WO2012150404A1 - Composition pour couche active ou electrode de cellules photovoltaïques - Google Patents
Composition pour couche active ou electrode de cellules photovoltaïques Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012150404A1 WO2012150404A1 PCT/FR2012/050922 FR2012050922W WO2012150404A1 WO 2012150404 A1 WO2012150404 A1 WO 2012150404A1 FR 2012050922 W FR2012050922 W FR 2012050922W WO 2012150404 A1 WO2012150404 A1 WO 2012150404A1
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- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002469 tricosyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
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- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L65/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
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- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C08F290/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups
- C08F290/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups on to polymers modified by introduction of unsaturated end groups
- C08F290/06—Polymers provided for in subclass C08G
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- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/12—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/122—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides
- C08G61/123—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds
- C08G61/126—Macromolecular compounds containing atoms other than carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule derived from five- or six-membered heterocyclic compounds, other than imides derived from five-membered heterocyclic compounds with a five-membered ring containing one sulfur atom in the ring
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C08G81/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers
- C08G81/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers at least one of the polymers being obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C08G81/024—Block or graft polymers containing sequences of polymers of C08C or C08F and of polymers of C08G
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- C08K3/045—Fullerenes
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
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- H10K30/81—Electrodes
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic radiation-sensitive element covered by group H10K30/00
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- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
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- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
- H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
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- C08G2261/10—Definition of the polymer structure
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2261/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G2261/90—Applications
- C08G2261/91—Photovoltaic applications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Definitions
- the subject of the invention is a composition for organic photovoltaic cells of photovoltaic modules having optimum properties for this application as well as this same composition, very slightly different (one component less), for electrodes.
- the present invention also relates to the use of such a composition in organic photovoltaic cells of a photovoltaic module and a photovoltaic module comprising such photovoltaic cells as well as its use in electrodes.
- composition according to the invention is presented with regard to the technical problems related to the field of photovoltaic cells, but it has become clear to the applicant that the particularly significant and numerous advantages of this composition make the latter likely to be considered as a solution.
- technical problem for existing in other areas especially with regard to its resolution of at least one technical problem (dispersion of carbon nanotubes or graphene used for the manufacture of electrodes).
- a photovoltaic module includes a "photovoltaic cell", this cell being capable of transforming light energy into electricity.
- a photovoltaic cell conventionally comprises a plurality of cells, each cell containing a photovoltaic sensor in contact with electron collectors placed above (upper collectors) and below (lower collectors) of the photovoltaic collector.
- the photovoltaic cell When the photovoltaic cell is placed under a light source, it delivers a continuous electric current, which can be recovered at the terminals of the battery.
- photo voltaic cells of organic type are also known, that is to say that photo voltaic cells are composed of polymers. Like inorganic photovoltaic cells, these organic photovoltaic cells absorb photons, with linked electron-hole pairs (excitons) being generated and contributing to the photocurrent.
- the organic photovoltaic cell is cheaper, recyclable and extends the offer to flexible products or various conformations (for example building tiles), giving access to markets inaccessible to conventional technologies, notably by their integration into systems multifunctional. Nevertheless, this solution has so far suffered from a very low level overall efficiency since the yield of such photovoltaic cells remains less than 5%. Moreover, at present, the lifespan of photovoltaic cells is very limited.
- An organic photovoltaic cell is composed of an electron donor material and an electron acceptor material.
- a first technical problem arises with regard to the control of the mixing morphology of the donor and electron acceptor materials.
- the strategy is to play on the annealing conditions to obtain the desired morphology but it is also known, for example from document US 2009/0229667, add additives, such as dithiols or halides of alkanes, which will play the role of plasticizer likely to migrate, but which do not stabilize the morphologies. Nevertheless, if it is desired to obtain stable structures, it is necessary to introduce surfactants. It is known that there exist diblock or triblock copolymers having a conjugated sequence or diblock copolymers but having no conjugated sequence. Document US 2008/0017244 is known, but block copolymers here play the role of load carrier (donor / acceptor) as well as surfactant but do not solve the aforementioned first technical problem.
- a second technical problem lies in the control and stabilization of the dispersion of the material whether at the level of the active layer or of the electrode (semiconductor polymer, graphene, carbon nanotubes, etc.) in the liquid medium.
- the electrode semiconductor polymer, graphene, carbon nanotubes, etc.
- ink for the elaboration of ink.
