WO2012118023A1 - グラフェンの製造方法、基板上に製造されたグラフェン、ならびに、基板上グラフェン - Google Patents
グラフェンの製造方法、基板上に製造されたグラフェン、ならびに、基板上グラフェン Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/283—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current
- H01L21/285—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation
- H01L21/28506—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/184—Preparation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/182—Graphene
- C01B32/184—Preparation
- C01B32/186—Preparation by chemical vapour deposition [CVD]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/43—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66007—Multistep manufacturing processes
- H01L29/66075—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials
- H01L29/66227—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials the devices being controllable only by the electric current supplied or the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. three-terminal devices
- H01L29/66409—Unipolar field-effect transistors
- H01L29/66477—Unipolar field-effect transistors with an insulated gate, i.e. MISFET
- H01L29/66742—Thin film unipolar transistors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
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- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
- H01L29/78684—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film having a semiconductor body comprising semiconductor materials of Group IV not being silicon, or alloys including an element of the group IV, e.g. Ge, SiN alloys, SiC alloys
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing graphene, graphene produced on a substrate, and graphene on a substrate.
- Graphene is a material in which carbon atoms are arranged in a hexagonal shape with sp 2 bonds, forming a single-layered sheet-like crystal, or a stack of multiple sheets, and exhibiting excellent electrical properties and mechanical strength Therefore, application to various devices is expected.
- graphene is used as a transparent electrode for liquid crystal displays, touch screens, solar cells, etc., used as wiring, electrodes, terminals in semiconductor integrated circuits and flexible integrated circuits, and electrons between the source and drain of a field effect transistor It can be used as a mobile channel for holes and holes.
- graphene is grown on various substrates (including silicon dioxide substrates, silicon substrates with a silicon dioxide film on the surface, as well as multi-layer structures of insulators, semiconductors, and conductors). It is necessary to let Accordingly, various techniques for producing graphene on a substrate have been proposed.
- Non-Patent Document 1 a nickel thin film is formed on a substrate as a catalyst, carbon is solid-solved in the nickel thin film by a thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, and then rapidly cooled to form a nickel thin film on the nickel thin film.
- CVD thermal chemical vapor deposition
- a technique has been proposed in which after graphene is deposited on the substrate, the nickel thin film is etched and the graphene is transferred to another substrate to form graphene having a pattern shape on the substrate to form a transparent electrode.
- the catalyst metal is sandwiched between the graphene and the substrate. Therefore, the removal of the metal requires a lot of labor and is often difficult to completely remove.
- the crystal grows at random from the catalyst metal, so that the graphene becomes a heterogeneous polycrystalline film in which crystal grain boundaries are randomly generated.
- the present invention solves the above-described problems, and an object thereof is to provide a method for producing graphene, graphene produced on a substrate, and graphene on a substrate.
- heating is performed to a solid solution temperature at which a solid solution of carbon in a metal can be formed, and a solid solution layer made of the solid solution is formed on the substrate.
- a forming step and a removing step of removing the metal from the solid solution layer while maintaining heating to the solid solution temperature are provided.
- a solid solution means a solid solution in which a plurality of substances are melted to form a uniform solid phase.
- a substance constituting the main component of the solid solution is called a solvent of the solid solution, and the other substance is called a solute of the solid solution.
- a solid solution is formed using a metal as a solvent and carbon as a solute, but there is a range of temperatures at which such a solid solution can be formed. Therefore, the temperature in this range is called the solid solution temperature.
- the lower limit and upper limit of the solid solution temperature are determined by the combination of materials and the composition of the solvent.
- the metal used as the solvent for the solid solution in the present invention can be a pure metal composed of a single metal element, an alloy composed of a plurality of metal elements, or an alloy composed of a metal element and a non-metal element. is there. That is, it is possible to use a solvent in which carbon as a solute of a solid solution dissolves and contains a metal as its main component as a solvent of the solid solution.
- a reducing agent capable of reducing the oxide of the metal is supplied, and in the removing step, an etching gas is supplied to remove the metal contained in the solid solution layer. It can be configured to be removed.
- etching is performed for a sufficient time until all the metal contained in the solid solution layer is removed by this manufacturing method, the graphene comes into contact with the substrate without any metal interposed therebetween.
- metal oxides may be generated in the solid solution layer due to various causes, but in this manufacturing method, metal oxides remain on the substrate by supplying a reducing agent. By preventing this, good graphene can be obtained.
- an initial layer containing carbon is formed on the substrate, a metal layer containing the metal is formed on the formed initial layer, and the formed initial layer is formed.
- the solid solution layer can be formed by heating the layer and the formed metal layer to the solid solution temperature. That is, in this manufacturing method, the initial layer is made of only carbon or a material containing carbon (for example, a mixture of carbon and metal, etc.), and the metal layer is made of only the metal or a material containing metal (for example, A metal alloy, a metal-nonmetal alloy, or the like. First, an initial layer is formed, and then a metal layer is formed.
- a metal layer containing the metal is formed on the substrate, an initial layer containing carbon is formed on the formed metal layer, and the formed initial layer is formed.
- the solid solution layer can be formed by heating the layer and the formed metal layer to the solid solution temperature. That is, in the present manufacturing method, as in the above-described embodiment, the initial layer is made of only carbon or a material containing carbon (for example, a mixture of carbon and metal, etc.), and the metal layer is made of only metal or metal. (For example, a metal alloy or a metal-nonmetal alloy). However, in this manufacturing method, a metal layer is first formed and then an initial layer is formed.
- an initial layer made of a mixture of the metal and carbon is formed on the substrate, and the formed initial layer is heated to the solid solution temperature.
- the solid solution layer can be formed. That is, in this manufacturing method, unlike the above embodiment, a carbon and metal mixture is used as the initial layer. That is, by heating a mixture of carbon and metal, a solid solution layer in which carbon is dissolved in the metal is formed. In this manufacturing method, it is not necessary to form a single metal layer.
- the graphene can be configured to have the predetermined pattern by forming the initial layer with a predetermined pattern in the forming step.
- the initial layer is formed so as to cover part or all of the surface of the substrate, so that the graphene is partially or completely covered by the surface of the substrate. It can comprise so that it may become the uniform continuous film
- the concentration distribution in the direction parallel to the surface of the substrate out of the concentration distribution of the carbon in the solid solution layer is made non-uniform so that the direction in the direction parallel to the surface of the substrate It can be configured to grow graphene. Note that the concentration distribution in a direction not parallel to the surface of the substrate may be uniform or non-uniform.
- the graphene can be grown in a direction parallel to the surface of the substrate by making the concentration distribution in the direction parallel to the surface of the substrate non-uniform.
- the carbon in the initial layer is dissolved in the metal of the metal layer by heating, and a solid solution layer is formed from the initial layer and the metal layer.
- the carbon in the formation of the solid solution layer is mixed in the direction perpendicular to the substrate by moving the distance of the sub-micrometer, but is not moved in the direction parallel to the substrate by moving more than a few micrometers.
- the heating conditions it is desirable to adjust the heating conditions.
