WO2012176355A1 - 撮像装置 - Google Patents
撮像装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012176355A1 WO2012176355A1 PCT/JP2012/000621 JP2012000621W WO2012176355A1 WO 2012176355 A1 WO2012176355 A1 WO 2012176355A1 JP 2012000621 W JP2012000621 W JP 2012000621W WO 2012176355 A1 WO2012176355 A1 WO 2012176355A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0075—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. increasing, the depth of field or depth of focus
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B5/1876—Diffractive Fresnel lenses; Zone plates; Kinoforms
- G02B5/188—Plurality of such optical elements formed in or on a supporting substrate
- G02B5/1885—Arranged as a periodic array
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/20—Filters
- G02B5/201—Filters in the form of arrays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N2209/00—Details of colour television systems
- H04N2209/04—Picture signal generators
- H04N2209/041—Picture signal generators using solid-state devices
- H04N2209/042—Picture signal generators using solid-state devices having a single pick-up sensor
- H04N2209/045—Picture signal generators using solid-state devices having a single pick-up sensor using mosaic colour filter
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an imaging apparatus such as a camera.
- the refractive index of light with respect to the material constituting the lens varies depending on the wavelength. Therefore, when light of various wavelengths is incident on the optical system of the imaging apparatus, axial chromatic aberration occurs, and images with different sharpness (sharpness of the image) are obtained depending on colors. When a color with low sharpness is included in the image, the color causes deterioration in image quality.
- an imaging apparatus such as a camera
- the imaging apparatus requires a means for detecting the focus state and a means for adjusting the focus.
- Patent Document 1 A technique for realizing depth extension and correction of longitudinal chromatic aberration has been proposed (Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1 A technique for realizing depth extension and correction of longitudinal chromatic aberration has been proposed (Patent Document 1).
- the sharpness of the second color component can be increased by reflecting the sharpness of the first color component in the second color component.
- the depth of field can be increased, and subjects at various distances can be imaged relatively clearly without adjusting the focus.
- Patent Document 1 In the configuration of Patent Document 1, in order to reflect the sharpness of the first color component in the second color component, information on the sharpness of both the first color component and the second color component is necessary. . For this reason, the depth of focus is limited to a range in which information on the sharpness of all colors exists. As described above, in the configuration of Patent Document 1, there is a limit to the range in which the depth of focus can be expanded, and it has been difficult to sufficiently increase the depth of field.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and a main object of the present invention is to provide an imaging apparatus that can obtain an image with high depth of focus and a large depth of field and high sharpness. is there. Another object of the present invention is to provide an imaging apparatus capable of photographing a single color (for example, blue) subject having a black background with high sharpness.
- the first color, the second color, and the third color light pass, and the first color, the second color, and the third color light pass, and the first color, the second color, and the third color light pass.
- a lens optical system including: an imaging element having a plurality of first pixels and a plurality of second pixels into which light from the lens optical system is incident; and between the lens optical system and the imaging element An arrayed optical element that is arranged and causes light that has passed through the first region to enter the plurality of first pixels, and light that has passed through the second region to enter the plurality of second pixels; An arithmetic processing unit that generates an output image, and the arithmetic processing unit includes a plurality of first pixels.
- Pixels obtained from the plurality of second pixels by generating a first image of at least one of the first, second, and third colors using the obtained pixel values
- a second image including a component having the same color as the at least one color component is generated using the value, and each of the predetermined region of the first image and the predetermined region of the second image is sharp for each color.
- the output image is generated using an image component having a higher degree or contrast value.
- the first region through which the light of the first color, the second color, and the third color passes, and the light of the first color, the second color, and the third color pass through the first system.
- a lens optical system including: an imaging element having a plurality of first pixels and a plurality of second pixels into which light from the lens optical system is incident; and between the lens optical system and the imaging element An arrayed optical element that is arranged and causes light that has passed through the first region to enter the plurality of first pixels, and light that has passed through the second region to enter the plurality of second pixels;
- An imaging device comprising: a pixel value obtained in the plurality of first pixels; Generating a first image of at least one color component of a color, a second color, and a third color, and using the
- the sharpness of the output image is increased by a simple method. be able to.
- the depth of focus can be increased as compared with the prior art, a sufficiently large depth of field can be obtained.
- the sharpness of the subject color is greater than a predetermined value in any of the two or more imaging regions. It has become. Therefore, an image with high sharpness can be generated.
