mmol) を加え、25±3℃ にて4 時間反応させた。TLC分析(展開溶媒:クロロホルム/メタノール = 9/1 v/v )により、di-MAP体が消失したことを確認し反応を終了した。エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去し、2.23gの液体を得た。この液体をシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製(溶離液:クロロホルム/メタノール = 98.5/1.5 (v/v))し、目的物であるB-2-5化合物 0.94gを得た。
δ0.85~0.9ppm(t、CH3-CH2-、-CH2-(CH3-)CH-CH2-、24H)、δ1.00~1.75ppm(m、CH3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-CH(CH3)-(CH2)3-、42H)、δ1.75~1.85ppm (q、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2- CH2-O-C(O)-、4H)、δ1.95~2.15 (s、-C=C(CH3)-、18H) 、δ2.20~2.30(s、-N(CH3)-、6H)、δ2.40~2.50(t、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-S-、4H)、δ2.50~2.63(t、-CH2-CH2-CH=CH-、4H)、δ2.63~2.70(t、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-S-、4H)、δ2.70~2.85(m、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2- CH2-O-C(O)-、-C(O)-O-CH2-CH2-O-C(O)-、8H)、δ2.85~3.00(t、-C(O)-O-CH2-CH2-O-C(O)-、4H)、δ4.10~4.25(t、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH2-O-C(O)-、4H)
(B-2-1の合成)
ジスルフィド結合を有する本発明との比較を行う意図で、実施例1の化合物のジスルフィド結合を炭素結合に置換した化合物の合成を行った。
1,6-ジブロモヘキサン(東京化成工業社製)6.0g(24.6mmol)をDMF12.7mlに溶解させ、3-(メチルアミノ)-1-プロパノール(東京化成工業社製)6.6g(73.7mmol)と炭酸カリウム1.7g(12.3mmol)を加え、20~25℃にて3時間攪拌した。TLC(展開溶媒:クロロホルム/メタノール/28%アンモニア水溶液=80/20/2(v/v/v))にて反応の進行を確認した。反応液中の炭酸カリウムを濾紙(5A)を用いて濾別した後、エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去し、褐色液体を得た。得られた褐色液体をクロロホルム20mlで溶解させ、水30gを用いて抽出洗浄した。有機層の溶媒をエバポレーターを用いて留去し、褐色液体3.6gを得た。
得られた液体2.0g、ミリスチン酸4.0g(18.4mmol)をクロロホルム20mlに溶解させた後に、DMAP0.37g(3.0mmol)、EDC4.4g(23.1mmol)を加えた。反応4時間後のTLC分析(展開溶媒:クロロホルム/メタノール=85/15(v/v))を行った結果より、原料が消失したことを確認し反応を終了した。その後、反応液を5%重曹水10gを用いて抽出洗浄した後に、水層を廃棄した。次に、回収した有機層に水10gを加えることにより水洗を行った。水層廃棄後、有機層に硫酸ナトリウム2gを加えることにより脱水処理を行った。オプライト、濾紙(5A)にて不溶分を濾別し、エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去した。得られた濃縮物をヘキサン47mlに溶解し、アセトニトリル39mlを用いて抽出洗浄した。ヘキサン層を回収し、エバポレーターを用いて溶媒を留去し、目的物であるB2-2-1化合物2.83gを得た。
δ0.85~0.9ppm(t、CH3-CH2-、6H)、δ1.22~1.35ppm(m、CH3-(CH2)10-、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH2-、44H)、δ1.40~1.50ppm(m、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH2-、4H)、δ2.37~2.41(t、-N(CH3)-CH2-CH2-CH2-、4H)、δ4.08~4.12 (t、-CH2-C(O)-O-CH2-、4H)