- the carbon concentration of the solid solution layer is lowered at the place where the metal layer is thick, and the metal In the place where the layer is thin, the carbon concentration of the solid solution layer becomes high.
- the carbon concentration of the solid solution layer is high where the initial layer is thick, and the solid solution layer where the initial layer is thin. The carbon concentration of is low.
- graphene grows from a high carbon concentration point to a low carbon concentration point. Note that the concentration distribution in a direction not parallel to the surface of the substrate may be uniform or non-uniform.
- the graphene is grown in the direction of the component parallel to the surface of the substrate in the direction of the gradient by providing a gradient in the thickness of the metal layer to be formed. can do.
- the present invention relates to a preferred embodiment of the above-described invention, and realizes reduction in manufacturing cost and the like by a method of providing a gradient in the thickness of the metal layer.
- the metal layer has a shape in which a first region extending parallel to the surface of the substrate and a second region extending parallel to the surface of the substrate are in contact with each other via a constriction.
- the thickness of the metal layer is smaller than that of the second region, and the thickness of the metal layer is increased when the second region is away from the constriction.
- the thickness can be configured to have a gradient.
- the graphene is grown in a direction parallel to the surface of the substrate by making the concentration distribution of the supplied etching gas in a direction parallel to the surface of the substrate non-uniform.
- concentration distribution in a direction not parallel to the surface of the substrate may be uniform or non-uniform.
- the substrate can be configured to be a single layer or a multilayer.
- the substrate is a silicon dioxide substrate or a silicon substrate with a silicon dioxide film attached to the surface
- the metal is iron, nickel, cobalt, or an alloy containing these
- the etching The gas can be configured to be chlorine.
- the method for producing graphene according to the second aspect of the present invention is a method of producing linear graphene that grows in a first direction parallel to the surface of a substrate and is in direct contact with the surface by the production method described above.
- the planar graphene that grows from the graphene in the second direction parallel to the surface and is in direct contact with the surface is manufactured by the above-described manufacturing method.
- the graphene according to the third aspect of the present invention is configured to be manufactured on a substrate by the above manufacturing method.
- the graphene on the substrate is in direct contact with the surface of the substrate, and the crystal grain size in the first direction parallel to the surface of the graphene on the substrate is the substrate.
- the crystal grain size in the first direction of the graphene on the substrate is larger than the crystal grain size in any other direction parallel to the surface of the upper graphene, and the crystal grain size in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the graphene Is configured to be larger.
- the graphene on the substrate is in direct contact with the surface of the substrate, and the graphene on the substrate includes a plurality of crystal grain boundaries along a first direction parallel to the surface.
- the graphene on the substrate has a plurality of crystal grain boundaries along a second direction parallel to the surface, and the graphene on the substrate is a single crystal in each of the regions surrounded by the crystal grain boundaries. Configure to be.
- the first direction and the second direction are orthogonal to each other, and the interval between crystal grain boundaries along the first direction is constant.
- the interval between the grain boundaries along the direction can be configured to be constant.
- the substrate can be configured to be a single layer or a multilayer.
- the thickness of the graphene on the substrate is 300 nanometers or less, and the crystal grain size in the first direction of the graphene on the substrate is 30 micrometers or more. can do.
- the graphene on the substrate has a predetermined pattern shape, and the line width of the pattern shape can be configured to be 10 micrometers or less.
- the predetermined pattern shape forms a current path or a wiring for applying a voltage, an electrode, a terminal, or a channel for moving electrons or holes. Can be configured.
- a graphene device including the above-described graphene on the substrate and the substrate on which the graphene on the substrate directly contacts can be configured.
- FIG. 1A is a plan view showing a first example of graphene on a substrate according to this embodiment
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view showing a first example of graphene on a substrate according to this embodiment.
- the graphene 102 forms a layer in direct contact with the surface of the substrate 103.
- the upper limit of the thickness of the graphene 102 that can be manufactured is about 30 nanometers. Is possible.
- the substrate 103 can be a silicon dioxide substrate or a silicon substrate with a silicon dioxide film attached to the surface, and can also have a multilayer structure.
- a conductor, a semiconductor, or an insulator can be appropriately disposed in each layer to form a semiconductor circuit, an electronic circuit, an electric circuit, or the like.
- the graphene device 101 (graphene element) is formed as a whole when the graphene 102 is in direct contact with the surface of the substrate 103.
- element means a part that performs one function
- device means a part that includes one or more elements.
- the graphene 102 according to the first example is a single crystal within a range surrounded by a crystal grain boundary 104 (indicated by a thick dotted line in the figure).
- the regions surrounded by the crystal grain boundaries 104 have different shapes because the graphene 102 has grown at random on the surface of the substrate 103.
- the approximate center of each region corresponds to the point where the precipitation of graphene 102 has started.
- the graphene 102 is illustrated by oblique lines, but the oblique lines do not mean the formation direction of the graphene 102 crystals.
- the crystal grain boundary 104 is generated in the graphene 102 in the direction along the surface of the substrate 103, but the crystal structure of the graphene 102 is aligned at almost all locations in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 103.
- crystal grain boundary 104 extends from the surface of the graphene 102 to the surface of the substrate 103, in FIG. 1B and the drawings referred to later, description is omitted as appropriate for easy understanding.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view showing a second example of graphene on a substrate according to the present embodiment.
- a description will be given with reference to FIG.
- the crystal grain boundaries 104 of the graphene 102 are regularly spaced at regular intervals in the vertical direction (first direction) and the horizontal direction (second direction) in the figure. It is formed in a shape. That is, the graphene 102 made of a square single crystal covers the substrate 103.
- the crystal grain boundary 104 has various shapes such as a square and a rectangle. Can do. Further, the area of the single crystal graphene 102 can be significantly increased as compared with the conventional case. Specifically, the crystal grain size of the single crystal graphene 102 can be 30 micrometers or more.
- first direction and the second direction in which the crystal grain boundary 104 extends are typically perpendicular to each other as described above.
- the crystal grain boundary 104 is inclined at a certain angle, the shape of the single crystal of the graphene 102 Is a parallelogram.
- the interval between the crystal grain boundaries 104 is not necessarily constant.
- the crystal grain size of the graphene 102 is maximized in the growth direction of the graphene 102 when the graphene device 101 is manufactured.
- the graphene device 101 is such that the surface of the substrate 103 is covered with the large single crystal graphene 102, and the crystal grain boundaries 104 of the graphene 102 are present at a predetermined place,
- One of the features is that the diameter is large.
- the entire surface of the substrate 103 is converted into one single crystal graphene. It is not impossible to cover 102.
- the graphene device 101 in which the entire surface of the substrate 103 is covered with the graphene 102 is used as a pattern or the like, as described later, or various types of semiconductor integrated circuits, MEMS, and the like due to the conductivity and mechanical strength of the graphene 102. It can be used as a substrate product processed into a device, a solar cell, surface emitting illumination, a flat panel display, a transparent electrode such as a touch screen, or the like.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view showing a third example of graphene on a substrate according to the present embodiment.
- a description will be given with reference to FIG.
