WO2013065855A1 - 共役高分子の製造方法、共役高分子、光電変換素子、太陽電池、及び太陽電池モジュール - Google Patents
共役高分子の製造方法、共役高分子、光電変換素子、太陽電池、及び太陽電池モジュール Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013065855A1 WO2013065855A1 PCT/JP2012/078542 JP2012078542W WO2013065855A1 WO 2013065855 A1 WO2013065855 A1 WO 2013065855A1 JP 2012078542 W JP2012078542 W JP 2012078542W WO 2013065855 A1 WO2013065855 A1 WO 2013065855A1
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- conjugated polymer
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- transition metal
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
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- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 167
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- 229910052800 carbon group element Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
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- SNHMUERNLJLMHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodobenzene Chemical compound IC1=CC=CC=C1 SNHMUERNLJLMHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N iron;(z)-4-oxoniumylidenepent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Fe].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005956 isoquinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- CTAPFRYPJLPFDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isoxazole Chemical compound C=1C=NOC=1 CTAPFRYPJLPFDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000842 isoxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- YNESATAKKCNGOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide Chemical compound [Li+].C[Si](C)(C)[N-][Si](C)(C)C YNESATAKKCNGOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UBJFKNSINUCEAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;2-methylpropane Chemical compound [Li+].C[C-](C)C UBJFKNSINUCEAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008204 material by function Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013335 mesoporous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanediyl Chemical compound [CH2] HZVOZRGWRWCICA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940057867 methyl lactate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012229 microporous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004776 molecular orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000006606 n-butoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003506 n-propoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002091 nanocage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005186 naphthyloxy group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)O* 0.000 description 1
- BMGNSKKZFQMGDH-FDGPNNRMSA-L nickel(2+);(z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Ni+2].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O BMGNSKKZFQMGDH-FDGPNNRMSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000002560 nitrile group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- NHLUYCJZUXOUBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonadec-1-ene Chemical group CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C NHLUYCJZUXOUBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005071 nonynyl group Chemical group C(#CCCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-biphenylenemethane Natural products C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940078552 o-xylene Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004365 octenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006464 oxidative addition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005740 oxycarbonyl group Chemical group [*:1]OC([*:2])=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JKDRQYIYVJVOPF-FDGPNNRMSA-L palladium(ii) acetylacetonate Chemical compound [Pd+2].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O JKDRQYIYVJVOPF-FDGPNNRMSA-L 0.000 description 1
- SLIUAWYAILUBJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentacene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC5=CC=CC=C5C=C4C=C3C=C21 SLIUAWYAILUBJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005981 pentynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- VCBYCJFZYKOLCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M phosphanium tetraethylazanium dichloride Chemical compound [PH4+].[Cl-].[Cl-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC VCBYCJFZYKOLCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000004714 phosphonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004193 piperazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003386 piperidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003495 polar organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005990 polystyrene resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium tert-butoxide Chemical compound [K+].CC(C)(C)[O-] LPNYRYFBWFDTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005493 quinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001567 quinoxalinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=NC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012508 resin bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000003958 selenols Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium ethoxide Chemical compound [Na+].CC[O-] QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005017 substituted alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005415 substituted alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- TULWUZJYDBGXMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurophene Chemical group [Te]1C=CC=C1 TULWUZJYDBGXMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZGNPLWZYVAFUNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butylphosphane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)P ZGNPLWZYVAFUNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKHXQBLJXBGEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylphosphanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[P+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC RKHXQBLJXBGEKF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940095068 tetradecene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CZDYPVPMEAXLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylsilane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C CZDYPVPMEAXLPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJYJJHQEVLEOFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-b]thiophene Chemical compound S1C=CC2=C1C=CS2 VJYJJHQEVLEOFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-e][1]benzothiole Chemical compound C1=C2SC=CC2=C2C=CSC2=C1 CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006478 transmetalation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributylphosphine Chemical compound CCCCP(CCCC)CCCC TUQOTMZNTHZOKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- VQOXUMQBYILCKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridecaene Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC=C VQOXUMQBYILCKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004246 zinc acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
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- H01L31/02—Details
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a conjugated polymer, a conjugated polymer, a photoelectric conversion element, a solar cell, and a solar cell module.
- Conjugated polymers are used as semiconductor materials for devices such as organic EL, organic thin film transistors, and organic light-emitting sensors, and in particular, their application to polymer organic solar cells is attracting attention.
- a homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst of tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) or tetrakis (triorthotolylphosphine) palladium (0) Methods obtained by the ring method are disclosed (Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 2, Non-Patent Document 3).
- a heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst can be adopted as a catalyst used in a method for synthesizing a conjugated polymer (Patent Document 2).
- An object of the present invention is to obtain a conjugated polymer having a higher molecular weight by using a monomer coupling reaction with a transition metal complex catalyst.
- the present inventors have conducted a coupling reaction in which one or more homogeneous transition metal complex catalysts and one or more heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts are used in combination. It has been found that a conjugated polymer having a higher molecular weight can be obtained by polymerizing the monomer, and the present invention has been completed.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows. 1. A process for producing a conjugated polymer comprising a step of polymerizing one or more monomers by a coupling reaction, wherein the one or more homogeneous transition metal complex catalysts and one or more heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts In combination, and a monomer coupling reaction is performed. 2. 2. The conjugated polymer according to item 1, wherein the coupling reaction is a reaction performed in the presence of the one or more homogeneous transition metal complex catalysts and the one or more heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts. Production method. 3. 3. The method for producing a conjugated polymer according to item 1 or 2, wherein the heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst includes a transition metal complex supported on a carrier. 4). 4.
- the aromatic compound is an aromatic compound (Ar (n)) having n active groups (n is an integer of 2 or more and 4 or less), which satisfies the following conditions:
- the total ratio of the aromatic compound having a group is 5 mol% or more with respect to the aromatic compound (Ar (n)) before charging the column. 8).
- the active group is a group having an atom selected from Li, Mg, Zn, B, or a group 14 element of the periodic table.
- the aromatic compound (Ar (n)) contains an aromatic heterocycle, and the active group is bonded to the aromatic heterocycle. 10.
- R 1 and R 2 may each independently have a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, or a substituent. Represents a good alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group or an optionally substituted aromatic group, or R 1 and R 33 , or R 2 and R 34 are bonded to form a ring.
- R 33 and R 34 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an organic group having an atom selected from Group 14 elements of the periodic table, or bonded to each other to form a ring.
- X 1 and X 2 each independently represent an active group
- X 12 and X 13 each independently represent an atom selected from Group 16 elements
- X 14 is bonded to A group that connects two conjugated systems of two members or a direct bond Shown .R 33 and R 34 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 1 , R 2 , X 1 , X 2 , X 12 , X 13 and X 14 are the same as those in Formula (A4), and ring C is substituted. Represents any ring optionally having a group.
- 12 12 The method for producing a conjugated polymer according to 11 above, wherein the ring C is a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered monocycle, or a ring formed by condensing 2 to 6 of these rings. 13. Any one of the preceding paragraphs 10 to 12, further comprising an aromatic compound selected from the group consisting of compounds represented by the following formulas (A11), (A12), (A13), and (A17) as the monomer.
- X 3 and X 4 are a halogen atom, an alkylsulfonyloxy group, or an arylsulfonyloxy group.
- R 31 and R 32 each represent a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a carbon group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- R 25 and R 26 each represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted carbon number 2
- R 27 and R 28 are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted aromatic complex having 2 to 20 carbon atoms. It is a cyclic group.
- Y 1 and Y 2 each independently represent an atom selected from Group 15 elements of the periodic table.
- R 19 and R 20 are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- Y 3 and Y 4 each independently represent a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom having one substituent (C (R 43 )).
- R 43 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms. is there.
- R 21 and R 22 are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted aromatic complex having 2 to 20 carbon atoms. It is a cyclic group.
- a photoelectric conversion element comprising a conjugated polymer obtained by the production method according to any one of items 1 to 13. 15.
- a solar cell comprising the photoelectric conversion element obtained in item 14 above.
- a solar cell module comprising the solar cell obtained in item 15 above.
- a conjugated polymer having a higher molecular weight can be obtained by using a monomer coupling reaction in combination with a homogeneous and heterogeneous transition metal catalyst. Moreover, since the photoelectric conversion element excellent in photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained by using conjugated polymer with larger molecular weight, it is suitable for a solar cell and its module use.
- the method for producing a conjugated polymer of the present invention is a method for producing a conjugated polymer including a step of polymerizing one or more monomers by a coupling reaction, wherein the one or more homogeneous transition metal complex catalysts and one kind are used.
- a monomer coupling reaction is performed in combination with the above heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst.
- the catalyst in the coupling reaction it has been common to use only a homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst or only a heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst.
- the homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst first, since the catalyst is dissolved in the solution, the contact frequency with the monomer is high and the reactivity is generally high. Moreover, since a ligand can be freely selected according to the reactivity, it is advantageous in terms of design of the catalyst compound. On the other hand, the transition metal complex catalyst has problems such as being difficult to recover from the solution.
- the conjugate reaction due to the coupling reaction is high.
- a synthetic reaction rate of molecules is improved, reproducibility is improved, and a conjugated polymer having a large weight average molecular weight can be obtained. This is particularly effective for thermally and / or chemically unstable monomers.
- a transition metal complex catalyst having a large TOF may be a homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst
- a transition metal complex having a large TON may be a heterogeneous transition metal catalyst.
- Coupling reaction and its catalyst examples include (1) oxidative homocoupling reaction, (2) C—H bond activation reaction, (3) cross-coupling reaction, and (4) C-heteroatom coupling. Reaction, etc.
- the coupling reaction include Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, Negishi reaction, Stille reaction, Hiyama reaction, Heck reaction, Sonogashira reaction, Buchwald-Hartwig method, Fu method, Nolan method, Guram method, Beller method, Plenio Numerous various reactions have been developed, such as the method, Bedford method, and Najera method.
- Methods edited by Meijere, Diederich, “Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions” (published by Wiley-Virch), edited by Miyaura, “Topics in Current Chemistry, Volume 219, published by SpringNig. "Synthesis” (published by Wiley), Brandsma et al., "Application of Transition Metal Catalysts in Organic Synthesis” (published by Springer, etc.)
- one or more homogeneous transition metal complex catalysts and one or more heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts are used in combination.
- one or more kinds of homogeneous transition metal complex catalysts and one or more kinds of heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts may be simultaneously added. After putting either one into the system, the other may be put.
- the homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst and the heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst may not be simultaneously present in the reaction system.
- the coupling reaction can be carried out in the presence of one or more homogeneous transition metal complex catalysts and one or more heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts in terms of improving the reaction rate and simplifying the reaction operation. preferable.
- the transition metal complex catalyst refers to a combination of a transition metal salt and an organic ligand that forms a transition metal complex with the transition metal salt.
- transition metal salts having no organic ligand are not included in the transition metal complex catalyst in the present invention.
- transition metal salts without organic ligands include transitions used as promoters in Stille couplings such as Cu 2 O, CuO, CuI, CuBr, CuCl, CuCl 2 , CuBr 2 , or CuI 2 Metal inorganic salts; and transition metal inorganic salts used as promoters in Sonogashira coupling, such as CuI or CuBr.
- At least one of them is a heterogeneous metal complex catalyst because an unstable monomer can be quickly converted into an oligomer under coupling reaction conditions.
- the polymerization reaction rate due to the heterogeneous metal catalyst tends to decrease when it becomes an oligomer, it is preferable to induce the oligomer to the polymer with at least one homogeneous metal catalyst from the viewpoint of obtaining a high molecular weight product.
- one or more homogeneous transition metal complex catalysts and one or more heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts can each independently catalyze a coupling reaction.
- one or more kinds of homogeneous transition metal complex catalysts and one or more kinds of heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts there is a case where transition metal complex catalysts having different structures are used in combination.
- each transition metal catalyst active species by reacting each transition metal catalyst active species with a transition metal salt and a ligand. After the formation, each may be introduced into a coupling reaction system, or a transition metal catalyst active species may be formed by reacting a transition metal salt with a ligand in the reaction system.
- Two or more kinds of homogeneous transition metal complexes may be used, or two or more kinds of heterogeneous transition metal complexes may be used.
- Examples of different types of homogeneous transition metal complexes include those having different types of transition metals, those having different types and numbers of ligands, and those having different points.
- different types of heterogeneous transition metal complexes include, for example, different types of transition metals, different types and numbers of ligands, different types of carriers, and different types of these. Is mentioned.
- homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst that can be used in the coupling reaction of the present invention will be described below.
- a transition metal complex for coupling As the homogeneous transition metal complex, and it is particularly preferable to use a late transition metal as the transition metal.
- late transition metal refers to a group 8 to group 11 element in the periodic table.
- the late transition metals it is particularly preferable to use a homogeneous transition metal complex containing palladium, nickel, iron, and copper in order to improve the reactivity.
- the periodic table refers to the IUPAC 2006 recommended version.
- Palladium is preferred because it can be used universally in various cross-coupling reactions and has high reactivity. Nickel is preferable in terms of cost, and can be used in place of palladium to perform a cross-coupling reaction.
- nickel is preferable to palladium from the viewpoint of reactivity. It is also preferable to use a nickel complex catalyst and a palladium complex catalyst that can be used as a cross-coupling reaction in that high reactivity can be obtained and a polymer having a large molecular weight can be obtained.
- Iron can be preferably used in a coupling reaction in which a Griganard reagent is usually used as a monomer. Iron is also preferred because it can be used for oxidative coupling. Copper is preferable because the Ulllmann coupling can proceed at a lower temperature than before by mixing an appropriate ligand.
- ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium as the late transition metal from the viewpoint of proceeding the coupling reaction between the boric acid derivative and the C—H bond of the aromatic compound, for example.
- the organic ligand possessed by the homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst is formed from typical elements of Groups 13 to 16 of the periodic table and has carbon atoms.
- the periodic table refers to the IUPAC 2006 recommended version (Recommendations of IUPAC 2006).
- a part of the transition metal complex catalyst may have a halogen atom or a hydrogen atom.
- Such an organic ligand is preferable in terms of improving the function of the transition metal complex catalyst.
- An organic ligand suitable for each transition metal may be appropriately selected. The selection of the organic ligand for each transition metal is described in detail below.
- palladium complex In the palladium complex, palladium (0) is an important catalyst species, but in general, it is unstable and easily decomposed in air. On the other hand, palladium (II) is stable and easily converted to palladium (0) by coexistence with a ligand to generate active species in the system. In addition, when producing an active palladium (0) complex from a palladium (II) complex and a ligand in the system, two types of complexes of a palladium (II) complex and a palladium (0) complex are used. It is considered that one kind of palladium complex is used instead.
- the palladium reagent examples include Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 , Pd (P (o-tol) 3 ) 4 , Pd (P (t-Bu) 3 ) 4 , Pd 2 (dba) 3 , Pd 2 (Dba) 3 CHCl 3 , Pd (dba) 2 , Pd (MeCN) 4 (BF 4 ) 2 , PdCl 2 , PdBr 2 , Pd (acac) 2 , Pd (TFA) 2 , Pd (allyl) Cl 2 , [ Pd (allyl) Cl] 2 , Pd (PCy 3 ) 2 Cl 2 , Pd (P (o-tol) 3 ) 2 Cl 2 , Pd (OAc) 2 , PdCl 2 (dppf), PdCl 2 (dppf) CH 2 Examples thereof include zero-valent or divalent compounds such as Cl 2 , Pd (MeCN) 2 Cl 2 , Pd (amP)
- a divalent palladium complex and dibenzylideneacetone palladium can form an active Pd (0) complex by mixing with various ligands.
- the ligand include PPh 3 , dppf, dba, P (t-Bu) 3 , P (Cy) 3 , AsPh 3 , P (o-tol) 3 and the like.
- ligand examples include Buchwald type biphenyl type (biphenylphosphine derivative) (for example, Acc. Chem. Res., 41, 1461-1473, 2008, Chem. Sci., 2, 27-50, 2011).
- Nolan type carbene type for example, those listed in Chem. Rev., 109, 3612-3676, Acc. Chem. Res., 41, 1440-1449
- Fu type aliphatic Phosphine type for example, those listed in Acc. Chem. Res., 41, 1555-1564
- Organ et al. PEPPSI type
- Beller type palladacycle type (for example, Dupont et al., Chem. Rev., 105, 2527).
- a phosphine ligand is preferably used as the ligand.
- Nickel catalysts include Negishi et al., Chemistry of OrganoZinc Compounds (Pt. 1), pp. 457-553, (2006), Takahashi et al., Modern Organonickel Chemistry, pp. 41-55 (2005) can be used.
- Ni (0) complex is more unstable in the air than the Pd (0) complex, the preparation of the Ni (0) complex by reducing stable Ni (II) will deactivate the catalyst. It is preferable in terms of difficulty.
- a nickel catalyst is preferable compared to a palladium catalyst in terms of cost and ease of removal after the reaction.
- nickel catalyst examples include Ni (PPh 3 ) 4 , NiBr 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 , NiCl 2 (dppf), NiCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 , NiCl 2 , NiI 2 , and Ni (acac) 2. , Ni (cod) 2 , NiCl 2 (glyme), Ni (py) 4 Cl 2 , NiCl 2 (dppp), NiCl 2 (dppe) and the like. Divalent nickel can be converted into an active species by converting it to zero valence in the system.
- iron catalysts include Fe (acac) 3 , Fe (dmb) 3 , [Fe (C 2 H 4 ) 4 ] [Li (tmeda)] 2 , [(FeCl 3 ) 2 (tmeda) 3 ] and the like. Can be mentioned.
- FeCl 3 and organic ligands described in known literature for example, those described in Plietker, “Iron Catalysis in Organic Chemistry; Reactions and Applications” (published by Wiley-VCH) (2008)) And may be used in combination.
- Iron is an inexpensive metal, and it is preferable to use iron from the viewpoint of easy removal after the reaction.
- Copper catalyst examples include CuOAc, (CuOTf) 2 , CuTC, Cu (MeCN) 4 PF 6 , CuBr ⁇ Me 2 S, Cu (neocup) (PPh 3 ), and the like.
- the copper catalyst is preferable in that it can perform Ullmann-type coupling at a temperature lower than that of the prior art, and can be used for a CN bond generation reaction of a heterocyclic atom that may decrease the reactivity with a palladium catalyst.
- the active species are prepared by reacting each metal salt with a ligand. Each active species can be introduced into the coupling reaction solution.
- two or more transition metal complexes having the same ligand and different transition metals when two or more transition metal complexes having the same ligand and different transition metals are used, two or more transition metal salts and a ligand may be added to the coupling reaction solution.
- a method of preparing each active species separately is used.
- heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst that can be used in the coupling reaction of the present invention will be described below.
- a transition metal complex for coupling it is preferable to use a transition metal complex for coupling as the heterogeneous transition metal complex, and it is particularly preferable to use a late transition metal as the transition metal.
- a heterogeneous transition metal complex containing palladium, nickel, iron, and copper it is particularly preferable to use a heterogeneous transition metal complex containing palladium, nickel, iron, and copper in order to improve the reactivity.
- organic ligand possessed by the heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst those similar to those exemplified for the homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst can be used.
- organic ligands described in known literature can also be used.
- the heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst is preferably supported on a carrier.
- the support include metals, nanocolloids, nanoparticles, magnetic compounds, metal oxides, glass, microporous materials, mesoporous materials, activated carbon, silica gel, alumina, zeolite, clay, polymers, and dendrimers.
- heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst supported on activated carbon, silica gel, alumina, zeolite, clay, polymer, or the like because the heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst can be easily recovered.
