WO2012172809A1 - カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体、炭素系電極、蓄電デバイスおよびカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体の製造方法 - Google Patents
カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体、炭素系電極、蓄電デバイスおよびカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012172809A1 WO2012172809A1 PCT/JP2012/003898 JP2012003898W WO2012172809A1 WO 2012172809 A1 WO2012172809 A1 WO 2012172809A1 JP 2012003898 W JP2012003898 W JP 2012003898W WO 2012172809 A1 WO2012172809 A1 WO 2012172809A1
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- carbon nanotube
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2202/00—Structure or properties of carbon nanotubes
- C01B2202/08—Aligned nanotubes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/82—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by IR- or Raman-data
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a carbon nanotube parallel assembly in which the orientations of a large number of carbon nanotubes are aligned in the same direction, a carbon-based electrode provided with a carbon nanotube parallel assembly, a storage device, and a carbon nanotube parallel assembly.
- Carbon nanotubes are carbon materials that have recently received attention.
- JP 2001-220674 A with a substrate temperature of 675 to 750 ° C., a large number of carbon nanotubes are arranged in parallel by carrying out chemical vapor deposition (CVD treatment: chemical vapor deposition).
- CVD treatment chemical vapor deposition
- An aligned assembly of carbon nanotubes is disclosed which is grown on the surface of the substrate so as to be substantially vertical.
- JP-A-2007-76925 discloses a carbon having a carbon nanotube group comprising a large number of carbon nanotubes formed in a flocked shape on the surface of a substrate, and a metal film connecting the base of the carbon nanotube group on the substrate side.
- a nanotube parallel assembly is disclosed. According to this, a metal film having a melting point higher than the growth temperature of carbon nanotubes is formed, a catalyst is provided on the metal film, and carbon nanotubes are grown on the surface of the substrate by the source gas in this state. Then, the metal is melted at a temperature higher than the growth temperature of the carbon nanotube, and then solidified to thereby fix and fix the root portion of the carbon nanotube with the metal.
- 2008-120658 discloses an aggregate structure of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in which a large number of carbon nanotubes are gathered on the surface of a silicon substrate at an ultra-high density while maintaining an orientation perpendicular to the surface of the silicon substrate. ing.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-182352 discloses a compression process of exposing a carbon nanotube assembly grown to a liquid such as water as consolidation secondary processing, and then compressing the carbon nanotube parallel assembly by drying. A manufacturing technique of a carbon nanotube parallel assembly to be densified through is disclosed. According to this, it is possible to densify the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate by growing the carbon nanotubes and then performing consolidation secondary processing. Furthermore, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-182352 also discloses a technology of causing densification by acting on a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate as consolidation secondary processing by compression processing in which mechanical external pressure is applied and compressed as consolidation secondary processing. There is.
- a carbon nanostructure is formed, and then, in a state where the carbon nanostructure is dispersed in a liquid solvent, ultrasonic waves are applied as a post treatment for about 3 to 6 hours.
- a technique is disclosed in which defect-like pores are positively formed as defects in a carbon six-membered ring array structure (graphene sheet) which is a graphite layer of a carbon nanostructure, by irradiating. According to this, it is described that the modification which adds the other component to the graphite layer of a carbon nanostructure can be performed effectively.
- JP 2001-220674 A JP 2007-76925 A JP, 2008-120658, A JP 2007-182352 A JP 2003-205499
- carbon nanotubes are considered to be used as carbon-based electrodes in storage devices represented by capacitors such as lithium ion capacitors and batteries such as lithium ion batteries.
- capacitors such as lithium ion capacitors
- batteries such as lithium ion batteries.
- attempts have been made to apply carbon nanotubes to further applications.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described situation, and a defect is made on a side surface of a carbon nanotube constituting a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate having parallel running property in which a large number of carbon nanotubes are aligned in the same direction.
- carbon nanotube parallel assembly carbon-based electrode, storage device, and carbon nanotube parallel assembly, which can contribute to the development of further applications of carbon nanotube parallel assembly by actively forming hollow pores
- the task is to provide a method.
- a carbon nanotube parallel assembly according to aspect 1 of the present invention is a carbon nanotube parallel assembly in which a large number of carbon nanotubes having parallel orientation are aligned and run parallel along the same direction.
- each of the carbon nanotubes constituting the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate has defect-like pores on the side surface, and Raman spectroscopy is performed.
- the intensity (Intensity) of scattered light in D-band is I D
- the intensity (Intensity) of scattered light in G-band is I G in the Raman spectrum of the method
- the I D / I G ratio is 0.80 It is characterized by the above.
- Carbon nanotubes are carbon nanostructures in which a graphene sheet formed of carbon-carbon bonds has a cylindrical shape.
- Examples of carbon nanotubes include single-walled carbon nanotubes in which a graphene sheet is a single layer, multi-walled carbon nanotubes in which a plurality of graphene sheets are coaxially stacked in a cylindrical shape, and carbon nanohorns in which a graphene sheet has a conical cylindrical shape.
- the defect-like pore refers to a defect site where a carbon atom that should be present in a carbon-carbon bond is not present in a graphene sheet that constitutes a carbon nanotube.
- the defect-like pore may penetrate the graphene sheet in the thickness direction of the graphene sheet, and in the case of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, the defect-like pore may not penetrate although the carbon atom is deficient. .
- the graphene sheet refers to a carbon six-membered ring arrangement structure, and in some cases, the carbon six-membered ring arrangement structure may partially include a carbon five-membered ring arrangement structure or a carbon seven-membered ring arrangement structure.
- the size and depth of the defect-like pores are not particularly limited.
- the carbon nanotube is formed of a graphene sheet having a crystallinity (I D / I G ) ratio of 0.80 or more and a low crystallinity in a state where (for example, ultrasonic irradiation or the like) is not performed. Therefore, defective pores are frequently formed as defects on the side surface of the carbon nanotube. This is also confirmed from the TEM photograph of FIG.
- the I D / I G ratio can be 0.80 or more, 0.90 or more, and can be 1.00 or more, 1.10 or more. As the upper limit value, 1.20 can be exemplified.
- the I D / I G ratio is greater than 1.20, the number of defective pores formed on the side surface of the carbon nanotube is excessive, and the carbon nanotube is severely degraded.
- the crystallinity of the carbon nanotube is high, the I D / I G ratio is 0.09, and on the side surface of the carbon nanotube, defect-like pores, which are one type of defect in the graphene sheet, Almost not formed. This is also confirmed from the TEM photograph of FIG.
- the density of the carbon nanotube parallel assembly is preferably densified to 100 mg / cm 3 or more. In this case, since the carbon nanotube parallel assembly is densified, it can be expected to increase the specific surface area, the current collecting property, the conductivity and the like.
- Such a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate is used as a carbon-based electrode (negative electrode or positive electrode) in a capacitor such as a lithium ion capacitor or an electric double layer capacitor, or a storage device represented by a battery such as a lithium ion battery.
- a capacitor such as a lithium ion capacitor or an electric double layer capacitor
- a storage device represented by a battery such as a lithium ion battery.