(1)プラスミドDNA(pDNA)とプロタミンからなる核酸静電的複合体の形成
ベクターのコアとして、ルシフェラーゼ遺伝子をコードするpDNA溶液、プロタミン(CALBIOCHEM)溶液を、10mM HEPES緩衝液でそれぞれ0.3mg/mL、0.05mg/mLに希釈し、0.3mg/mL pDNA125μLを攪拌しながら0.24mg/mL プロタミン125μLを少量ずつ滴下してプロタミンとpDNAの静電的複合体を調製した(N/P比=1.2)。下記の(2)記載の方法による方法においては、pHが5.3の10mM HEPES緩衝液を用い、また、(3)記載の方法においては、pHが7.4の10mM HEPES緩衝液を用いた。
脂質のエタノール溶液は、エッペンドルフチューブに5mMのカチオン性脂質、5mMリン脂質、5mM コレステロール(Chol)を総脂質165nmolになるように目的の割合で混合し、各種PEG脂質(1mM エタノール溶液)をさらに総脂質の3モル%相当量添加し、全量で100μLとなるようにエタノールを加えた。脂質溶液をボルテックスミキサーを用いて攪拌しながら、[試験例1](1)で調製した核酸静電的複合体100μL(10mM HEPES;pH5.3)を素早く加え、その後pH5.3に調製した10mM HEPES緩衝液1.8mLを加え、エタノール濃度が5%になるまで希釈した。Amicon Ultra 4(Millipore社)を用い、遠心条件(室温,2267rpm,20min)で約50μLまで限外濾過し濃縮した。その後、pH7.4に調製した100mM HEPES緩衝液を用いて4mLまでメスアップし、再度、室温条件で遠心(2267rpm,20min)を行うことで濃縮した。最後に、10mM HEPES緩衝液(pH7.4)で目的の脂質濃度になるようメスアップした。
ガラス試験管にDOTAP:DOPE:Chol=3:4:3となるように、各脂質のクロロホルム溶液5mM DOTAP24.75μL、5mM DOPE33μL、5mM Chol24.75μLを混ぜ、総脂質量は412.5nmolとなるようにした。全量で250μLとなるようにエタノールを加え、デシケーターで減圧乾燥し、溶媒を留去して脂質薄膜を得た。脂質薄膜に総脂質濃度が1.65mMとなるように[試験例1](1)で調製した遺伝子静電的複合体250μL(10mM HEPES;pH7.4)を添加し、室温で10min静置し水和させた後、ソニケーター(アイワ医科工業株式会社)で1分間超音波処理した。
ローダミン標識pDNAは、Label/IT CX-Rhodamine Labeling Kit(Mirus)を用いて添付プロトコルに従い調製した。得られたローダミン標識pDNA溶液は、Nano Drop(Thermo Scientific)を用いて、濃度を算出した。ローダミン標識されたpDNAが封入されたMENDを調製する際には、[試験例1](1)に記載したpDNA溶液をすべてローダミン標識されたpDNAに置き換え、[試験例1](2)、(3)に記載の方法に従いMENDを調製した。
[試験例1]
(2)、(3)に記載されたMENDの調製時に、NBD-DOPE(Avanti Polar Lipids)のエタノール溶液を総脂質量の1モル%相当分加えることで、脂質膜が蛍光ラベルされたMENDの調製を行った。
各種MENDの粒子径、及び表面電位の測定
粒子径並びに表面電位は、動的光散乱法(Zetasizer Nano;Malve Rn社)を用いて測定した。[試験例1]の調製法により調製された各種MENDの粒子径、表面電位を表3に示す。B-2やDODAPでは、生理的pHにおいて、電荷は好ましい形態である-10~+10mVであるのに対し、B-2-1においては、+12.3と+10mV以上の電荷を帯びていた。
また、公知のカチオン性脂質であるDOTAPを用いたMENDでは表面電位は+50mV程度であった。
還元的環境でのリポソーム崩壊試験
TNSを用いた各種MENDの還元的環境下における脂質膜不安定性の評価
各種MEND溶液に終濃度10mMとなるようにDTTを加え37℃で静置した。0、1、2、4、8、24時間後のタイムポイントにおいてTNS(6-(p-Toludino)-2-Naphthalene Sulfonic acid)による蛍光強度を測定した。MEND溶液を0.5mMへと希釈し、0.5mM MEND溶液12μL、酸性pH(pH4.0)の20mMクエン酸緩衝液(150mM NaCl含有)を186μL、0.6mM TNS2μLを蛍光測定用96-well plate(nunc社)へ加え、励起波長321nm、検出波長447nmで、37℃での蛍光強度を測定した。コントロールとして、DTTを含んでいない同量の10mM HEPES緩衝液を0時間で加え、各時間37℃で静置したMEND溶液を用い、同様の処理によりTNSによる蛍光強度測定を行った。コントロールの蛍光強度で還元環境下の蛍光強度を除したものを、脂質膜の不安定化の指標としている。結果を図1に示す。