- organic photovoltaic cells is essentially wet, that is to say using inks.
- the electrodes this is also applicable to other types of devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
- the known solutions currently consist in adding additives such as a surfactant (ionic or neutral) or hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol. These additives do not give full satisfaction, because it is known to those skilled in the art that they tend to cause coagulation of the present charges.
- additives such as a surfactant (ionic or neutral) or hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol.
- a final problem lies in the control and stabilization of organic / inorganic interfaces in an organic photovoltaic cell conventionally having at least one metal electrode.
- the solutions currently used consist of adding an intermediate layer bonded / glued against said electrode such as another semiconductor polymer or a self-assembled monolayer of small molecules (SAM). Again, these solutions, while partially solving the problem, are not entirely satisfactory.
- the present invention intends to remedy the problems of organic photovoltaic cells of photovoltaic modules and electrodes of the prior art by proposing a composition, for active layer and / or electrode of a photovoltaic cell.
- organic composition comprising a combination of a graft copolymer of a particular type and one or more specific substances creating a synergy with said copolymer.
- the organic photovoltaic cells or an electrode incorporating the composition according to the invention have a much higher energy efficiency than those of the prior art.
- the present invention relates to a composition
- a composition comprising a graft copolymer consisting of:
- a linear trunk comprising at least one non-aromatic vinyl polymer or an unsaturated polyolefin
- grafts attached to said trunk by a chemical bond, each consisting of a conjugated polymer
- composition according to the invention has an alternative.
- fullerrenes means a molecule composed exclusively of carbon that can take a geometric shape reminiscent of a sphere, an ellipsoid, a tube (called nanotube) or a ring.
- the conjugated polymer is no longer necessary, carbon nanotubes and / or graphene being sought for their good electrical conductivities without requiring transparency property.
- the two grafts have the same molar mass
- the aforesaid grafts consist of poly- (3-hexylthiophene);
- the linear trunk of unsaturated polyolefin nature, consists of a polydiene, preferably a polyisoprene or a polybutadiene, preferably a polyisoprene;
- the linear trunk, of unsaturated polyolefin nature consists of an acrylic or polyacrylate polymer
- said trunk may advantageously consist of an alkyl polyacrylate, preferably poly (n-butyl acrylate);
- the trunk has hydroxyl functions so as to confer amphiphilic properties
- the linear trunk of unsaturated polyolefin nature, consists of poly (vinyl alcohol).
- the invention relates to the use of the composition described above in the organic photovoltaic cells of a photovoltaic module.
- the invention also relates to a photovoltaic module having at least one layer forming an encapsulant comprising a photovoltaic cell, consisting of a plurality of organic photovoltaic cells capable of generating electrical energy and a layer forming a "backsheet" or back panel, said photovoltaic cell comprising a composition as described above.
- the present invention relates to original modes of synthesis of the composition according to the invention or intermediate elements / materials necessary for its manufacture.
- the present invention relates to a process for synthesizing the conjugated polymer, preferably poly (3-hexylthiophene), terminated ⁇ -thiol, comprising the successive steps of:
- Q4 a radical generator of the peroxidic or diazo type, such as preferably azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), Q4 being less than
- AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
- Q5 of a radical generator that may or may not be similar to that used at Q4, such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), Q5 being preferably equal to Q4 but may be between 0 and 10 Q4;
- AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
- the invention also relates to a graft copolymer synthesis process
- Polyolefin-g-P3HT preferably PI-g-P3HT comprising the successive steps of:
- Q4 of a radical generator of the peroxidic or diazo type, such as preferably azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), Q4 being less than Q2;
- AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
- Q5 of a radical generator that may or may not be similar to that used at Q4, such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), Q5 being preferably equal to Q4 but may be between 0 and 10 Q4;
- AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
- the invention also relates to a process for synthesizing clearly-acrylate-terminated poly (3-hexylthiophene) graft copolymer, comprising the successive steps of:
- FIG. 1 shows the general appearance of the graft copolymer according to the invention
- Figure 2 is a photograph of a dispersion of MWNTC in water in the presence of PVA-g-P3HT.
- composition according to the invention comprises, in its general definition, a graft copolymer consisting of:
- a linear trunk 1 comprising at least one non-aromatic vinyl polymer or an unsaturated polyolefin
- grafts 2 attached to said trunk by a chemical bond, each consisting of a conjugated polymer.