- the carbon-based electrode according to aspect 2 of the present invention is formed of a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate in which a large number of carbon nanotubes having parallel alignment are aligned and aligned along the same direction.
- the explanation of mode 1 applies correspondingly.
- the density of the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate is increased to 100 mg / cm 3 or more, and the number density of carbon nanotubes is increased.
- An electricity storage device comprises a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte material interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and allowing the electrolyte material to permeate and be disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode
- An electric storage device comprising: a separator for suppressing an electrical short between a positive electrode and the negative electrode; and the container for containing the positive electrode, the negative electrode, the electrolyte material, and the separator, wherein at least one of the negative electrode and the positive electrode And a carbon nanotube parallel assembly in which a large number of carbon nanotubes having a parallel alignment property are aligned parallel to the same direction, and the carbon nanotube parallel assembly is grown.
- each of the carbon nanotubes constituting the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate has defect-like pores on the side surface.
- the intensity of the scattered light at D-band and (Intensity) and I D the intensity of the scattered light in the G-band and (Intensity) was I G, It is characterized in that the I D / I G ratio is 0.80 or more.
- I D / I G ratio is 0.80 or more, a high frequency of defective shaped pores on the side surface of the carbon nanotube is formed.
- the I D / I G ratio can be made 0.85 or more, 0.90 or more, 1.00 or more, 1.10 or more.
- 1.20 can be exemplified.
- the density of the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate is preferably densified to 100 mg / cm 3 or more.
- the carbon nanotube parallel assembly is densified, it can be expected to increase the specific surface area, the current collecting property, the conductivity and the like.
- a capacitor such as a lithium ion capacitor and an electric double layer capacitor is exemplified as an example, or a battery such as a lithium ion battery is exemplified.
- An electricity storage device which is a lithium ion capacitor having an electrolyte substance containing Li ions can be employed.
- a storage device which is an electric double layer capacitor having an electrolyte substance containing divalent ions such as Ca ions can be adopted, and the storage device may be a lithium ion capacitor.
- Ca is a divalent alkaline earth metal
- an increase in electrical energy can be expected.
- the electrolyte substance containing Ca ion basically, two electrons participate in the reaction per calcium atom. That is, in the reaction of 1 molar atom of calcium, 2 molar electrons (the electric charge of 2 Faraday) participate in the reaction, and an increase in electric energy which can be taken out from a storage device such as a capacitor can be expected.
- at least one of the negative electrode and the positive electrode includes a carbon nanotube parallel assembly characterized in that the density is 100 mg / cm 3 or more.
- the method for producing a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate according to aspect 4 of the present invention comprises the steps of forming a catalyst on the surface of a substrate, and before forming the carbon nanotube, from 600 to 650 ° C. from the initial temperature of the substrate. Then, a carbon source gas is introduced onto the surface of the substrate to cause a carbon nanotube formation reaction by chemical vapor deposition (CVD processing) to form a parallel aggregate of carbon nanotubes on the substrate.
- a method for producing a carbon nanotube parallel assembly comprising sequentially performing a carbon nanotube forming step to be formed on the surface, wherein the carbon nanotube forming step comprises the step of forming a plurality of gas introducing holes on the surface of the substrate.
- the number of gas introductions is maintained while maintaining the temperature of the substrate in the range of 600
- the carbon source gas is caused to collide with the surface in a direction intersecting the surface having the catalyst among the substrates, and the turbulent flow of the carbon source gas is promoted in the vicinity of the surface, and the surface of the substrate is In the Raman spectrum of Raman spectroscopy, it has parallel-run orientation that is oriented parallel to the same direction while standing against the same, and forms a defect-like pore on the side and Assuming that the intensity of scattered light (Intensity) is I D and the intensity of scattered light in G-band (Intensity) is I G , the I D / I G ratio is 0.80 or more (post-processing such as irradiation of ultrasonic waves etc. It is characterized in that it consists of a large number of carbon nanotubes which are in the as-grown state without carbon nanotube parallel aggregates.
- the I D / I G ratio is 0.80 or more, and there is a high frequency that defective pores are formed on the side surface of the carbon nanotube.
- the I D / I G ratio can be made 0.85 or more, 0.90 or more, 1.00 or more, 1.10 or more.
- the crystallinity of the carbon nanotube is high, and a defect-like pore, which is a type of defect, is not frequently formed on the side surface of the carbon nanotube.
- the upper limit of the I D / I G ratio can be exemplified by 1.20.
- Comparative Example 1 described later in which the I D / I G ratio is 0.09 the crystallinity of the carbon nanotube is high, and almost no defective pore, which is a type of defect, is formed on the side surface of the carbon nanotube. It is preferable to form an underlayer of aluminum or an aluminum alloy on the surface of the substrate before forming the catalyst on the surface of the substrate. In this case, it is advantageous to obtain a large number of carbon nanotubes having parallel orientation, which is oriented parallel to the same direction.
- the aligned carbon nanotube assembly according to aspect 1 of the present invention is formed by aggregating a large number of aligned carbon nanotubes aligned and run parallel along the same direction. For this reason, it can contribute to the densification of carbon nanotubes in a carbon nanotube parallel assembly, and can contribute to the densification of the number density of carbon nanotubes.
- the carbon nanotube parallel assembly according to the present invention the frequency of formation of defect-like pores on the side surface of the carbon nanotube is high. In this case, it can be expected that ions and the like are taken into the carbon nanotube through the defect-like pore.
- a carbon material used as an electrode of a storage device represented by a capacitor such as an electric double layer capacitor or a lithium ion capacitor, or a battery such as a lithium ion battery It can be used.
- the carbon-based electrode according to aspect 2 of the present invention is formed of a carbon nanotube parallel assembly according to aspect 1. Therefore, the carbon-based electrode is formed by aggregating a large number of carbon nanotubes having parallel orientation, which are oriented parallel to one another along the same direction. For this reason, it can contribute to the densification of carbon nanotubes in a carbon nanotube parallel assembly, and can contribute to the densification of the number density of carbon nanotubes. According to the carbon-based electrode according to the present invention, it is expected that ions and the like will be taken into the carbon nanotube through the defect-like pore, since the defect-like pore is frequently formed on the side surface of the carbon nanotube.
- a carbon material used as an electrode of a storage device represented by a capacitor such as an electric double layer capacitor or a lithium ion capacitor, or a battery such as a lithium ion battery Can.
- At least one of the negative electrode and the positive electrode includes the carbon nanotube parallel assembly according to aspect 1.
- it can contribute to the densification of carbon nanotubes in a carbon nanotube parallel assembly, and can contribute to the densification of the number density of carbon nanotubes.
- the frequency of formation of defect-like pores on the side surface of the carbon nanotube is high, it can be expected that ions and the like are incorporated into the carbon nanotube through the defect-like pores.
- the method of producing a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate according to aspect 4 of the present invention the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate according to aspect 1 having the above-mentioned many advantages can be favorably produced.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a manufacturing apparatus for manufacturing a carbon nanotube parallel assembly according to a first embodiment. It is a graph which concerns on Example 1 and which shows the process of introduction
- FIG. 7 is a diagram relating to Example 2 and schematically showing a capacitor.