遺伝子発現及び細胞内取り込み活性評価
(1)MENDの細胞内取り込み量評価
カチオン性脂質としてB-2(実施例1)、B-2-1(比較例1)、DODAP(比較例2)を用い、カチオン性脂質:SOPE:Chol=3:4:3からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000DSGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。また、カチオン性MENDにおいては、DOTAP(比較例3):DOPE:Chol:=3:4:3の組成からなる脂質を用い、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法に従い調製した。各種MENDの脂質を蛍光ラベルする際には、[試験例1](5)に記載の方法で行った。
カチオン性脂質としてB-2(実施例1)、B-2-1(比較例1)、DODAP(比較例2)を用い、カチオン性脂質:SOPE:Chol=3:4:3からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000DSGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。また、カチオン性MENDにおいては、DOTAP:DOPE:Chol:=3:4:3の組成からなる脂質を用い、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法に従い調製した。
遺伝子発現活性
B-2(実施例1)及び、B-2-2(実施例2)、B-2-3(実施例3)をカチオン性脂質として、カチオン性脂質:SOPE:Chol=3:4:3からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DSGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。遺伝子発現評価は、[実施例4](2)に記載の方法で行った。結果を図5に示す。
細胞内動態(エンドソーム脱出効率)
MEND調製には、[試験例1](4)の方法で調製されたRhodamine標識pDNAを用いた。 カチオン性脂質:SOPE:Chol=5:3:2からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。また、カチオン性MENDにおいては、DOTAP(比較例3):DOPE:Chol:=3:4:3の組成からなる脂質を用い、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法に従い調製した。また、DOTAP:DOPE:Chol:=3:4:3の脂質組成を有するカチオン性MENDも単純水和法により調製し、脂質濃度として0.55mMとした。
細胞内動態(脱被覆効率)
MEND調製には、[試験例1](4)の方法で調製されたRhodamine標識pDNAを用いた。また、MENDを構成する脂質の蛍光ラベル化は、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法により行った。カチオン性脂質:SOPE:Chol=5:3:2からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。また、カチオン性MENDにおいては、DOTAP:DOPE:Chol:=3:4:3の組成からなる脂質を用い、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法に従い調製した。
in vivoにおける遺伝子発現活性、及び活性持続時間
(1)in vivo投与用MENDの調製
ベクターのコアとして、ルシフェラーゼ遺伝子をコードするpDNA溶液、プロタミン(メーカー)溶液をそれぞれ、10mM HEPES緩衝液でそれぞれ0.3mg/mL、0.24mg/mLに希釈し、0.3mg/mL pDNA400μLを攪拌しながら0.23mg/mLのプロタミン溶液を400μLを少量ずつ滴下してプロタミンとpDNAの静電的複合体を調製した(N/P比=1.2)。