- FIG. 6B is a diagram showing a positional relationship between the arrayed optical element K and the pixels of the image sensor N.
- (A) shows the 1st color image obtained by the some pixel P1
- (b) shows the 2nd color image obtained by the some pixel P2.
- (A), (b) is a figure which shows the 1st, 2nd color image. Sectional drawing which shows the imaging device A in Embodiment 1 of this invention.
- (A) is a graph which shows the through focus MTF characteristic of the light ray which passed 1st optical area
- (B) is a graph showing the through focus MTF characteristic of the light beam that has passed through the second optical region D2.
- FIG. 6B is a diagram showing a positional relationship between the arrayed optical element K and the pixels of the image sensor N.
- A) is a graph which shows the through focus MTF characteristic of the light ray which passed 1st optical area
- B) is a graph showing the through focus MTF characteristic of the light beam that has passed through the second optical region D2.
- (A) is sectional drawing which shows the optical adjustment layer provided on the diffraction surface of 2nd optical area
- FIG. 1 The front view which looked at the optical element L1 in the form from which Embodiment 4 of this invention differs from the to-be-photographed object side.
- (A) And (b) is a figure which expands and shows the array-like optical element K and the image pick-up element N in Embodiment 5 of this invention.
- (A) is the front view which looked at the optical element L1 from the to-be-photographed object side
- (b) is a figure which shows the positional relationship of the array-like optical element K and the pixel on the image pick-up element N.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an imaging apparatus A according to the first embodiment.
- the imaging apparatus A according to the present embodiment includes a lens optical system L having V as an optical axis, an arrayed optical element K disposed near the focal point of the lens optical system L, an imaging element N, and an arithmetic processing unit C. Prepare.
- FIG. 2 is a front view of the optical element L1 as viewed from the subject side.
- the first and second optical regions D1 and D2 in the optical element L1 are divided into two parts vertically with the optical axis V as the boundary center.
- the condensing positions on the optical axes of red, green, and blue light in the light that has passed through the first and second optical regions D1 and D2 are different.
- the first and second optical regions D1 and D2 have different optical powers.
- the second optical region D2 is a condensing position of red, green, and blue light with respect to a condensing position of red, green, and blue light that has passed through the first optical region D1.
- the broken line s indicates the position of the diaphragm S.
- FIG. 6A shows the first image information obtained by the plurality of pixels P1 in FIG. 5B
- FIG. 6B shows the second image information obtained by the plurality of pixels P2. Note that the image information obtained by the image sensor N is separated into first image information and second image information in the arithmetic processing unit C.
- green and blue luminance values may be interpolated in the pixel P (i, j).
- the green luminance values of the pixel P (i ⁇ 2, j) and the pixel P (i + 1, j) are used.
- the luminance value of the pixel P (i-2, j) and the pixel P A value obtained by weighted averaging the luminance values of i + 1, j) with a ratio of 1: 2 may be used.
- the condensing position of the blue (B), green (G), and red (R) rays that have passed through the first optical region D1 of the optical element L1 and the second optical region D2 have passed. Since the positions of the blue (B), green (G), and red (R) light rays are shifted from each other, the sharpness of each of blue, green, and red in the image obtained by the pixel P1, and the image obtained by the pixel P2 The sharpness of blue, green and red is different.
- the image component having the higher sharpness in each of blue, green, and red is used from the first color image obtained by the pixel P1 and the second color image obtained by the pixel P2.
- an output image with high sharpness (or resolution) of each color can be generated.
- the first color image and the second color image do not include all of blue, green, and red, use the image component having the higher sharpness in each of the colors included in these images.
- an output image with high sharpness can be obtained for the colors included in the image.
- Such processing can be performed by the arithmetic processing unit C.
- the minute region may be one pixel P (x, y) shown in FIG. 7 or a region R1 (u, v) in which a plurality of pixels P (x, y) are combined.
- the sharpness may be obtained based on a frequency spectrum obtained by Fourier transforming the luminance values of the first color image and the second color image.
- the response value at a predetermined spatial frequency can be obtained as the sharpness. That is, it is possible to evaluate the sharpness of an image by comparing response values at a predetermined spatial frequency. Since the image is two-dimensional, a method for obtaining the sharpness using a two-dimensional Fourier transform is desirable.