- the support of the heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst is a porous support in terms of promoting the reaction.
- the porous carrier include porous glass, activated carbon, silica gel, alumina, zeolite, and a porous polymer.
- the support for the heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst is preferably porous glass or a porous polymer.
- porous glass examples include glass wool.
- porous polymer examples include polystyrene, polyethylene, and urea resin.
- heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts include Liebscher et al., Chem. Rev. 107, 133-173 (2007), Molnar, Chem. Rev. , 111, 2251-2320 (2011), Polshettiwar et al., Chem. Rev. 111, 3036-3075 (2011), Adv. Synth. Catal. , 346, 1553-1582 (2006), Adv. Synth. Catal.
- heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst examples include FibreCat 1001, FibreCat 1007, FibreCat 1026, Pl Palladium, Palladium-Nanocage, Palladium (II) -Hydrotalcite (m), Palladium (ro) Pd EnCat (registered trademark) 30, Pd EnCat (registered trademark) 40, Pd EnCat (registered trademark) TPP, Pd EnCat (registered trademark) TOTPP30, Pd EnCat (registered trademark) BINAP, PS- TPP 2 PdCl 2, PS-TPP 2 Pd (OAc) 2, PS-TPP 2 PdTPP 2, Pd -containing ChemDose tablet (or, Aldrich Corp. , SiliaCat S-Pd, SiliaCat DPP-Pd (manufactured by SiliCycle Co.), and the like.
- heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst examples include the following structures.
- PS represents polystyrene.
- polymers such as polyethylene and urea resin can be used.
- TPP represents triphenylphosphine
- Ac represents an acetyl group.
- heterogeneous transition metal complex catalysts do not contain a ligand in advance. When no ligand is contained, a ligand may be added.
- the addition of the ligand may be performed in advance or may be performed in the reaction system of the coupling reaction.
- the ligand the same ligands as those described for the homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst can be used.
- Each of the one or more monomers used in the coupling reaction of the present invention is preferably a conjugated compound having a donor property or an acceptor property, or an aromatic compound. An aromatic compound is more preferable.
- conjugated compounds or aromatic compounds examples include aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic heterocyclic compounds, alkenes having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, conjugated dienes having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, and conjugated systems. And those in which these molecules are bonded to each other.
- Examples of monomers used in the coupling reaction of the present invention include X 1 -A 1 -X 2 (Compound A1), X 3 -A 2 -X 4 (Compound A2), or X 1 -A 3 -X 3 (Compound A3).
- X 1 to X 4 each represent an active group described later, and are bonded to a carbon atom constituting a conjugated system or a carbon atom forming an aromatic ring in the compounds A1 to A3.
- a conjugated polymer can be obtained as shown in the following reaction formulas (1) and (2) by coupling the compound A1 and the compound A2 or by coupling the compound A3.
- two or more kinds of compounds A1 may be used as a mixture
- two or more kinds of compounds A2 may be used as a mixture
- two or more kinds of compounds A3 may be used as a mixture.
- 2 or more types of compounds A1 and 2 or more types of compounds A2 may be mixed and used by arbitrary ratios.
- a 1 to A 3 each independently represent an arbitrary divalent substituent, a conjugated divalent substituent having a donor property, and a conjugated having an acceptor property. It is preferably a divalent substituent or a divalent aromatic group.
- the monomer unit may have 3 or more active groups.
- At least one of the one or more monomer units has a donor property and at least one has an acceptor property.
- the “monomer unit” represents a repeating unit derived from a raw material monomer of a conjugated polymer, and when simply referred to as “unit”, represents a partial structure contained in the monomer unit.
- the donor and acceptor properties of the monomer unit are relative.
- a monomer unit having a donor property means a monomer unit having a higher HOMO level than the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of the other monomer unit.
- the monomer unit having acceptor properties means a monomer unit having a lower LUMO level than the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of the other monomer unit.
- the compound A1 and the compound A2 has a donor property and the other has an acceptor property.
- the compound A3 has a structure in which a plurality of units are connected, and at least one of the plurality of units has a donor property and at least one of the units. It is preferred that the unit has acceptor properties.
- Electrons involved in electrical conduction in organic molecules are ⁇ electrons and unshared electron pairs, and the molecular orbitals created by these are important.
- HOMO is involved in conduction in a monomer unit having a donor (electron donor) property
- LUMO is involved in conduction in a monomer unit having an acceptor (electron acceptor) property.
- a novel conjugated polymer can be designed by controlling the HOMO and LUMO energies of organic molecules by combining a donor monomer unit and an acceptor monomer unit.
- At least one of the one or more monomer units is preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon compound or an aromatic heterocyclic compound. It is more preferable that it is an aromatic group heterocyclic compound, and it is more preferable that all the monomers are aromatic heterocyclic compounds.
- the aromatic hydrocarbon compound preferably has 6 to 30 carbon atoms, specifically, a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound such as benzene; a ring-linked aromatic hydrocarbon compound such as biphenyl; or naphthalene, anthracene or Examples include condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds such as fluorene.
- the condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound includes a compound obtained by condensing a monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound such as benzene and an alicyclic hydrocarbon compound such as cyclopentadiene.
- At least one of the one or more monomers is preferably a condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound.
- aromatic hydrocarbon compounds may further have a substituent.
- aromatic heterocyclic compound those having 2 to 30 carbon atoms are preferable.
- At least one of the one or more monomers is preferably a condensed polycyclic aromatic heterocyclic compound.
- aromatic heterocyclic compounds may further have a substituent.
- aromatic heterocyclic compounds having an atom selected from group 16 elements as a hetero atom are preferable, aromatic heterocyclic compounds having an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom as a hetero atom are more preferable, and sulfur.
- An aromatic heterocyclic compound having an atom as a hetero atom is particularly preferred.
- the aromatic heterocyclic ring having an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom as a hetero atom is preferably a 5-membered ring.
- At least one of the one or more monomer units has an atom selected from Group 14 elements of the periodic table, particularly a silicon atom or a germanium atom. Is preferred.
- An aromatic compound in which at least one of the one or more monomers has a silicon atom or a germanium atom is more preferable, and a condensed polycyclic aromatic heterocyclic compound having a silicon atom or a germanium atom is particularly preferable.
- X 1 to X 4 are active groups and can be appropriately selected depending on the type of coupling reaction.
- Examples of X 1 and X 2 include a hydrogen atom or a group having an atom selected from Li, Mg, Zn, B, or a group 14 element of the periodic table.
- X 1 and X 2 are preferably lithium atoms or groups having atoms selected from Mg, Zn, B, or Group 14 elements of the periodic table.
- a group having an atom selected from B or a group 14 element of the periodic table is particularly preferable.
- atoms selected from Group 14 elements of the periodic table Si, Sn, Ge and Pb are preferable, Si and Sn are more preferable, and Sn is particularly preferable.
- Examples of the group having Mg include a magnesium halide group.
- Examples of the group having Zn include a zinc halide group.
- Examples of the group having B include a boric acid group, a borate group, and a borate ester group.
- An example of the boric acid group is —B (OH) 2 .
- An example of the borate group is -BF 3 K.
- Examples of borate groups or borate ester groups include those represented below.
- Examples of the group having an atom selected from Group 14 elements of the periodic table include a silicon-containing group, a tin-containing group, a germanium-containing group, or a lead-containing group.
- a silicon-containing group or a tin-containing group is preferable in terms of reactivity, and a tin-containing group is more preferable.
- at least one of the one or more monomers is an aromatic compound having a tin-containing group, particularly a condensed polycyclic aromatic heterocyclic compound.
- an alkylstannyl group or an arylstannyl group is more preferable in terms of reactivity, and an alkylstannyl group is particularly preferable.
- alkylstannyl group examples include those represented below.
- silicon-containing group examples include an optionally substituted silyl group.
- known documents (Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry (2011),) 101-126, Accounts of Chemical ResearchRe (2008), 41, 1486-1499.). What is reported by can be used.
- Et represents an ethyl group
- Pr represents a propyl group
- Ph represents
- Examples of X 3 and X 4 include a halogen atom, an alkylsulfonyloxy group, or an arylsulfonyloxy group.
- a halogen atom an iodine atom, a bromine atom, or a chlorine atom is preferable, and a bromine atom or an iodine atom is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of reactivity.
- At least one of the one or more monomers is an aromatic compound having a halogen atom, particularly a condensed polycyclic aromatic compound having a halogen atom.
- alkylsulfonyloxy groups a methylsulfonyloxy group is preferable, and among the arylsulfonyloxy groups, a phenylsulfonyloxy group is preferable.
- the alkylsulfonyloxy group and the arylsulfonyloxy group may have a substituent such as a halogen atom such as a fluorine atom or an alkyl group such as a methyl group.
- alkylsulfonyloxy group having a substituent a methylsulfonyloxy group and a trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy group are preferable in terms of improving coupling reactivity
- arylsulfonyloxy group having a substituent A p-toluenesulfonyloxy group is preferred.
- X 1 to X 4 are preferably a lithium atom, a magnesium halide group (Mg-hal (hal is a halogen atom)), or a hydrogen atom.
- X 1 to X 2 are usually hydrogen atoms, and X 3 to X 4 are preferably boric acid groups, boric acid groups or boric acid ester groups.
- X 1 to X 2 are substituents capable of undergoing transmetalation
- X 3 to X 4 are substituents capable of undergoing oxidative addition. Is preferred.
- Examples of X 1 to X 2 include a magnesium halide group (Mg-hal (hal is a halogen atom)), a zinc halide group (Zn-hal (hal is a halogen atom)), a borate group, a borate group, Examples thereof include a borate group, a silyl group which may have a substituent, and a stannyl group which may have a substituent.
- Mg-hal hal is a halogen atom
- Zn-hal a halogen atom
- borate group a borate group
- Examples thereof include a borate group, a silyl group which may have a substituent, and a stannyl group which may have a substituent.
- X 3 to X 4 are preferably a halogen atom, an alkylsulfonyloxy group, or an arylsulfonyloxy group.
- X 1 to X 2 are preferably a trialkylstannyl group or Zn-hal (hal is a halogen atom), and a trimethylstannyl group or A tri (n-butyl) stannyl group is particularly preferred.
- X 1 to X 2 are preferably boric acid groups, boric acid groups, boric acid ester groups, or silyl groups which may have a substituent.
- X 3 to X 4 are preferably a bromine atom, an iodine atom, a methylsulfonyloxy group, a trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy group, or a p-toluenesulfonyloxy group.
- examples of X 1 to X 2 include a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted stanyl group.
- examples of X 3 to X 4 include a halogen atom, an alkylsulfonyloxy group, or an arylsulfonyloxy group.
- a Buchwald type catalyst or a Fu type catalyst is preferably used as the catalyst.
- the production method of the present invention is used.
- a high molecular weight conjugated polymer can be obtained efficiently.
- the monomer unit is an aromatic compound, that is, the case where the monomer unit is an aromatic compound having a thermally and / or chemically unstable active group will be described in detail.
- the aromatic compound having a thermally and / or chemically unstable active group is an aromatic compound having at least n (n is an integer of 2 to 4) active groups (hereinafter referred to as Ar (n) and And an aromatic compound that satisfies the following conditions.
- the ratio of the aromatic compound having less than n active groups in the solution that has passed through the column under the above conditions is preferably relative to the aromatic compound (Ar (n)) before charging to the column. More effective by using the production method of the present invention when it is 20 mol% or more, more preferably 40 mol% or more, further preferably 60 mol% or more, more preferably 75 mol% or more, particularly preferably 90 mol% or more. It is preferable in that a high molecular weight conjugated polymer can be produced.
- the silica gel used under the above conditions has a spherical shape, a particle size of 63 to 210 ⁇ m, and is neutral (pH 7.0 ⁇ 0.5).
- the product name Silica gel 60N Spherical neutral, for column chromatography, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
- Silica gel 60N Spherical neutral, for column chromatography, manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.
- N is the number of active groups of the monomer unit, and is an integer of 2 or more. On the other hand, it is an integer of 4 or less, preferably an integer of 3 or less.
- the active group possessed by the aromatic compound (Ar (n)) has the same meaning as X 1 to X 4 .
- a group having an atom selected from a halogen atom, an alkylsulfonyloxy group, an arylsulfonyloxy group, Li, Mg, Zn, B, and a group 14 element of the periodic table is preferable, and selected from B or a group 14 element of the periodic table
- groups having an atom selected from Group 14 elements of the periodic table are more preferable, silicon-containing groups or tin-containing groups are more preferable, and tin-containing groups are particularly preferable.
- the specific compound of the aromatic compound (Ar (n)) has the same meaning as the aromatic compound raised in the monomer section above.
- the aromatic compound (Ar (n)) is preferably an aromatic heterocyclic compound, and in particular, an aromatic group in which an active group is bonded to the aromatic heterocyclic ring in terms of improving the reactivity of the coupling reaction. More preferably, it is a heterocyclic compound.
- an aromatic heterocyclic compound in which a group having an atom selected from Li, Mg, B, or a periodic table Group 14 element is bonded to an aromatic heterocyclic ring is preferable.
- Preferred examples of compound A1 include a compound represented by the following formula (A4) or formula (A4 ′) (compound A4).
- R 1 and R 2 may each independently have a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group that may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- An alkenyl group, an optionally substituted alkynyl group or an optionally substituted aromatic group is represented, or R 1 and R 33 , or R 2 and R 34 are bonded to form a ring You may do it.
- R 33 and R 34 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an organic group having an atom selected from Group 14 elements of the periodic table, or may be bonded to each other to form a ring. .
- X 1 and X 2 each independently represent an active group
- X 12 and X 13 each independently represent an atom selected from Group 16 elements
- X 14 is a conjugate of two 5-membered rings to which they are bonded. Indicates a group connecting the system or a direct bond.
- R 33 and R 34 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- X 1 and X 2 are the same as those mentioned in the monomer section.
- X 12 and X 13 each independently represent an atom selected from Group 16 elements. From the viewpoint of the semiconductor properties of the resulting conjugated polymer, X 12 and X 13 are preferably oxygen atoms or sulfur atoms, and particularly preferably sulfur atoms.
- X 14 is a group connecting two conjugated systems of two 5-membered rings, or a direct bond.
- Specific examples of X 14 include a direct bond, a divalent aromatic group, a divalent alkenediyl group, or a divalent group obtained from a conjugated diene. It is considered that when X 14 is these groups or a direct bond, the conjugated system is expanded and the semiconductor properties of the conjugated polymer obtained using Compound A5 are improved.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group that may have a substituent, an alkenyl group that may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- the alkynyl group which may have or the aromatic group which may have a substituent is represented.
- halogen atom examples include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom, and among these, a fluorine atom is preferable.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl group is usually 1 or more, preferably 3 or more, more preferably 4 or more, and usually 20 or less, preferably 16 or less, more preferably 12 or less, and even more preferably 10 or less.
- Examples of such an alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an n-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, and an n-decyl group.
- a linear alkyl group such as n-lauryl group
- a branched alkyl group such as iso-propyl group, iso-butyl group, tert-butyl group, 3-methylbutyl group, 2-ethylhexyl group, 3,7-dimethyloctyl group
- a cyclic alkyl group such as a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, a cyclononyl group, a cyclolauryl group, or a cyclodecyl group
- a cyclic alkyl group such as a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cyclohepty
- the linear alkyl group includes n-propyl group, n-butyl group, n-pentyl group, n-hexyl group, n-heptyl group, n-octyl group, n-nonyl group, n-decyl group or An n-lauryl group is preferred, and the branched alkyl group is preferably an iso-propyl group, an iso-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a 3-methylbutyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, or a 3,7-dimethyloctyl group.
- the group is preferably a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group or a cyclolauryl group.
- n-butyl group iso-propyl group, iso-butyl group, tert-butyl group, n-pentyl group, 3-methylbutyl group, cyclopentyl group, n-hexyl group, cyclohexyl group, 2-ethylhexyl group, cyclooctyl group, An n-nonyl group, a 3,7-dimethyloctyl group, a cyclononyl group, an n-decyl group or a cyclodecyl group is more preferred.
- the number of carbon atoms of the alkenyl group is usually 1 or more, preferably 3 or more, more preferably 4 or more, and usually 20 or less, preferably 16 or less, more preferably 12 or less, and even more preferably 10 or less.
- alkenyl groups include ethene, propene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, undecene, dodecene, tridecene, tetradecene, pentadecene, and the like.
- hexadecene group hexadecene group, heptadecene group, octadecene group, nonadecene group, icocene group or geranyl group.
- Preferred are propene group, butene group, pentene group, hexene group, heptene group, octene group, nonene group, decene group, undecene group or dodecene group, more preferably butene group, pentene group, hexene group, heptene group.
- the carbon number of the alkynyl group is usually 2 or more, preferably 3 or more, more preferably 4 or more, and usually 20 or less, preferably 16 or less, more preferably 12 or less, and even more preferably 10 or less.
- alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl, undecynyl, dodecynyl, tridecynyl, tetradecynyl, pentadecynyl.
- the number of carbon atoms in the aromatic group is usually 2 or more, and usually 60 or less, preferably 20 or less, more preferably 14 or less.
- aromatic group include an aromatic hydrocarbon group such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an indanyl group, an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, an anthracenyl group or an azleninyl group; a thienyl group, a furyl group, a pyridyl group, and a pyrimidyl group.
- Aromatic heterocyclic groups such as thiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, triazolyl group, benzothiophenyl group, benzofuranyl group, benzothienyl group, benzothiazolyl group, benzoxazolyl group or benzotriazolyl group; Among these, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a thienyl group, a pyridyl group, a pyrimidyl group, a thiazolyl group, or an oxazolyl group is preferable.
- the substituent that the alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group or aromatic group may have is not particularly limited, but preferably a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, an amino group, an ester group, an alkylcarbonyl group, An acetyl group, a sulfonyl group, a silyl group, a boryl group, a nitrile group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group. These may be connected with adjacent substituents to form a ring.
- examples of the substituent that the aromatic group may have include an alkoxy group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms and an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- a halogen atom a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, or an iodine atom is mentioned, A fluorine atom is especially preferable.
- R 33 and R 34 each independently represents a group having a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an atom selected from Group 14 elements of the periodic table.
- the group having an atom selected from Group 14 elements of the periodic table include an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an alkenyl group which may have a substituent, and a substituent. And an alkynyl group which may be substituted, an aromatic group which may have a substituent, a silyl group which may have a substituent, and the like.
- Halogen atom, optionally substituted alkyl group, optionally substituted alkenyl group, optionally substituted alkynyl group and optionally substituted aromatic As the group, the same groups as those described above for R 1 and R 2 can be used.
- R 33 and R 34 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 33 and R 34 may combine with R 1 or R 2 to form a ring.
- Examples of structures formed by combining R 33 and R 34 include the following structures: —O—, —S—, —N (R) —, —C (R) (R ′) —, —Si ( R) (R ′) —, —Ge (R) (R ′) — and the like (wherein R and R ′ are a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aromatic group).
- R and R ′ are a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aromatic group.
- a compound represented by the formula (A6) or the formula (A6 ′) is preferable.
- R 1 , R 2 , X 1 , X 2 , X 12 , X 13 and X 14 are the same as those in formula (A4), and ring C is a substituent. Represents any ring which may have
- the substituent of the compound represented by Formula (A6) or Formula (A6 ′) is also synonymous.
- the compound represented by the formula (A6) is a compound in which R 33 and R 34 defined in the formula (A4) are bonded to each other to form a ring C containing X 14 .
- Ring C represents an arbitrary ring which may have a substituent. Especially, it is preferable that it is a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered monocycle, or a ring formed by condensing these rings 2-6.