- the graphene 102 does not cover the entire surface of the substrate 103 but forms a pattern. Since the graphene 102 has conductivity, the pattern can be used for various wirings, terminals, electrodes, and the like.
- the shape of the pattern is not limited to that shown in the figure, and can be any shape.
- this pattern can replace a fine wiring made of copper or aluminum as well as a transparent electrode made of indium tin oxide (ITO).
- ITO indium tin oxide
- the substrate 103 is not limited to a single layer, and a wiring or conductive target can be arranged inside each layer as a multilayer structure.
- the substrate 103 can have a multi-layer structure including a semiconductor, a wiring, and an insulating film in a semiconductor integrated circuit, and the graphene 102 can be used as a fine wiring for connecting each element in the multi-layer structure.
- the graphene 102 can be used for electron and hole movement paths such as a channel between a source and a drain in a field effect transistor.
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing a cross section of a field effect transistor using graphene on a substrate according to the present embodiment.
- a description will be given with reference to FIG.
- the graphene 102 on the substrate 103 forms an electron / hole transfer channel from the source electrode 401 to the drain electrode 402.
- a gate electrode 404 is disposed with the graphene 102 and the insulator 403 interposed therebetween, and the flow rate of electrons and holes moving through the graphene 102 is controlled by controlling the voltage applied to the gate electrode 404.
- the graphene device 101 of this aspect functions as a field effect transistor.
- the peeled graphene 102 is transferred onto the substrate 103, or after the graphene 102 is deposited on the metal catalyst on the substrate 103, the metal catalyst is etched.
- the graphene 102 having a large crystal grain size as disclosed in Embodiment 1 can be directly formed on the surface of the substrate 103.
- the principle of this manufacturing method will be described first.
- the metal contained in the solid solution layer is removed with an etching gas such as chlorine while the heating is continued.
- the precipitated graphene 102 further grows. Since etching is performed while maintaining the solid solution temperature, carbon that has not yet been deposited has mobility in the metal. For this reason, carbon that can no longer be dissolved by etching the metal is precipitated so as to form a crystal structure with already precipitated graphene.
- the graphene 102 can be directly formed on the substrate 103 without containing metal.
- the pattern of the graphene 102 can be formed more finely than the technique by transfer of graphene produced by the conventional thermal CVD method.
- an atmosphere in which the metal is not oxidized for example, an atmosphere in which the partial pressure or concentration of the oxidant is sufficiently low
- a vacuum can be maintained. Supply is not required.
- the etching gas concentration distribution can be set non-uniformly, the higher the etching gas concentration, the faster the metal removal. Therefore, even if the concentration distribution of carbon in the solid solution layer is uniform, the precipitation of graphene 102 starts from a high etching gas concentration and grows toward a low etching gas concentration.
- the position where the crystal of the graphene 102 starts to grow and the growth direction can be controlled also by appropriately setting the concentration distribution of the etching gas.
- the setting of the concentration distribution of carbon in the solid solution layer as described above and the setting of the concentration distribution of etching gas may be appropriately combined to control the position where the crystal of the graphene 102 starts to grow and the growth direction. .
- the metal is used as the metal
- chlorine is used as the etching gas.
- any metal that can dissolve carbon and an etching gas for the metal can also be used. That is, the metal and carbon are heated to a solid solution temperature on the substrate 103 to solidify the carbon in the metal, form a solid solution layer, and supply an etching gas for the metal while maintaining the heating.
- the graphene device 101 in which the graphene 102 is in direct contact with the surface of the substrate 103 can be manufactured by removing the metal from the layer and depositing and growing the graphene 102.
- a pure metal composed of one metal element or an alloy composed of a plurality of metal elements can be used as the metal serving as a solvent for the solid solution.
- carbon is a solid solution as a solvent and can be removed by etching or the like, an alloy composed of a metal element and a semi-metal element, an alloy composed of a metal element and a non-metal element, or the like is used as a solvent for the solid solution. Also good.
- the crystal grain size (average value) in the growth direction along the substrate 103 of the graphene 102 is the same as the growth direction in all other directions (for example, the direction perpendicular to the substrate 103 or along the substrate 103. It is larger than the crystal grain size (average value) in the crossing direction.
- the temperature at which the solid solution layer is formed and the temperature at which the etching is performed may not necessarily coincide with each other. For example, once the solid solution layer is formed and the removal of the metal by etching is started, the temperature is gradually decreased, and at the time when the etching is completed, just to a temperature at which solid solution cannot be formed at all (or a slightly higher temperature). It may be made to reach.
- FIGS. 5A to 5O are cross-sectional views for explaining a process of manufacturing the graphene device 101.
- the specifications listed below are examples for facilitating understanding, and embodiments in which these specifications are appropriately replaced are also included in the scope of the present invention.
- a substrate 103 serving as a basis for forming the graphene device 101 prepared as shown in FIG. 5A is prepared.
- a silicon dioxide substrate is adopted as the substrate 103, but as described above, a multilayer substrate, a substrate in which various elements are embedded, and a substrate on which various elements are arranged on the back surface. Etc. can also be adopted.
- a first mask 501 is formed on the surface of the substrate 103.
- the first mask 501 determines the pattern shape of the graphene 102 to be finally formed.
- a photolithographic technique such as visible light or ultraviolet light
- a resist is applied to the substrate 103, the shape of the first mask is exposed on the resist surface, development and dissolution of the resist are performed, so that the first mask 501 is obtained. Is formed.
- an electron beam lithography technique or a technique for closely attaching a mask provided with a slit or a hole in a metal film it is also possible to employ an electron beam lithography technique or a technique for closely attaching a mask provided with a slit or a hole in a metal film.
- the first mask 501 defines the pattern shape of the graphene 102 in the graphene device 101 to be finally manufactured. That is, the graphene 102 is formed in a region where the surface of the substrate 103 is exposed without being masked by the first mask 501.
- carbon is supplied by sputtering, vacuum evaporation, CVD, or the like, and as shown in FIG. 5C, carbon is applied to the surface of the first mask 501 and the surface of the substrate 103 exposed through the opening of the first mask 501.
- Layer 502 is formed.
- the carbon layer 502 may be amorphous or crystalline.
- the first mask 501 and the carbon layer 502 formed on the surface of the first mask 501 are removed, and the carbon layer 502 having the same shape as the desired pattern is initially formed. It is obtained as a layer (a layer having an initial shape that determines the pattern shape of the final graphene 102).
- the name of the initial layer does not mean “first layer formed”, but means “a layer containing carbon as a raw material of graphene 102 first”.
- a second mask 503 is formed on the surface of the substrate 103 using the same technique as the first mask 501.
- the opening of the second mask 503 has a shape that includes all of the openings of the first mask 501, that is, a shape that is the same as or larger than the opening of the first mask 501.
- the carbon layer 502 is positioned in the opening of the second mask 503.
- a metal is supplied by sputtering, vacuum deposition, CVD, or the like, and the carbon layer 502 and the substrate 103 exposed through the surface of the second mask 503 and the opening of the second mask 503 as shown in FIG. 5F.