- the carbon nanotube parallel assembly may be used together with the carbon nanotube parallel assembly, or may be used in a state separated from the carbon nanotube parallel assembly. good.
- the carbon nanotube (CNT) in the present invention may be a multi-walled carbon nanotube, a single-walled carbon nanotube, or a carbon nanohorn.
- the length of the carbon nanotube is not particularly limited, but 10 to 2000 micrometers and 10 to 1000 micrometers are exemplified.
- the carbon nanotube parallel assembly may have a structure in which a plurality of carbon nanotubes extending in the same direction are arranged in parallel, or a plurality of carbon nanotube bundles in which a plurality of carbon nanotubes extending in the same direction are arranged in parallel
- the structure may be
- a carbon nanotube parallel assembly (1) of a carbon nanotube parallel assembly is mounted on the surface (30) of a substrate (3).
- the carbon nanotube parallel assembly (1) is formed by bundling a large number of carbon nanotubes (CNT) having parallel running orientation extending along the direction of standing on the surface (30) of the substrate (3).
- a large number of the carbon nanotube bundles (2) are arranged in parallel and vertically aligned with respect to the flat surface (30) of the substrate (3) to increase the number density of carbon nanotubes.
- the density of such a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate (1) can be increased to 100 mg / cm 3 or more, 200 mg / cm 3 or more, or 300 mg / cm 3 or more, 400 mg / cm 3 or more. is there.
- the substrate is preferably formed of metal or silicon.
- the metal constituting the substrate may be at least one of titanium, titanium alloy, iron, iron alloy, copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy, aluminum, aluminum alloy and silicon.
- iron alloys include iron-chromium alloys, iron-nickel alloys and iron-chromium-nickel alloys. If the substrate is a metal, the current collection and conductivity of the substrate can be used.
- a catalyst is preferably present between the carbon nanotube and the substrate.
- a transition metal is usually used.
- metals of groups V to VIII are preferred.
- the underlayer can be formed of, for example, a thin film of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. The thickness of the underlayer can be 5 to 100 nanometers and 10 to 40 nanometers. Thus, it is preferable that a catalyst be present between the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate and the substrate, and further that an underlayer formed of aluminum or an aluminum alloy be present between the catalyst and the substrate. .
- the catalyst is preferably an AB based alloy.
- A is preferably at least one of iron, cobalt and nickel
- B is preferably at least one of titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium and tantalum.
- it is preferable to include at least one of an iron-titanium alloy and an iron-vanadium alloy.
- cobalt-titanium based alloys, cobalt-vanadium based alloys, nickel-titanium based alloys, nickel-vanadium based alloys, iron-zirconium based alloys, iron-niobium based alloys can be mentioned.
- titanium is contained in an amount of 5% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, 40% or more (the balance is substantially iron), 50% or less by mass ratio.
- vanadium is exemplified by 5% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, 40% or more (the balance is substantially iron), 50% or less by mass ratio.
- the particle size of the catalyst is, for example, in the range of 2 to 100 nm, in the range of 2 to 70 nm, or in the range of 2 to 40 nm.
- the carbon source gas and the process conditions are not particularly limited.
- the temperature of the substrate on which the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate is formed is preferably in the range of 600 to 650.degree. If the temperature is less than 600 ° C., it is difficult to form a carbon nanotube parallel assembly. If the temperature is higher than 650 ° C., the ID / IG ratio of the carbon nanotube becomes too low, that is, the crystallinity of the carbon nanotube becomes too high, and the frequency of formation of defective pores on the side surface of the carbon nanotube is descend.
- Examples of carbon source gases serving as carbon sources for supplying carbon to form carbon nanotubes include aliphatic hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, aliphatic compounds such as alcohols and ethyl, and aromatic compounds such as aromatic hydrocarbons. Be Therefore, a CVD method (CVD, plasma CVD, remote plasma CVD method, etc.) using a hydrocarbon-based carbon source gas and an alcohol-based carbon source gas is exemplified.
- Examples of carbon source gas of carbon nanotube parallel aggregation alcohol type according to mode 1 include gases such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propanol, butanol, pentanol and hexanol.
- the pressure in the reaction vessel of the CVD apparatus can be about 100 Pa to 0.1 MPa.
- Example 1 (substrate)
- stainless steel (SUS 304) which is alloy steel is used as a substrate functioning as a base. That is, the surface of the substrate having a thickness of 0.5 mm was polished, and the surface roughness of the substrate was 5 nm in Ra. The substrate is placed in the reaction vessel of the CVD apparatus.
- Pre-treatment a sputtering method was carried out in the reaction vessel to form an underlayer (thickness: 7 nm) of an aluminum thin film on the surface of the substrate as a first layer.
- sputtering was performed using argon gas, the pressure in the reaction vessel was 0.6 Pa, and the temperature of the substrate was in a normal temperature range (25 ° C.).
- the surface of the substrate was treated to be water repellent as a pretreatment before laminating the second layer on the first layer.
- a solvent (toluene) in which hexamethyl organosilazane was blended at a concentration of 5% by volume was used as the water repellent treatment liquid.
- the substrate having the underlayer was immersed in the water repellent solution for a predetermined time (30 minutes) in the air. Thereafter, the substrate was pulled up from the water repellent treatment solution and naturally dried. Next, in the air, the above-described substrate was immersed in the coating solution for 30 seconds by a dip coater.
- the coating liquid was formed by dispersing iron-titanium alloy particles in a solvent (hexane).
- the iron-titanium alloy particles had an average particle size of 4.0 nm, and the mass ratio was 80% iron and 20% titanium, and the iron content was higher than the titanium content. If the catalyst is an alloy, it is considered that aggregation of the particles of the catalyst is suppressed, which is advantageous for densifying carbon nanotube parallel aggregates.
- the average particle size of the iron-titanium alloy particles was determined by TEM observation. The average particle size was a simple average.
- the concentration of the coating solution was adjusted with a visible light meter (manufactured by WPA: CO 7500) under the measurement conditions of a wavelength of 680 nm so that the absorbance was 0.3. Iron-titanium alloys are believed to be advantageous for the densification of carbon nanotubes.
- the substrate was pulled up from the coating solution at a speed of 3 mm / min under ambient temperature and at normal temperature. Thereafter, with the coating liquid adhering to the surface of the substrate, the substrate was pulled up, and then hexane was dried by natural drying. As a result, a thin film of iron-titanium alloy (thickness: 33 nm) was formed on the base layer of the substrate as a second layer. The thickness of the second layer was thicker than the underlayer. Thereafter, a carbon nanotube formation method was performed.
- FIG. 5 shows a process of introducing a carbon source gas in forming a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate.