- Examples of the 5-membered monocycle include a 5-membered aromatic ring or a 5-membered aliphatic ring.
- Examples of the 5-membered aromatic ring include thiophene ring, furan ring, pyrrole ring, thiazole ring, oxazole ring, imidazole ring, pyrazole ring, isoxazole ring, isothiazole ring, thiadiazole ring, oxadiazole ring, and triazole ring.
- 5-membered aromatic heterocycle such as selenol ring or tellurol ring.
- a 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring is preferable, and a 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic ring containing a sulfur atom such as a thiophene ring, a thiazole ring, an isothiazole ring or a thiadiazole ring is more preferable, and a thiophene ring is particularly preferable. It is.
- the 5-membered aliphatic ring is a 5-membered aliphatic hydrocarbon ring such as a cyclopentane ring or a cyclopentadiene ring; or a tetrahydrofuran ring, a pyrrolidine ring, a borol ring, a silole ring, a germol ring, a stanol ring, a planball ring,
- a 5-membered aliphatic heterocyclic ring such as a phosphole ring or an arsol ring is exemplified.
- 6-membered monocycle examples include a 6-membered aromatic ring or a 6-membered aliphatic ring.
- 6-membered aromatic ring examples include a 6-membered aromatic hydrocarbon ring such as a benzene ring; or a 6-membered aromatic heterocycle such as a pyridine ring, pyrazine ring, pyrimidine ring or pyridazine ring.
- 6-membered aliphatic ring examples include a 6-membered aliphatic hydrocarbon ring such as a cyclohexane ring; or a 6-membered aliphatic heterocycle such as an oxane ring, a dioxane ring, a piperidine ring, or a piperazine ring.
- Examples of the ring formed by condensing 2 to 6 of these rings include a polycyclic fused aromatic hydrocarbon ring or a polycyclic fused aromatic heterocycle.
- polycyclic fused aromatic hydrocarbon ring examples include a ring formed by condensation of 2 or more and 6 or less, and specific examples include a naphthalene ring, an anthracene ring, a fluorene ring, and an indacene ring.
- the polycyclic fused aromatic heterocycle has, for example, a ring formed by condensation of 2 to 6, specifically, a quinolyl group, an acridinyl group, an indolyl group, an isoquinolyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a carbazolyl group, or the like. It is done.
- the substituent that ring C may have is not particularly limited, but specific examples include a halogen atom, a hydrocarbon group, an aromatic heterocyclic group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkyl group. Examples thereof include an oxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an alkylaminocarbonyl group, an arylaminocarbonyl group, an alkoxy group, and an aryloxy group.
- hydrocarbon group, aromatic heterocyclic group, alkylcarbonyl group, arylcarbonyl group, alkyloxycarbonyl group, aryloxycarbonyl group, alkylaminocarbonyl group, or arylaminocarbonyl group, alkoxy group, aryloxy group are further substituents. You may have.
- X 1 and X 2 are the same as those described for Formula (A4).
- R 1 and R 2 are the same as those described for formula (A4).
- Formula (A7) corresponds to the case where X 12 and X 13 are sulfur atoms in Formula (A4).
- Z 1 represents Z 11 (R 3 ) (R 4 ), Z 12 (R 5 ), or Z 13 .
- Z 11 (R 3 ) (R 4 ) or Z 13 is preferable, and Z 11 (R 3 ) (R 4 ) is particularly preferable in terms of improving semiconductor characteristics.
- Z 11 represents an atom selected from Group 14 elements of the periodic table.
- Z 11 is preferably a carbon atom, silicon atom or germanium atom, in that the semiconductor properties of the conjugated polymer obtained by using the compound A7 can be improved, Z 11 is more that a silicon atom or germanium atom preferable.
- R 3 and R 4 include the same groups as the substituents described above as R 1 and R 2 .
- a preferable substituent will be described in the part of the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) described later.
- R 3 and R 4 may be bonded to each other to form a ring, or may be bonded to R 1 or R 2 to form a ring.
- Z 12 represents an atom selected from Group 15 elements of the periodic table.
- Z 12 is preferably a nitrogen atom, a phosphorus atom or an arsenic atom, and Z is more preferably a nitrogen atom or a phosphorus atom in that the semiconductor properties of the conjugated polymer obtained using Compound A7 can be improved.
- Particularly preferred is a nitrogen atom.
- R 5 includes the same groups as the substituents described above as R 3 and R 4 . Preferably, it is the alkyl group which may have a substituent, or the aromatic group which may have a substituent. R 5 may combine with R 1 or R 2 to form a ring.
- Z 13 represents an atom selected from Group 16 elements of the periodic table.
- Z 13 is preferably an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a selenium atom, in that the semiconductor properties of the conjugated polymer obtained by using the compound A7 can be improved, Z 13 is more to be an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom Preferably, a sulfur atom is more preferable.
- X 1 and X 2 are the same as those described for formula (A4).
- R 1 and R 2 are the same as those described for formula (A4).
- X 12 and X 13 in Formula (A4) correspond to sulfur atoms.
- R 6 and R 7 may have a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group that may have a substituent, an alkenyl group that may have a substituent, or a substituent. It is a good alkynyl group, an aromatic group which may have a substituent, an alkoxy group which may have a substituent, or an aryloxy group which may have a substituent. Of these, an alkyl group which may have a substituent is preferable in terms of improving solubility, and an alkoxy group which may have a substituent in terms of easy introduction of the substituent.
- halogen atom alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group or aromatic group is the same as described for R 1 and R 2 .
- alkoxy group those having 1 to 20 carbon atoms are preferable.
- aryloxy group those having 2 to 20 carbon atoms are preferable, and examples thereof include a phenoxy group, a naphthyloxy group, a pyridyloxy group, a thiazolyloxy group, an oxazolyloxy group, and an imidazolyloxy group. Of these, a phenoxy group or a pyridyloxy group is preferable.
- alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group, aromatic group, alkoxy group and aryloxy group may be substituted are the alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkynyl group and aromatic group substituted by R 1 and R 2. It is the same as the substituent that may be used.
- X 1 and X 2 are the same as those described for formula (A4).
- X 12 and X 13 in Formula (A4) correspond to sulfur atoms.
- R 1 and R 2 are the same as those described for formula (A4).
- examples of R 8 to R 11 include the same groups as those described above as R 3 and R 4 . Especially, it is preferable that at least 1 of R ⁇ 3 > and R ⁇ 4 > is the alkyl group or aromatic group which may have a substituent. R 1 and R 8 , R 2 and R 11 , R 8 and R 9, and R 10 and R 11 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- examples of R 12 and R 13 include the same groups as those described above as R 1 and R 2 . Of these, a hydrogen atom is preferable from the viewpoint of ease of synthesis.
- R 9 and R 13 and R 10 and R 12 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- Z 2 and Z 3 each independently represent an atom selected from Group 14 elements of the periodic table.
- Z 2 and Z 3 may be the same or different, but the same is preferable in terms of compound stability.
- Z 2 and Z 3 are preferably a carbon atom, a silicon atom or a germanium atom, and more preferably a silicon atom or a germanium atom in that the semiconductor properties of the conjugated polymer obtained using Compound A9 can be improved. preferable.
- X 1 and X 2 are the same as those described for Formula (A4).
- R 1 and R 2 are the same as those described for formula (A4).
- examples of R 14 and R 15 include the same groups as those described above as R 3 and R 4 in formula (A7). Of these, an alkyl group which may have a substituent is preferable.
- Formula (A10) corresponds to the case where X 12 and X 13 are sulfur atoms in Formula (A4).
- X 14 represents an atom selected from Group 16 elements of the periodic table.
- X 14 is preferably an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a selenium atom, in that the semiconductor properties of the conjugated polymer obtained by using the compound A10 can be improved, X 14 and more to be an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom
- An oxygen atom is preferable, and an oxygen atom is particularly preferable.
- the coupling reaction of the present invention includes compounds represented by the above formulas (A4) to (A10) and compounds having acceptor properties relative to the compounds, particularly the following formulas (A11), (A12), (A13 ) Or a compound represented by (A17).
- the conjugated polymer obtained by the reaction of these monomers has high semiconductor properties, and is preferable because the properties are further enhanced by increasing the molecular weight by the production method of the present invention.
- R 31 and R 32 are a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms,
- the acyl group which may have a substituent, the alkoxy group which may have a substituent, and the aryloxy group which may have a substituent are mentioned.
- Examples of the substituent which the hydrocarbon group, aromatic heterocyclic group, acyl group, alkoxy group and aryloxy group may have include a fluorine atom.
- Examples of the hydrocarbon group include an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an aromatic hydrocarbon group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group include an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an n-hexyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, or an n-octyl group; an alkenyl group such as a crotyl group or an octenyl group Or an alkynyl group such as a propynyl group or an octynyl group.
- Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, and an anthracenyl group.
- aromatic heterocyclic group examples include a thienyl group, a furyl group, a pyrrolyl group, and a thiazolyl group.
- acyl group examples include an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an alkyloxycarbonyl group, an aryloxycarbonyl group, an alkylaminocarbonyl group, and an arylaminocarbonyl group. It is preferable that R 31 and R 32 are acyl groups from the viewpoint that the acceptor property of compound A11 is improved.
- R 31 and R 32 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- Examples of structures formed by combining R 31 and R 32 include the following structures: —O—, —S—, —N (R) —, —C (R) (R ′) —, —Si (R ) (R ′) —, —Ge (R) (R ′) —, —C ( ⁇ O) —N (R) —C ( ⁇ O) —, ⁇ NS—N ⁇ , or —N ⁇ C.
- R and R ' are a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aromatic group. There may be a structure in which 2 to 6 of these structures are bonded. These may have as substituents for R 31 and R 32 .
- R 1X represents an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an alkenyl group which may have a substituent, an alkynyl group which may have a substituent, or an aromatic which may have a substituent. It is a group. The same meaning as described in R 1 and R 2. A preferable substituent will be described in the part of the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) described later.
- R 25 and R 26 are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted aromatic complex having 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
- examples include a cyclic group and an acyl group which may have a substituent.
- Examples of the substituent that the hydrocarbon group, aromatic heterocyclic group, and acyl group may have include a fluorine atom.
- An optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and an optionally substituted carbonyl group The group is the same as defined for R 31 and R 32 .
- R 25 and R 26 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 27 and R 28 are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted aromatic complex having 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
- a cyclic group is mentioned. Among them, a halogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent is preferable, and a fluorine atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent is particularly preferable. .
- the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent and the aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent are those defined by R 31 and R 32. It is the same.
- R 27 and R 28 may be bonded to each other.
- R 27 and R 28 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- a compound represented by the following formula (A15) (compound A15) in which R 25 and R 26 are bonded to each other is exemplified as a preferred monomer.
- compound (compound A16) represented by the following formula (A16) in which R 25 and R 26 are bonded to each other is also exemplified as a preferable monomer.
- X 3 and X 4 are the same as those described for the formula (A2).
- R 27 and R 28 are the same as those described for formula (A12).
- R 41 and R 42 are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted aromatic complex having 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples include a cyclic group, an optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted aryloxy group, and the like, and are the same as those described for formula (A12).
- R 41 and R 42 may be bonded to each other.
- a halogen atom an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and a substituent;
- the aryloxy group which may have an alkoxy group or a substituent which may be the same as those described for R 6 and R 7 .
- hydrocarbon group that may have a substituent an alkoxy group that may have a substituent, or an aryloxy group that may have a substituent is preferable in terms of improving solubility
- An alkoxy group which may have a substituent or an alkyl group which may have a substituent is more preferable.
- X 3 and X 4 are the same as those described for Formula (A2).
- Y 1 and Y 2 each independently represent an atom selected from Group 15 elements of the periodic table. Of these, a nitrogen atom or a phosphorus atom is preferable, and a nitrogen atom is more preferable.
- R 19 and R 20 include a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, and an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the halogen atom and the hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may have a substituent are the same as those described for formula (A12).
- an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is preferable, and an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is preferable. More preferred.
- Y 3 and Y 4 each independently represent a nitrogen atom or a carbon atom having one substituent (C (R 43 )).
- Y 3 and Y 4 may be the same or different, but the same is preferable in terms of ease of synthesis.
- the substituents (R 43 ) may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 43 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or the like. And are the same as those described for formula (A12).
- R 21 and R 22 are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted aromatic complex having 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include a cyclic group, and are the same as those described for formula (A12). Among these, from the viewpoint of improving the solubility, an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is preferable, and an optionally substituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms is preferable. More preferred.
- Specific preferred compounds of the formula (A17) include the following compounds.
- both Y 3 and Y 4 are carbon atoms having one substituent (C (R 43 )), the substituents (R 43 ) are preferably bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the compound is a compound represented by the following formula.
- X 3 and X 4 are the same as those described for Formula (A2).
- R 21 and R 22 are the same as those described for formula (A17).
- Y 6 is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom or a nitrogen atom having a substituent (N (R 44 )).
- N (R 44 ) a substituent
- a sulfur atom is preferable in terms of improving semiconductor characteristics.
- R 44 include the same groups as those described above for R 43 .
- R 45 includes the same groups as those described above for R 43 .
- Examples of R 46 include the same groups as those described above for R 1X .
- Examples of the compound represented by the formula (A1) include the following.
- Examples of the compound represented by the formula (A2) include the following.
- the method for producing the monomer of the present invention is not particularly limited, and the monomer can be produced according to a known method.
- the compound represented by the formula (A7) is described in J. Org. Mater. Chem. 21, 3895 (2011), and J. Org. Am. Chem. Soc. , 130, 16144-16145 (2008).
- the compound represented by formula (A8) is Journal of the American Chemical Society (2009), 131 (22), 7792-7799. Can be produced according to the method described in 1. above.
- the compound represented by the formula (A9) can be produced according to the method described in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) (2010), 46 (35), 6503-6505.
- the compound represented by the formula (A10) can be produced according to the method described in International Publication No. 2011/052709.
- the compound represented by the formula (A13) is Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2008), 20 (13), 2556-2560. Or Macromolecules (Washington, DC, United States) (2009), 42 (17), 6564-6571. Can be produced according to the method described in 1. above.
- the compound represented by the formula (A14) is J.P. Am. Chem. Soc. , 132, 7595-7597 (2010).
- the compound represented by the formula (A15) is Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) (2003), 15 (12), 988-991. Or Macromolecules (2005), 38 (2), 244-253. Can be produced according to the method described in 1. above.
- the compound represented by the formula (A16) is Macromolecules (Washington, DC, United States) (2008), 41 (16), 6012-6018. , Or Advanced Functional Materials (2007), 17 (18), 3836-3842. Can be produced according to the method described in 1. above.
- the compound represented by the formula (A18) is Journal of the American Chemical Society IV (2007), 129 (46), 14372-14380. Or Chemistry of Materials (1999), 11 (2), 458-465. Can be produced according to the method described in 1. above.
- the compound represented by the formula (A19) is Chemistry of Materials (2004), 16 (19), 3667-3676. Or Macromolecules (Washington, DC, United States) (2008), 41 (18), 6664-6671. Can be produced according to the method described in 1. above.
- the compound represented by the formula (A20) is Chemistry--A European Journal (2010), 16 (6), 1911-1928. Or according to the method described in International Publication No. 2009/115413.
- the compound represented by the formula (A21) can be produced according to the method described in International Publication No. 2010/136401.
- the compound represented by the formula (A22) is Journal of the American Chemical Society (2008), 130 (30), 9679-9694. Or, Journal of the American Chemical Society (2011), 133 (5), 1405-1418. Can be produced according to the method described in 1. above.
- purifying the compound by bringing the composition obtained after the synthesis reaction into contact with the zeolite can remove impurities without duplicating the decomposition product of the compound, and improving the synthesis efficiency of the polymer. preferable.
- an active group (X 1 to X 4 above) is required.
- a monomer is converted into an oligomer in a short time using a transition metal complex catalyst having a large TOF (turnover frequency), and then TON (turnover number) is used. It is preferable that the reaction proceeds sufficiently using a large transition metal complex catalyst.
- a transition metal complex catalyst having a large TOF may be a homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst
- a transition metal complex having a large TON may be a heterogeneous transition metal catalyst
- a transition metal complex catalyst having a large TOF may be a homogeneous transition metal.
- a complex catalyst and a transition metal complex having a large TON may be used as the heterogeneous transition metal catalyst.
- one of the two or more transition metal complex catalysts exhibits a large TON (turnover number) and the other exhibits a high reactivity (for example, a high reaction rate (TOF)).
- TOF reaction rate
- each transition metal complex catalyst has the same kind of transition metal so as not to complicate the reaction.
- the amount of the catalyst is usually 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol% or more, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mol% or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 mol% or more, while usually 5 mol% or less, more preferably 3 mol. % Or less. It is preferable that the amount of the catalyst used be in this range in that the reaction rate can be increased and the amount of transition metal remaining in the conjugated polymer can be reduced.
- the catalyst amount is represented by a molar ratio with respect to the smaller compound when the compound A1 and the compound A2 are coupled as shown in the reaction formula (1). Further, when the compounds A3 are coupled to each other as shown in the reaction formula (2), the catalyst amount is represented by a molar ratio with respect to the compound A3.
- a homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst and a heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst simultaneously with a liquid containing a monomer.
- mixing at the same time means that the interval from when one is charged into the solution to when the other is charged is within 10 minutes.
- the method of adding the composition to the liquid containing the monomer at the start of the reaction comprises: It is preferable in terms of easy control.
- the catalyst composition for producing a conjugated polymer may contain a solvent used during the reaction in addition to the above transition metal complex catalyst.
- this catalyst composition for conjugated polymer manufacture may contain additives, such as a dispersing agent.
- cross coupling As a coupling reaction in terms of reactivity.
- the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction the Negishi reaction, the Stille reaction, or the Kashiyama reaction is preferably used.
- the Stille reaction when coupling a heterocyclic compound containing a thiophene ring, the Stille reaction, the Negishi reaction, or the Hiyama reaction is preferably used, and the Stille reaction is particularly preferable in that the catalyst cycle can be accelerated.
- a late transition metal catalyst is preferably used from the viewpoint of reactivity, and palladium, nickel, iron, or copper is particularly preferably used as the transition metal.
- a phosphine ligand as described above is preferably used in terms of reactivity, and trialkylphosphine or triarylphosphine is particularly preferably used.
- X 1 and X 2 are alkylstannyl groups
- X 3 and X 4 are halogen atoms.
- the Stille coupling reaction is preferably performed in a nitrogen (N 2 ) or argon (Ar) atmosphere.
- the molar ratio of compound A2 to compound A1 depends on the molecular weight distribution of the conjugated polymer to be obtained, but usually 0.75 or more , Preferably 0.85 or more, and usually 1.3 or less, preferably 1.2 or less.
- the molar ratio of the compound A14 to the compound A7 is usually 0.90.
- preferably 0.95 or more on the other hand, usually 1.3 or less, preferably 1.2 or less.
- solvent used for the reaction examples include saturated hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene, or fluoro.
- Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, or t-butyl alcohol; water; dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl-t-butyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, or dioxane Ethers such as; butylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, diisopropylamine, diethylamine, pyrrolidi , Piperidine, or amine solvents such as pyridine; or, N, N- dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or the like aprotic polar organic solvents such as N- methylpyrrolidone.
- one of these solvents may be used alone, or two or more kinds of solvents may be mixed and used.
- the amount of the solvent used is usually 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 mL or more, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 mL or more, with respect to 1 g of the total weight of the monomer in order to sufficiently dissolve the monomer and the resulting conjugated polymer. More preferably, it is 1 mL or more.