- a metal layer 504 is formed on the surface.
- the metal layer 504 is not uniformly distributed, but is unevenly distributed, so that the thickness of the metal layer 504 increases and then returns to the original thickness. It has a shape. If the mask vapor deposition method is employed, the thickness of the metal layer 504 can be changed in this way.
- the mask vapor deposition method is specifically the following method. That is, a plurality of slits are provided in a metal foil or the like to form a self-supporting mask. Then, the self-supporting mask is arranged at a certain distance from the substrate 103, and metal is supplied by sputtering so as to reach the substrate 103 via the self-supporting mask. Then, the metal layer 504 becomes thicker at a portion facing the slit of the self-standing mask, and the metal layer 504 becomes thinner as the distance from the metal layer 504 increases.
- the metal layer 504 has an asymmetrical shape from the top to the bottom of the saw, but as described in Example 7 described later. If the sputtering direction is a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate 103, it is also possible to make the top to bottom symmetric.
- the metal layer 504 covers the carbon layer 502 on the surface of the substrate 103.
- the thickness of the solid solution layer 505 is linked to the thickness of the metal layer 504, and has a shape that repeats returning to the original thickness when the thickness is increased with a certain inclination.
- the carbon concentration is low where the solid solution layer 505 is thick, and the carbon concentration is high where the solid solution layer 505 is thin.
- the carbon concentration is illustrated by gradation.
- the metal in the solid solution layer 505 is gradually removed.
- the etching rate may vary depending on the composition of the solid solution layer 505. However, as a general tendency, when the etching gas is supplied uniformly, the solid solution layer 505 is thick or thin. The metal is removed at a somewhat similar rate.
- the etching gas is continuously supplied while heating, a portion where carbon cannot be dissolved in the solid solution layer 505 is generated by removing the metal.
- the carbon concentration is high where the thickness is small.
- carbon that can no longer be dissolved from a thin thickness is deposited on the surface of the solid solution layer 505 as graphene 102. That is, where the thickness is small and where the carbon concentration is high is the starting position for the growth of the graphene 102.
- the graphene 102 grows as it is.
- the growth direction of the graphene 102 is a direction from a high carbon concentration to a low carbon concentration in the solid solution layer 505, that is, a direction along a concentration gradient.
- the graphene 102 grows from the right to the left in the figure from the place where the thickness of the solid solution layer 505 is thin to the place where it is thick, that is, from the place where the thickness of the metal layer 504 is thin. Become.
- the rate of precipitation of the graphene 102 can be controlled by adjusting the partial pressure of the etching gas.
- the metal of the solid solution layer 505 is iron or the like
- chlorine can be used as an etching gas, and the partial pressure of the etching gas can be adjusted by diluting the chlorine to a desired concentration.
- the portion where the thickness of the solid solution layer 505 is thick is a portion where the graphene 102 grown from the right collides with the graphene 102 on the left side, so that the grain boundary 104 extending from the surface of the graphene 102 to the surface of the substrate 103. Occurs.
- the start position of the growth of the graphene 102 can be considered, but a detailed description will be given in an embodiment described later.
- the formation of the second mask 503 is not always necessary.
- the metal layer 504 may be formed without removing the first mask 501.
- the metal layer 504 may be formed immediately after removing the first mask 501 so as to cover the surfaces of the substrate 103 and the carbon layer 502.
- the graphene 102 is formed over the entire surface of the substrate 103, it is not necessary to form the first mask 501 and the second mask 503. After the carbon layer 502 is formed over the entire surface of the substrate 103, the graphene 102 is formed thereon. Further, a metal layer 504 may be formed.
- the carbon layer 502 and the metal layer 504 are formed at different stages, but a mixture of carbon and metal may be supplied after the first mask 501 is formed. In this case, if the first mask 501 is removed, a mixture layer having the same shape as the desired pattern can be obtained as the initial layer.
- a technique of co-evaporation of metal and carbon can be employed.
- two targets a metal target and a carbon target
- a metal target and a carbon target may be sputtered simultaneously.
- a mixture of carbon and iron may be used as a target
- a carbon chip may be attached to a target made of iron, and sputtering may be performed.
- Sputtering may be performed by attaching an iron chip to a target made of In the mode of chip pasting, the carbon concentration in the mixture layer serving as the initial layer can be easily adjusted by adjusting the number of chips to be pasted.
- the order of forming the carbon layer 502 and the metal layer 504 may be interchanged.
- the carbon layer 502 is formed on the metal layer 504 after the metal layer 504 is formed on the substrate 103.
- the carbon layer 502 corresponds to the initial layer.
- a third mask is formed after the formation of the above (a) and (b).
- the mask portion of the first mask 501 is an opening
- the opening of the first mask 501 is a mask portion.
- the first mask 501 and the third mask are in a negative-positive relationship. .
- the metal and carbon in the opening of the third mask are removed, and the pattern shape of the initial layer is formed.
- the third mask is removed by etching. Thereby, a metal or carbon is formed in a desired pattern shape.
- the graphene 102 crystal may be generated randomly, it is not necessary to change the thickness of the metal layer 504 and it may be set uniformly.
- the carbon concentration gradient should be set so as to be directed in the same direction as much as possible.
- a technique for obtaining larger single crystal graphene 102 will be described in the following examples.
- the thickness of the carbon layer 502 while making the thickness of the carbon layer 502 uniform, by changing the thickness of the metal layer 504 by making the supply amount of metal non-uniform depending on the position, in the solid solution layer 505.
- the gradient of the carbon concentration is generated.
- the carbon concentration gradient is generated by making the carbon supply amount non-uniform depending on the position or changing the metal and carbon supply amounts depending on the position.
- the growth direction of 102 may be determined.
- the etching gas concentration distribution is made uniform to remove the metal at a constant speed at any position of the solid solution layer 505.
- the etching gas concentration distribution is non-uniform. If so, the speed of metal removal can be made different depending on the position. Therefore, it is possible to set so that the graphene 102 is deposited in a region where the etching gas concentration is high and low.
- the size of the single crystal of the graphene 102 is adjusted and the position of the crystal grain boundary is limited by using the above-described embodiment in multiple stages.
- the graphene device as shown in FIG. 101 is suitable for manufacturing.
- linear graphene is grown in the first direction on the substrate 103 using the graphene manufacturing method of Example 2.
- FIG. 6A is a plan view for explaining linear graphene and its growth direction.
- a description will be given with reference to FIG.
- a large number of linear graphenes 601 separated by the crystal grain boundaries 104 are grown from each lattice point on the surface of the substrate 103 toward the lattice point adjacent to the upper side of the lattice point.
- the first mask 501 with respect to the carbon layer 502 is used that has openings having vertical straight lines arranged at equal intervals.
- the thickness of the metal layer 504 adopts a shape that repeatedly increases from the bottom to the top and rapidly returns to its original value.
- the carbon layer 502 and the metal layer 504 are formed also in the region where the linear graphene 601 is not formed in the surface of the substrate 103 by using the graphene manufacturing method according to the second embodiment. Planar graphene is grown in the direction.