- the substrate 5 prior to the formation of carbon nanotubes, the substrate 5 was previously heated from normal temperature to a predetermined temperature (650 ° C.) for 5 minutes. That is, nitrogen gas as a carrier gas is introduced at a flow rate of 5000 cc / min into the reaction vessel evacuated to 10 Pa in advance, and the pressure in the reaction vessel is adjusted to 1 ⁇ 10 5 Pa, the substrate temperature is normal temperature The temperature was raised rapidly from the temperature range (initial temperature) to 650 ° C. in 5 minutes.
- the temperature rise rate was 120 ° C./min. Since the temperature is raised in such a short time, the aggregation of catalyst particles on the substrate can be suppressed, which can contribute to the increase in density of the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate, and the number density of carbon nanotubes per unit area can be increased. .
- carbon nanotubes were formed while maintaining the temperature of the substrate from the introduction of the source gas to the completion of the reaction.
- source gas 5500 cc / min of acetylene gas was introduced for 6 minutes as CVD processing time. Thereafter, the inside of the reaction vessel was evacuated. A carbon nanotube parallel aggregate consisting of a large number of carbon nanotubes was thereby formed on the iron-titanium alloy catalyst on the surface of the substrate.
- the length of carbon nanotubes formed is 140 to 150 micrometers, the average diameter is 9.5 nanometers, the density is 520 mg / cm 3 , and the number density of carbon nanotubes per unit area is It was extremely expensive.
- This density corresponds to the density in the state in which the carbon nanotube parallel assembly is grown (at the time when the carbon nanotube parallel assembly is completely grown).
- the CVD processing time it is preferable that the CVD processing time be longer, but the crystallinity of CNTs is also enhanced. Therefore, it is preferable to set the CVD processing time to 10 minutes or less and 8 minutes or less.
- the density was determined by the weight difference method using an electronic balance (based on the weight difference of the substrate before and after formation of the carbon nanotube parallel assembly. That is, the weight measurement before and after forming the carbon nanotube parallel assembly on the surface of the substrate
- the weight W [g] of the carbon nanotube parallel assembly itself was measured according to the weight W [g] divided by the area S of the substrate forming the carbon nanotube parallel assembly, whereby the unit area
- the carbon nanotube weight per unit weight W / S [g / cm 2 ] was calculated, and the cross section of the carbon nanotube parallel assembly was observed by SEM, and the film thickness [ ⁇ m] of the carbon nanotube parallel assembly was measured.
- the density [g / cm 3 ] of the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate was calculated in consideration of the film thickness.
- Comparative Example 1 a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate was formed on the surface of the substrate.
- the manufacturing method of Comparative Example 1 is basically the same as that of Example 1. However, the preheating temperature of the substrate before introducing the source gas into the reaction vessel and the temperature of the substrate in the carbon nanotube forming step were set to 750.degree. According to Comparative Example 1, the carbon nanotubes had a length of 140 to 150 micrometers, an average diameter of 6 to 7 nanometers, and a density of 180 mg / cm 3 . This density corresponds to the density in the state in which the carbon nanotube parallel assembly is grown (at the time when the carbon nanotube parallel assembly is completely grown).
- FIG. 4 shows the CVD apparatus 5.
- the CVD apparatus 5 includes a reaction container 51 having a chamber 50, a gas introducing unit 52 disposed in the chamber 50, a gas pipe 53 connected to the gas introducing unit 52, and a substrate 3 disposed in the chamber 50. It has the holder 54 hold
- the gas introducing portion 52 is horizontally provided with a gas introducing hole group 521 including a large number of small hole-like gas introducing holes 520 (inside diameter: 1 millimeter) facing toward the surface 30 of the substrate 3.
- the heater device 55 is for promoting thermal decomposition of the carbon source gas.
- a plurality of electric heater sections 56 are provided to heat the substrate 3 while facing the substrate 3 from the back surface 32 opposite to the surface 30 of the substrate 3 on which the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate is formed. In order to uniformly heat the substrate 3 or the like, a plurality of electric heater parts 56 are arranged in parallel at intervals.
- the heater device is not disposed on the gas introduction member 523 side. That is, no heater is provided on the upper side of the substrate 3.
- the gas introduction member 523 is disposed parallel to the surface 30 of the substrate 3 and faces the surface 30 of the substrate 3 while approaching it. Therefore, the shortest distance between the surface 30 of the substrate 3 and the gas introduction holes 520 is basically the same distance over all the gas introduction holes 520. Therefore, it can contribute to the uniformization of the growth of the carbon nanotube parallel assembly.
- the shortest distance HA (see FIG. 4) between the surface 30 of the substrate 3 and the gas introduction hole 520 is set to 20 to 30 mm (25 mm).
- the carbon source gas is diverted from the large number of small hole-like gas introduction holes 520 and collides almost perpendicularly toward the surface 30 of the substrate 3. It is considered that the carbon source gases blown out from the adjacent gas introduction holes 520 collide with each other after colliding almost perpendicularly to the surface 30 of the substrate 3. Therefore, the turbulent flow of the carbon source gas is effectively promoted on the surface 30 of the substrate 3 on which the catalyst is supported. Furthermore, the temperature of the substrate 3 is also as low as 650.degree.
- the turbulent flow of the carbon source gas on the surface 30 of the substrate 3 and the lower temperature of the surface 30 of the substrate 3 indicate that the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate on the surface 30 of the substrate 3 It is considered to be advantageous for suppressing the crystallization of carbon nanotubes and increasing the frequency with which defect-like pores are formed in the graphene sheet (carbon six-membered ring arrangement structure) on the side surface of carbon nanotubes.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a carbon nanotube parallel assembly 1 obtained on the surface 30 of a substrate 3.
- FIG. 2 shows a SEM photograph of the carbon nanotube (CNT) aggregate obtained on the surface 30 of the substrate 3.
- CNT carbon nanotube
- FIGS. 1 and 2 a large number of carbon nanotubes having parallel running orientation (vertical orientation) extending in the same direction along the direction of standing on the surface 30 of the substrate 3 are gathered side by side
- a large number of carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles 2 are flocked on the surface 30 of the substrate 3 at a high density.
- the carbon nanotube parallel assembly 1 is formed on the surface 30 of the substrate 3.
- the carbon nanotube bundles 2 were also oriented substantially perpendicularly from the surface 30 of the substrate 3.
- the carbon nanotube bundle 2 refers to a state of a group obtained by bundling a plurality of carbon nanotubes in a bundle while juxtaposing a plurality of carbon nanotubes in a direction orthogonal to the length direction of the carbon nanotube.
- FIG. 2 showing SEM observation an aggregate of high density carbon nanotubes is formed.
- the carbon nanotube length was about 143 micrometers (about 140-150 micrometers).
- the density of the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate was 520 mg / cm 3 , and the number density of carbon nanotubes was extremely high. This density corresponds to the density of the as-grown carbon nanotube parallel aggregate (density at the time of completion of the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate). In other words, this density is different from Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-182352, and has not undergone consolidation secondary processing such as exposure to water and drying, or consolidation secondary processing such as compression of carbon nanotubes by an external force. It is a value.