- it is usually 1 ⁇ 10 5 mL or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 3 mL or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ 10 2 mL or less.
- reaction atmosphere In order to prevent deterioration of the monomer and the conjugated polymer to be formed, it is preferable to perform the reaction under an inert gas.
- the reaction is preferably performed in a nitrogen atmosphere or an argon atmosphere.
- oxidative coupling it is not necessary to perform the reaction under an inert gas.
- reaction temperature is not specifically limited, Usually, it carries out at the temperature below room temperature and the boiling point of a solvent. In order to increase the reaction rate, pressurization and / or heating may be performed using an autoclave or a microwave.
- reaction time depends on the reactivity of the monomer, it is usually 5 minutes or longer, preferably 30 minutes or longer, more preferably 1 hour or longer, and usually 48 hours or shorter from the viewpoint of sufficiently completing the reaction in a short time. , Preferably 24 hours or less, more preferably 15 hours, still more preferably 12 hours, even more preferably 6 hours, particularly preferably 3 hours. This time does not include the time required for the end treatment described later. Usually, it is confirmed whether or not the reaction is completed by a method such as using analytical GPC, and a terminal treatment described later is performed.
- the production method of the present invention converts a monomer into an oligomer in a short time, prevents the active group of the monomer from being decomposed, and polymerizes the oligomer that tends to decrease the decomposition rate of the active group by a coupling reaction.
- the production method of the invention is considered to be a more stable synthesis system, that is, a reaction system with high reproducibility, as compared with the conventional reaction system.
- the production method of the present invention is considered to be a reaction system more suitable for a large scale where reproducibility is required.
- a base may be further added to the reaction solution. The addition of a base is preferable in that the reaction rate can be improved.
- bases include inorganic bases such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, cesium fluoride, or potassium fluoride; or Potassium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, pyridine, lutidine, di (t-butyl) pyridine, triethylamine, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium hexamethyldisilazide, t-butyllithium, or An organic base such as n-butyllithium may be mentioned.
- a cesium salt and a fluoride salt in that the reaction can be further promoted.
- phase transfer catalyst In addition to the monomer, catalyst, and solvent, a phase transfer catalyst may be further added to the reaction solution.
- phase transfer catalysts include ammonium salts, heterocyclic ammonium salts, phosphonium salts and the like.
- phase transfer catalysts include ammonium salts, heterocyclic ammonium salts, phosphonium salts and the like.
- trialkylammonium bromide, trialkylammonium chloride, trialkylammonium iodide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetraethylammonium phosphonium chloride, Aliquat, or ionic liquid may be used as a phase transfer catalyst. Good.
- the amount of phase transfer catalyst used is usually 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 mol% or more, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 mol% or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 mol% or more, while usually 5 mol% or less, More preferably, it is 3 mol% or less. It is preferable that the amount of the phase transfer catalyst used is in this range in that the reaction rate can be further improved and contamination of the conjugated polymer by the phase transfer catalyst can be reduced.
- the definition of the amount of the phase transfer catalyst used is the same as the definition of the catalyst amount described above.
- a crude conjugated polymer can be obtained by a conventional method such as a known method, for example, quenching with water, extraction with an organic solvent, and distillation of the organic solvent. Thereafter, in order to remove the metal from the crude conjugated polymer, it is preferable to perform a purification treatment by reprecipitation purification, Soxhlet extraction, gel permeation chromatography, or scavenger. Among them, the reprecipitation method is preferable because a large amount of conjugated polymer can be purified.
- the terminal treatment is preferably performed on the conjugated polymer after the polymerization reaction.
- a halogen atom such as bromine (Br) or iodine (I), or a terminal residue such as an alkylstannyl group (X 1 to X described above) is contained in the conjugated polymer. 4 ) The remaining amount can be reduced.
- This terminal treatment is preferable because a conjugated polymer with better performance can be obtained in terms of semiconductor performance and durability.
- a terminal treatment method of the conjugated polymer there are no particular restrictions on the terminal treatment method of the conjugated polymer, but the following methods may be mentioned.
- a terminal treatment can be performed on a halogen atom such as bromine (Br) or iodine (I) and an alkylstannyl group present at the terminal of the conjugated polymer.
- the halogen atom can be treated by adding aryltrialkyltin as a terminal treating agent to the reaction system and then stirring with heating. By this operation, the halogen atom at the terminal of the conjugated polymer can be converted into an aryl group. This is preferable because the conjugated polymer can be more stable due to the conjugated stability effect.
- aryltrialkyltin examples include phenyltrimethyltin and thienyltrimethyltin.
- the amount of aryltrialkyltin added is not particularly limited, but is usually 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 equivalent or more, preferably 0.1 equivalent or more, more than the monomer having a halogen atom (Compound A2).
- the amount is preferably 1 equivalent or more, and is usually 50 equivalents or less, preferably 20 equivalents or less, more preferably 10 equivalents or more.
- the heating time is not particularly limited, but is usually 30 minutes or longer, preferably 1 hour or longer, and is usually 50 hours or shorter, preferably 20 hours or shorter. By performing the reaction under these reaction conditions, the terminal treatment can be performed in a shorter time and with a higher conversion rate.
- the alkylstannyl group can be treated by adding an aryl halide as a terminal treating agent in the reaction system and then stirring with heating. By this operation, the alkylstannyl group at the terminal of the conjugated polymer can be converted to an aryl group. This is preferable because the conjugated polymer can be more stable due to the conjugated stability effect. Moreover, since the alkylstannyl group which is easily thermally decomposed does not exist in the conjugated polymer, it is expected that deterioration with time of the conjugated polymer can be suppressed.
- aryl halides examples include iodothiophene, iodobenzene, bromothiophene, and bromobenzene.
- the addition amount of the aryl halide is not particularly limited, but is usually 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 equivalent or more, preferably 0.1 equivalent or more, relative to the monomer having an alkylstannyl group (Compound A1). More preferably, it is 1 equivalent or more, while it is usually 50 equivalents or less, preferably 20 equivalents or less, more preferably 10 equivalents or more.
- the heating time is not particularly limited, but is usually 30 minutes or longer, preferably 1 hour or longer, and is usually 50 hours or shorter, preferably 10 hours or shorter. By performing the reaction under these reaction conditions, the terminal treatment can be performed in a shorter time and with a higher conversion rate.
- terminal treatment operations are not particularly limited, but in order to prevent the end treatment agents from reacting with each other, it is preferable to perform the halogen atom treatment and the alkylstannyl group treatment independently. Either the halogen atom treatment or the alkylstannyl group treatment may be performed first. Further, the terminal treatment may be performed before the purification of the conjugated polymer or after the purification of the conjugated polymer.
- the end treatment is performed after purification, after dissolving the conjugated polymer and one of the end treatment agents (aryl halide or aryltrimethyltin) in an organic solvent, a transition metal catalyst such as a palladium catalyst is added, and under nitrogen. Stir with heat. Further, the other end treating agent (aryltrimethyltin or aryl halide) is added and heated and stirred.
- the heating time is not particularly limited, but is usually 30 minutes or longer, preferably 1 hour or longer, and is usually 25 hours or shorter, preferably 10 hours or shorter. It is preferable to perform such a procedure because the terminal residue can be efficiently removed at a high conversion rate in a short time.
- the terminal treatment may be performed by adding an aryl boronic acid, boronic acid derivative, or aryl zinc derivative and then stirring with heating. It is done.
- Purification after terminal treatment can be performed by reprecipitation purification, Soxhlet extraction, gel permeation chromatography, or scavenger as described above.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the conjugated polymer obtained by the production method according to the present invention is usually 1 ⁇ 10 4 or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 4 or more, still more preferably 7.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more, particularly Preferably it is 10.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more.
- it is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 7 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 6 or less, even more preferably 9 ⁇ 10 5 or less, and even more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 5 or less.
- This range is preferable in terms of increasing the light absorption wavelength and increasing the absorbance. Moreover, this range is preferable at the point which conversion efficiency improves when it uses for the material of a photoelectric conversion element.
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the conjugated polymer obtained by the production method according to the present invention is usually 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more, preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more, and more preferably 3.0 ⁇ 10 4. More preferably, it is 4.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more. On the other hand, it is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 8 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 7 or less, and further preferably 9 ⁇ 10 6 or less.
- the number average molecular weight is preferably in this range from the viewpoint of increasing the light absorption wavelength and achieving high absorbance. Moreover, this range is preferable at the point which conversion efficiency improves when it uses for the material of a photoelectric conversion element.
- the molecular weight distribution (PDI, (weight average molecular weight / number average molecular weight (Mw / Mn))) of the conjugated polymer obtained by the production method according to the present invention is usually 1.0 or more, preferably 1.1 or more, more preferably. Is 1.2 or more, more preferably 1.3 or more. On the other hand, it is preferably 20.0 or less, more preferably 15.0 or less, and still more preferably 10.0 or less.
- the molecular weight distribution is preferably in this range in that the solubility of the conjugated polymer can be in a range suitable for coating.
- the weight average molecular weight and number average molecular weight of the conjugated polymer are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Specifically, Shim-pac GPC-803 and GPC-804 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, inner diameter 8.0 mm, length 30 cm) are connected in series as columns, LC-10AT as a pump, oven CTO-10A as a detector, a differential refractive index detector (manufactured by Shimadzu Corp .: RID-10A), and a UV-vis detector (manufactured by Shimadzu Corp .: SPD-10A) as a detector.
- the conjugated polymer to be measured is dissolved in chloroform, and 5 ⁇ L of the resulting solution is injected into the column. Measurement is performed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL / min using chloroform as the mobile phase.
- LC-Solution (Shimadzu Corporation) is used for the analysis.
- the light absorption maximum wavelength ( ⁇ max ) of the conjugated polymer obtained by the production method according to the present invention is usually 470 nm or more, preferably 480 nm or more, and is usually 1200 nm or less, preferably 1000 nm or less, more preferably 900 nm or less. It is in. Further, the half width is usually 10 nm or more, preferably 20 nm or more, and is usually 300 nm or less. When the conjugated polymer obtained by the production method according to the present invention is used for solar cell applications, it is desirable that the absorption wavelength region of the conjugated polymer is closer to the absorption wavelength region of sunlight.
- the solubility of the conjugated polymer obtained by the production method according to the present invention is not particularly limited, but preferably the solubility in chlorobenzene at 25 ° C. is usually 0.1% by weight or more, preferably 0.5% by weight or more, more preferably Is 1% by weight or more, on the other hand, usually 30% by weight or less, preferably 20% by weight. High solubility is preferable because a film having a sufficient thickness can be formed.
- the solvent that can be used in the film formation described later is not particularly limited as long as it can uniformly dissolve or disperse the conjugated polymer, but for example, aliphatic such as hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane, nonane or decane.
- Hydrocarbons aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene or orthodichlorobenzene; lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or propanol; ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclopentanone or cyclohexanone; ethyl acetate, acetic acid Esters such as butyl or methyl lactate; Halogen hydrocarbons such as chloroform, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, or trichloroethylene; Ethers such as ethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, or dioxane An amide such as dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide.
- aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene or orthodichlorobenzene
- lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or propanol
- ketones such as
- aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene or orthodichlorobenzene, and halogen hydrocarbons such as chloroform, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, trichloroethane or trichloroethylene are preferable.
- the impurities in the conjugated polymer obtained by the production method according to the present invention are preferably as small as possible.
- a transition metal catalyst such as palladium, nickel, copper, or iron remains, an exciton trap due to the heavy atom effect of the transition metal is generated, and charge transfer is inhibited.
- the concentration of the transition metal catalyst is usually 1000 ppm or less, preferably 500 pm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less, per 1 g of the conjugated polymer. On the other hand, it is usually greater than 0 ppm, preferably 1 ppm or more, more preferably 3 ppm or more.
- the residual amount of the terminal residue of the conjugated polymer is not particularly limited, but is usually 6000 ppm or less, preferably 4000 ppm or less per 1 g of the conjugated polymer. More preferably, it is 3000 ppm or less, More preferably, it is 2000 ppm or less, More preferably, it is 1000 ppm or less, Especially preferably, it is 500 ppm or less, Most preferably, it is 200 ppm or less. On the other hand, it is usually greater than 0 ppm, preferably 1 ppm or more, more preferably 3 ppm or more.
- the remaining amount of Sn atoms in the conjugated polymer is usually 5000 ppm or less, preferably 4000 ppm or less, more preferably 2500 ppm or less, and more preferably 2500 ppm or less, per 1 g of the conjugated polymer. It is preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 750 ppm or less, particularly preferably 500 ppm or less, and most preferably 100 ppm or less. On the other hand, it is usually greater than 0 ppm, preferably 1 ppm or more, more preferably 3 ppm or more.
- the residual amount of halogen atoms is usually 5000 ppm or less, preferably 4000 ppm or less, more preferably 2500 ppm or less, more preferably 1000 ppm or less, even more preferably 750 ppm or less, particularly preferably 500 ppm or less, most per 1 g of conjugated polymer. Preferably it is 100 ppm or less. On the other hand, it is usually greater than 0 ppm, preferably 1 ppm or more, more preferably 3 ppm or more. It is preferable that the residual amount of halogen atoms is 5000 ppm or less because the photoelectric conversion characteristics and durability of the conjugated polymer tend to be improved.
- the residual amount of the terminal residue of the conjugated polymer can be determined by measuring the amount of elements other than carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen.
- ICP mass spectrometry is used for bromine ions (Br ⁇ ) and iodine ions (I ⁇ ), and ICP mass spectrometry is also used for Pd and Sn.
- ICP mass spectrometry can be performed by a method described in a known document ("Plasma ion source mass spectrometry” (Academic Publishing Center)). Specifically, for Pd and Sn, after wet decomposition of the sample, Pd and Sn in the decomposition solution are quantified by a calibration curve method using an ICP mass spectrometer (ICP mass spectrometer 7500ce type manufactured by Agilent Technologies). be able to.
- the conjugated polymer obtained according to the reaction formulas (1) and (2) is composed of one type of repeating unit.
- the resulting conjugated polymer has two or more types of repeating units.
- the number of repeating units is not limited, but is usually 8 or less, preferably 5 or less.
- the conjugated polymer obtained when Compound A14 and Compound A7 are used as monomers has a repeating unit represented by the following formula (P1).
- This conjugated polymer is preferable because it can absorb light having a longer wavelength and has high light absorption.
- R 1x , R 1 , R 2 and Z 1 are the same as those described for the formulas (A14) and (A7).
- Z 1 is Z 11 (R 3 ) (R 4 ) will be described as an example.
- R 3 , R 4 and Z 11 are the same as those described for formula (A7).
- R 1X has an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an alkenyl group which may have a substituent, an alkynyl group which may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- R 1X is such a group because the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) is likely to have excellent solubility in an organic solvent and can be advantageous in a coating film forming process. preferable.
- R 1X is an alkyl group which may have a substituent or an aromatic group which may have a substituent.
- the alkyl group is preferably a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group. Of these, a linear or branched alkyl group is preferred. It is preferable that R 1 is a linear alkyl group because the crystallinity of the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) can be improved, and thus high mobility can be exhibited.
- R 1X is a branched alkyl group in that the solubility of the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) can be improved.
- R 1 is an aromatic group which may have a substituent in that the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) can absorb light having a longer wavelength.
- R 1X is an aromatic group that may have a substituent, the crystallinity of the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) can be improved, and thus mobility increases. This is preferable.
- R 3 and R 4 is preferably an alkyl group or an aromatic group which may have a substituent, and both R 3 and R 4 may have a substituent. More preferably, it is an alkyl group or an aromatic group.
- R 3 and R 4 are an optionally substituted alkyl group.
- the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) can absorb light having a longer wavelength. It is preferable from the viewpoint.
- R 3 and R 4 are a linear alkyl group which may have a substituent indicates that the mobility of the conjugated polymer represented by the formula (P1) is improved due to the improved crystallinity. It is preferable in that it can be.
- R 3 and R 4 when at least one of R 3 and R 4 is a branched alkyl group which may have a substituent, the solubility of the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) is improved. Is preferable in that the film formation by the coating process is facilitated. From these viewpoints, at least one of R 3 and R 4 is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably an alkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
- R 3 and R 4 are aromatic groups which may have a substituent, the interaction between molecules is improved by the interaction between ⁇ electrons, and thus the formula (P1) It is preferable in that the mobility of a material containing a conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the above tends to be large, and is preferable in that the stability of the cyclic skeleton containing the atom Z 11 tends to be improved.
- R 3 is a branched alkyl group which may have a substituent
- R 4 is a linear alkyl group which may have a substituent or an aromatic group which may have a substituent.
- the effect of improving the solubility by the branched alkyl group (R 3 ), the effect of improving the crystallinity of the conjugated polymer by the linear alkyl group or the aromatic group (R 4 ), or the effect of improving the intermolecular interaction of the conjugated polymer Both are preferable in that they can be obtained without impairing the respective effects.
- R 3 and R 4 have an alkyl group which may have a substituent, and a substituent. It is preferably an alkenyl group which may be substituted or an aromatic group which may have a substituent.
- R 1X and R 3 and R 4 are a linear alkyl group or an aromatic group, and R 1X , R 4 3 and R 4 are more preferably a linear alkyl group or an aromatic group.
- R 1X , R 3 , and R 4 are aromatic groups, and that R 1X , R 3 , and R 4 are linear alkyl groups indicates that the conjugated polymer is longer. This is particularly preferable in that it can absorb light of a wavelength.
- the linear alkyl group is preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and more preferably an alkyl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
- R 1 and R 2 are a halogen atom. This is preferable in that the heat resistance, weather resistance, chemical resistance, water / oil repellency, and the like of the conjugated polymer having the repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) are improved.
- the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) has absorption in a long wavelength region (600 nm or more) and can exhibit a high open circuit voltage (Voc).
- Such a conjugated polymer has an advantage of exhibiting high photoelectric conversion characteristics, and particularly exhibits high solar cell characteristics when applied to a solar cell in combination with a fullerene compound.
- the conjugated polymer having a repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) can exhibit high solubility. Since the solvent solubility at the time of coating film formation is high and the range of selection of the solvent itself is widened, it is easy to use a solvent that is optimal for the conditions, so that the film quality of the formed organic semiconductor layer can be improved.
- repeating unit represented by the formula (P1) in addition to the repeating unit represented by the formula (P1), the following repeating units may be mentioned. As described above, one kind may be contained in one molecule, or plural kinds may be contained.
- preferred repeating units in the conjugated polymer of the present invention include the formulas (P1), (a), (c), (e), (f), (g), (i), (k),
- the repeating unit represented by (l), (m), (o), (q), (r), (s), (u) or (w) is more preferred, and the formula (P1), (a) , (E), (f), (g), (k), (l), (m), (q), (r), (s), or a repeating unit represented by (w) is more preferable.
- the repeating unit represented by the formula (P1), (a), (e), (f), (g), (k) or (s) is particularly preferable.
- conjugated polymers that can be obtained by the method of the present invention are shown below.
- the conjugated polymer shown below can be synthesized by the above-described method using the corresponding monomer.
- C 4 H 9 , C 6 H 13 , C 8 H 17 , C 10 H 21 , C 12 H 25 and C 15 H 31 are linear alkyl groups having a predetermined number of carbon atoms.
- EH represents a 2-ethylhexyl group.
- conjugated polymers represented by the following formula those having a plurality of repeating units are not particularly limited in the ratio of the number of each repeating unit.
- the conjugated polymer illustrated below has a 5-membered ring containing a silicon atom, this silicon atom may be another group 14 element of the periodic table such as a carbon atom or a germanium atom.