- FIG. 6B is a plan view illustrating planar graphene and the growth direction thereof.
- FIG. 6B is a plan view illustrating planar graphene and the growth direction thereof.
- This figure shows a process in which planar graphene 602 is growing from the right to the left with each linear graphene 601 as a starting line.
- the first mask 501 for the carbon layer 502 and the second mask 503 for the metal layer 504 have openings in regions where the linear graphene 601 is not formed.
- the use of the first mask 501 and the second mask 503 may be omitted.
- the thickness of the metal layer 504 adopts a repeated shape in which the thickness gradually increases from each linear graphene 601 toward the left adjacent linear graphene 601.
- the already formed linear graphene 601 is a seed of crystal formation of the planar graphene 602 (in this drawing, a two-dot broken line indicates a boundary line where the linear graphene 601 was previously arranged). It becomes.
- the growth direction of the planar graphene 602 is changed from right to left.
- planar graphene 602 shows the middle of the growth of the planar graphene 602. Finally, the end of the planar graphene 602 is adjacent to the adjacent planar graphene 602 (formerly the linear graphene 601 is arranged). Grow until it reaches the part.)
- the smaller the size of the mesh the smaller the crystal size of the graphene 102, but the shorter the manufacturing time for covering the substrate 103. Therefore, what is necessary is just to select suitably the magnitude
- Example 2 variations of the manufacturing method described in Example 2 will be described in order. In the following description, the description of the same elements as those in the above embodiment will be omitted as appropriate for easy understanding.
- This embodiment is a method of manufacturing the graphene device 101 in which the graphene 102 is formed on the entire surface of the substrate 103.
- the graphene device 101 as shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B can be manufactured.
- 7A to 7F are explanatory diagrams for explaining the process of the method for manufacturing the graphene device 101 according to this embodiment.
- a description will be given with reference to FIG.
- a substrate 103 is prepared (FIG. 7A).
- a carbon layer 502 is formed on the surface of the substrate 103 (FIG. 7B), and a metal layer 504 is further formed (FIG. 7C).
- the formation order of the carbon layer 502 and the metal layer 504 may be reversed, or the mixture layer may be formed by sputtering, vapor deposition, CVD, or the like of a mixture of carbon and metal. .
- This embodiment is a method of manufacturing the graphene device 101 that does not use the second mask 503. According to this method, for example, the graphene device 101 having a pattern as shown in FIG. 3 can be manufactured.
- FIG. 8A to 8H are explanatory views for explaining the process of the method for manufacturing the graphene device 101 according to this embodiment.
- a description will be given with reference to FIG.
- a substrate 103 is prepared (FIG. 8A).
- a first mask 501 is formed on the surface of the substrate 103 (FIG. 8B). Thereafter, a carbon layer 502 is formed (FIG. 8C), and a metal layer 504 is further formed (FIG. 8D).
- the first mask 501 and the carbon layer 502 are removed, and then the metal layer 504 is formed, and the following process may be performed.
- This embodiment is a method for manufacturing the graphene device 101 without using the first mask 501 and the second mask 503. According to this method, for example, the graphene device 101 having a pattern as shown in FIG. 3 can be manufactured.
- FIG. 9A to FIG. 9I are explanatory views for explaining the process of the method for manufacturing the graphene device 101 according to this embodiment.
- a description will be given with reference to FIG.
- a substrate 103 is prepared (FIG. 9A).
- a carbon layer 502 is formed on the surface of the substrate 103 (FIG. 9B), and a metal layer 504 is further formed (FIG. 9C).
- a third mask 801 is formed on the metal layer 504 (FIG. 9D).
- the third mask 801 is a negative / positive mask with respect to the first mask 501.
- This example is a method of manufacturing the graphene device 101 in which the graphene 102 is grown from a desired position in a desired direction from the solid solution layer 505 formed in the above Examples 4, 5, 6 and the like.
- FIG. 10A to FIG. 10E are explanatory views for explaining the process of the method for manufacturing the graphene device 101 according to this embodiment.
- a description will be given with reference to FIG.
- the graphene device 101 in which the graphene 102 is in direct contact with the surface of the substrate 103 is completed (FIG. 10E).
- a crystal grain boundary 104 is generated at the center.
- the etching gas may be supplied from one end.
- the graphene 102 grows from the end portion of the substrate 103 in the direction in which the etching gas is supplied (the direction in which the etching gas flows or the direction in which the etching gas flows).
- the graphene 102 is grown from a desired position in a desired direction by forming the thickness of the metal layer 504 unevenly. It is a manufacturing method of the graphene device 101 made to do.
- the substrate 103 on which the carbon layer 502 is formed is prepared (FIG. 11A).
- a self-supporting mask 901 for example, a metal foil or the like provided with a slit 902 is disposed apart from the substrate 103 and the carbon layer 502 by a certain distance, and metal is deposited and sputtered through the slit. It is supplied by CVD or the like (FIG. 11B).
- the metal layer 504 is formed thick in the vicinity of the slit 902, and the thickness of the metal layer 504 decreases as the distance from the slit 902 is increased.
- the metal layer 504 is formed so that the cross section has a shape like a saw blade by controlling the direction of sputtering when supplying the metal. Since the metal layer 504 is supplied downward, the shape of the metal layer 504 is symmetrical.
- the carbon layer 502 (and the metal layer 504) has a desired shape at this stage.
- the first mask 501 is peeled off so that the carbon layer 502 (and the metal layer 504) has a desired pattern shape.
- a third mask 801 is formed thereafter, unnecessary portions of the carbon layer 502 and the metal layer 504 are peeled off, and the third mask 801 is dissolved to dissolve the carbon.
- the layer 502 (as well as the metal layer 504) has a desired pattern shape.
- the metal layer 504 is not required to have the pattern shape.
- the substrate 103 was heated to a solid solution temperature to form a solid solution layer 505 (FIG. 11C), and the metal was removed from the solid solution layer 505 by supplying an etching gas while maintaining the heating, whereby the metal layer 504 was thin.
- Graphene 102 precipitates from the location. Then, the graphene 102 grows toward the portion where the metal layer 504 is thick (that is, left and right in this drawing) (FIGS. 11D, E, and F).
- the graphene device 101 in which the graphene 102 is in direct contact with the surface of the substrate 103 is completed (FIG. 11G).
- the crystal grain boundary 104 of the graphene 102 is generated at the center where the growth directions collide. Note that the crystal grain boundary 104 of the graphene 102 may also be generated at a growth start point.
- Example 8 when Example 8 is repeated twice, the pattern shape of the carbon layer 502 is changed, and the orientation of the self-supporting mask 901 is rotated by 90 degrees, so that the lattice-like crystal grains as shown in FIG.
- This is a manufacturing method for manufacturing the graphene device 101 having the boundary 104.
- 12A to 12F are plan views showing the positional relationship between the carbon layer 502, the self-supporting mask 901, and the like according to this embodiment.
- a description will be given with reference to FIG.
- a pattern of the carbon layer 502 is formed on the surface of the substrate 103 so as to draw parallel lines (FIG. 12A).