- the reason why the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate can be densified is presumed to be to suppress aggregation of the catalyst, stabilize the temperature of the substrate, and stabilize the catalyst. That is, as described above, since the substrate is rapidly heated to a temperature at which the aggregation of the catalyst is suppressed before introducing the raw material gas for carbon nanotubes, the aggregation of the catalyst on the substrate caused by the increase in temperature of the substrate is prevented. And, in turn, it is presumed to reduce variations in the activity of the catalyst. According to TEM observation, one carbon nanotube is a multilayer carbon nanotube in which a plurality of coaxial layers are stacked substantially coaxially.
- FIG. 3 shows a TEM photograph of one carbon nanotube in the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate formed in Example 1.
- carbon nanotubes have a multilayer structure in which a plurality of graphene sheets are coaxially formed in a cylindrical shape, and defect side pores are frequently formed on the side surface of one carbon nanotube. Is visible.
- defect-like pores are formed with high frequency so as to face each other on the side surface of one carbon nanotube.
- Example 1 in the as-grown state in which the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate is grown, the defect-like pores are formed on the side surface of the carbon nanotube constituting the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate. Is formed with high frequency, and the degree of graphitization (I D / I G ) is 0.80 or more. Specifically, the graphitization degree (I D / I G ) of the carbon nanotube of Example 1 was 1.03.
- the excitation light source was a monochromatic laser beam (514.5 nm) in the macro mode, the spot diameter on the sample surface was 100 micrometers, and average information was obtained from the entire irradiation area.
- the Raman spectroscopy since the difference between the frequency of the Raman scattered light and the frequency of the incident light (Raman shift) takes a value peculiar to the structure of the substance, the Raman effect is a molecule as in the infrared spectroscopy.
- the peak structure of the scattered light in the vicinity of 1350 cm -1 is called D (defect) -band.
- the peak structure of the scattered light in the vicinity of 1580 cm -1 is called G (graphite) -band.
- the graphitization degree of the graphene sheet in which the six-membered ring arrangement structure of carbon is connected is the ratio of the intensity of scattered light in D-band (Intensity) to the intensity of scattered light in G-band (I) It can be judged based on the D / IG ratio.
- FIG. 7 shows a TEM photograph of one carbon nanotube according to Comparative Example 1. As shown in FIG. 7, no pore is formed on the side surface of the carbon nanotube according to Comparative Example 1. On the other hand, according to the carbon nanotube which concerns on Example 1, as shown in FIG. 3, many defect-like pores which are defects are formed in the carbon nanotube side.
- FIG. 6 shows the pore distribution (nitrogen gas adsorption method) of the aligned carbon nanotube assembly of Example 1. Shimadzu Corporation, model: ASAP-2010N2 was used as a pore distribution measuring device.
- Characteristic line W1 indicates the pore volume.
- the peak P1 was generated around 30 angstroms (3 nanometers). Based on TEM observation, peak P1 is considered to be part of the pores formed on the side of the carbon nanotube. Another peak occurred around 400 to 700 angstroms (40 to 70 nm).
- this peak is considered to be a space between one adjacent carbon nanotube and one carbon nanotube.
- the lithium ion is not present alone in the electrolytic solution, but is present in the state of solvation in which the solvent is attached to the lithium ion, and the solvent is brought in the state of solvation also when the lithium ion moves. It is believed to move.
- the diameter of lithium solvent particles in the solvated state is estimated to be 30 angstroms (3 nm). For this reason, it is expected that lithium solvent particles in a state in which the solvent is attached to lithium ions are to enter and exit in the central hole of the carbon nanotube.
- FIG. 8 shows the pore distribution of the carbon nanotube parallel assembly of Comparative Example 1.
- Characteristic line W10 indicates the pore volume. As shown by the characteristic line W10, no peak occurs at around 30 angstroms (3 nm), but rather a bottom region B10 occurs.
- the pore distribution according to Comparative Example 1 shown in FIG. 8 also supports that no pore is formed on the side surface of the carbon nanotube of Comparative Example 1.
- a lithium ion capacitor (hereinafter, also referred to as LIC) was manufactured using the carbon nanotube parallel assembly manufactured based on Example 1.
- Lithium ions are doped in the negative electrode material forming the negative electrode 202.
- the electrolyte solution 204 can be formed by dissolving a lithium salt in a non-aqueous organic solvent.
- lithium salts include lithium perchlorate, lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium borofluoride and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate.
- the solvent include cyclic carbonates (EC, PC, BC), linear carbonates (DMC, EMC, DEC), cyclic ethers (THF, DOXL) and the like.
- the separator 203 has ion permeability and prevents an electrical short circuit between the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 202, and a porous woven fabric or non-woven fabric can be employed.
- the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate constituting the negative electrode material of the negative electrode 202 according to the present embodiment has a high density, a large specific surface area, and is porous. Can increase the capacity of the capacitor.
- the carbon nanotubes be oriented so that the length direction of the carbon nanotubes extends along a virtual line PW connecting the negative electrode 202 and the positive electrode 201.
- the electrolyte contained in the capacitor is likely to flow along the length direction of the carbon nanotube.
- positive ions and negative ions are expected to move easily along the carbon nanotube.
- the carbon nanotubes may be oriented such that the longitudinal direction of the carbon nanotubes intersects along an imaginary line PW connecting the negative electrode 202 and the positive electrode 201. Since the carbon nanotube parallel assembly has a high density, the power density (low resistance) and the capacity density (high surface area) of the capacitor can be improved.
- defect-like pores are frequently formed on the side surfaces of the carbon nanotubes forming the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate forming the negative electrode 202. Therefore, an increase in the amount of lithium ions incorporated into carbon nanotubes can be expected, and further, lithium ions can enter and exit into the interior of carbon nanotubes, and the capacity of a lithium ion capacitor, which is an electricity storage device, can be increased.
- Example 3 An electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) was manufactured using the carbon nanotube parallel assembly manufactured based on Example 1.
- An electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) is shown applying FIG. 9 correspondingly.
- a positive electrode 201 having a positive electrode material made of activated carbon serving as a carbon material
- the negative electrode 202 formed of a negative electrode material
- the separator 203 disposed between the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 202
- the electrolysis disposed between the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 202 It has the liquid 204 and the container 205 which accommodates these.
- the negative electrode material forming the negative electrode 202 is not doped with lithium metal ions.
- the carbon nanotube parallel assembly according to the present embodiment has high density, large specific surface area, and is porous, so when used for the negative electrode 202, an increase in current collection capacity can be expected, and the capacity of the capacitor can be expected. Can be improved.
- the carbon nanotube parallel assembly has a high density, the power density (low resistance) and the capacity density (high surface area) of the capacitor can be improved. Furthermore, defect-like pores are frequently formed on the side surfaces of the carbon nanotubes forming the carbon nanotube parallel aggregate forming the negative electrode 202. Therefore, an increase in the amount of ions taken into the carbon nanotube can be expected. Furthermore, depending on the size of the pores, it is possible to expect the entrance and exit of ions to the inside of the carbon nanotube. Although the density of the carbon nanotubes parallel running aggregate is a 520mg / cm 3, 200mg / cm 3 or more, it may be 300 mg / cm 3 or more.