- the conjugated polymer obtained by the production method according to the present invention (hereinafter referred to as the conjugated polymer according to the present invention) may be used as an organic semiconductor material.
- the organic semiconductor material containing the conjugated polymer according to the present invention (hereinafter referred to as the organic semiconductor material according to the present invention) will be described below.
- the organic semiconductor material according to the present invention contains at least the conjugated polymer according to the present invention.
- the organic semiconductor material according to the present invention may contain only one type of conjugated polymer according to the present invention, or may contain two or more types.
- the organic semiconductor material according to the present invention may contain components other than the conjugated polymer according to the present invention (for example, other polymers, monomers, various additives, and the like).
- the organic semiconductor material of the present invention is suitable for an organic semiconductor layer (organic active layer) of an organic electronic device described later.
- an organic semiconductor material is preferably used after being formed into a film. It is advantageous that the organic semiconductor material is soluble in a solvent because the organic semiconductor material can be formed by a coating method.
- the organic semiconductor material of the present invention may be used alone, or may be used by mixing and / or laminating with other organic semiconductor materials.
- Other organic semiconductor materials that can be used in combination with the organic semiconductor material of the present invention include poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly [2,6- (4,4-bis- [2-ethylhexyl] -4H— Cyclopenta [2,1-b: 3,4-b ′] dithiophene) -alt-4,7- (2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT), benzoporphyrin (BP), pentacene, etc.
- P3HT poly (3-hexylthiophene)
- PCPDTBT poly [2,6- (4,4-bis- [2-ethylhexyl] -4H— Cyclopenta [2,1-b: 3,4-b ′] dithiophene) -alt-4,7- (2,1,3-benzothiadia
- fullerenes such as perylene-bisimide, [6,6] -phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester ([60] PCBM) or C 70 , also known as n-type semiconductor compounds, including organic semiconductor materials Larger fuller such as PCBM, [6,6] -phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid n-butyl ester ([60] PCBNB) or C 70 Examples also include known organic semiconductor materials such as fullerene derivatives such as PCBNB having len. However, other organic semiconductor materials are not limited to these.
- the organic semiconductor material according to the present invention exhibits semiconductor characteristics.
- the hole mobility is usually 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 cm 2 / Vs or more, preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4. and in cm 2 / Vs or more, whereas, the hole mobility is usually 1.0 ⁇ 10 4 cm 2 / Vs or less, preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 3 cm 2 / Vs or less, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 2 cm 2 / Vs or less.
- a method for measuring the hole mobility there is an FET method. The measurement by the FET method can be carried out by a method described in a known document (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2010-045186).
- Organic semiconductor material of the present invention may be used for organic electronic devices.
- an organic electronic device an organic electronic device according to the present invention
- the organic semiconductor material of this invention is applicable, there will be no restriction
- Examples of light emitting elements include various light emitting elements used in display devices. Specific examples include a liquid crystal display element, a polymer dispersion type liquid crystal display element, an electrophoretic display element, an electroluminescent element, an electrochromic element, and the like.
- switching elements include diodes (pn junction diodes, Schottky diodes, MOS diodes, etc.), transistors (bipolar transistors, field effect transistors (FETs, etc.)), thyristors, and their composite elements (for example, TTL). Etc.).
- the photoelectric conversion element include a thin film solar cell, a charge coupled device (CCD), a photomultiplier tube, and a photocoupler. Moreover, what utilized these photoelectric conversion elements is mentioned as an optical sensor using photoelectric conductivity.
- the organic semiconductor material according to the present invention is used is not particularly limited, and can be used in any part. Particularly in the case of a photoelectric conversion element, the organic semiconductor material according to the present invention is usually used for producing an organic active layer of the photoelectric conversion element.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the present invention includes a pair of electrodes and an active layer disposed between the electrodes.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to the present invention is manufactured using the organic semiconductor material according to the present invention. That is, the photoelectric conversion element according to the present invention includes a conjugated polymer obtained by the production method according to the present invention.
- the organic semiconductor material according to the present invention is usually contained in an active layer of a photoelectric conversion element.
- FIG. 1 shows a photoelectric conversion element used in a general organic thin film solar cell, but is not limited thereto.
- the photoelectric conversion element 107 as one embodiment of the present invention includes a substrate 106, an anode 101, a hole extraction layer 102, an organic active layer 103 (a mixed layer of p-type semiconductor compound and n-type semiconductor compound), an electron extraction layer 104, a cathode. 105 has a sequentially formed layer structure.
- the photoelectric conversion element 107 may have a layer structure in which the substrate 106, the cathode 105, the electron extraction layer 104, the organic active layer 103, the hole extraction layer 102, and the anode 101 are sequentially formed. Another layer may be inserted between each layer to the extent that the function of each layer is not affected.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing the configuration of a thin film solar cell as one embodiment of the present invention.
- the thin film solar cell 14 of this embodiment includes a weather-resistant protective film 1, an ultraviolet cut film 2, a gas barrier film 3, a getter material film 4, a sealing material 5, and a solar cell element. 6, a sealing material 7, a getter material film 8, a gas barrier film 9, and a back sheet 10 are provided in this order. And light is irradiated from the side (lower side in the figure) where the weather-resistant protective film 1 is formed, and the solar cell element 6 generates power.
- the getter material film 8 and / or the gas barrier film 9 may not be used depending on the application. Good.
- the use of the solar cell according to the present invention, particularly the thin film solar cell 14 described above, is not limited, and can be used for any application.
- Examples of the field to which the thin-film solar cell according to the present invention is applied include building material solar cells, automobile solar cells, interior solar cells, railway solar cells, marine solar cells, airplane solar cells, and spacecrafts. Solar cells, solar cells for home appliances, solar cells for mobile phones, solar cells for toys, and the like.
- the solar cell according to the present invention may be used as it is, or may be used as a solar cell module by installing a solar cell on a substrate.
- a solar cell module 13 including a thin film solar cell 14 on a base material 12 is prepared and used at a place of use.
- the substrate 12 well-known techniques can be used. Specifically, those described in publicly known documents such as International Publication No. 2011-016430 or Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2012-191194 can be adopted.
- a solar cell panel can be manufactured as the solar cell module 13 by providing the thin film solar cell 14 on the surface of the plate material.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) and molecular weight distribution (PDI) of the copolymer were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Specifically, Shim-pac GPC-803 and GPC-804 (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, inner diameter 8.0 mm, length 30 cm) are connected in series as columns, LC-10AT as a pump, oven CTO-10A as a detector, a differential refractive index detector (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation: RID-10A), and a UV-vis detector (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation: SPD-10A).
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- the conjugated polymer to be measured was dissolved in chloroform, and 5 ⁇ L of the resulting solution was injected into the column. Chloroform was used as a mobile phase, and measurement was performed at a flow rate of 1.0 mL / min. LC-Solution (Shimadzu Corporation) was used for the analysis.
- Proton NMR measurement Proton NMR was measured with an NMR measuring device (device name: Bruker, 400 MHz). Specifically, deuterated chloroform was used as a heavy solvent and tetramethylsilane was used as an internal standard to determine the chemical shift. In addition, the chemical shift of the mono-substituted, di-substituted, or unsubstituted aromatic moiety of the active group (trimethylstannyl group) was identified by proton NMR, and the ratio of the above compounds was identified by the peak integral value.
- Hexane was used as a developing solvent (flow rate 50 ml / min), and the solution that passed through the column at room temperature for 3 minutes was collected. The compound after charging the column was obtained by distilling off the solvent from this solution under reduced pressure.
- the composition ratio of the mono-substituted product (Ar (1)), di-substituted product (Ar (2)), or unsubstituted product (Ar (0)) of the active group (trimethylstannyl group) in the compound is the above-mentioned proton. Confirmed by NMR.
- Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP 30, Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TOTPP 30, Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) 30, and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) 40 (Aldrich) Made). These are encapsulated catalysts in which palladium is supported on porous urea resin beads. Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) 30 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) 40 contain no ligand, and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP 30 encapsulates triphenylphosphine together. Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TOTPP 30 is encapsulated with tri (o-tolyl) phosphine.
- Fibrecat 1026 (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) is a solidification catalyst incorporating a ligand using a polyethylene resin graft-polymerized in a fibrous form as a carrier.
- a tetrahydrofuran solution of trimethyltin chloride (manufactured by Aldrich, 1.0 M, 2.9 mL, 1.2 eq) was added dropwise, followed by stirring for 40 minutes. Further, a tetrahydrofuran / hexane solution of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., concentration 1.11M, 2.6 mL, 1.2 eq) was added dropwise and stirred for 40 minutes. Further, a tetrahydrofuran solution of trimethyltin chloride (manufactured by Aldrich, 1.0 M, 2.9 mL, 1.2 eq) was added dropwise, followed by stirring for 40 minutes.
- LDA lithium diisopropylamide
- a tetrahydrofuran / hexane solution of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., concentration 1.11M, 2.6 mL, 1.2 eq) was added dropwise and stirred for 40 minutes.
- LDA lithium diisopropylamide
- a tetrahydrofuran solution of trimethyltin chloride (manufactured by Aldrich, 1.0 M, 3.1 mL, 1.3 eq) was added dropwise, and the temperature was slowly raised to room temperature. Water was added to the reaction solution, the product was extracted with hexane, and the organic layer was washed with water. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated under reduced pressure, and then dried under vacuum to obtain Compound E2 as a yellow-green oil.
- zeolite A-3 is a synthetic zeolite, the chemical composition is (0.4K + 0.6Na) 2 O ⁇ Al 2 O 3 ⁇ 2SiO 2, the average pore diameter is 3 ⁇ (Wako Analytical circle No.22 , P.14 (20011.9).).
- Synthesis Example 5 (Synthesis Example 5) In Synthesis Example 3, the same treatment was carried out except that Compound E3 (0.5 g) obtained in Synthesis Example 4 was used instead of Compound E2 obtained in Synthesis Example 2, and oily compound (0 .48 g, 96% yield). When the obtained compound was confirmed by proton NMR, it was Compound E3, and the presence of the detinned compound could not be confirmed.
- the zeolite after contacting with the compound E3 obtained in Synthesis Example 3 changes from colorless to pale yellow, indicating that the impurities are adsorbed, and the recovery rate also indicates that the impurities are adsorbed on the zeolite.
- Synthesis Example 7 In Synthesis Example 3, the same treatment was carried out except that Compound E4 (0.5 g) obtained in Synthesis Example 6 was used instead of Compound E2 obtained in Synthesis Example 1, and oily compound (0 .49 g, 98% yield). When the obtained compound was confirmed by proton NMR, it was the compound E4, and the presence of the detinned compound could not be confirmed.
- the zeolite after contacting with the compound E4 obtained in Synthesis Example 6 changed from colorless to pale yellow, indicating that the impurities were adsorbed, and the recovery rate also indicates that the impurities were adsorbed on the zeolite.
- Synthesis Example 9 The same treatment as in Synthesis Example 3 was carried out except that Compound E5 (5.7 g) obtained in Synthesis Example 8 was used instead of Compound E2 obtained in Synthesis Example 1, and oily compound (5 0.6 g, yield 98%) was obtained.
- the obtained compound was confirmed by proton NMR, it was Compound E5, and the presence of the detinned compound could not be confirmed.
- the zeolite after contacting with the compound E5 obtained in Synthesis Example 8 changed from colorless to pale yellow, indicating that the impurities were adsorbed, and the recovery rate also indicates that the impurities were adsorbed on the zeolite.
- Synthesis Example 11 In Synthesis Example 3, the same treatment was carried out except that Compound E6 (3.1 g) obtained in Synthesis Example 10 was used instead of Compound E2 obtained in Synthesis Example 2, and oily compound (2 0.9 g, 94% yield). When the obtained compound was confirmed by proton NMR, it was Compound E6, and the presence of the detinned compound could not be confirmed.
- Synthesis Example 13 The same treatment as in Synthesis Example 3 was performed except that the compound E7 (6.0 g) obtained in Synthesis Example 12 was used instead of the compound E2 obtained in Synthesis Example 2, and an oily compound (5 0.9 g, yield 98%).
- the obtained compound was confirmed by proton NMR, it was Compound E7, and the presence of the detinned compound could not be confirmed.
- the zeolite after contacting with compound E7 obtained in Synthesis Example 12 turns from colorless to pale yellow, indicating that the impurities have been adsorbed, and the recovery rate also shows that the impurities have been adsorbed on the zeolite.
- Synthesis Example 17 In Synthesis Example 3, the same treatment was carried out except that Compound E12 (3.5 g) obtained in Synthesis Example 16 was used instead of Compound E2 obtained in Synthesis Example 2, and oily compound (3 0.3 g, 94% yield). When the obtained compound was confirmed by proton NMR, it was Compound E12, and the presence of the detinned compound could not be confirmed.
- the zeolite after contacting with compound E12 obtained in Synthesis Example 16 turned from colorless to pale yellow, indicating that the impurities were adsorbed, and the recovery rate also indicates that the impurities were adsorbed on the zeolite.
- the ratio of the mono-substituted and unsubstituted trimethylstannyl groups to the compound E5 (di-substituted trimethylstannyl group) before charging the column (mol conversion) was 98%.
- Example 1 [Conjugated Polymer A, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 3 mol% + Pd-EnCat® TPP 30 3 mol%]
- compound E1 138 mg
- compound E2 255 mg
- compound E3 255 mg
- compound E3 255 mg
- compound E3 tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (12 mg, against compound E2) 3 mol%)
- heterogeneous complex catalyst Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 manufactured by Aldrich, 25 mg, 3 mol% with respect to compound E2)
- toluene 5.3 mL
- N, N-dimethylformamide 1 3 mL
- reaction solution was diluted 4 times with toluene and further heated and stirred for 0.5 hour, then, as a terminal treatment, trimethyl (phenyl) tin (0.043 mL) was added and stirred for 6 hours, and further bromobenzene (2 mL). Was added, and the reaction solution was poured into methanol, and the deposited precipitate was collected by filtration. The obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, diamine silica gel (Fuji Silysia Chemical) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature and passed through a short column of acidic silica gel.
- diamine silica gel Fruji Silysia Chemical
- conjugated polymer A had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.4 ⁇ 10 5 and PDI of 3.3.
- the yield of conjugated polymer A was 81%.
- Example 2 [Conjugated Polymer A, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 3 mol% + Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TOTPP 30 3 mol%]
- Compound E1 (122 mg) obtained in Synthesis Example 1
- Compound E2 (226 mg) obtained in Synthesis Example 3
- tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (11 mg, 3 mol% based on Compound E2)
- heterogeneity System complex catalyst Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TOTPP30 manufactured by Aldrich, 23 mg, 3 mol% with respect to compound E2), toluene (4.7 mL), and N, N-dimethylformamide (1.2 mL) were added.
- the mixture was stirred at 100 ° C for 1 hour and then at 100 ° C for 10 hours.
- the reaction solution was diluted 4 times with toluene and heated and stirred for another 0.5 hours.
- trimethyl (phenyl) tin (0.04 mL) was added and heated and stirred for 6 hours.
- bromobenzene (2 mL) was added.
- the mixture was heated and stirred for 11 hours, the reaction solution was poured into methanol, and the deposited precipitate was collected by filtration.
- the obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, diamine silica gel (Fuji Silysia Chemical) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature and passed through a short column of acidic silica gel.
- the solution was concentrated, reprecipitated using chloroform / ethyl acetate as a solvent, and the deposited precipitate was separated by filtration to obtain a conjugated polymer A.
- the resulting conjugated polymer A had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.5 ⁇ 10 5 and PDI of 4.0.
- the yield of conjugated polymer A was 77%.
- reaction solution was diluted 4 times with toluene and further heated and stirred for 0.5 hour. Then, as a terminal treatment, trimethyl (phenyl) tin (0.043 mL) was added and heated and stirred for 6 hours. Further, bromobenzene (2 mL) was added. In addition, the mixture was heated and stirred for 11 hours, the reaction solution was poured into methanol, and the deposited precipitate was collected by filtration. The obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, diamine silica gel (Fuji Silysia Chemical) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature and passed through a short column of acidic silica gel.
- diamine silica gel Fruji Silysia Chemical
- conjugated polymer A had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.4 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 4.2.
- the yield of conjugated polymer A was 80%.
- Example 4 [Conjugated Polymer A, Pd (P (o-tol) 3 ) 4 3 mol% + Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP 30 3 mol%]
- the reaction was conducted in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 3 mol% of tetrakis (tri (o-tolyl) phosphine) palladium (0) was used instead of tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) with respect to compound E2. went.
- the resulting conjugated polymer A had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 8.6 ⁇ 10 4 and PDI of 3.4.
- the yield of conjugated polymer A was 78%.
- Example 5 [Conjugated Polymer A, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 3 mol% + Pd-EnCat® 30 3 mol%]
- Example 3 except that 3 mol% of the heterogeneous catalyst Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) 30 (manufactured by Aldrich) was used instead of the heterogeneous complex catalyst Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30.
- the reaction was carried out in the same manner as in 1.
- the obtained conjugated polymer A had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 and PDI of 3.1.
- the yield of conjugated polymer A was 73%.
- Example 6 [Conjugated polymer A, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 3 mol% + Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) 40 3 mol%]
- Example 3 except that 3 mol% of the heterogeneous catalyst Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) 40 (manufactured by Aldrich) was used instead of the heterogeneous complex catalyst Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30.
- the reaction was carried out in the same manner as in 1.
- the obtained conjugated polymer A had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 9.5 ⁇ 10 4 and PDI of 3.2.
- the yield of conjugated polymer A was 71%.
- Example 7 [Conjugated Polymer A, Pd (P (tBu) 3 ) 4 3 mol% + Pd-EnCat® TPP 30 3 mol%]
- compound E1 (0.19 mg) obtained in Synthesis Example 1
- compound E2 (0.35 mg) obtained in Synthesis Example 3
- heterogeneous complex catalyst Pd-EnCat® TPP30 35 mg, compound 3 mol% with respect to E2), toluene (7.3 mL), and N, N-dimethylformamide (1.8 mL) were added, and the mixture was stirred at 90 ° C. for 1 hour and then at 100 ° C. for 10 hours.
- reaction solution was diluted 4 times with toluene and further heated and stirred for 0.5 hour. Then, as a terminal treatment, trimethyl (phenyl) tin (0.06 mL) was added and heated and stirred for 6 hours. Further, bromobenzene (1 mL) was added. After addition and stirring for 11 hours, the reaction solution was poured into methanol, and the deposited precipitate was collected by filtration. The obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, diamine silica gel (Fuji Silysia Chemical) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature and passed through a short column of acidic silica gel.
- diamine silica gel Fruji Silysia Chemical
- the obtained solution was concentrated, reprecipitation was performed using chloroform / ethyl acetate as a solvent, and the deposited precipitate was separated by filtration to obtain a conjugated polymer A.
- the obtained conjugated polymer A had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 9.0 ⁇ 10 4 and PDI of 3.0.
- the yield of conjugated polymer A was 77%.
- Example 1 instead of Compound E2, Compound E3 obtained in Synthesis Example 5 was used as a catalyst, and Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 were used in an amount of 3 mol% with respect to Compound E2, respectively.
- a conjugated polymer B was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3 mol% of each was used with respect to the compound E3.
- the obtained conjugated polymer B had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.9 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 5.7.
- the yield of conjugated polymer B was 82%.
- Example 1 instead of Compound E2, Compound E4 obtained in Synthesis Example 7 was used as a catalyst, and Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 were used in an amount of 3 mol% with respect to Compound E2, respectively.
- a conjugated polymer C was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3 mol% of each was used with respect to the compound E4.
- the obtained conjugated polymer C had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.3 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 3.4.
