Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of suppressing resistance to treatment with inhibitors of BRAF.
• kinases associated with tumorigenesis include the receptor tyrosine kinases and the serine/threonine kinase, Raf kinase. These kinases play critical roles in signal transduction pathways that influence and regulate many cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
• Raf kinase is part of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway comprising the Ras-Raf-MEK1-ERK signaling molecules.
• MAPK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
• Raf has three distinct isoforms A-Raf, B-Raf, and C-Raf as distinguished by their ability to interact with its upstream modulator Ras.
• An activating mutation of one of the Ras genes can be seen in about 20% of all tumors and the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is activated in about 30% of all tumors (Bos et al., Cancer Res. 49:4682-4689, 1989; Hoshino et al., Oncogene 18:813-822, 1999).
• Activating mutation in the kinase domain of B-Raf occurs in about 66% of melanomas, 12% of colon carcinoma and 14% of liver cancer (Davies et al., Nature 417:949-954, 2002; Yuen et al., Cancer Research 62:6451- 6455, 2002; Brose et al., Cancer Research 62:6997-7000, 2002).
• Small molecule RAF inhibitors such as vemurafenib
• BRAFV600E is a key driver of proliferation and survival in melanoma, as evidenced by tumor regression and prolonged survival in patients in late stage clinical trials.
• the tumor response can be short-lived when resistance to a RAF inhibitor rapidly develops.
• FIG. 1 Comparison of continuous and intermittent dosing of a BRAF inhibitor of formula II shows that taking away a growth advantage for the resistant cells by intermittent dosing delays or prevents the onset of resistance to the BRAF inhibitor.
• the present invention is based on the discovery that Raf kinase resistant tumor cells are 'less fit' than tumor cells which are sensitive to the Raf kinase inhibitor and have a selective disadvantage over sensitive cells in the absence of the Raf kinase inhibitor.
• resistance to treatment with a Raf kinase inhibitor is suppressed by administering the Raf kinase inhibitor on an intermittent dosing schedule.
• Suppressing resistance to treatment means delaying or preventing the onset of resistance to treatment with the Raf kinase inhibitor.
• intermittent dosing schedule means that that the B-Raf kinase inhibitor is administered for a period of time followed by a period of time wherein treatment with the B-Raf kinase inhibitor is withheld.
• the Raf kinase inhibitor is administered daily for a period of 4 weeks followed by a period of two weeks without treatment and the cycle is repeated while the patient is treated with the Raf kinase inhibitor.
• Vemurafenib (PLX4032) is a BRAF inhibitor which was approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with melanoma whose tumors express the BRAF V600E mutation.
• Vemurafenib has the following chemical structure:
• the BRAF inhibitor is preferably a compound of formula II.
• PD Pharmacodynamic
• Pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis within individual tumors indicated that the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway is still suppressed in resistant tumors, although the degree and duration of suppression is less than in sensitive tumors. Furthermore, the kinetics of pathway inhibition and recovery are different between each resistant tumor.
• Biochemical analyses indicate that serine/threonine kinases and modulation of negative feedback loops to serine/threonine kinases may be involved in resistance, as well as up-regulation of BRAF V600E expression.
• Pharmacological evaluation of tumor response has provided insight into tumor cell populations and the evolution of resistance. Increasing the dose of drug administered to mice bearing resistant tumors leads to a significant yet transient tumor response, followed by tumor progression.
• All resistant tumors have higher levels of p-ERK in the presence of the BRAF inhibitor compound compared to sensitive tumors and have faster recovery rates post-dose.
• the kinetics of the recovery vary between resistant tumors.
• BRAF resistant tumors depend on the presence of drug for growth and removal of the drug causes tumors to regress. Resistant cells are less fit then sensitive cells in the absence of compound.
• the present invention utilizes this discovery to suppress resistance to treatment with a BRAF inhibitor by administering the BRAF inhibitor on an intermittent dosing schedule
• the present invention includes a method of treating a proliferative disease, which comprises suppressing resistance to treatment with a BRAF kinase inhibitor by administering the BRAF kinase inhibitor on an intermittent dosing schedule.
• the present invention includes A method of treating a proliferative disease characterized by a mutation in BRAF kinase, which comprises suppressing resistance to treatment with a BRAF inhibitor of the Formula II
• the present invention further relates to a method of treating a proliferative disease characterized by a mutation in BRAF kinase, which comprises suppressing resistance to treatment with a BRAF inhibitor by administering the BRAF inhibitor on an intermittent dosing schedule.
• This aspect of the invention further relates to a method wherein the BRAF mutation is a V600 mutation, such as BRAFV600E.
• the proliferative diseases treated by the inventive method include cancer such as, but not limited to, bladder, breast, brain, head and neck, liver, biliary tract, carcinomas, acute and chronic lymphoid leukemias, acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias, chronic
• myelomonocytic leukemias colorectal, gastric, gastrointestinal stromal, glioma, lymphomas, melanomas, multiple myeloma, myeloproliferative diseases, neuroendocrine, lung, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate, renal cell, sarcomas and thyroid, such as papillary thyroid, cancers.
• Other proliferative diseases include mast cell leukemia, germ cell tumors, small-cell lung carcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, neuroblastoma, and osteosarcoma.
• the proliferative disease treated by the inventive method is melanoma which is characterized by a V600 mutation, such as BRAFV600E, or colorectal cancer characterized by a V600 mutation, such as BRAFV600E.
• the intermittent dosing schedule comprises administering the BRAF inhibitor for a period of 4 weeks followed by a period of two weeks without treatment and repeating the cycle while the patient is treated with the BRAF inhibitor or until resistance emerges.
• additional intermittent dosing schedules include, for example, cycles of 1 one week on 1 week off, 2 weeks on 1 or 2 weeks off, 3 weeks on 1 , 2 or 3 weeks off, 4 weeks on 1 , 2, 3 or 4 weeks off, especially 4 weeks on 1 week off or 4 weeks on 2 weeks off, 5 weeks on 1 , 2 3, 4, or 5 weeks off, 6 weeks on and 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 weeks off, and so on.
• This invention further includes use of a BRAF inhibitor for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a proliferative disease whereby the BRAF inhibitor is administered on an intermittent dosing schedule.
• a BRAF inhibitor of the Formula II for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a proliferative disease whereby the BRAF inhibitor of Formula II is administered on an intemittent dosing schedule
• Hmex1906 primary human melanoma tumors are implanted at passage 3 into nude mice.
• the mice were monitored until the implanted tumors reached 200-400mm 3 . Once this size is reached, the mice are dosed bid with 5mg/kg of a Raf inhibitor (Compound of Formula II) for 4 weeks. Some of the mice continue treatment while others are subject to an ntermittent treatment schedule of 4 weeks of treatment and 2 weeks of drug holiday..
• the results are shown in Figure 1. Resistance emerged in all mice receiving the Compound of Formula II on a continuous basis, but there is no evidence of resistance in the mice that were subject to an intermittent dosing schedule.

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• 2012
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