- the positive electrode material is formed of activated carbon, but the present invention is not limited to this. In some cases, the positive electrode material may be formed of a carbon nanotube parallel assembly.
- a lithium ion capacitor (LIC) was formed as a storage device by incorporating them into a bipolar container (trade name: HS cell, manufactured by Hohsen Co., Ltd.) in an environment of a dew point of ⁇ 30 ° C. or less.
- the inside of the cell container was vacuumed to 1 MPa, and then the pressure was returned to atmospheric pressure immediately to permeate the positive electrode material, the negative electrode material, and the separator.
- the electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) which is a lithium salt
- LIC lithium ion capacitor
- charge voltage 3.8V charge current 0.96mA
- charge time 30 minutes discharge with battery charge and discharge device (brand name: HJ-201B, Hokuto Denko Co., Ltd. make)
- the capacitance was determined based on the slope of the tangent between 3.4 and 2.4 V of the voltage-capacity curve during discharge under the condition of a current of 0.96 mA.
- the data were collected at the 3rd cycle.
- the main structure of the electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) is basically the same as that of FIG. 9 described above.
- Test Example EDLC is a coin type, and a positive electrode material formed of activated carbon (specific surface area: 2100 m 2 / g), a separator, and a negative electrode material formed of a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate according to Example 1 , An electrolytic solution, and a container for containing these.
- a circular positive electrode material (made by Hohsen Co., Ltd.) having a diameter of 15.5 mm, a circular negative electrode material formed of a carbon nanotube parallel aggregate, and a circular separator (material: made of cellulose And brand name: TF40 manufactured by Nippon Advanced Paper Industry Co., Ltd.).
- An electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) was formed as an electricity storage device by incorporating them into a two-pole type container (trade name: HS cell, manufactured by Hohsen Co., Ltd.) in an environment of dew point -30 ° C. or less. In this case, after evacuating the inside of the cell container to 1 MPa, the electrolytic solution was immediately returned to atmospheric pressure to permeate the positive electrode material, the negative electrode material, and the separator.
- the electrolyte was a Ca electrolyte. Since Ca is a divalent alkaline earth metal, an increase in electrical energy can be expected. In Ca electrolyte solution, two electrons participate in the reaction per calcium atom. That is, in the reaction of 1 molar atom of calcium, 2 molar electrons (the electric charge of 2 Faraday) participate in the reaction, and an increase in electric energy which can be taken out from the capacitor can be expected. About the manufacturing method of Ca electrolyte solution, it produced as follows. As a starting material, the solvent was a cyclic ester ( ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL)), and the electrolyte was calcium perchlorate (Ca (ClO 4 ) 2 ).
- GBL cyclic ester
- the electrolyte was calcium perchlorate (Ca (ClO 4 ) 2 ).
- magnesium perchlorate (Ca (ClO 4 ) 2 , manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.) is dissolved in 28 ml of a cyclic ester ( ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL), manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.) Then, it was prepared by stirring at normal temperature for 1 day.
- GBL ⁇ -butyrolactone
- the discharge current is a battery charge / discharge device (trade name "HJ-201B” manufactured by Hokuto Denko Co., Ltd.) under the conditions of charge voltage 2.5 V, charge current 0.24 mA, charge time 30 minutes, discharge current 0.24 mA, and discharging It was calculated from the slope of the tangent between 2.5 and 1.0 V of the voltage-capacity curve. Data were collected at the 3rd cycle.
- Weight energy density (I) A discharge current test is performed on the lithium ion capacitor according to Test Example LIC described above and the electric double layer capacitor according to Test Example EDLC described above, and the weight energy density is determined based on the measured values of the discharge current. Was calculated.
- the weight energy density means energy per unit weight of the storage device.
- the weight energy density of the lithium ion capacitor was determined based on the following formula A. * Is the symbol of multiplication.
- the energy density of the lithium ion capacitor according to Comparative Example A was 0.92 Wh / Kg, which was low.
- the weight energy density is 4.76 Wh / kg, which is about 5 times (4.76 / 0.92) that of the lithium ion capacitor according to Comparative Example A. It was 5.15.17).
- Ah means the total discharge current amount.
- Kg means weight of the capacitor (unit: kg).
- the energy density of the electric double layer capacitor according to Comparative Example B was as low as 0.81 Wh / Kg.
- the weight energy density is 2.30 Wh / kg for the electric double layer capacitor according to Test Example EDLC corresponding to the product of the present invention, and the weight energy density is about 2. It was 8 times (2.30 / 0.81 4 2.84).
- weight energy density is the number obtained by dividing each value by the weight of the storage device (including the weight of the cell container) in order to standardize and compare its performance.
- Example 1 Although an iron-titanium alloy is used as a catalyst, the present invention is not limited thereto, and cobalt-titanium alloy, cobalt-vanadium alloy, nickel-titanium alloy, nickel-vanadium It is also possible to use a base alloy, an iron-zirconium alloy, or an iron-niobium alloy. According to Example 1, the substrate is heated to 650 ° C. However, the temperature may be 600 ° C. or 630 ° C.
- the density is 200 mg / cm 3 or more, 300 mg / cm 3 or more, 400 mg / cm 3 or more, 600 mg / cm 3 or more, and the number density of carbon nanotubes
- the I D / I G ratio may be in the range of 0.80 to 1.20, in the range of 0.90 to 1.10, or in the range of 1.00 to 1.10.
- the present invention is not limited to the above-described Examples and Test Examples, and can be implemented with appropriate modifications without departing from the scope of the invention.
- I D / I G ratio of the carbon nanotubes is preferably 0.80 or more.
- the density of carbon nanotubes is preferably 100 mg / cm 3 or more.
- a carbon nanotube parallel assembly in which a large number of carbon nanotubes having parallel orientation, which are oriented parallel to one another along the same direction, are assembled, and the carbon nanotube parallel assembly is grown.
- a carbon nanotube parallel assembly characterized in that the carbon nanotube constituting the carbon nanotube parallel assembly in the as-is state is provided with defect-like pores on the side surface.
- I D / I G ratio of the carbon nanotubes parallel running aggregate is preferably 0.80 or more.
- the density of the carbon nanotube parallel assembly is preferably 100 mg / cm 3 or more.
- the carbon nanotube parallel assembly according to the present invention can be used, for example, for a carbon material which is required to have a large specific surface area, high current collecting property and high conductivity.
- a carbon material which is required to have a large specific surface area, high current collecting property and high conductivity.
- it can be used for carbon materials and the like used for various batteries such as capacitors, secondary batteries, wet solar batteries, fuel cells and the like.
- 201 indicates a positive electrode
- 202 indicates a negative electrode
- 203 indicates a separator
- 204 indicates an electrolytic solution
- 205 indicates a container.