- the pattern of the carbon layer 502 extends in the vertical direction.
- a self-supporting mask 901 is installed so that the slit 902 intersects the pattern of the carbon layer 502 (FIG. 12B).
- the self-standing mask 901 is drawn smaller than the substrate 103 and the carbon layer 502 for easy understanding.
- the slit 902 is repeatedly and regularly arranged larger than these. Yes.
- the metal layer 504 is formed by supplying metal. Then, the thickness of the metal layer 504 changes along the vertical direction in the figure.
- the graphene 102 grows in a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the slit 902 of the self-supporting mask 901, that is, in the vertical direction in the figure.
- linear graphene 601 is formed (FIG. 12C).
- a pattern of the carbon layer 502 is formed at a place other than the linear graphene 601 on the substrate 103 (FIG. 12D).
- the self-supporting mask 901 is installed so that the slit 902 is parallel to the longitudinal direction of the linear graphene 601 and the slit 902 is arranged in the middle of the linear graphene 601. (FIG. 12E).
- the self-standing mask 901 is drawn smaller than the substrate 103 and the carbon layer 502 for easy understanding. However, in reality, the slit 902 is repeatedly and regularly arranged larger than these. Yes.
- the metal layer 504 is formed by supplying metal. Then, the thickness of the metal layer 504 changes along the horizontal direction in the figure.
- a mask or the like may be used as appropriate so that the metal layer 504 is not formed over the linear graphene 601. Further, by adjusting the amount of metal to be supplied, the size of the slit 902 of the self-supporting mask 901, and the distance from the substrate 103, part of the linear graphene 601 does not dissolve in the metal layer 504 and remains. It may be configured.
- the planar graphene 602 is in a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal direction of the slit 902 of the self-standing mask 901, that is, linear graphene. It grows in the left-right direction of this figure, which is perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of 601.
- planar graphene 602 partitioned by grid-like crystal grain boundaries 104 is formed (FIG. 12F).
- a silicon substrate with a thermal oxide film having a thickness of 1000 nanometers was adopted as the substrate 103.
- an amorphous carbon layer 502 having a thickness of 40 nanometers was formed by sputtering.
- An iron metal layer 504 having a thickness of 83 nanometers was formed thereon by sputtering.
- the gas to be supplied is switched to a mixed gas of chlorine and argon (the ratio of chlorine is 0.01 volume percent), and it is allowed to flow at a total pressure of 5 torr for 30 minutes. Etching was performed.
- the heating was stopped to cool the reactor, and the graphene 102 formed on the surface of the substrate 103 was analyzed.
- the average film thickness of the solid solution layer 505 decreased at a constant rate with time, and the etching rate was 21 nanometers per minute.
- the etching rate is almost equal to that of the solid solution layer 505.
- the thickness of the carbon layer 502 is not limited even when the etching is performed under the same conditions with the carbon layer 502 alone. There is no change.
- the metal can be preferentially removed from the solid solution layer 505.
- the amount of amorphous carbon is determined by the G-band derived from the crystal structure, the D-band derived from the amorphous structure, the G′-band derived from graphene, and the intensity between them. It can be seen whether the graphene has changed to crystalline graphene 102 or the number of layers of graphene 102.
- FIG. 13A is a graph showing a Raman spectrum when the solid solution layer 505 is formed and then rapidly cooled without etching
- FIG. 13B shows the Raman spectrum when the above-described manufacturing method of the present embodiment is used. It is a graph to represent.
- the horizontal axis of the graphs shown in these figures represents a Raman shift of 1000 cm ⁇ 1 to 3000 cm ⁇ 1
- the vertical axis represents the intensity of the spectrum.
- FIG. 13A corresponding to the prior art, in addition to G-band and D-band, an amorphous carbon peak appears in a wide range between them.
- the G-band derived from the crystal structure is sharply high and the D-band derived from the defect is small.
- the peak of amorphous carbon between the two is greatly reduced.
- G′-band derived from graphene is also sharply high.
- the method according to the present invention provides a high-purity graphene 102 that has high crystallinity and does not contain a catalytic metal in a form in direct contact with the silicon substrate 103 with a thermal oxide film. I understand that.
- a carbon layer 502 having a thickness of 113 nanometers is formed, a metal layer 504 is formed thereon, and then heated. It was examined how the properties of the graphene 102 change with respect to the thickness of the layer 504. Here, four thicknesses of 83 nm, 132 nm, 233 nm, and 393 nm are employed as the thickness of the metal layer 504.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the state of a Raman spectrum after cooling after annealing, 3 minutes of etching, 30 minutes of etching after employing metal layers of various thicknesses.
- each graph in this figure represents the Raman shift in the range of 1000 cm ⁇ 1 to 3000 cm ⁇ 1
- the vertical axis represents the intensity of the spectrum, as in FIGS. 13A and 13B.
- a multilayer graphene layer has already been deposited after annealing.
- the best spectrum is obtained 3 minutes after etching.
- the metal layer 504 has a thickness of 132 nanometers and 83 nanometers, there is almost no change in spectrum even if etching is advanced. This is presumably because when the metal layer 504 is thin, the amount of carbon that can be solid-solved is small, and the degree of precipitation due to etching is small.
- the graphene 102 film becomes discontinuous after the completion of etching for 30 minutes, and the number of voids is small and the crystal size is the largest. It was the case of nanometers.
- the thickness of the metal layer 504 made of iron is preferably about the same as that of the carbon layer 502 or about 2.5 times depending on the case where etching is performed at 800 degrees Celsius.
- the solid solution temperature has a range from the lower limit to the upper limit, and also varies depending on the carbon concentration in the metal and the type of metal. For this reason, it is also possible to change the heating temperature at the time of etching. When the temperature at the time of etching is increased, the preferable thickness of the metal layer 504 is reduced, and when the temperature at the time of etching is decreased, the preferable thickness of the metal layer 504 is considered to be increased.
- a silicon substrate with an oxide film is used as the substrate 103, a first mask 501 is formed by ultraviolet lithography, a carbon layer 502 and a metal layer 504 are formed thereon by sputtering, and the resist of the first mask 501 is removed. As a result, an initial layer pattern having a line width of 2 micrometers was produced.
- the carbon layer 502 thickness was 33 nanometers, and the metal layer 504 thickness was 68 nanometers (specification A) and 39 nanometers (specification B).
- the graphene 102 was formed on the substrate 103 in the same manner as the above experiment.
- FIG. 15A is an explanatory diagram showing an atomic force microscope image of the graphene 102 having a pattern manufactured with the specification A.
- FIG. 15B is an explanatory diagram showing an atomic force microscope image of the graphene 102 having a pattern manufactured according to the specification B.
- the specification A has a larger roughness than the specification B.
- the center part resistivity was 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ cm for specification A and 6 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 ⁇ cm for specification B.
- the specification A has a large roughness although the metal layer 504 is thick and the crystallinity is good and the resistance is low.
- the specification B is smooth although the resistance is slightly high. Therefore, for the specification B, the structure and the state of conductivity were further investigated.