(1)の項で示した方法で調製したMEND溶液、及び肝臓で高い遺伝子発現を有している、MPC/GALAを使用したカチオン性MEND(Ukawa et al., Biomaterials., 31(24) 6355-6362(2010))を各々40μg DNA相当、5週齢の雄のICRマウスに尾静脈投与した。6、24、48、72時間後にマウスを頸椎脱臼法によって安楽死させ、肝臓・肺・脾臓を摘出し、液体窒素で凍結処理した。これをLysis緩衝液中で融解させ、ホモジネートの作製を行った。これを13,000rpm,10分,4℃で遠心し、上清を採取し、これを測定サンプルとした。サンプル溶液20μLをルシフェラーゼ基質50μLと混合し、Luminescenser-PSN(AB2200 ATTO)を用いてルシフェラーゼ活性を測定した。また、サンプル中のタンパク質濃度を、BCA protein assay kitを用いて定量し、遺伝子発現活性をRLU/mg proteinとして測定した。結果を図9及び図10に示す。
エンドソーム、ライソソーム酸性化阻害による遺伝子発現活性への影響
カチオン性脂質としてB-2(実施例1)、B-2-1(比較例1)、DODAP(比較例2)を用い、カチオン性脂質:SOPE:Chol=5:3:2からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。また、カチオン性MENDにおいては、DOTAP(比較例3):DOPE:Chol:=3:4:3の組成からなる脂質を用い、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法に従い調製した。
試験管内翻訳反応に対する影響の評価
Rabbit Reticulocyte Lysate Systems, Nuclease Treated(promega社)を用いた試験管内翻訳系に対する阻害効果の評価
B-2:SOPE:Chol=5:3:2からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。また、カチオン性MENDにおいては、DOTAP:DOPE:Chol:=3:4:3の組成からなる脂質を用い、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法に従い調製した。
血清耐性評価
B-2(実施例1):SOPE:Chol=3:4:3あるいは、B-2(実施例1):SOPC:Chol=3:4:3からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。
B-2 MENDによる遺伝子発現活性の経時変化の評価
試験例9で示した方法で調製したMEND溶液、及び肝臓で高い遺伝子発現を有している、R8/GALAを使用したカチオン性MEND(Khalil et al., J Control Release., 156(3) 374-80, 2011)、肝臓を標的とした市販の遺伝子導入試薬であるin vivo JetPEI-Gal (PolyPlus-Transfection)を各々40μg DNA相当、5週齢の雄のICRマウスに尾静脈投与した。この際、B-2からなるMENDに搭載するDNAとして、免疫応答を誘起することが知られているCpG配列をすべて除外したpDNAとして、国際公開第2011/132713号に記載のpCpGfree-Luc(0)を、また、CpG配列を有する一般的なpDNAとして、プラスミドDNAのバックボーンにCpG配列を含み、かつマーカー遺伝子であるルシフェラーゼ配列の開始コドンからストップコドンにもCpG配列を有するプラスミドDNA(pcDNA3.1-Luc(+);CpG配列合計425個)を用いた。カチオン性MENDおよび、in vivo JetPEI-Galを用いた遺伝子導入においては、pCpGfree-Luc(0)のみを用いた。6,24, 72時間後に3mg相当のルシフェリン(in vivo grade, Promega)をマウスに腹腔内投与し、IVIS LuminaII(Caliper Life Sciences)を用いてイメージングを行った。なお、B-2からなるMENDについては72時間より後の時刻においても週に2回程度イメージングを行った。取得した画像からマウス腹部における総発光量をphoton/secとして算出し、これを肝臓における遺伝子発現活性の指標とした。取得した画像を図14(上段)に、総発光量のグラフを図14(下段)に示した。
MENDの肝臓内挙動の評価