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Abstract
Description
(基板)
本実施例では、基体として機能する基板としては、合金鋼であるステンレス鋼(SUS304)を使用した。すなわち、基板の厚みは0.5ミリメートルとしたる基板の表面は研磨されており、基板の表面粗さはRaで5ナノメートルであった。基板はCVD装置の反応容器内に配置される。
前処理として、反応容器内においてスパッタリング法を実施し、アルミニウム薄膜の下地層(厚み:7ナノメートル)を第1層として基板の表面に形成した。この場合、アルゴンガスを用い、反応容器内の圧力を0.6Paとし、基板の温度を常温域(25℃)とし、スパッタリングを行った。
更に、第1層の上に第2層を積層させる前の前処理として、基板の表面を撥水処理した。撥水処理液として、溶媒(トルエン)にヘキサメチルオルガノシラザンを5体積%の濃度で配合したものを用いた。この場合、下地層を有する基板を大気中で撥水処理液に所定時間(30分間)浸漬させた。その後、基板を撥水処理液から引き上げ、自然乾燥させた。次に、大気中において、上記した基板をディップコーターによりコーティング液に30秒間浸漬した。コーティング液については、溶媒(ヘキサン)に鉄-チタン合金粒子を分散させて形成した。鉄-チタン合金粒子については、平均粒径4.0nmであり、質量比で鉄80%,チタン20%であり、鉄含有量はチタン含有量よりも多かった。触媒が合金であれば、触媒の粒子の凝集を抑え、カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体の高密度化に有利であると考えられる。鉄-チタン合金粒子の平均粒径については、TEM観察により判定した。平均粒径は単純平均とした。コーティング液については、可視光度計(WPA社製:CO7500)にて波長680ナノメートルの測定条件で、吸光度が0.3となるように濃度調整した。鉄-チタン合金はカーボンナノチューブの高密度化に有利であると考えられる。その後、大気雰囲気において、常温下で、基板をコーティング液から3ミリメートル/分間の速度で引き上げた。その後、コーティング液が基板の表面に付着した状態で、その基板を引き上げ後、自然乾燥にてヘキサンを乾燥させた。これにより鉄-チタン合金の薄膜(厚み:33ナノメートル)を第2層として基板の下地層の上に形成した。第2層の厚みは下地層よりも厚かった。その後、カーボンナノチューブ形成方法を実施した。
図4に示すCVD装置5を用いてカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を基板の表面に形成した。図5はカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体形成にあたり炭素原料ガスの導入過程を示す。この場合、カーボンナノチューブの形成に先立ち、予め、基板5を常温から所定の温度(650℃)まで5分間昇温させた。即ち、あらかじめ10Paに真空引きされた反応容器中にキャリヤガスとして窒素ガスを5000cc/分の流量で導入し、反応容器内の圧力を1×105Paに調整した状態において、基板の温度を常温域(初期温度)から650℃まで5分間で速やかに昇温させた。昇温速度は120℃/分であった。このように短時間で昇温させるため、基板上における触媒粒子の凝集が抑制され、カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体の高密度化に貢献でき、単位面積あたりにおけるカーボンナノチューブの本数密度を高めることができる。
実施例1に基づいて製造したカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を用いてリチウムイオンキャパシタ(以下、LICともいう)を作製した。リチウムイオンキャパシタ(LIC)は、図9に模式的に示すように、炭素材料として機能する活性炭で形成された正極電極材を有する正極201と、実施例1に係るカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体(ID/IG=1.03、密度:520mg/cm3)で形成された負極電極材で形成された負極202と、正極201および負極202の間に配置されたセパレータ203と、正極201および負極202の間に配置された電解液204と、これらを収容する容器205とを有する。負極202を形成する負極電極材にはリチウムイオンがドープされている。電解液204としては、リチウム塩を非水系の有機溶媒に溶解させて形成できる。リチウム塩としては過塩素酸リチウム、ヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウム、ホウフッ化リチウム、トリフルオロメタンスルホン酸リチウムが例示される。溶媒としては環状炭酸エステル(EC,PC,BC)、鎖状炭酸エステル(DMC,EMC,DEC)、環状エーテル(THF,DOXL)などが例示される。セパレータ203は、イオン透過性を有すると共に正極201と負極202との電気的短絡を防止するものであり、多孔質の織物、不織物を採用できる。本実施例に係る負極202の負極電極材を構成するカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体は高い密度をもち、大きな比表面積をもち、更に多孔質であるため、負極202に使用されるとき、集電容量の増加を期待でき、キャパシタの能力を向上できる。
実施例1に基づいて製造したカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を用いて電気二重層キャパシタ(EDLC)を作製した。電気二重層キャパシタ(EDLC)は、図9を準用して示されている。図9に模式的に示すように、炭素材料として機能する活性炭で形成された正極電極材を有する正極201と、実施例1に係るカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体(ID/IG=1.03、密度:520mg/cm3)で形成された負極電極材で形成された負極202と、正極201および負極202の間に配置されたセパレータ203と、正極201および負極202の間に配置された電解液204と、これらを収容する容器205とを有する。負極202を形成する負極電極材にはリチウム金属イオンがドープされていない。本実施例に係るカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体は高い密度をもち、大きな比表面積をもち、更に多孔質であるため、負極202に使用されるとき、集電容量の増加を期待でき、キャパシタの能力を向上できる。ここで、負極202と正極201とを結ぶ仮想線PWに沿って、カーボンナノチューブの長さ方向が延設するようにカーボンナノチューブが配向されていることが好ましい。この場合、キャパシタ内に収容されている電解液がカーボンナノチューブの長さ方向に沿って流動し易い。よって正イオンおよび負イオンはカーボンナノチューブに沿って移動しやすいことが期待される。カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体が高密度であるため、キャパシタの出力密度(低抵抗)および容量密度(高表面積)を向上させることができる。更に、負極202を形成するカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を形成するカーボンナノチューブの側面には欠損状細孔が高頻度で形成されている。このため、カーボンナノチューブに対するイオンの取り込み量の増加を期待できる。更に、細孔の大きさにもよるが、カーボンナノチューブの内部に対してイオンの出入を期待できる。なお、カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体の密度は520mg/cm3とされているが、200mg/cm3以上、300mg/cm3以上でも良い。本実施例では正極電極材は活性炭で形成されているが、これに限らず、場合によっては、カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体で形成しても良い。
本発明に係る試験例LICとして、実施例1に係るカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体(ID/IG=1.03,密度:520mg/cm3)を負極として備える実施例2に係るリチウムイオンキャパシタ(LIC)を作製した。まず、直径15.5ミリメートルの円形状の正極電極材(宝泉株式会社製)と、カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体で形成した円形状の負極電極材と、円形状のセパレータ(材質:セルロース製、商品名:TF40ニッポン高度紙工業株式会社製)とを用意した。これらを2極式の容器(商品名:HSセル,宝泉株式会社製)に、露点-30℃以下の環境において組み込むことにより、リチウムイオンキャパシタ(LIC)を蓄電デバイスとして形成した。電解液については、セル容器内を1MPaまで真空引きを行った後、直ちに大気圧に戻して正極電極材、負極電極材およびセパレータに浸透させた。電解液については、電解質はリチウム塩であるヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウム(LiPF6)とし、溶媒はエチレンカーボネート(EC)およびジエチルカーボネート(DEC)の非水系の混合溶媒(EC:DEC=1:1v/v%)とし、濃度は1mol/Lとした。リチウムイオンキャパシタ(LIC)の放電電流については、電池充放電装置(商品名:HJ-201B,北斗電工株式会社製)で、充電電圧3.8V、充電電流0.96mA、充電時間30分、放電電流0.96mAの条件で、放電時の電圧-容量曲線の3.4~2.4V間の接線の傾きに基づいて静電容量を求めた。データは3サイクル目の値を採取した。