- FIG. 16A is an enlarged view showing an atomic force microscope image of the graphene 102 having a pattern manufactured by the specification B
- FIG. 16B is an explanatory diagram showing a current map of the graphene 102 having the pattern manufactured by the specification B It is.
- FIG. 16B is an explanatory diagram showing a current map of the graphene 102 having the pattern manufactured by the specification B It is.
- the flatter part of the line has better conductivity, and the raised part and the depressed part have lower conductivity. Since the graphene produced by this manufacturing method is formed with c-axis orientation in the direction perpendicular to the substrate surface, if a probe is applied to the raised portion, a current flows through the flat portion after passing through a path in the c-axis direction with a large resistance. Conceivable.
- planar graphene was formed by growing graphene linearly in a certain direction and then growing it in a direction perpendicular to the line so that the width of the line widens. .
- a graphene device having planar graphene is formed by a simpler method.
- FIG. 17 is an explanatory diagram illustrating a process in the manufacturing direction of the graphene device according to this embodiment.
- a description will be given with reference to FIG.
- This figure shows a stage in which a carbon layer 502 having a uniform thickness (hidden in this figure) is formed on the substrate 103 and a metal layer 504 is formed thereon.
- the metal layer 504 in this figure is shown by shading. The darker the shade is, the thinner the metal layer 504 is; the thinner the shade is, the thicker the metal layer 504 is.
- the metal layer 504 in the present embodiment is formed in a grid shape.
- Each cell has a shape in which a first area composed of a very small square is connected to a lower left vertex of a second area composed of a large square.
- the thickness of the metal layer 504 is smaller in the first region than in the second region, and in the second region, a gradient is provided so as to become thicker from the lower left vertex toward the other three vertices.
- the carbon layer 502 is dissolved in the metal layer 504 by heating as in the above embodiment. Then, in the drawing, the darker shaded portion has a higher carbon concentration, and the thinner portion has a lower carbon concentration.
- graphene is first deposited in the first region, that is, near the lower left apex of the mesh.
- the graphene precipitated here is generally polycrystalline.
- one of the polycrystals is narrowed down as a crystal nucleus by a constriction (neck) near the lower left apex of the square.
- variety of a constriction is made sufficiently smaller than the typical magnitude
- carbon grows so as to spread toward the other three vertices in the second region, that is, in the upper right direction.
- the shape of the first region and the second region is not necessarily limited to a square, and can be any shape.
- the second region has a shape capable of filling a flat surface such as a rectangle or a regular hexagon, a large number of large planar graphenes having the same shape can be formed simultaneously.
- the first region has an arbitrary shape that can form a constriction, and a circular shape or the like may be employed in addition to a square shape.
- This example does not actively control the growth direction of graphene, and corresponds to a simplified example of the above example.
- omitted is demonstrated.
- Example 4 In this experiment, the formation order of the graphene 102 was compared under various conditions by changing the order of forming the carbon layer 502 and the metal layer 504 serving as the initial layer. In this experiment, the thickness of the metal layer 504 is constant.
- the thickness of the carbon layer 502 is 113 nm
- the thickness of the metal layer 504 made of iron is 83 nm, 132 nm, 233 nm, and 393 nm
- C For each of the anneal only and the 3 minute etch, The state of the Raman spectrum was examined.
- FIG. 18 is a graph showing the state of the Raman spectrum after cooling after annealing and etching for 3 minutes when the carbon layer 502 is formed on the metal layer 504.
- the horizontal axis of each graph in this figure represents a Raman shift of 1000 cm ⁇ 1 to 3000 cm ⁇ 1
- the vertical axis represents the intensity of the spectrum.
- the crystallinity of the graphene obtained varies depending on various conditions such as the order of forming the carbon layer 502 and the metal layer 504, the thickness to be formed, and the etching time.
- graphene with high crystallinity can be obtained by experimentally selecting the best combination in consideration of the time required for production and raw material costs.
- the crystallinity can be further improved by controlling the growth direction of graphene by providing a gradient in the thickness of the metal layer 504 or the like.
- Example 5 Carbon and iron were co-evaporated and simultaneously deposited to form a carbon and iron mixture layer, which was used as the initial layer. Further, without forming the metal layer 504, heating was performed to form the solid solution layer 505, and the metal was removed by etching.
- the specifications of the experiment are as follows.
- a mixture layer of iron and carbon was deposited on the silicon oxide / silicon substrate with a thickness of 25 nm to 35 nm by sputtering.
- FIG. 19 is a graph showing the state of a Raman spectrum according to the heating temperature.
- each graph has three peaks. Comparing these peaks, at 600 degrees Celsius, the central peak derived from the graphite structure is high, the right peak serving as an index for graphene formation is also formed, and the left peak representing a defect is low. Therefore, the heating temperature was set to 600 degrees Celsius.
- FIG. 20 is a graph showing the Raman spectrum of a sample prepared in such a manner that metal oxide is reduced when forming a solid solution layer.
- the right peak which is an index of graphene formation, is large, and it is understood that graphene with good crystallinity is obtained.
- the crystallinity can be further improved by controlling the growth direction of graphene by forming a metal layer 504 having a gradient in thickness.
- the formation of the metal layer 504 can be omitted so that the graphene growth direction is not intentionally controlled.
- FIG. 21 is a scanning electron micrograph showing the final state of graphene crystals when a hydrogen partial pressure of 1 torr is employed.
- FIG. 22 is a scanning electron micrograph showing the final state of graphene crystals when a hydrogen partial pressure of 20 Torr is employed.
- FIG. (A) a large area surrounded by double edges of black and white on the upper right side;
- (B) White bright spot surrounded by a black edge in the middle right
- (c) In addition to the white bright spot surrounded by a black edge on the right, a small white bright spot is also photographed.
- These represent iron oxide particles.
- the carbon concentration in the solid solution layer 505 increases substantially uniformly with the etching of the metal, graphene nucleates at random positions. Since etching is performed while maintaining heating, carbon can be diffused over a long distance while maintaining high mobility. Therefore, even in such an embodiment, since carbon is taken into the graphene that is first nucleated, the nucleation of new graphene is suppressed, and graphene 102 having a relatively large crystal grain size can be obtained.
- a silicon substrate with a thermal oxide film can be adopted as the substrate 103, and the graphene 102 can be formed directly without leaving any metal on the substrate 103.