試験例9で示した方法で調製したMEND、及び肝臓で高い遺伝子発現を有しているR8/GALAを使用したカチオン性MEND(Khalil et al., J Control Release., 156(3) 374-80)に対し、それぞれ調製段階で脂質溶液にRhodamine-DOPE(Avanti polar lipids)を加えることによって蛍光ラベルした。なお、R8/GALA-MENDに対しては総脂質濃度の0.1%、B-2 MENDに対しては総脂質濃度の1%となるようにRhodamine-DOPEを加えた。50mg/mLのペントバルビタールナトリウム(ナカライテスク)を生理食塩水で5倍希釈したものをICRマウス(5週齢♂)に腹腔内投与し、麻酔を行った。麻酔下のマウスにGriffonia simplicifolia Lectin I-B4 Isolectin, FITC Conjugate (VECTOR Laboratories)を80μL程度尾静脈投与し、血管内皮細胞の染色を行った。マウスの開腹を行い、肝臓を露出させ、臓器の乾燥を防止するためにImmersolTM518F(Carl Zeiss)を臓器に滴下した。マウス尾静脈にMEND溶液で満たした延長チューブを接続した翼付静脈留置針を留置した。マウスの心臓の拍動による観察部位のずれを防止するため、肝臓を吸着させて固定するデバイス(Shimizu K et al., J Biosci Bioeng. 112(5):508-10)を用い、共焦点顕微鏡(Nikon A1)を用いて60倍水浸レンズで観察を行った。動画の撮影開始後約5秒で40μg DNA/mouseとなるようにマウスにMENDを投与し、約10分後に動画の撮影を終了した。結果を図15に示した。
MEND投与によるサイトカイン産生評価
[試験例12]において用いたMENDを各々40μg DNA相当、5週齢の雄のICRマウスに尾静脈投与した。1,3,6, 24時間後に心臓より血液を採取し、Quantikine ELISA kit(R&D Systems)を用い、TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-12p70を測定した。各々の血中濃度推移を図16に示す。
B-2-4、B-2-5を用いたMENDの調製
(1)B-2-4(実施例4):DOPE:Chol=3:3:4、B-2-5(実施例5):POPE:Chol=3:4:3からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](1)、(2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。
Cy5標識pDNAは、Label/IT Cy5 Labeling Kit(Mirus)を用いて添付プロトコルに従い調製した。得られたCy5標識pDNA溶液は、Nano Drop(Thermo Scientific)を用いて、濃度を算出した。Cy5標識されたpDNAが封入されたMENDを調製する際には、[試験例1](1)に記載したpDNA溶液のうち10%をCy5標識されたpDNAに置き換え、[試験例1](2)、(3)に記載の方法に従いMENDを調製した。
各種MENDの粒子径、及び表面電位の測定
粒子径並びに表面電位は、動的光散乱法(Zetasizer Nano;Malvern社)を用いて測定した。[試験例1]の調製法により調製された各種MENDの粒子径、表面電位を表4に示す。B-2-4、B-2-5ともに、生理的pHにおいて好ましい電荷である-10~+10mVであった。
染色法による電子顕微鏡観察
B-2(実施例1)、B-2-4(実施例4)について[試験例1](1)、(2)、[試験例15]に従いMENDを調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して1.38mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。遠心チューブに50%ショ糖溶液(pH5.3)を5mL加え10%ショ糖溶液(pH5.3)を5mL重層し、さらにMEND溶液1.5mLを重層し不連続密度勾配を形成した。超遠心(110000g、2h、25℃)により精製を行った(OptimaTM L-90K Ultracentrifuge、Sw41Ti、BECKMAN)。ショ糖密度10%と50%の界面を4mL回収し、限外濾過(1000g、3min、25℃)によりショ糖を除きサンプル溶液とした。2倍希釈したサンプル溶液を400メッシュカーボンフィルムTEMグリッドに吸着させ、ろ紙で吸い取った後、2%リンタングステン酸溶液(pH7.0)を加え10秒間静置した。観察は透過型電子顕微鏡(JEM-1200EX、日本電子)で行った。加速電圧は80kVとし、画像はCCDカメラ(VELETA、日本電子)を用いて撮影した。結果を図17に示す。
遺伝子発現活性評価
脂質としてB-2-4(実施例4):DOPE:Chol=3:3:4、B-2-5(実施例5):POPE:Chol=3:3:4、B-2(実施例1):SOPE:Chol=5:3:2からなる組成を用い、[試験例1](1)、(2)に従ってMENDの調製を行った。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。