本発明に係る試験例EDLCとして、実施例1に係るカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体(ID/IG=1.03,密度:520mg/cm3)を負極として備える電気二重層キャパシタ(EDLC)を作製した。電気二重層キャパシタ(EDLC)の主な構造は、前記した図9と基本的には同様である。試験例EDLCはコイン型であり、活性炭(比表面積:2100m2/g)で形成された正極電極材と、セパレータと、実施例1に係るカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体で形成された負極電極材と、電解液と、これらを収容する容器とを有する。この場合、直径15.5ミリメートルの円形状の正極電極材(宝泉株式会社製)と、カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体で形成した円形状の負極電極材と、円形状のセパレータ(材質:セルロース製、商品名:TF40ニッポン高度紙工業株式会社製)とを用意した。これらを2極式の容器(商品名:HSセル,宝泉株式会社製)に、露点-30℃以下の環境において組み込むことにより、電気二重層キャパシタ(EDLC)を蓄電デバイスとして形成した。この場合、電解液については、セル容器内を1MPaまで真空引きを行った後、直ちに大気圧に戻して正極電極材、負極電極材およびセパレータに浸透させた。
(i)上記した試験例LICに係るリチウムイオンキャパシタと、上記した試験例EDLCに係る電気二重層キャパシタとについて、前述のように放電電流試験を行い、放電電流の実測値に基づいて重量エネルギー密度を計算で求めた。重量エネルギー密度は蓄電デバイスの単位重量あたりのエネルギーを意味する。リチウムイオンキャパシタにおける重量エネルギー密度については、下記の計算式Aに基づいて求めた。*は乗算の記号である。
上記した実施例1によれば、触媒として、鉄-チタン系合金が使用されているが、これに限らず、コバルト-チタン系合金、コバルト-バナジウム系合金、ニッケル-チタン系合金、ニッケル-バナジウム系合金、鉄-ジルコニウム系合金、鉄-ニオブ系合金とすることもできる。実施例1によれば、基板を650℃に加熱させているが、600℃、630℃でも良い。実施例2,3によれば、カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体については、密度を200mg/cm3以上、300mg/cm3以上、400mg/cm3以上、600mg/cm3以上とし、カーボンナノチューブの本数密度を高めることができ、更に、ID/IG比率を0.80~1.20の範囲、0.90~1.10の範囲、1.00~1.10の範囲とすることもできる。本発明は上記した実施例、試験例のみに限定されるものではなく、要旨を逸脱しない範囲内で適宜変更して実施可能である。
Claims (9)
- 同じ方向に沿って並走しつつ配向している並走配向性を有する多数のカーボンナノチューブを集合させたカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体であって、
前記カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を成長させたままの状態において、前記カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を構成する各前記カーボンナノチューブは、側面に欠損状細孔を備えており、
ラマン分光法のラマンスペクトルにおいて、D-bandにおける散乱光の強度(Intensity)をIDとし、G-bandにおける散乱光の強度(Intensity)をIGとしたとき、ID/IG比率は0.80以上であるカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体。 - 請求項1において、密度は100mg/cm3以上とされているカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体。
- 同じ方向に沿って並走しつつ配向している並走配向性を有する多数のカーボンナノチューブを集合させたカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体で形成された炭素系電極であって、
前記カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を成長させたままの状態において、前記カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を構成する前記カーボンナノチューブは、側面に欠損状細孔を備えており、ラマン分光法による前記カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体のラマンスペクトルにおいて、D-bandにおける散乱光の強度(Intensity)をIDとし、G-bandにおける散乱光の強度(Intensity)をIGとしたとき、ID/IG比率は0.80以上である炭素系電極。 - 請求項3において、密度は100mg/cm3以上とされていることを特徴とするカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体で形成された炭素系電極。
- 正極と、負極と、正極および負極間に介在する電解質物質と、正極と負極との間に配置されると共に前記電解質物質を透過させ且つ前記正極と前記負極との電気的短絡を抑えるセパレータと、前記正極、前記負極、前記電解質物質、前記セパレータを収容する容器とを具備する蓄電デバイスであって、
前記負極および前記正極のうちの少なくとも一方は、同じ方向に沿って並走しつつ配向している並走配向性を有する多数のカーボンナノチューブを集合させたカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を備えており、
前記カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を成長させたままの状態において、前記カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を構成する各前記カーボンナノチューブは、側面に欠損状細孔を備えており、ラマン分光法による前記カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体のラマンスペクトルにおいて、D-bandにおける散乱光の強度(Intensity)をIDとし、G-bandにおける散乱光の強度(Intensity)をIGとしたとき、ID/IG比率は0.80以上である蓄電デバイス。 - 請求項5において、Liイオンを含む電解質物質を有するリチウムイオンキャパシタである蓄電デバイス。
- 請求項5において、Caイオンを含む電解質物質を有する電気二重層キャパシタであることを特徴とする蓄電デバイス。
- 請求項5~請求項7のいずれか1項において、前記負極および前記正極のうちの少なくとも一方は、密度は100mg/cm3以上とされていることを特徴とするカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を備えた蓄電デバイス。
- 触媒を基体の表面に形成する工程と、
カーボンナノチューブ形成前に、前記基体をこれの初期温度から600~650℃に昇温させる昇温工程と、
その後、前記基体の表面に炭素原料ガスを導入させて化学蒸着処理(CVD処理)によりカーボンナノチューブ形成反応を発生させてカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を前記基体の前記表面に形成させるカーボンナノチューブ形成工程とを順に実施するカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体の製造方法であって、
前記カーボンナノチューブ形成工程は、
多数の前記ガス導入孔を備えるガス導入部材が前記基体の前記表面に対向している状態において、前記基体の温度を600~650℃範囲に維持しつつ、
多数のガス導入孔から炭素原料ガスを、前記基体のうち前記触媒を有する前記表面に対して交差する方向から前記表面に衝突させ、前記表面付近において炭素原料ガスの乱流化を促進させつつ、
前記基体の前記表面に対して立設しつつ同じ方向に沿って並走しつつ配向している並走配向性を有すると共に側面に欠損状細孔を形成させ且つ、ラマン分光法のラマンスペクトルにおいて、D-bandにおける散乱光の強度(Intensity)をIDとし、G-bandにおける散乱光の強度(Intensity)をIGとしたとき、ID/IG比率は0.80以上である多数のカーボンナノチューブからなる前記カーボンナノチューブ並走集合体を製造するカーボンナノチューブ並走集合体の製造方法。
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