- the diaphragm S is an area through which light beams of all angles of view pass. Accordingly, by inserting a surface having an optical characteristic for controlling the optical power in the vicinity of the stop S, it is possible to similarly control the light condensing characteristic of the light beam at all angles of view. That is, in this embodiment, the optical element L1 may be provided in the vicinity of the stop S. By providing optical regions D1 and D2 having optical powers that make light condensing positions of light of at least two colors different from each other in the vicinity of the stop S, a light condensing characteristic corresponding to the number of divisions of the regions is given to the light flux. Can do.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing the imaging apparatus A according to the first embodiment. 8, the same components as those in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals as those in FIG. However, in FIG. 8, the lens L2 includes two lenses, a lens L2A and a lens L2B.
- the array-like optical element K shown in FIG. 1 and the like is not shown, but the array-like optical element K is actually provided in the region H of FIG.
- the region H has the configuration shown in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a through focus MTF characteristic (simulation result) on the optical axis of the light beam that has passed through the first optical region D1 and the second optical region D2 in the lens optical system L.
- the graph of FIG. 9A shows the through-focus MTF characteristic due to the light beam that has passed through the first optical region D1
- the graph of FIG. 9B shows the through-focus MTF characteristic due to the light beam that has passed through the second optical region D2. Show.
- the horizontal axis indicates the focus shift
- the vertical axis indicates the MTF when the spatial frequency is 50 Lp / mm.
- the through focus MTF characteristics by the light beams that have passed through the first optical region D1 shield the diaphragm surface immediately before the second optical region D2.
- the through focus MTF characteristic by the light beam that has passed through the second optical region D2 is calculated by shielding the diaphragm surface immediately before the first optical region D1. That is, each through focus MTF characteristic is calculated on the assumption that a semicircular diaphragm surface is used.
- the sagittal direction and the tangential direction of the MTF value on the optical axis coincide.
- the sagittal direction and the tangential direction of the MTF value on the optical axis are the same because the immediately preceding diaphragm surface is semicircular.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram schematically showing the through focus MTF characteristic by the light beam that has passed through the first optical region and the through focus MTF characteristic by the light beam that has passed through the second optical region for each subject distance.
- FIG. 10 only the through focus MTF characteristic in the sagittal direction with a shallow depth in FIG. 9 is extracted and schematically illustrated.
- the MTF value of blue 1Bm by the light beam that has passed through the first optical region D1 the MTF value of red 2Rm by the light beam that has passed through the second optical region D2, and the green 2Gm
- the MTF value is selected.
- the MTF value of green 1Gf, the MTF value of blue 1Bf, and the MTF value of red 2Rf, which are light rays that have passed through the second optical region D2 are selected.
- the MTF represents how faithfully the contrast of the subject can be reproduced on the image plane
- the spatial frequency of the subject is required to calculate the MTF value. Therefore, the MTF value cannot be directly detected from an arbitrary image during actual imaging. Therefore, at the time of actual imaging, a difference in luminance value is used to evaluate the level of sharpness. The higher the sharpness, the less blurring of the image. Usually, an image with higher sharpness has a larger difference in luminance value between adjacent pixels.
- curves MBa, MGa, and MRa indicate blue, green, and red MTF characteristics, respectively.
- the curves MBa, MGa, and MRa overlap each other.
- Curves MRb, MGb, and MBb indicate red, green, and blue MTF characteristics, respectively.
- the curves MRb, MGb, MBb overlap each other.
- the predetermined value Md is the above-described “boundary value”. If the MTF value is equal to or greater than this value, it is generally within the depth of focus.
- a first color image and a second color image are generated as in the first embodiment, and an output image is generated by selecting an image having a higher sharpness (or contrast) for each color. To do.
- Each image includes an image extracted for each pixel in an odd row ((a2), (b2), (c2)), and an image extracted for each pixel in an even row ((a3), (b3), (c3) ) Is schematically shown as being doubled in the Y direction by interpolation processing.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram schematically illustrating a change of a point image and its center of gravity for each subject distance in the present embodiment.
- (a1) and (a2), (b1) and (b2), and (c1) and (c2) are point images (illustrated as semicircles) obtained by imaging an object point O through a microlens.