- the yield of conjugated polymer C was 73%.
- Example 1 instead of compound E1 and compound E2, as a monomer, compound E1 (0.861 mmol), compound E2 (0.453 mmol) and compound E5 (0.453 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 9 were used as catalysts. As in Example 1, except that 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 was used for compound E2 instead of 3 mol% for compound E2, respectively. A conjugated polymer D was obtained. The obtained conjugated polymer D had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.6 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 4.1. The yield of conjugated polymer D was 71%.
- Example 1 instead of Compound E1 and Compound E2, as a monomer, Compound E1 (0.566 mmol), Compound E5 (0.298 mmol) and Compound E6 (0.298 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 11 were used as catalysts. As in Example 1, except that 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 was used for compound E2 instead of 3 mol% for compound E2, respectively. A conjugated polymer E was obtained. The obtained conjugated polymer E had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 2.7. The yield of conjugated polymer E was 69%.
- Example 12 [Conjugated polymer F, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 3 mol% + Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP 30 3 mol%]
- Example 1 instead of compound E1 and compound E2, as compound, compound E1 (0.810 mmol), compound E6 (0.682 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 11, and compound E7 obtained in Synthesis Example 13 ( 0.171 mmol) was used as a catalyst, except that 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 was used for 3 mol% of compound E2, respectively.
- a conjugated polymer F was obtained.
- the obtained conjugated polymer F had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 4.4 ⁇ 10 5 and PDI of 5.6.
- the yield of conjugated polymer F was 79%.
- Example 1 instead of Compound E1 and Compound E2, as a monomer, Compound E1 (0.851 mol), Compound E2 (0.448 mmol) and Compound E8 (0.448 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 15 were used as catalysts. As in Example 1, except that 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 was used for compound E2 instead of 3 mol% for compound E2, respectively. A conjugated polymer G was obtained. The obtained conjugated polymer G had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 5.1 ⁇ 10 4 and a PDI of 2.1. The yield of conjugated polymer G was 68%.
- Example 1 instead of compound E1 and compound E2, as compound, compound E1 (0.396 mmol), compound E2 (0.834 mmol) and 4,7-dibromobenzo [c] [1,2,5] thiadiazole A conjugated polymer H was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that (Compound E9 (0.396 mmol, manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.)) was used.
- the obtained conjugated polymer H had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 3.6.
- the yield of conjugated polymer H was 73%.
- Example 1 instead of Compound E1 and Compound E2, Compound E2 (0.341 mmol), Compound E6 (0.341 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 9 and 3,6-bis (5-bromo-) were used as monomers.
- 2-Thienyl) -2,5-bis (2-decyltetradecyl) -2,5-dihydro-pyrrolo [3,4-c] pyrrole-1,4-dione (Compound E10 (0.648 mol), Lumtec) Except that Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat® TPP30 were each used in an amount of 3 mol% relative to compound E2 instead of 3 mol% relative to compound E2, respectively. 1 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the obtained conjugated polymer I had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 2.6 ⁇ 10 5 and PDI of 3.9.
- the yield of conjugated polymer I was 71%.
- Example 1 instead of compound E1 and compound E2, as compound, compound E1 (0.338 mmol), compound E2 (0.712 mmol) and 3,6-bis (5-bromo-2-thienyl) -2, Except for using 5-bis (2-decyltetradecyl) -2,5-dihydro-pyrrolo [3,4-c] pyrrole-1,4-dione (Compound E11 (0.338 mmol, manufactured by Lumtec)) In the same manner as in Example 1, a conjugated polymer J was obtained. The obtained conjugated polymer J had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 and PDI of 2.8. The yield of conjugated polymer J was 79%.
- Example 1 instead of compound E1 and compound E2, as a monomer, compound E1 (0.801 mmol), compound E2 (0.801 mmol) and compound E12 (0.0422 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 17 were used as catalysts. As in Example 1, except that 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 was used for compound E2 instead of 3 mol% for compound E2, respectively. A conjugated polymer K was obtained. The obtained conjugated polymer K had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.8 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 3.6. The yield of conjugated polymer K was 77%.
- Example 1 instead of Compound E1 and Compound E2, as a monomer, Compound E1 (0.794 mol), Compound E2 (0.794 mmol) and Compound E13 (0.042 mol) obtained in Synthesis Example 19 were used as catalysts. As in Example 1, except that 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 was used for compound E2 instead of 3 mol% for compound E2, respectively. A conjugated polymer L was obtained. The obtained conjugated polymer L had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 2.6 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 5.2. The yield of conjugated polymer L was 75%.
- Example 1 instead of Compound E1 and Compound E2, the compounds E7 (0.642 mmol) and 5,8-dibromo-2,3-didecyl-quinoxaline (Compound E14 (0 .Pix (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat® TPP30 were used in an amount of 3 mol% relative to compound E7 instead of 3 mol% relative to compound E2, respectively. Except for the above, a conjugated polymer M was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. The obtained conjugated polymer M had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.5 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 1.9. The yield of the conjugated polymer M was 70%.
- Example 1 instead of Compound E1 and Compound E2, Compound E1 (98.9 mmol), Compound E2 (47.0 mmol) and Compound E6 (47.0 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 10 were used as monomers. Instead of using 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat® TPP30 as the catalyst with respect to compound E2, 3 mol% each with respect to compound E1 was used, and the reaction time was 1 at 90 ° C.
- the conjugated polymer N was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that instead of the time, followed by 10 hours at 100 ° C., 1 hour at 90 ° C. and then 2 hours at 100 ° C.
- the obtained conjugated polymer N had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 3.2 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 5.2. The yield of conjugated polymer N was 83%.
- Example 1 the compound E15 (0.986 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 21 was used as the monomer instead of the compound E2, and Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 were used as the catalyst.
- Conjugated polymer O was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3 mol% of each of E2 was used instead of 3 mol% of E2.
- the resulting conjugated polymer O had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 2.1 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 4.6.
- the yield of conjugated polymer O was 81%.
- Example 1 instead of compound E2, the compound E5 (0.612 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 9 was used as the monomer, and Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 were used as the catalyst.
- a conjugated polymer P was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3 mol% was used for E2 instead of 3 mol% for E2, respectively.
- the obtained conjugated polymer P had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 3.6 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 5.7.
- the yield of the conjugated polymer P was 80%.
- Example 1 instead of Compound E1 and Compound E2, as a monomer, Compound E2 (0.312 mmol), Compound E6 (0.312 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 11, 5,8-dibromo-2,3- Instead of using 3 mol% of didecyl-quinoxaline (Compound E14 (0.657 mmol, manufactured by Lumtec)) as a catalyst, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 with respect to Compound E2, respectively.
- a conjugated polymer Q was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3 mol% of each was used with respect to E14.
- the resulting conjugated polymer Q had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 3.2 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 5.2.
- the yield of conjugated polymer Q was 67%.
- Example 1 instead of compound E1 and compound E2, the compound E8 (0.853 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 15 and 3,6-bis (5-bromo-2-thienyl) -2,5 were used as monomers in Example 1.
- -Bis (2-decyltetradecyl) -2,5-dihydro-pyrrolo [3,4-c] pyrrole-1,4-dione (compound E10 (0.810 mol, manufactured by Lumtec)) as a catalyst (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 were used in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3 mol% was used for compound E8 instead of 3 mol% for compound E2, respectively.
- Molecule R was obtained.
- the obtained conjugated polymer R had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 4.1 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 1.9.
- the yield of conjugated polymer R was 74%.
- Example 1 instead of Compound E1 and Compound E2, the compound E8 (0.931 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 15 and 4,7-dibromo-5,6-difluoro-2,1,3- were used as monomers in Example 1. Instead of using benzothiadiazole (compound E99 (mol, manufactured by Lumtec)) as a catalyst and 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd- (registered trademark) TPP30 based on compound E2, Instead of using 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat® TOTPP30 and the reaction time is 90 ° C. for 1 hour followed by 100 ° C. for 10 hours, 1 hour at 90 ° C.
- benzothiadiazole compound E99 (mol, manufactured by Lumtec)
- Pd- (registered trademark) TPP30 instead of using 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Pd-EnCat® TOTPP30 and the reaction time is 90 °
- conjugated polymer S was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the temperature was 100 ° C. for 8 hours.
- the obtained conjugated polymer S had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 2.9 ⁇ 10 5 and a PDI of 2.3.
- the yield of conjugated polymer S was 65%.
- Example 26 [Conjugated Polymer A, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 1 mol% + Pd-EnCat® TPP 30 3 mol%]
- Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 was used at 1 mol% with respect to the compound E2.
- a conjugated polymer A was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 3 mol% of Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) TPP30 was used with respect to compound E2.
- the obtained conjugated polymer A had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 2.6 ⁇ 10 5 and PDI of 2.5.
- the yield of conjugated polymer A was 66%.
- Example 27 [Conjugated polymer N, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 3 mol% + Fiber 1026 3 mol%]
- Example 1 instead of Compound E1 and Compound E2, Compound E1 (43.0 mmol), Compound E2 (21.5 mmol) and Compound E6 (21.5 mmol) obtained in Synthesis Example 10 were used as monomers.
- 3 mol% each of Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 and Fibrecat 1026 manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- the conjugated polymer N was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that instead of the time, followed by 10 hours at 100 ° C., 1 hour at 90 ° C. and then 3 hours at 100 ° C.
- the obtained conjugated polymer N had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.8 ⁇ 10 6 and a PDI of 2.9.
- the yield of conjugated polymer N was 74%.
- reaction solution was diluted 4 times with toluene and further heated and stirred for 0.5 hour, and then, as a terminal treatment, trimethyl (phenyl) tin (0.03 mL) was added and heated and stirred for 10 hours. Further, bromobenzene (0. 5 mL) was added and the mixture was heated and stirred for 6 hours.
- the reaction solution was poured into methanol, and the deposited precipitate was collected by filtration. The obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, diamine silica gel (Fuji Silysia Chemical) was added and stirred for 1 hour at room temperature, and then passed through a short column of acidic silica gel.
- the obtained solution was concentrated, reprecipitation was performed using chloroform / ethyl acetate as a solvent, and the deposited precipitate was separated by filtration to obtain a conjugated polymer A.
- the obtained conjugated polymer A had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 2.2 ⁇ 10 4 and a PDI of 2.0.
- the yield of conjugated polymer A was 85%.
- Example 16 [Conjugated polymer R, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 3 mol%]
- Example 24 As a catalyst, Pd (PPh 3) 4 3mol % relative to compound E8 + Pd-EnCat (TM) in place with TPP30 3mol%, Pd relative to compound E8 (PPh 3) 4 3mol%
- the conjugated polymer R was obtained in the same manner as in Example 24 except that the reaction time was 90 ° C. for 1 hour, and then 100 ° C. for 10 hours instead of 100 hours for 20 hours. .
- the obtained conjugated polymer R had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 1.1 ⁇ 10 4 and PDI of 3.1.
- the yield of conjugated polymer R was 35%.
- Comparative Example 18 [Conjugated Polymer A, Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 3 mol%]
- Comparative Example 1 instead of subjecting the crude polymer containing the conjugated polymer A purified through the silica gel column to GPC preparative purification under the purification conditions, the crude polymer containing the conjugated polymer A purified through the silica gel column was treated with chloroform / Reprecipitation was performed using ethyl acetate as a solvent, and the deposited precipitate was separated by filtration to obtain a conjugated polymer A.
- the obtained conjugated polymer A had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 4.3 ⁇ 10 4 and PDI of 2.4.
- the yield of conjugated polymer A was 38%.
- the reaction solution was poured into methanol, and the deposited precipitate was collected by filtration.
- the obtained solid was dissolved in chloroform, diamine silica gel (Fuji Silysia Chemical) was added and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes, and then passed through a short column of acidic silica gel.
- the resulting solution was concentrated, reprecipitated using chloroform / ethyl acetate as a solvent, and the deposited precipitate was filtered off to obtain a conjugated polymer N.
- the obtained conjugated polymer N had a weight average molecular weight Mw of 3.0 ⁇ 10 4 and a PDI of 3.2.
- the yield of conjugated polymer N was 79%.
- This solution was stirred and mixed on a hot stirrer at a temperature of 80 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the solution after stirring and mixing was filtered through a 1 ⁇ m polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter to obtain an active layer coating solution.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- a glass substrate manufactured by Geomatic Co., Ltd.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- the substrate on which the electron extraction layer is formed is brought into a glove box, heat-treated at 150 ° C. for 3 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, and after cooling, the active layer coating solution Ink (0.12 mL) prepared as described above at a speed of 500 rpm.
- An active layer was formed by spin coating.
- MoO 3 molybdenum trioxide
- the photoelectric conversion element thus produced was evaluated by measuring the current-voltage characteristics as described above. The results are shown in Table 5.
- the weight average molecular weight Mw of the obtained conjugated polymer is 4.1 ⁇ 10 4. remains ⁇ 5.5 ⁇ 10 4, the yield of the obtained conjugated polymer was only 27-38%. From Comparative Examples 1 to 3, it can be seen that even when the homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst is increased, the weight average molecular weight of the conjugated polymer is increased rather than increased.
- the weight average molecular weight of the obtained conjugated polymer is lower than that in the examples, and the yield is also low because compound E2 is cross-coupled with compound E1 in the reaction system. It is thought that this is because the trimethylstannyl group is easily eliminated from the compound E2 rather than causing a ring reaction.
- the yield of the obtained conjugated polymer is 85 to 86. %, but the weight average molecular weight Mw of the conjugated polymer obtained was only 2.2 ⁇ 10 4 to 3.1 ⁇ 10 4 . Further, it can be seen that the reaction is completed in about 2 hours from the start of the reaction.
- the yield of the obtained conjugated polymer is as high as 85 to 86%, but the weight average molecular weight of the obtained conjugated polymer is lower than in the examples.
- the compound E2 reacts rapidly with the compound E1 in the reaction system in the vicinity of the heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst, it becomes porous when it reaches a certain size (about 2.0 ⁇ 10 4 ). It is considered that the polymer synthesis does not extend because it becomes impossible to contact the active center of the heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst existing in the polymer.
- the yield of the obtained conjugated polymer is 71 to 80%, which is markedly improved as compared with the case where only the homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst is used (Comparative Examples 1 to 4 and 18). I understand that. That is, it can be seen that the manufacturing method of the present application has high reproducibility.
- tetrakis (tri-o-tolylphosphine) palladium or tetrakis (tributylphosphine) palladium as a homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst
- a palladium complex catalyst supported on a porous polymer carrier as a heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the obtained conjugated polymer is very high and does not depend on the palladium ligand in the homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst, and the obtained conjugated high It can be seen that the yield of the molecule is high.
- a palladium catalyst (Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) 30, Pd-EnCat (registered trademark) 40) supported on a porous polymer carrier, which is a heterogeneous transition metal catalyst that does not contain a phosphine ligand in advance.
- tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium which is a homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst, is used in combination (Examples 5 and 6)
- the weight average molecular weight Mw of the obtained conjugated polymer is 9.5.
- ⁇ 10 4 to 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 was very high, and the yield of the obtained conjugated polymer was as high as 71 to 73%. This is presumably because the phosphine ligand present in the reaction system is coordinated to the palladium catalyst supported on the porous polymer carrier in the reaction system to become a heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst.
- tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium which is a homogeneous transition metal complex catalyst
- a solidification catalyst (Fibrecat 1026) which is a heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst
- the weight average molecular weight Mw of the obtained conjugated polymer was as high as 1.8 ⁇ 10 5 compared to Comparative Example 19, and the obtained conjugated polymer was also obtained. It can be seen that the yield of is as high as 74%.
- the photoelectric conversion element using the conjugated polymer obtained in the above examples does not depend on the type of the conjugated polymer compared to the photoelectric conversion element using the conjugated polymer obtained in the comparative example, It can be seen that the photoelectric conversion efficiency has improved. That is, it can be seen that the photoelectric conversion element using the conjugated polymer having a large weight average molecular weight improves the photoelectric conversion element performance as compared with the photoelectric conversion element using the conjugated polymer having a small weight average molecular weight.
- a conjugated polymer having a higher molecular weight can be obtained by using a monomer coupling reaction in combination with a homogeneous and heterogeneous transition metal complex catalyst, and a photoelectric conversion element having excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency can be obtained by using the conjugated polymer. Therefore, it is suitable for solar cell and its module use, and can be used as an energy source with low environmental load.