- linear trunk 1 of the graft copolymer is a polymer comprising as monomer an ⁇ -olefin.
- ⁇ -olefins having 2 to 30 carbon atoms are preferred.
- ⁇ -olefin mention may be made of ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, 3-methyl- 1-pentene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 1-tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene, 1-eicocene, 1-dococene, 1-tetracocene, 1-hexacocene, 1-octacocene, and 1-octene -triacontène.
- This polyolefin may be a homopolymer when a single ⁇ -olefin is polymerized in the polymer chain.
- examples include polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP).
- This polyolefin can also be obtained by hydrogenation of a polydiene such as polyisoprene or polybutadiene.
- This polyolefin can also be a copolymer when at least two comonomers are copolymerized in the polymer chain, one of the two comonomers said the "first comonomer” being an ⁇ -olefin and the other comonomer, said "Second comonomer” is a monomer capable of polymerizing with the first monomer.
- Dienes such as for example 1,4-hexadiene, ethylidene norbornene, butadiene, isoprene.
- Unsaturated carboxylic acid esters such as, for example, alkyl acrylates or alkyl methacrylates grouped under the term alkyl (meth) acrylates.
- the alkyl chains of these (meth) acrylates can have up to 30 carbon atoms. Mention may be made, as alkyl chains, of methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl and dodecyl.
- Methyl, ethyl and butyl (meth) acrylates are preferred as unsaturated carboxylic acid esters.
- vinyl esters of carboxylic acid As examples of vinyl esters of carboxylic acid, mention may be made of vinyl acetate, vinyl versatate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, or vinyl maleate. Vinyl acetate is preferred as the carboxylic acid vinyl ester.
- linear trunk 1 may consist of a molecule as described below
- the ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers are conventionally obtained by processes known to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, by Ziegler-Natta, metallocene or organometallic polymerization.
- the polyolefin trunk can be semi-crystalline or amorphous. In the case of amorphous polyolefins, only the glass transition temperature is observed, whereas in the case of semi-crystalline polyolefins a glass transition temperature and a melting temperature (which will necessarily be higher) are observed. It will be sufficient for a person skilled in the art to select the monomer ratios and the molecular masses of the polyolefin trunk in order to easily obtain the desired values of glass transition temperature, optionally melting temperature and viscosity of the polyolefin trunk.
- conjugated polymers are understood to mean conjugated polymers having a characteristic electronic structure called "band structure". These polymers are marked by the presence on the skeleton of an alternation between double and single bonds.
- doping a conjugated polymer generally involves giving (reducing) or extracting (oxidizing) electrons therefrom. This mechanism causes the modification of the structure of the molecule (geometry) and thus the modification of its electronic properties, namely its conductivity.
- conjugated polymers By way of nonlimiting example of conjugated polymers, mention may be made of polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyphenylene and polyaniline, but more generally, the conjugated polymers comprise three main families: poly (p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV), for example poly [2-methoxy-5- (2'-ethylhexyloxy) -1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) or poly [2-methoxy-5- (3 ', 7'-dimethyloctyloxy) -1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MDMO-PPV); polythiophenes (PT) resulting from the polymerization of thiophenes and which are heterocycles of sulfur, for example poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) polyfluorenes, for example poly [2,7- (9,9-dioctyl) fluorene) -alt -5,5- (
- the Applicant has a preference for poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT).
- the grafts 2 are fixed on the linear trunk 1 by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art. In this perspective, mention will be made of the addition to the linear trunk 1, by conventional chemical reaction between the ends of the grafts 2 and a reactive function on said linear trunk 1, but reference may also be made to the document WO 1995/029199.
- THF tetrahydrofuran
- composition according to the invention advantageously incorporates, in particular in the application to organic photovoltaic cells, small molecules characterized by their low molecular weight which does not exceed a few thousand units of atomic mass.
- these small molecules are acceptors or electron donors, which allows the latter also to facilitate the transport of electrical charges and are capable of forming excitons with the conjugated polymers.
- These small molecules are generally added to the composition by dissolution in the mixture containing the other components (polymers).
- fullerene C 6 o which is a compound formed of 60 carbon atoms and whose spherical shape is close to that of a football.