遺伝子発現活性および細胞内取り込み量の経時的評価
(1)MEND細胞内取り込み量の経時的観察
B-2-4(実施例4)、B-2(実施例1)について、[試験例1](1)、(2)、[試験例15]に従いMENDを調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。また、カチオン性MENDにおいては、DOTAP(比較例3):DOPE:Chol:=3:4:3の組成からなる脂質を用い、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法に従い調製した。pDNAを蛍光ラベルする際には[試験例15](2)に記載の方法で行った。
B-2-4(実施例4)、B-2(実施例1)について、[試験例1](1)、(2)、[試験例18]に従いMENDを調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。また、カチオン性MENDにおいては、DOTAP(比較例3):DOPE:Chol:=3:4:3の組成からなる脂質を用い、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法に従い調製した。
細胞内動態(エンドソーム脱出効率)
(1)エンドソーム脱出効率評価
MEND調製には、[試験例1](4)の方法で調製されたRhodamine標識pDNAを用いた。ローダミン標識されたpDNAが封入されたMENDを調製する際には、[試験例1](1)に記載したpDNA溶液のうち50%をローダミン標識されたpDNAに置き換えた。
B-2-4(実施例4):DOPE:Chol=3:3:4、B-2(実施例1):SOPE:Chol=5:3:2からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。
細胞内動態(脱被覆効率)
MEND調製には、[試験例1](4)の方法で調製されたRhodamine標識pDNAを用いた。ローダミン標識されたpDNAが封入されたMENDを調製する際には、[試験例1](1)に記載したpDNA溶液のうち50%をローダミン標識されたpDNAに置き換えた。また、MENDを構成する脂質の蛍光ラベル化は、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法により行った。B-2-4(実施例1):DOPE:Chol=3:3:4、B-2(比較例2):SOPE:Chol=5:3:2からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。
細胞内動態(細胞内取り込み経路)
(1)細胞内取り込み量への影響
B-2-4(実施例4)、B-2(実施例1)について、[試験例1](1)、(2)、[試験例18]に従いMENDを調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。pDNAを蛍光ラベルする際には[試験例15](2)に記載の方法で行った。
脂質としてB-2-4(実施例4):DOPE:Chol=3:3:4、B-2(実施例1):SOPE:Chol=5:3:2からなる組成を用い、[試験例1](1)、(2)に従ってMENDの調製を行った。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。
エンドソーム酸性化阻害剤の影響評価
B-2-4(実施例4)、B-2(実施例1)について、[試験例1](1)、(2)、[試験例N8]に従いMENDを調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。
レチノイン酸(RA)による阻害効果の評価
(1)遺伝子発現阻害効果
B-2-4(実施例4)、B-2(実施例1)について、[試験例1](1)、(2)、[試験例18]に従いMENDを調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。
細胞内動態(核輸送)
MEND調製には、[試験例1](4)の方法で調製されたRhodamine標識pDNAを用いた。ローダミン標識されたpDNAが封入されたMENDを調製する際には、[試験例1](1)に記載したpDNA溶液のうち全てをローダミン標識されたpDNAに置き換えた。また、MENDを構成する脂質の蛍光ラベル化は、[試験例1](3)に記載の方法により行った。B-2-4(実施例4):DOPE:Chol=3:3:4、B-2(実施例1):SOPE:Chol=5:3:2からなる組成のMENDを[試験例1](2)に記載の方法に従い調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。