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Abstract
Description
(a)炭素層502と金属層504を形成した後、もしくは、
(b)炭素と金属の混合体層を形成した後
に、金属と炭素のエッチングを行うことにより、初期層のパターン形状を作製する手法である。
実験1では、実施例4の手法の具体的な諸元について調べた。
実験2では、実験1に引き続いて、具体的な諸元についてさらに調べた。
実験3では、実施例5、6の具体的な諸元について調べた。
本実験では、初期層となる炭素層502と金属層504の形成の順序を入れ換えて、種々の条件でグラフェン102の形成を比較した。なお、本実験では、金属層504の厚さは一定としている。
(a)炭素層502の厚さを、113nm、
(b)鉄からなる金属層504の厚さを、83nm、132nm、233nm、393nmとし、
(c)アニール(anneal)のみ、ならびに、3分間エッチングのそれぞれについて、
ラマンスペクトルの様子を調べた。
本実験では、炭素と鉄を共蒸着、同時成膜することで、炭素と鉄の混合体層を形成し、これを初期層とした。また、金属層504は形成せずに、加熱を施して固溶体層505を形成し、エッチングにより金属を除去した。実験の諸元は以下の通りである。
(a)右上側に黒と白の二重の縁で囲まれた大きな領域、
(b)右中の黒縁で囲まれた白い輝点
(c)右やや下の黒縁で囲まれた白い輝点
のほか、その他にも小さい白い輝点が撮影されている。これらは、酸化鉄の粒子を示す。
102 グラフェン
103 基板
104 結晶粒界
401 ソース電極
402 ドレイン電極
403 絶縁体
404 ゲート電極
501 第1マスク
502 炭素層
503 第2マスク
504 金属層
505 固溶体層
601 線状グラフェン
602 面状グラフェン
801 第3マスク
901 自立マスク
902 スリット
Claims (18)
- 金属に炭素が固溶した固溶体が形成可能な固溶温度への加熱を行って、当該固溶体からなる固溶体層を基板上に形成する形成工程、
前記固溶温度への加熱を維持したまま前記固溶体層から前記金属を除去する除去工程
を備えることを特徴とするグラフェンの製造方法。 - 請求項1に記載の製造方法であって、
前記形成工程では、前記金属の酸化物を還元可能な還元剤を供給し、
前記除去工程では、エッチングガスを供給して、前記固溶体層に含まれる前記金属を除去する
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項2に記載の製造方法であって、前記形成工程では、
前記基板上に炭素を含む初期層を形成し、
前記形成された初期層上に前記金属を含む金属層を形成し、
前記形成された初期層と、前記形成された金属層と、を、前記固溶温度に加熱する
ことにより、前記固溶体層を形成する
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項2に記載の製造方法であって、前記形成工程では、
前記基板上に前記金属を含む金属層を形成し、
前記形成された金属層上に炭素を含む初期層を形成し、
前記形成された初期層と、前記形成された金属層と、を、前記固溶温度に加熱する
ことにより、前記固溶体層を形成する
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項2に記載の製造方法であって、前記形成工程では、
前記基板上に前記金属と炭素との混合体からなる初期層を形成し、
前記形成された初期層を前記固溶温度に加熱する
ことにより、前記固溶体層を形成する
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項3から5のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法であって、
前記形成工程において、前記初期層を所定のパターンで形成することにより、前記グラフェンを当該所定のパターンとする
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項3から5のいずれか1項に記載の製造方法であって、
前記形成工程において、前記初期層を、前記基板の表面の一部または全部を覆うように形成することにより、前記グラフェンを当該基板の表面の一部または全部を覆う均一な連続膜とする
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項1に記載の製造方法であって、
前記固溶体層における前記炭素の濃度分布のうち、前記基板の表面に平行な方向の濃度分布を不均一とすることにより、前記基板の表面に平行な方向に前記グラフェンを成長させる
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項3または4に記載の製造方法であって、
前記形成される初期層もしくは前記形成される金属層のいずれか少なくとも一方の厚さを不均一とすることにより、前記固溶体層における前記炭素の濃度分布のうち、前記基板の表面に平行な方向の濃度分布を不均一として、前記基板の表面に平行な方向に前記グラフェンを成長させる
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項9に記載の製造方法であって、
前記形成される金属層の厚さに勾配を設けることにより、当該勾配の方向のうち前記基板の表面に平行な成分の方向に前記グラフェンを成長させる
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項10に記載の製造方法であって、
前記金属層は、前記基板の表面に平行に広がる第1領域と、前記基板の表面に平行に広がる第2領域と、が、くびれを介して接する形状であり、前記第1領域は、前記金属層の厚さが、前記第2領域に比べて薄く、前記第2領域は、前記くびれから遠ざかると前記金属層の厚さが厚くなるように、前記金属層の厚さに勾配が設けられる
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項2に記載の製造方法であって、
前記供給されるエッチングガスの前記基板の表面に平行な方向の濃度分布を不均一とすることにより、前記基板の表面に平行な方向に前記グラフェンを成長させる
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 請求項2に記載の製造方法であって、
前記基板は、二酸化ケイ素基板、もしくは、二酸化ケイ素膜を表面に付したケイ素基板であり、
前記金属は鉄、ニッケル、コバルトもしくはこれらを含む合金であり、
前記エッチングガスは塩素である
ことを特徴とする製造方法。 - 基板の表面に平行な第1の方向に成長し、当該表面に直接接する線状グラフェンを、請求項8に記載の製造方法により製造し、
前記線状グラフェンから前記表面に平行な第2の方向に成長し、当該表面に直接接する面状グラフェンを、請求項8に記載の製造方法により製造する
ことを特徴とするグラフェンの製造方法。 - 基板上グラフェンであって、
前記基板上グラフェンは、前記基板の表面に直接接し、
前記基板上グラフェンの前記表面に平行な第1の方向における結晶粒径は、当該基板上グラフェンの当該表面に平行な他のいずれの方向における結晶粒径よりも大きく、
前記基板上グラフェンの前記第1の方向における結晶粒径は、当該グラフェンの当該表面に垂直な方向における結晶粒径よりも大きい
ことを特徴とする基板上グラフェン。 - 基板上グラフェンであって、
当該基板上グラフェンは、前記基板の表面に直接接し、
当該基板上グラフェンは、前記表面に平行な第1の方向に沿う結晶粒界を複数有し、
当該基板上グラフェンは、前記表面に平行な第2の方向に沿う結晶粒界を複数有し、
当該基板上グラフェンは、前記結晶粒界に囲まれる領域の内部のそれぞれにおいて単結晶である
ことを特徴とする基板上グラフェン。 - 請求項16に記載の基板上グラフェンであって、
前記第1の方向と、前記第2の方向と、は、直交し、
前記第1の方向に沿う結晶粒界の間隔は一定であり、
前記第2の方向に沿う結晶粒界の間隔は一定である
ことを特徴とする基板上グラフェン。 - 請求項15に記載の基板上グラフェンであって、
前記基板は、単層もしくは多層である
ことを特徴とする基板上グラフェン。
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JP2018002503A (ja) * | 2016-06-28 | 2018-01-11 | 株式会社デンソー | 多孔質炭素薄膜およびその製造方法 |
Also Published As
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CN103429530B (zh) | 2015-11-25 |
US20130341792A1 (en) | 2013-12-26 |
KR101396419B1 (ko) | 2014-05-20 |
EP2682366A4 (en) | 2014-08-27 |
EP2682366B1 (en) | 2016-11-02 |
CN103429530A (zh) | 2013-12-04 |
EP2682366A1 (en) | 2014-01-08 |
KR20130126993A (ko) | 2013-11-21 |
US8772181B2 (en) | 2014-07-08 |
JP5152945B2 (ja) | 2013-02-27 |
JPWO2012118023A1 (ja) | 2014-07-07 |
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