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Abstract
Description
1.1種以上のモノマーをカップリング反応により重合させる工程を含む共役高分子の製造方法であって、1種以上の均一系遷移金属錯体触媒と、1種以上の不均一系遷移金属錯体触媒を併用し、モノマーのカップリング反応を行うことを特徴とする、共役高分子の製造方法。
2.前記カップリング反応が、前記1種以上の均一系遷移金属錯体触媒と、前記1種以上の不均一系遷移金属錯体触媒の共存下で行われる反応である、前項1に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
3.前記不均一系遷移金属錯体触媒は、担体に担持された遷移金属錯体を含む、前項1又は2に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
4.前記均一系遷移金属錯体触媒及び前記不均一系遷移金属錯体触媒を構成する遷移金属のそれぞれが後周期遷移金属である、前項1乃至3の何れか1項に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
5.前記モノマーが、共役化合物又は芳香族化合物である、前項1乃至4の何れか1項に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
6.前記芳香族化合物が縮合芳香族化合物を含むである、前項5に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
7.前記芳香族化合物がn個(nは2以上4以下の整数)の活性基を有する芳香族化合物(Ar(n))であって、下記条件を満たす芳香族化合物である、前項5又は6に記載の共役高分子化合物の製造方法。
条件:芳香族化合物(Ar(n))1.0gを含むヘキサン溶液5mlを、カラム(内径15mm、長さ5cm、シリカゲル(球状、中性(pH 7.0±0.5)、粒径63~210μm)20gと無水炭酸カリウム2gを含むヘキサン溶液50mL充填)にチャージし、ヘキサンを展開溶媒(流速50ml/min)として、室温にて3分間カラムを通り抜けた溶液中の、n個より少ない活性基を有する芳香族化合物の合計の割合が、該カラムへのチャージ前の芳香族化合物(Ar(n))に対して5mol%以上である。
8.前記活性基が、Li、Mg、Zn、B、又は周期表第14族元素から選ばれる原子を有する基である、前項7に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
9.前記芳香族化合物(Ar(n))が芳香族複素環を含み、前記活性基が、該芳香族複素環に結合している前項7又は8に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
10.前記(Ar(n))が、下記一般式(A4)又は(A4’)で表される芳香族化合物である、前項7乃至9の何れか1項に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
11.前記一般式(A4)又は(A4’)で表される化合物が一般式(A6)又は(A6’)で表される化合物である、前項10に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
12.前記環Cは、5員環又は6員環の単環であるか、或いはこれらの環が2以上6以下縮合してなる環である、前項11に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
13.前記モノマーとして、更に下記式(A11)、(A12)、(A13)、及び(A17)で表される化合物からなる群より選ばれた芳香族化合物を含む、前項10乃至12の何れか1項に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
式(A11)において、R31及びR32は、水素原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~20の芳香族複素環基、置換基を有していてもよいアシル基、置換基を有していてもよいアルコキシ基、置換基を有していてもよいアリールオキシ基である。
式(A12)において、R25及びR26は、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~20の芳香族複素環基、置換基を有していてもよいアシル基である。R27及びR28は、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~20の芳香族複素環基である。
式(A13)において、Y1及びY2は、それぞれ独立に周期表第15族元素から選ばれた原子を表す。R19及びR20は、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基である。
式(A17)において、Y3及びY4は、それぞれ独立して、窒素原子又は一つの置換基を有する炭素原子(C(R43))を表す。R43は、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~20の芳香族複素環基である。
R21及びR22は、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~20の芳香族複素環基である。
14.前項1乃至13に記載の製造方法で得られた共役高分子を含むことを特徴とする光電変換素子。
15.前項14で得られた光電変換素子を含むことを特徴とする太陽電池。
16.前項15で得られた太陽電池を含むことを特徴とする太陽電池モジュール。
本発明におけるカップリング反応の例としては、(1)酸化的ホモカップリング反応、(2)C-H結合活性化反応、(3)クロスカップリング反応、(4)C-ヘテロ原子のカップリング反応、などが挙げられる。
以下に、本発明のカップリング反応において利用できる均一系遷移金属錯体触媒について説明する。カップリング反応を円滑に進行させるために、均一系遷移金属錯体としてはカップリング用遷移金属錯体を用いることが好ましく、特に遷移金属として後周期遷移金属を用いることが好ましい。
パラジウム錯体は、パラジウム(0)が重要な触媒種であるが、一般に、空気中で不安定で分解されやすい。一方、パラジウム(II)は安定であり、配位子との共存により容易にパラジウム(0)に変換され系中で活性種を発生させる。なお、系中でパラジウム(II)錯体と配位子とから活性なパラジウム(0)錯体を作製する場合、パラジウム(II)錯体とパラジウム(0)錯体との2種類の錯体が用いられているのではなく、1種類のパラジウム錯体が用いられているものと考える。
ニッケル触媒としては、Negishiら,Chemistry of Organozinc Compounds(Pt.1),pp.457-553,(2006)や、Takahashiら,Modern Organonickel Chemistry,pp.41-55(2005)などに記載のものを用いることができる。
鉄触媒の例としては、Fe(acac)3、Fe(dmb)3、[Fe(C2H4)4][Li(tmeda)]2、[(FeCl3)2(tmeda)3]などが挙げられる。
銅触媒の例としては、CuOAc、(CuOTf)2、CuTC、Cu(MeCN)4PF6、CuBr・Me2S、Cu(neocup)(PPh3)などが挙げられる。
以下に、本発明のカップリング反応において利用できる不均一系遷移金属錯体触媒について説明する。カップリング反応を円滑に進行させるために、不均一系遷移金属錯体としてはカップリング用遷移金属錯体を用いることが好ましく、特に遷移金属として後周期遷移金属を用いることが好ましい。後周期遷移金属の中でも特に、パラジウム、ニッケル、鉄、及び銅を含む不均一系遷移金属錯体を用いることが、反応性を向上させるために好ましい。
本発明のカップリング反応において用いられる1種以上のモノマーのそれぞれは、ドナー性又はアクセプター性を有する共役化合物、又は芳香族化合物であることが好ましい。より好ましくは芳香族化合物である。
式(A4)において、X12及びX13はそれぞれ独立に、16族元素から選ばれる原子を表す。得られる共役高分子の半導体特性の観点から、X12及びX13は酸素原子又は硫黄原子であることが好ましく、硫黄原子であることが特に好ましい。
R46は、R1Xとして前述した基と同様の基が挙げられる。
本発明のモノマーの製造方法は特に限定はなく、公知の方法に従って製造することができる。例えば、式(A7)で表される化合物は、J.Mater.Chem.,21,3895(2011)、及びJ.Am.Chem.Soc.,130,16144-16145(2008)に記載の方法に準じて製造することができる。
次に、カップリング反応の反応条件について詳しく説明する。
具体的には、TOFが大きい遷移金属錯体触媒を均一系遷移金属錯体触媒とし、TONが大きい遷移金属錯体を不均一系遷移金属触媒としてもよく、TOFが大きい遷移金属錯体触媒を均一系遷移金属錯体触媒とし、TONが大きい遷移金属錯体を不均一系遷移金属触媒としてもよい。
2種以上の遷移金属錯体触媒について、一方は大きなTON(ターンオーバー数)を示し、他方は高い反応性(例えば高い反応速度(TOF))を示すことが、高分子量の共役高分子を得るために好ましい。また、それぞれの遷移金属錯体触媒は、同種の遷移金属を有することが、反応を複雑にしないために好ましい。
反応式(1)に示すように化合物A1と化合物A2とをカップリングさせる場合、化合物A1に対する化合物A2とのモル比は、得たい共役高分子の分子量分布に依存するが、通常0.75以上、好ましくは0.85以上であり、一方、通常1.3以下、好ましくは1.2以下である。
反応に用いる溶媒としては、例えば、ペンタン、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、オクタン、若しくはシクロヘキサンなどの飽和炭化水素;ベンゼン、トルエン、エチルベンゼン、若しくはキシレンなどの芳香族炭化水素;クロロベンゼン、ジクロロベンゼン、トリクロロベンゼン、若しくはフルオロベンゼンなどのハロゲン化芳香族炭化水素;メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、イソプロパノール、ブタノール、若しくはt-ブチルアルコールなどのアルコール類;水;ジメチルエーテル、ジエチルエーテル、メチル-t-ブチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン、テトラヒドロピラン、若しくはジオキサンなどのエーテル類;ブチルアミン、トリエチルアミン、ジイソプロピルエチルアミン、ジイソプロピルアミン、ジエチルアミン、ピロリジン、ピペリジン、若しくはピリジンなどのアミン系溶媒;又は、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、若しくはN-メチルピロリドンなどの非プロトン性極性有機溶媒などが挙げられる。生成する共役高分子の溶解性を向上させるために、これらの溶媒を一種を単独で用いてもよいし、二種以上の溶媒を混合して用いてもよい。
モノマー及び生成する共役高分子の劣化を防ぐために、不活性ガス下で反応を行うことが好ましい。特に、窒素雰囲気下、又はアルゴン雰囲気下で反応を行うことが好ましい。しかしながら、酸化的カップリングを行う場合は、不活性ガス下で反応を行う必要はない。
反応温度は特に限定されないが、通常は、室温以上、溶媒の沸点以下の温度で行う。反応速度を上げるために、オートクレーブ又はマイクロ波などを用いて、加圧及び/又は加熱を行ってもよい。
反応時間はモノマーの反応性に依存するが、短い時間で反応を十分に完結させる観点から、通常5分以上、好ましくは30分以上、より好ましくは1時間以上であり、一方、通常48時間以下、好ましくは24時間以下、より好ましくは15時間、さらに好ましくは12時間、ことさらに好ましくは6時間、特に好ましくは3時間である。この時間に、後述する末端処理に要する時間は含まない。通常は、分析GPCを用いるなどの方法で反応が完結したか否かを確認し、後述する末端処理を行う。
本発明の製造方法の反応スケールについて、特段の制限はないが、500mg以上5g以下程度の小スケールでも、5gより大きい大スケールでもよい。大スケールの上限に特段の制限はない。本発明の製造方法は、短時間でモノマーをオリゴマーに変換し、モノマーの活性基が分解することを防ぎ、活性基の分解速度は低下する傾向にあるオリゴマーをカップリング反応で重合するため、本発明の製造方法は、従来の反応系と比較して、より安定した合成系、つまり再現性が高い反応系であると考える。ゆえに、本発明の製造方法は、再現性が求められる大スケールにより適した反応系であると考える。
<3.8 塩基>
反応溶液には、モノマー、触媒、及び溶媒の他に、さらに塩基を加えてもよい。塩基を加えることは、反応速度が向上しうる点で好ましい。塩基の例としては、炭酸水素ナトリウム、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸カリウム、炭酸セシウム、炭酸カルシウム、リン酸カルシウム、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、水酸化セシウム、フッ化セシウム、若しくはフッ化カリウムなどの無機塩基;又は、カリウムt-ブトキシド、ナトリウムt-ブトキシド、ナトリウムメトキシド、ナトリウムエトキシド、ピリジン、ルチジン、ジ(t-ブチル)ピリジン、トリエチルアミン、リチウムジイソプロピルアミド、リチウムヘキサメチルジシラジド、t-ブチルリチウム、若しくはn-ブチルリチウムなどの有機塩基が挙げられる。特に、反応をより促進しうる点で、セシウム塩及びフッ化物塩を加えることは好ましい。
反応溶液には、モノマー、触媒、及び溶媒の他に、さらに相間移動触媒を加えてもよい。相間移動触媒の例としては、アンモニウム塩、ヘテロ環アンモニウム塩、ホスホニウム塩などが挙げられる。2層系の溶媒を用いる場合、トリアルキルアンモニウムブロミド、トリアルキルアンモニウムクロリド、トリアルキルアンモニウムアイオダイド、テトラブチルホスホニウムブロミド、テトラエチルアンモニウムホスホニウムクロライド、Aliquat、又はイオン性液体などを相間移動触媒として用いてもよい。
カップリング反応が終了すると、公知の方法、例えば、水でクエンチした後に有機溶媒で抽出し、この有機溶媒を留去するなどの通常の後処理により、粗製の共役高分子を得ることができる。その後、粗製の共役高分子から金属を取り除くために、再沈精製、ソックスレー抽出、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー、又はスキャベンジャーにより、純化処理をすることが好ましい。中でも再沈法は、大量の共役高分子を精製できることから好ましい。
重合反応後の共役高分子に対しては、末端処理を行うことが好ましい。共役高分子の末端処理を行うことにより、共役高分子に含まれる、臭素(Br)若しくはヨウ素(I)などのハロゲン原子、又はアルキルスタニル基のような末端残基(上述のX1~X4)の残存量を減らすことができる。この末端処理を行うことは、半導体性能及び耐久性の点でよりよい性能の共役高分子を得ることができるために、好ましい。
以下、本発明に係る共役高分子の製造方法により得られる共役高分子について説明する。
(b)化合物(A7)と化合物(A16)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(c)化合物(A7)と化合物(A13)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(d)化合物(A7)と化合物(A18)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(e)化合物(A7)と化合物(A22)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(f)化合物(A8)と化合物(A14)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(g)化合物(A8)と化合物(A15)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(h)化合物(A8)と化合物(A16)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(i)化合物(A8)と化合物(A13)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(j)化合物(A8)と化合物(A18)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(k)化合物(A8)と化合物(A22)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(l)化合物(A9)と化合物(A14)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(m)化合物(A9)と化合物(A15)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(n)化合物(A9)と化合物(A16)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(o)化合物(A9)と化合物(A13)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(p)化合物(A9)と化合物(A18)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(q)化合物(A9)と化合物(A22)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(r)化合物(A10)と化合物(A14)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(s)化合物(A10)と化合物(A15)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(t)化合物(A10)と化合物(A16)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(u)化合物(A10)と化合物(A13)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(v)化合物(A10)と化合物(A18)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
(w)化合物(A10)と化合物(A22)のカップリング反応により得られる繰り返し単位
[有機半導体材料]
本発明に係る製造方法により得られた共役高分子(以下、本発明に係る共役高分子と称する)は、有機半導体材料として用いてもよい。以下に、本発明に係る共役高分子を含む有機半導体材料(以下、本発明に係る有機半導体材料と称する)について説明する。
本発明の有機半導体材料は、有機電子デバイスに使用してもよい。以下、本発明の有機半導体材料を用いて作製した有機電子デバイス(本発明に係る有機電子デバイス)について説明する。本発明の有機半導体材料を適用可能なものであれば、有機電子デバイスの種類に特に制限はない。例としては、発光素子、スイッチング素子、光電変換素子、光電導性を利用した光センサーなどが挙げられる。
以下に、本発明に係る有機半導体材料を用いて作製した光電変換素子(以下、本発明に係る光電変換素子と称する)について説明する。本発明に係る光電変換素子は、一対の電極と、該電極間に配置された活性層と、を備える。
上述の各実施形態に係る光電変換素子は、太陽電池、なかでも薄膜太陽電池の太陽電池素子として使用されることが好ましい。図2は本発明の一実施形態としての薄膜太陽電池の構成を模式的に示す断面図である。図2に示すように、本実施形態の薄膜太陽電池14は、耐候性保護フィルム1と、紫外線カットフィルム2と、ガスバリアフィルム3と、ゲッター材フィルム4と、封止材5と、太陽電池素子6と、封止材7と、ゲッター材フィルム8と、ガスバリアフィルム9と、バックシート10とをこの順に備える。そして、耐候性保護フィルム1が形成された側(図中下方)から光が照射されて、太陽電池素子6が発電するようになっている。
コポリマーの重量平均分子量(Mw)及び分子量分布(PDI)は、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィ(GPC)により求めた。具体的には、カラムとして、Shim-pac GPC-803、GPC-804(島津製作所製,内径8.0mm,長さ30cm)をそれぞれ1本ずつ直列に繋げて用い、ポンプとしてLC-10AT、オーブンとしてCTO-10A、検出器として示差屈折率検出器(島津製作所製:RID-10A)、及びUV-vis検出器(島津製作所製:SPD-10A)を用いた。測定のために、測定対象の共役高分子をクロロホルムに溶解させ、得られた溶液5μLをカラムに注入した。移動相としてクロロホルムを用い、1.0mL/minの流速で測定を行った。解析にはLC-Solution(島津製作所)を用いた。
プロトンNMRは、NMR測定装置(装置名:Bruker社,400MHz)により測定した。具体的には、重溶媒として重クロロホルムを、内部標準としてテトラメチルシランを用い、ケミカルシフトを決めた。また、活性基(トリメチルスタニル基)のモノ置換体、ジ置換体、又は無置換体の芳香族部分のケミカルシフトをプロトンNMRにより同定し、ピークの積分値により上記化合物の比を同定した。
モノマーの安定度については、以下の条件により測定した。
シリカゲル(関東化学製,製品名Silica gel 60N,Spherical neutral,20g)と無水炭酸カリウム(Aldrich社製(Catlog No.347825),粉末,2.0g)とをヘキサン(50mL)中で懸濁させ、カラム(内径15mm)につめた(カラム長 5cm)。活性基(トリメチルスタニル基)のジ置換体である芳香族化合物(A2)1.0g(カラムへのチャージ前のAr(2)とする)をヘキサン(5.0mL)に溶かし、カラムにチャージした。ヘキサンを展開溶媒(流速50ml/min)として用い、室温にて3分間カラムを通り抜けた溶液を回収した。この溶液から溶媒を減圧留去することにより、カラムへのチャージ後の化合物が得られた。該化合物中の活性基(トリメチルスタニル基)のモノ置換体(Ar(1))、ジ置換体(Ar(2))、又は無置換体(Ar(0))の組成比を上述のプロトンNMRで確認した。
光電変換素子に4mm角のメタルマスクを付け、照射光源としてエアマス(AM)1.5G、放射照度100mW/cm2のソーラシミュレータを用い、ソースメーター(ケイスレー社製,2400型)により、ITO電極とアルミニウム電極との間における電流-電圧特性を測定した。この測定結果から、開放電圧Voc(V)、短絡電流密度Jsc(mA/cm2)、形状因子FF、及び光電変換効率PCE(%)を算出した。
FF=Pmax/(Voc×Jsc)
PCE = (Pmax/Pin)×100
= (Voc×Jsc×FF/Pin)×100
ゼオライトA-3(和光純薬社製,製品名Zeolite,Synthetic,A-3,Powder,through 75μm,30g)をヘキサン(50mL)中で懸濁させ、カラム(内径15mm)につめた。合成例2で得られた化合物E2(1.0g)をヘキサン(5.0mL)に溶かし、カラムにチャージした。ヘキサンを展開溶媒(流速50ml/min)として用い、室温にて3分間カラムを通り抜けた溶液を回収した。この溶液から溶媒を減圧留去することにより、オイル状の化合物(0.97g、収率97%)が得られた。
合成例3において、合成例2で得られた化合物E2の代わりに、合成例4で得られた化合物E3(0.5g)を用いた以外は同様にして処理を行い、オイル状の化合物(0.48g、収率96%)が得られた。得られた化合物をプロトンNMRで確認したところ、化合物E3であり、脱スズ化された化合物の存在は確認できなかった。合成例3で得られた化合物E3と接触させた後のゼオライトは、無色から薄い黄色になり、不純物が吸着されたことがわかり、回収率からも不純物がゼオライトに吸着されたことがわかる。
合成例3において、合成例1で得られた化合物E2の代わりに、合成例6で得られた化合物E4(0.5g)を用いた以外は同様にして処理を行い、オイル状の化合物(0.49g、収率98%)が得られた。得られた化合物をプロトンNMRで確認したところ、化合物E4であり、脱スズ化された化合物の存在は確認できなかった。合成例6で得られた化合物E4と接触させた後のゼオライトは、無色から薄い黄色になり、不純物が吸着されたことがわかり、回収率からも不純物がゼオライトに吸着されたことがわかる。
合成例3において、合成例1で得られた化合物E2の代わりに、合成例8で得られた化合物E5(5.7g)を用いた以外は同様にして処理を行い、オイル状の化合物(5.6g、収率98%)が得られた。得られた化合物をプロトンNMRで確認したところ、化合物E5であり、脱スズ化された化合物の存在は確認できなかった。合成例8で得られた化合物E5と接触させた後のゼオライトは、無色から薄い黄色になり、不純物が吸着されたことがわかり、回収率からも不純物がゼオライトに吸着されたことがわかる。
合成例3において、合成例2で得られた化合物E2の代わりに、合成例10で得られた化合物E6(3.1g)を用いた以外は同様にして処理を行い、オイル状の化合物(2.9g、収率94%)が得られた。得られた化合物をプロトンNMRで確認したところ、化合物E6であり、脱スズ化された化合物の存在は確認できなかった。
合成例3において、合成例2で得られた化合物E2の代わりに、合成例12で得られた化合物E7(6.0g)を用いた以外は同様にして処理を行い、オイル状の化合物(5.9g、収率98%)が得られた。得られた化合物をプロトンNMRで確認したところ、化合物E7であり、脱スズ化された化合物の存在は確認できなかった。合成例12で得られた化合物E7と接触させた後のゼオライトは、無色から薄い黄色になり、不純物が吸着されたことがわかり、回収率からも不純物がゼオライトに吸着されたことがわかる。
合成例3において、合成例2で得られた化合物E2の代わりに、合成例14で得られた化合物E8(3.2g)を用いた以外は同様にして処理を行い、オイル状の化合物(3.1g、収率97%)が得られた。得られた化合物をプロトンNMRで確認したところ、化合物E8であり、脱スズ化された化合物の存在は確認できなかった。合成例14で得られた化合物E8と接触させた後のゼオライトは、無色から薄い黄色になり、不純物が吸着されたことがわかり、回収率からも不純物がゼオライトに吸着されたことがわかる。
合成例3において、合成例2で得られた化合物E2の代わりに、合成例16で得られた化合物E12(3.5g)を用いた以外は同様にして処理を行い、オイル状の化合物(3.3g、収率94%)が得られた。得られた化合物をプロトンNMRで確認したところ、化合物E12であり、脱スズ化された化合物の存在は確認できなかった。合成例16で得られた化合物E12と接触させた後のゼオライトは、無色から薄い黄色になり、不純物が吸着されたことがわかり、回収率からも不純物がゼオライトに吸着されたことがわかる。
合成例3において、合成例2で得られた化合物E2の代わりに、合成例18で得られた化合物E13(2.7g)を用いた以外は同様にして処理を行い、オイル状の化合物(2.5g、収率93%)が得られた。得られた化合物をプロトンNMRで確認したところ、化合物E13であり、脱スズ化された化合物の存在は確認できなかった。合成例18で得られた化合物E13と接触させた後のゼオライトは、無色から薄い黄色になり、不純物が吸着されたことがわかり、回収率からも不純物がゼオライトに吸着されたことがわかる。
合成例3において、合成例2で得られた化合物E2)の代わりに、合成例20で得られた化合物E15(3.0g)を用いた以外は同様にして処理を行い、オイル状の化合物(2.94g、収率98%)が得られた。得られた化合物をプロトンNMRで確認したところ、化合物E15であり、脱スズ化された化合物の存在は確認できなかった。
合成例2で得られた化合物E2(4,4’-ビス(2-エチルヘキシル)-5,5-ビス(トリメチルスタニル)-ジチエノ[3,2-b:2’,3’-d]シロール)1.0gを含むヘキサン溶液(5.0mL)を調整し、上述の安定性測定を行った。カラムから回収した溶液から溶媒を減圧留去することにより、オイル状の化合物(収率96%)が得られた。
参考例1において、合成例1で得られた化合物E2を、合成例8で得られた化合物E5に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様に操作して、カラムを通り抜けた溶液を回収した。この溶液から溶媒を減圧留去することにより、オイル状の化合物(収率98%)が得られた。
参考例1において、合成例1で得られた化合物E2を、合成例12で得られた化合物E7に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様に操作して、カラムを通り抜けた溶液を回収した。この溶液から溶媒を減圧留去することにより、オイル状の化合物(収率98%)が得られた。
参考例1において、合成例1で得られた化合物E2を、合成例14で得られた化合物E8に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様に操作して、カラムを通り抜けた溶液を回収した。この溶液から溶媒を減圧留去することにより、オイル状の化合物(収率98%)が得られた。
参考例1において、合成例1で得られた化合物E2を、合成例16で得られた化合物E12に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様に操作して、カラムを通り抜けた溶液を回収した。この溶液から溶媒を減圧留去することにより、オイル状の化合物(収率98%)が得られた。
参考例1において、合成例1で得られた化合物E2を、合成例18で得られた化合物E13に代えた以外は、参考例1と同様に操作して、カラムを通り抜けた溶液を回収した。この溶液から溶媒を減圧留去することにより、オイル状の化合物(収率98%)が得られた。
[共役高分子A、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
窒素下50mLナスフラスコに、合成例1で得られた化合物E1(138mg)、合成例3で得られた化合物E2(255mg)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(12mg,化合物E2に対して3mol%)、不均一系錯体触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30(Aldrich社製,25mg,化合物E2に対して3mol%)、トルエン(5.3mL)、及びN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(1.3mL)を入れ、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間攪拌した。
[共役高分子A、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TOTPP30 3mol%]