GA(Ginkgolic Acid)による阻害効果の評価
B-2-4(実施例4)、B-2(実施例1)について、[試験例16]、[試験例1](1)、(2)に従いMENDを調製した。本調製においては、PEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを用い、脂質濃度に換算して0.55mM相当のMEND溶液を調製した。
siRNAとプロタミンからなる核酸静電的複合体の形成
ベクターのコアとして、siRNA溶液、プロタミン溶液(CALBIOCHEM)溶液を、10mM HEPES緩衝液(pH5.3)でそれぞれ0.3mg/mL、0.2mg/mLに希釈し、0.3mg/mL siRNA溶液250μLを攪拌しながら0.2mg/mL プロタミン溶液250μLを少量ずつ滴下してsiRNAとプロタミンの静電的複合体を調製した(N/P比=1.0)。
エタノール希釈法によるsiRNA封入MENDの調製
脂質のエタノール溶液を、B-2 MEND(実施例1)はB-2:SOPE:Chol=5:3:2、B-2-4 MEND(実施例4)はB-2-4:DOPE:Chol=3:3:4、B-2-5 MEND(実施例5)はB-2-5:POPE:Chol=3:4:3の比率で、総脂質660nmolになるように5mLチューブに混合した。さらにPEG脂質としてPEG2000-DMGを総脂質量に対して3モル%相当量添加し、それぞれ全量で400μLとなるようにエタノールを加えた。脂質溶液をボルテックスミキサーを用いて攪拌しながら、[試験例27]で調製したsiRNA・プロタミンからなる核酸静電的複合体溶液400μLを混合し、その後素早く10mM HEPES緩衝液(pH5.3)2.4mLを加え、激しく攪拌した。Amicon Ultra-15 100K device(Millipore社)を用い、1000g,10分,30℃で遠心し限外濾過した。その後、10mM HEPES緩衝液(pH7.4)で十分希釈し、再び限外濾過を行い濃縮した。この溶液を10mM HEPES緩衝液(pH7.4)で目的の脂質濃度になるよう調整した。
siRNA封入MENDの粒子径、及び表面電位の測定
粒子径並びに表面電位は、動的光散乱法(Zetasizer Nano;Malvern社)を用いて測定した。[試験例28]の調製法により調製された各種MENDの粒子径、表面電位を表5に示す。いずれにおいても生理的pHでは、弱い負電荷を示した。
siRNA封入MENDのノックダウン効果
[試験例28]で示した方法で調製したMEND溶液を、4週齢の雄のICRマウスに、3mg siRNA/kgで尾静脈投与し、24時間後に、血液を採取した。本血液サンプルを1000g、10分、4℃で遠心し、上清を回収することで血漿を得た。血漿中のFactor VII(FVII)量を、BIOPHEN FVII CHROMOGENIC ASSAY(HYPHEN BioMed)を用いて定量した。結果を図33に示す。未処理群に比べ、B-2、B-2-4、B-2-5いずれにおいてもFVII発現量の低下が見られ、その中でもB-2-5 MENDが最も大きいノックダウン効果を示した。
siRNA封入MENDの持続性評価
[試験例28]で示した方法で調製したMEND溶液を、4週齢の雄のICRマウスに、3mg siRNA/kgで尾静脈投与してから6日目まで、24時間後ごとに尾静脈より継時的に血液を採取し、FVIIの発現量を経時的に追った。結果を図34に示す。
Claims (9)
- Xa及びXbが独立して、X1である請求項1記載の化合物。
- R3a及びR3bが独立して、脂溶性ビタミン残基又は炭素数12~22の脂肪族炭化水素基である請求項1又は2記載の化合物。
- R3a及びR3bが独立して、脂溶性ビタミン残基である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- R3a及びR3bが独立して、炭素数12~22の脂肪族炭化水素基である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の化合物を膜の構成脂質として含む脂質膜構造体。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の化合物、又は請求項6記載の脂質膜構造体を含む核酸導入剤。
- 生体外において、核酸を内封した請求項6記載の脂質膜構造体と細胞とを接触させることを含む、当該核酸を当該細胞内へ導入する方法。
- 核酸を内封した請求項6記載の脂質膜構造体を、標的細胞へ送達されるように、生体へ投与することを含む、当該核酸を当該細胞内へ導入する方法。
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