- This molecule is here preferred as an addition in the composition according to the invention, although it has been previously stated that the term fullerene refers to a molecule composed exclusively of carbons that can assume a geometric shape reminiscent of a sphere, an ellipsoid, a tube (called nanotube) or a ring;
- PCBM methyl [6,6] -phenyl-C6-butanoate
- perylene consisting of an aromatic ring of hydrocarbons of chemical formula C20H12, for example N, N'-dimethyl-3,4,9-perylenetetracarboxylic-diimide (PTCDI) (perylene derivative with two atoms of nitrogens, two oxygen atoms and two methyl groups CH3) or perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) (perylene derivative with six oxygen atoms).
- PTCDI N, N'-dimethyl-3,4,9-perylenetetracarboxylic-diimide
- PTCDA perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride
- UV stabilizers and UV absorbers such as benzotriazole, benzophenone and the other hindered amines, may be added to ensure the transparency of the encapsulant during its lifetime.
- UV stabilizers and UV absorbers such as benzotriazole, benzophenone and the other hindered amines, may be added to ensure the transparency of the encapsulant during its lifetime.
- These compounds may for example be based on benzophenone or benzotriazole. They may be added in amounts of less than 10% by weight of the total mass of the composition and preferably from 0.1 to 5%.
- antioxidants to limit yellowing during the manufacture of the encapsulant such as phosphorus compounds (phosphonites and / or phosphites) and hindered phenolics. These antioxidants may be added in amounts of less than 10% by weight of the total weight of the composition and preferably from 0.1 to 5%.
- Flame retardants may also be added. These agents may be halogenated or non-halogenated. Among the halogenated agents, mention may be made of brominated products. Phosphorus-based additives such as ammonium phosphate, polyphosphate phosphate, phosphinate or pyrophosphate phosphate, melamine cyanurate, pentaerythritol, zeolites and mixtures of these agents may also be used as non-halogenated agents.
- the composition may comprise these agents in proportions ranging from 3 to 40% relative to the total mass of the composition.
- pigments such as coloring or brightening compounds in proportions generally ranging from 5 to 15% relative to the total weight of the composition.
- composition according to the invention in a photovoltaic module
- one skilled in the art can refer, for example, to the Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Wiley, 2003 volume 7 .
- composition according to the present invention can also be used in fields other than that of photovoltaics.
- the composition according to the invention for use in transparent electrodes for photovoltaic cells or organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
- composition according to the invention in semiconductor inks for electronic printing devices.
- composition according to the invention may be used for the dispersion of carbon nanotubes, this dispersion being usable for the manufacture of electrodes or other components used in the manufacture of optoelectronic devices such as photovoltaic cells or OLEDs.
- grafted polyolefin copolymers P3HT PI-g-P3HT
- grafted polyacrylate P3HT PBuA-g-P3HT
- polyvinyl alcohol PVA-g-P3HT
- organic photovoltaic composed of a mixture of a conjugated polymer, P3HT, and a fullerene, PCBM.
- the cells tested were developed under a controlled atmosphere (absence of oxygen and moisture, as measured at contents ⁇ 10 ppm) from a formulation comprising one of the geoformed copolymers, P3HT and PCBM. .
- the formulation is carried out as follows:
- the ITO substrates indium oxide in 2 0 3 doped with tin
- the ITO substrates on glass are washed in an ultrasonic bath This is done initially in acetone, then in ethanol and finally in isopropanol Each wash lasts fifteen minutes
- PSS poly(styrene sulfonate)
- the thickness of the PEDOT-PSS layer is 50 nm (nanometer). It was measured using an Alpha-step IQ Surafe Profiler. Subsequently, the active layer, P3HT / PCBM mixture with different amounts of compatibilizer (filtered using a PTFE membrane, with pores 0.2 ⁇ m diameter) was deposited by spin-coating above of the PEDOT-PSS layer under an inert atmosphere. The thickness of the active layer is between 80 and 100 nm.
- the cathode (aluminum) has been thermally deposited through a "shadow mask” with a pressure of 10 "7 mbar (millibar)
- the active surface of the device is 8.4 mm 2 (square millimeter)
- a standard configuration has been used for the manufacture of the device: glass / ITO / PEDOT-PSS / active layer / aluminum
- thermal annealing is carried out on a heating plate at 165 ° C. for twenty minutes. at room temperature before all characterizations All procedures performed after deposition of the layer PEDOT-PSS were performed in an inert-atmosphere (nitrous) glove box with a dust and oxygen content of less than 0.1 ppm (parts per million).
- the photovoltaic effect of a solar cell is characterized by the following parameters: the open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (J C c) and the fill factor (FF).