- the center of gravity (black point) is shown, which corresponds to the object distance of the object point O shown in (a1), (b1) and (c1) of FIG.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、実施の形態1の撮像装置Aを示す模式図である。本実施形態の撮像装置Aは、Vを光軸とするレンズ光学系Lと、レンズ光学系Lの焦点近傍に配置されたアレイ状光学素子Kと、撮像素子Nと、演算処理部Cとを備える。
図12は、実施の形態2の撮像装置Aを示す模式図である。本実施の形態2は、光学素子L1の第2の光学領域D2を回折レンズ形状にした点で、実施の形態1と異なっている。ここでは、本実施形態において実施の形態1と同様の内容についての詳細な説明は省略する。
本実施の形態2における撮像装置Aの断面図は、光学素子L1における被写体側の表面のうち第2の光学領域D2に位置する部分を回折レンズ形状にした点を除いて図8と同様である。
本実施の形態3は、光学素子L1において回折格子形状を有する第2の光学領域D2に光学調整層Oを設けた点で、実施の形態2と異なっている。
本実施の形態4は、光学素子L1の領域分割を4つにした点と、アレイ状光学素子をレンチキュラからマイクロレンズに置き換えた点で、実施の形態1と異なっている。図20は、光学素子L1を被写体側から見た正面図である。光学素子L1における第1から第4の光学領域D1からD4は、光軸Vを境界中心として上下左右に4分割されており、各光学領域は、互いに曲率半径の異なる球面レンズである。図20において、破線sは、絞りSの位置を示している。
本実施の形態5は、レンチキュラレンズやマイクロレンズアレイを撮像面上に形成したという点で、実施の形態1、4と異なる。ここでは、本実施形態において実施の形態1と同様の内容についての詳細な説明は省略する。
本実施の形態6は、第1、第2の光学領域D1、D2のそれぞれが、光軸を挟んで分けられた複数の領域である点と、アレイ状光学素子Kをレンチキュラからマイクロレンズに置き換えた点で、実施の形態1と異なっている。ここでは、実施の形態1と同様の内容についての詳細な説明は省略する。
なお、第1の光学領域D1を通過した光の集光位置と、第2の光学領域D2を通過した光の集光位置とは、少なくとも2色以上の光において異なっていればよく、上述の実施の形態に記載のものに限定されない。2色以上の光の集光位置の違いがさらに小さいものでもよいし、さらに大きいものでもよい。
L レンズ光学系
L1 光学素子
L2 レンズ
D1、D2、D3、D4 第1、第2、第3、第4の光学領域
S 絞り
K アレイ状光学素子
N 撮像素子
Ni 撮像面
M1 アレイ状光学素子のレンチキュラ(光学要素)
M2 アレイ状光学素子のマイクロレンズ(光学要素)
P1、P2、P3、P4、P 撮像素子上の受光素子
C 演算処理部
O 光学調整層
Claims (17)
- 第1色、第2色および第3色の光が通過する第1の領域と、前記第1色、第2色および第3色の光が通過し、前記第1の領域を通過した前記第1色、第2色および第3色のそれぞれの光の集光位置に対して、少なくとも2色以上の光の集光位置を異ならせる光学パワーを有する第2の領域とを有するレンズ光学系と、
前記レンズ光学系からの光が入射する複数の第1の画素と複数の第2の画素とを有する撮像素子と、
前記レンズ光学系と前記撮像素子との間に配置され、前記第1の領域を通過した光を前記複数の第1の画素に入射させ、前記第2の領域を通過した光を前記複数の第2の画素に入射させるアレイ状光学素子と、
出力画像を生成する演算処理部とを備え、
前記演算処理部は、前記複数の第1の画素において得られた画素値を用いて、前記第1色、第2色および第3色のうち少なくとも1つの色の成分の第1の画像を生成し、前記複数の第2の画素において得られた画素値を用いて、前記少なくとも1つの色の成分と同じ色の成分を含む第2の画像を生成し、前記第1の画像の所定領域および前記第2の画像の所定領域のうち色ごとに鮮鋭度またはコントラスト値の高い方の画像成分を用いて、前記出力画像を生成する、撮像装置。 - 前記第1の領域を通過した前記第1色、前記第2色および前記第3色の光のうち、少なくとも2色の光の光軸上の集光位置は互いに異なり、
前記第2の領域を通過した前記第1色、前記第2色および前記第3色の光のうち、少なくとも2色の光の光軸上の集光位置は互いに異なる、請求項1に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記第1の領域および前記第2の領域のうち少なくとも一方は、回折レンズ形状を有する、請求項1または2に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記回折レンズ形状の表面には光学調整層が設けられている、請求項3に記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第1の領域および前記第2の領域は、前記レンズ光学系の光軸を境界中心として分割された領域である、請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記第1の領域は、前記レンズ光学系の光軸を挟んで互いに点対称に配置された複数の第1領域構成部を有し、