合成例1で得られた化合物E1(122mg)、合成例3で得られた化合物E2(226mg)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(11mg,化合物E2に対して3mol%)、不均一系錯体触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TOTPP30(Aldrich社製,23mg,化合物E2に対して3mol%)、トルエン(4.7mL)、及びN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(1.2mL)を入れ、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間攪拌した。反応液をトルエンで4倍に希釈してさらに0.5時間加熱撹拌後、末端処理として、トリメチル(フェニル)スズ(0.04mL)を加えて6時間加熱撹拌し、さらにブロモベンゼン(2mL)を加えて11時間加熱攪拌して、反応溶液をメタノール中に注ぎ、析出した沈殿をろ取した。
[共役高分子A、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 1mol%]
窒素下50mLナスフラスコに、合成例1で得られた化合物E1(130mg)、合成例3で得られた化合物E2(240mg)、テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)(11mg,化合物E2に対して3mol%)、不均一系錯体触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30(Aldrich社製,8mg,化合物E2に対して1mol%)、トルエン(5mL)及びN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(1.2mL)を入れ、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間攪拌した。
[共役高分子A、Pd(P(o-tol)3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)の代わりに、テトラキス(トリ(o-トリル)ホスフィン)パラジウム(0)を、化合物E2に対して3mol%用いた以外は、実施例1と同様に反応を行った。得られた共役高分子Aの重量平均分子量Mwは8.6×104であり、PDIは3.4であった。共役高分子Aの収率は78%であった。
[共役高分子A、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)30 3mol%]
不均一系錯体触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30の代わりに、不均一系触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)30(Aldrich社製)を、化合物E2に対して3mol%用いた以外は、実施例1と同様に反応を行った。得られた共役高分子Aの重量平均分子量Mwは1.0×105であり、PDIは3.1であった。共役高分子Aの収率は73%であった。
[共役高分子A、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)40 3mol%]
不均一系錯体触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30の代わりに、不均一系触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)40(Aldrich社製)を、化合物E2に対して3mol%用いた以外は、実施例1と同様に反応を行った。得られた共役高分子Aの重量平均分子量Mwは9.5×104、PDIは3.2であった。共役高分子Aの収率は71%であった。
[共役高分子A、Pd(P(tBu)3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
窒素下50mLナスフラスコに、合成例1で得られた化合物E1(0.19mg)、合成例3で得られた化合物E2(0.35mg)、トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ビスパラジウムクロロホルム錯体とトリ(t-ブチル)ホスフィンとから作ったテトラキス(t-ブチルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)のトルエン溶液(化合物E2に対して3mol%)、不均一系錯体触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30(35mg,化合物E2に対して3mol%)、トルエン(7.3mL)、及びN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(1.8mL)を加え、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間攪拌した。
[共役高分子B、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子C、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子D、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子E、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子F、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子G、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子H、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子I、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子J、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子K、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子L、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子M、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子N、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子O、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子P、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子Q、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子R、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子S、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TOTPP30 3mol%]
[共役高分子A、Pd(PPh3)4 1mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
実施例1において、触媒として、Pd(PPh3)4及びPd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30を化合物E2に対してそれぞれ3mol%用いる代わりに、Pd(PPh3)4を化合物E2に対して1mol%、Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30を化合物E2に対して3mol%を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様にして共役高分子Aを得た。得られた共役高分子Aの重量平均分子量Mwは2.6×105であり、PDIは2.5であった。共役高分子Aの収率は66%であった。
[共役高分子N、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol% + Fibrecat1026 3mol%]
実施例1において、モノマーとして、化合物E1及び化合物E2の代わりに、化合物E1(43.0mmol)、化合物E2(21.5mmol)及び合成例10で得られた化合物E6(21.5mmol)を用い、触媒として、Pd(PPh3)4及びFibrecat1026(和光純薬社製)を化合物E2に対してそれぞれ3mol%用いる代わりに、化合物E1に対してそれぞれ3mol%を用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で3時間とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして共役高分子Nを得た。得られた共役高分子Nの重量平均分子量Mwは1.8×106であり、PDIは2.9であった。共役高分子Nの収率は74%であった。
[共役高分子A、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
[共役高分子A、Pd(PPh3)4 5mol%]
テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)を、化合物E2に対して5mol%用いた以外は、比較例1と同様にして共役高分子Aを含む粗ポリマーを得た。
[共役高分子A、Pd(PPh3)4 10mol%]
テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)を、化合物E2に対して10mol%用いた以外は、比較例1と同様にして共役高分子Aを含む粗ポリマーを得た。
[共役高分子A、Pd(P(o-tol)3)4 3mol%]
テトラキス(トリフェニルホスフィン)パラジウム(0)の代わりに、テトラキス(トリ(o-トリル)ホスフィン)パラジウム(0)を、化合物E2に対して3mol%用いた以外は、比較例1と同様に反応させた。
[共役高分子A、Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%]
窒素下50mLナスフラスコに、合成例1で得られた化合物E1(135mg)、合成例3で得られた化合物E2(243mg)、不均一系錯体触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP 30(Aldrich社製,24mg,化合物E2に対して3mol%)、トルエン(5.1mL)、及びN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(1.3mL)を加え、90℃で1時間攪拌し、続いて100℃で6時間攪拌した。その後、反応液をトルエンで4倍に希釈してさらに0.5時間加熱撹拌後、末端処理として、トリメチル(フェニル)スズ(0.03mL)を加え10時間加熱攪拌し、さらにブロモベンゼン(0.5mL)を加え6時間加熱攪拌後、反応溶液をメタノール中に注ぎ、析出した沈殿をろ取した。得られた固体をクロロホルムに溶解し、ジアミンシリカゲル(Fujiシリシア化学製)を加えて1時間室温で攪拌した後、酸性シリカゲルのショートカラムを通した。得られた溶液を濃縮し、クロロホルム/酢酸エチルを溶媒として再沈殿を行い、析出した沈殿を濾別して、共役高分子Aを得た。得られた共役高分子Aの重量平均分子量Mwは2.2×104であり、PDIは2.0であった。共役高分子Aの収率は85%であった。
[共役高分子A、Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TOTPP30 3mol%]
比較例5において、不均一系錯体触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30の代わりに、不均一系錯体触媒Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TOTPP 30(Aldrich社製)を化合物E2に対して3mol%用いた以外は、比較例5と同様に反応を行った。得られた共役高分子Aの重量平均分子量Mwは3.1×104であり、PDIは2.2であった。共役高分子Aの収率は86%であった。
[共役高分子F、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例12において、触媒として、化合物E1に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E1に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例12と同様にして共役高分子F得た。得られた共役高分子Fの重量平均分子量Mwは1.7×104であり、PDIは1.4であった。共役高分子Fの収率は38%であった。
[共役高分子G、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例13において、触媒として、化合物E1に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E1に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例13と同様にして共役高分子G得た。得られた共役高分子Gの重量平均分子量Mwは1.2×104であり、PDIは2.4であった。共役高分子Gの収率は29%であった。
[共役高分子K、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例17において、触媒として、化合物E1に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E1に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例17と同様にして共役高分子Kを得た。得られた共役高分子Kの重量平均分子量Mwは6.2×104であり、PDIは2.0であった。共役高分子Kの収率は24%であった。
[共役高分子L、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例18において、触媒として、化合物E1に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E1に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例18と同様にして共役高分子Lを得た。得られた共役高分子Lの重量平均分子量Mwは7.0×104であり、PDIは2.3であった。共役高分子Lの収率は21%であった。
[共役高分子M、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例19において、触媒として、化合物E7に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E7に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例19と同様にして共役高分子Mを得た。得られた共役高分子Mの重量平均分子量Mwは3.1×104であり、PDIは2.6であった。共役高分子Mの収率は32%であった
[共役高分子P、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例22において、触媒として、化合物E5に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E5に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例22と同様にして共役高分子Pを得た。得られた共役高分子Pの重量平均分子量Mwは5.9×104であり、PDIは5.4であった。共役高分子Pの収率は45%であった。
[共役高分子Q、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例23において、触媒として、化合物E14に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E14に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例23と同様にして共役高分子Qを得た。得られた共役高分子Qの重量平均分子量Mwは7.0×104であり、PDIは4.1であった。共役高分子Qの収率は24%であった
[共役高分子I、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例15において、触媒として、化合物E10に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E10に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例15と同様にして共役高分子Iを得た。得られた共役高分子Iの重量平均分子量Mwは1.0×105であり、PDIは2.5であった。共役高分子Iの収率は36%であった
[共役高分子H、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例14において、触媒として、化合物E2に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E2に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例14と同様にして共役高分子Hを得た。得られた共役高分子Hの重量平均分子量Mwは2.7×104であり、PDIは2.6であった。共役高分子Hの収率は27%であった。
[共役高分子R、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例24において、触媒として、化合物E8に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E8に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例24と同様にして共役高分子Rを得た。得られた共役高分子Rの重量平均分子量Mwは1.1×104であり、PDIは3.1であった。共役高分子Rの収率は35%であった。
[共役高分子N、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
実施例20において、触媒として、化合物E1に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%+Pd-EnCat(登録商標)TPP30 3mol%を用いた代わりに、化合物E1に対してPd(PPh3)4 3mol%のみを用い、反応時間を、90℃で1時間、続いて100℃で10時間とする代わりに、100℃で20時間とした以外は、実施例20と同様にして共役高分子Nを得た。得られた共役高分子Nの重量平均分子量Mwは8.9×104であり、PDIは4.1であった。共役高分子Nの収率は36%であった。
[共役高分子A、Pd(PPh3)4 3mol%]
比較例1において、精製条件において、シリカゲルカラムを通して精製された共役高分子Aを含む粗ポリマーをGPC分取精製を行う代わりに、シリカゲルカラムを通して精製された共役高分子Aを含む粗ポリマーをクロロホルム/酢酸エチルを溶媒として再沈殿を行い、析出した沈殿を濾別して、共役高分子Aを得た。得られた共役高分子Aの重量平均分子量Mwは4.3×104であり、PDIは2.4であった。共役高分子Aの収率は38%であった。
[共役高分子N、Fibrecat1026 3mol%]
窒素下50mLナスフラスコに、合成例1で得られた化合物E1(43.9mmol)、合成例3で得られた化合物E2(23.1mmol)、合成例10で得られた化合物E6(23.1mmol)、不均一系錯体触媒Fibrecat1026(和光純薬社製,37mg,化合物E1に対して3mol%)、トルエン(12mL)、及びN,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(2.5mL)を加え、90℃で1時間攪拌し、続いて100℃で2時間攪拌した。反応溶液をメタノール中に注ぎ、析出した沈殿をろ取した。得られた固体をクロロホルムに溶解し、ジアミンシリカゲル(Fujiシリシア化学製)を加えて10分室温で攪拌した後、酸性シリカゲルのショートカラムを通した。得られた溶液を濃縮し、クロロホルム/酢酸エチルを溶媒として再沈殿を行い、析出した沈殿を濾別して、共役高分子Nを得た。得られた共役高分子Nの重量平均分子量Mwは3.0×104であり、PDIは3.2であった。共役高分子Nの収率は79%であった。
<活性層塗布液の作製>
p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子A、及びn型半導体化合物としてフラーレン化合物であるPC61BM(フェニルC61酪酸メチルエステル)とPC71BM(フェニルC71酪酸メチルエステル)との混合物(フロンティアカーボン社,nanom spectra E123)を、重量比が1:2となるように混合し、混合物が1.8重量%の濃度となるように窒素雰囲気中でo-キシレンとテトラリンとの混合溶媒(体積比9:1)に溶解させた。この溶液をホットスターラー上で80℃の温度にて1時間攪拌混合した。攪拌混合後の溶液を1μmのポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)フィルターで濾過することにより、活性層塗布液を得た。
インジウム・スズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜がパターニングされたガラス基板(ジオマテック社製)を、アセトンによる超音波洗浄、ついでイソプロパノールによる超音波洗浄の後、窒素ブローでの乾燥およびUV―オゾン処理を行った。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、比較例2で得られた共役高分子Aを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、実施例14で得られた共役高分子Hを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、比較例15で得られた共役高分子Hを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、実施例12で得られた共役高分子Fを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、比較例7で得られた共役高分子Fを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、実施例17で得られた共役高分子Kを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、比較例16で得られた共役高分子Kを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、実施例18で得られた共役高分子Lを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、比較例17で得られた共役高分子Lを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、実施例15で得られた共役高分子Iを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、比較例14で得られた共役高分子Iを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、実施例19で得られた共役高分子Mを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、比較例11で得られた共役高分子Mを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、実施例22で得られた共役高分子Pを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、比較例12で得られた共役高分子Pを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、実施例23で得られた共役高分子Qを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
素子実施例1において、p型半導体化合物として実施例1で得られた共役高分子Aの代わりに、比較例18で得られた共役高分子Qを用いた以外は、素子実施例1と同様に光電変換素子を作成し、電流-電圧特性を測定することにより評価した。結果を表5に示す。
共役高分子Aについて、比較例1~6、18に示すように、均一系遷移金属錯体触媒のみを用いて反応を行った場合、得られた共役高分子の重量平均分子量Mwは5.5×104以下にとどまった。
2 紫外線カットフィルム
3,9 ガスバリアフィルム
4,8 ゲッター材フィルム
5,7 封止材
6 太陽電池素子
10 バックシート
12 基材
13 太陽電池モジュール
14 薄膜太陽電池
101 アノード
102 正孔取り出し層
103 活性層(p型半導体化合物とn型半導体化合物混合層)
104 電子取り出し層
105 カソード
106 基板
107 光電変換素子
Claims (16)
- 1種以上のモノマーをカップリング反応により重合させる工程を含む共役高分子の製造方法であって、1種以上の均一系遷移金属錯体触媒と、1種以上の不均一系遷移金属錯体触媒を併用し、モノマーのカップリング反応を行うことを特徴とする、共役高分子の製造方法。
- 前記カップリング反応が、前記1種以上の均一系遷移金属錯体触媒と、前記1種以上の不均一系遷移金属錯体触媒の共存下で行われる反応である、請求項1に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
- 前記不均一系遷移金属錯体触媒は、担体に担持された遷移金属錯体を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
- 前記均一系遷移金属錯体触媒及び前記不均一系遷移金属錯体触媒を構成する遷移金属のそれぞれが後周期遷移金属である、請求項1乃至3の何れか1項に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
- 前記モノマーが、共役化合物又は芳香族化合物である、請求項1乃至4の何れか1項に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
- 前記芳香族化合物が縮合芳香族化合物を含むである、請求項5に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
- 前記芳香族化合物がn個(nは2以上4以下の整数)の活性基を有する芳香族化合物(Ar(n))であって、下記条件を満たす芳香族化合物である、請求項5又は6に記載の共役高分子化合物の製造方法。
条件:芳香族化合物(Ar(n))1.0gを含むヘキサン溶液5mlを、カラム(内径15mm、長さ5cm、シリカゲル(球状、中性(pH 7.0±0.5)、粒径63~210μm)20gと無水炭酸カリウム2gを含むヘキサン溶液50mL充填)にチャージし、ヘキサンを展開溶媒(流速50ml/min)として、室温にて3分間カラムを通り抜けた溶液中の、n個より少ない活性基を有する芳香族化合物の合計の割合が、該カラムへのチャージ前の芳香族化合物(Ar(n))に対して5mol%以上である。 - 前記活性基が、Li、Mg、Zn、B、又は周期表第14族元素から選ばれる原子を有する基である、請求項7に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
- 前記芳香族化合物(Ar(n))が芳香族複素環を含み、前記活性基が、該芳香族複素環に結合している請求項7又は8に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
- 前記(Ar(n))が、下記一般式(A4)又は(A4’)で表される芳香族化合物である、請求項7乃至9の何れか1項に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
- 前記環Cは、5員環又は6員環の単環であるか、或いはこれらの環が2以上6以下縮合してなる環である、請求項11に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
- 前記モノマーとして、更に下記式(A11)、(A12)、(A13)、及び(A17)で表される化合物からなる群より選ばれた芳香族化合物を含む、請求項10乃至12の何れか1項に記載の共役高分子の製造方法。
式(A11)において、R31及びR32は、水素原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~20の芳香族複素環基、置換基を有していてもよいアシル基、置換基を有していてもよいアルコキシ基、置換基を有していてもよいアリールオキシ基である。
式(A12)において、R25及びR26は、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~20の芳香族複素環基、置換基を有していてもよいアシル基である。R27及びR28は、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~20の芳香族複素環基である。
式(A13)において、Y1及びY2は、それぞれ独立に周期表第15族元素から選ばれた原子を表す。R19及びR20は、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基である。
式(A17)において、Y3及びY4は、それぞれ独立して、窒素原子又は一つの置換基を有する炭素原子(C(R43))を表す。R43は、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~20の芳香族複素環基である。
R21及びR22は、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~20の炭化水素基、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~20の芳香族複素環基である。 - 請求項1乃至13に記載の製造方法で得られた共役高分子を含むことを特徴とする光電変換素子。
- 請求項14で得られた光電変換素子を含むことを特徴とする太陽電池。
- 請求項15で得られた太陽電池を含むことを特徴とする太陽電池モジュール。
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EP2774940A4 (en) | 2014-11-05 |
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US20140243488A1 (en) | 2014-08-28 |
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US9166073B2 (en) | 2015-10-20 |
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