- Energy conversion efficiency (ECP) is the ratio between the power generated and the power of the incident light (Pi n ):
- the ECP was measured several times for each composition, before annealing at 165 ° C and after annealing. According to the series, the PCE obtained after annealing for the reference cell (without addition of copolymer) is around 4.5%, which corresponds to the tests according to the prior art.
- compositions according to the invention show a significant increase in the performances which are considered with respect to the reference cell of the prior art.
- PVA-g-P3HT From + 0% to + 5% From -5% to + 0%
- the improvement after annealing shows a real effect of the additives on the morphology and the performances.
- the even greater improvement before annealing shows a positive effect on the processability of the active layer (faster obtaining of the optimal morphology) and therefore the possibility of reducing the annealing times and / or temperatures, and therefore the cost of production. .
- the inks (dispersions) studied were developed from multiwall or multi-layered carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, Arkema®) dispersed in water without any addition of ionic surfactant.
- the reference formulation comprises 0.1% (by weight relative to the total) of MWCNT.
- the total volume of water used is 5 ml for each of the formulations.
- the dispersions are observed first with the naked eye and then with the optical microscope on a glass slide and finally with the atomic force microscope (AFM) after on glass deposit and drying.
- AFM atomic force microscope
- the dispersions are very fine, the size of the largest particles observed in microscopy is of the order of one micron. From these dispersions, homogeneous films were made, confirmed results in AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) visible in FIG. 2.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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EP12725054.6A EP2705070B1 (fr) | 2011-05-02 | 2012-04-26 | Composition pour couche active ou electrode de cellules photovoltaïques |
CN201280032531.8A CN103814059B (zh) | 2011-05-02 | 2012-04-26 | 用于光电池的活性层或者电极的组合物 |
KR1020137031826A KR101957538B1 (ko) | 2011-05-02 | 2012-04-26 | 광전지의 활성층 또는 전극을 위한 조성물 |
CA2834117A CA2834117C (fr) | 2011-05-02 | 2012-04-26 | Composition pour couche active ou electrode de cellules photovoltaiques |
US14/115,509 US9349962B2 (en) | 2011-05-02 | 2012-04-26 | Composition for an active layer or electrode of photovoltaic cells |
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FR1153720A FR2974810B1 (fr) | 2011-05-02 | 2011-05-02 | Composition pour cellules photovoltaiques d'un module photovoltaique |
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CN102993645A (zh) * | 2012-11-12 | 2013-03-27 | 南昌航空大学 | 一种石墨烯/dbsa改性碳纳米管/聚噻吩复合吸波材料添加剂的制备方法 |
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CN104134752B (zh) * | 2014-07-08 | 2017-02-08 | 中国科学院物理研究所 | 钙钛矿太阳能电池及其热塑性碳对电极的制备方法 |
WO2017142609A2 (fr) | 2015-12-02 | 2017-08-24 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Autodopage chimique de nanomatériaux organiques unidimensionnels destinés à une application de haute conductivité dans un gaz ou une vapeur de détection chimiorésistive |
WO2023157864A1 (fr) * | 2022-02-18 | 2023-08-24 | 三菱ケミカル株式会社 | Encre semi-conductrice organique, film organique, couche de conversion photoélectrique, procédé de production de couche de conversion photoélectrique et élément de conversion photoélectrique organique |
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AU2003287659A1 (en) | 2002-11-14 | 2004-06-15 | Sam-Shajing Sun | Photovoltaic devices based on a novel block copolymer |
CN101035813A (zh) * | 2004-07-01 | 2007-09-12 | 宾夕法尼亚州研究基金会 | 用于制备长支链聚合物的一锅法和试剂 |
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CA2834117C (fr) | 2018-01-02 |
EP2705070A1 (fr) | 2014-03-12 |
EP2705070B1 (fr) | 2018-02-28 |
JP6297973B2 (ja) | 2018-03-20 |
KR20140036210A (ko) | 2014-03-25 |
CN103814059B (zh) | 2016-03-02 |
CN103814059A (zh) | 2014-05-21 |
US20140083500A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
FR2974810A1 (fr) | 2012-11-09 |
JP2014513738A (ja) | 2014-06-05 |
US9349962B2 (en) | 2016-05-24 |
KR101957538B1 (ko) | 2019-06-19 |
FR2974810B1 (fr) | 2014-07-25 |
CA2834117A1 (fr) | 2012-11-08 |
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