前記第2の領域は、前記レンズ光学系の光軸を挟んで互いに点対称に配置された複数の第2領域構成部を有する、請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 前記レンズ光学系は、前記第1、第2の領域以外の少なくとも第3の領域をさらに備え、
前記第3の領域は、前記第1の領域および前記第2の領域をそれぞれ通過した前記第1色、第2色、第3色の光の集光位置に対して、前記第1色、前記第2色および前記第3色のうち少なくとも2色の集光位置を異ならせる光学パワーを有し、
前記アレイ状光学素子は、前記第3の領域を通過した光を、前記複数の第1、第2の画素以外の複数の第3の画素に入射させ、
前記演算処理部は、前記複数の第3の画素において得られた画素値を用いて、前記少なくとも1つの色の成分と同じ色の成分を含む第3の画像を生成し、前記複数の第1の画像の所定領域、前記第2の画像の所定領域および前記第3の画像の所定領域のうち、色ごとに最も鮮鋭度またはコントラスト値の高い画像成分を用いて、前記出力画像を生成する、請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 前記レンズ光学系が像側テレセントリック光学系である、請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記レンズ光学系は像側非テレセントリック光学系であって、
前記レンズ光学系の光軸外において前記アレイ状光学素子の配列を前記撮像素子の前記第1の画素および前記第2の画素の配列に対してオフセットさせている、請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 前記アレイ状光学素子はレンチキュラレンズまたはマイクロレンズアレイである、請求項1から9のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記アレイ状光学素子はマイクロレンズアレイであって、
前記マイクロレンズアレイは複数の光学要素を有し、
前記複数の光学要素のそれぞれは、前記複数の第1の画素のうちの少なくとも1つおよび前記第2の画素のうちの少なくとも1つに対応し、
前記複数の各光学要素のそれぞれは、光軸に対して回転対称な形状を有する、請求項1から9のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 前記アレイ状光学素子は前記撮像素子上に形成されている、請求項1から11のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記アレイ状光学素子と前記撮像素子との間に設けられたマイクロレンズをさらに備え、
前記アレイ状光学素子は、前記マイクロレンズを介して前記撮像素子上に形成されている、請求項12に記載の撮像装置。 - 前記複数の第1の画素および前記複数の第2の画素のそれぞれは、異なる波長帯域の光を透過するフィルタを有する、請求項1から13のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。
- 前記アレイ状光学素子は複数の光学要素を有し、
前記複数の光学要素のそれぞれは、前記複数の第1の画素のうちの少なくとも1つおよび前記第2の画素のうちの少なくとも1つに対応し、
前記複数の光学要素のうちのそれぞれに対応する画素は同じ波長域の光を透過するフィルタを有する、請求項1から14のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 前記レンズ光学系は絞りをさらに備え、
前記第1の領域および前記第2の領域は、前記絞り近傍に配置されている、請求項1から15のいずれかに記載の撮像装置。 - 第1色、第2色および第3色の光が通過する第1の領域と、前記第1色、第2色および第3色の光が通過し、前記第1の領域を通過した前記第1色、第2色および第3色のそれぞれの光の集光位置に対して、少なくとも2色以上の光の集光位置を異ならせる光学パワーを有する第2の領域とを有するレンズ光学系と、
前記レンズ光学系からの光が入射する複数の第1の画素と複数の第2の画素とを有する撮像素子と、
前記レンズ光学系と前記撮像素子との間に配置され、前記第1の領域を通過した光を前記複数の第1の画素に入射させ、前記第2の領域を通過した光を前記複数の第2の画素に入射させるアレイ状光学素子と、
を備える撮像装置と、
前記複数の第1の画素において得られた画素値を用いて、前記第1色、第2色および第3色のうち少なくとも1つの色の成分の第1の画像を生成し、前記複数の第2の画素において得られた画素値を用いて、前記少なくとも1つの色の成分と同じ色の成分を含む第2の画像を生成し、前記第1の画像の所定領域および前記第2の画像の所定領域のうち色ごとに鮮鋭度の高い方の画像成分を用いて、前記出力画像を生成する演算処理部と、を備える撮像システム。
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