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Definitions

• the invention relates to compounds useful as inhibitors of ion channels.
• the invention also provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising the compounds of the invention and methods of using the compositions in the treatment of various disorders.
• Pain is a protective mechanism that allows healthy animals to avoid tissue damage and to prevent further damage to injured tissue. Nonetheless there are many conditions where pain persists beyond its usefulness, or where patients would benefit from inhibition of pain. Voltage-gated sodium channels are believed to play a critical role in pain signaling. This belief is based on the known roles of these channels in normal physiology, pathological states arising from mutations in sodium channel genes, preclinical work in animal models of disease, and the clinical usefulness of known sodium channel modulating agents (Cummins, T. R., Sheets, P. L., and Waxman, S. G., The roles of sodium channels in nociception: Implications for mechanisms of pain.
• NaV's Voltage-gated sodium channels
• NaV's are key biological mediators of electrical signaling.
• NaV's are the primary mediators of the rapid upstroke of the action potential of many excitable cell types (e.g. neurons, skeletal myocytes, cardiac myocytes), and thus are critical for the initiation of signaling in those cells (Hille, Bertil, Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes, Third ed. (Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA, 2001)).
• antagonists that reduce NaV currents can prevent or reduce neural signaling.
• NaV channels are considered likely targets in pathologic states where reduced excitability is predicted to alleviate the clinical symptoms, such as pain, epilepsy, and some cardiac arrhythmias (Chahine, M., Chatelier, A., Babich, O., and Krupp, J. J., Voltage-gated sodium channels in neurological disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 7 (2), 144 (2008)).
• the NaV's form a subfamily of the voltage-gated ion channel super-family and comprises 9 isoforms, designated NaV 1.1 - NaV 1.9.
• the tissue localizations of the nine isoforms vary greatly.
• NaV 1.4 is the primary sodium channel of skeletal muscle
• NaV 1.5 is primary sodium channel of cardiac myocytes.
• NaV's 1.7, 1.8 and 1.9 are primarily localized to the peripheral nervous system, while NaV's 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.6 are neuronal channels found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
• the functional behaviors of the nine isoforms are similar but distinct in the specifics of their voltage-dependent and kinetic behavior (Catterall, W. A., Goldin, A. L., and Waxman, S. G., International Union of Pharmacology. XL VII.
• NaV channels have been identified as the primary target for some clinically useful pharmaceutical agents that reduce pain (Cummins, T. R., Sheets, P. L., and Waxman, S. G., The roles of sodium channels in nociception: Implications for mechanisms of pain. Pain 131 (3), 243 (2007)).
• the local anesthetic drugs such as lidocaine block pain by inhibiting NaV channels. These compounds provide excellent local pain reduction but suffer the drawback of abolishing normal acute pain and sensory inputs. Systemic administration of these compounds results in dose limiting side effects that are generally ascribed to block of neural channels in the CNS (nausea, sedation, confusion, ataxia).
• Cardiac side effects can also occur, and indeed these compounds are also used as class 1 anti-arrhythmics, presumably due to block of NaV1.5 14390-35 channels in the heart.
• Other compounds that have proven effective at reducing pain have also been suggested to act by sodium channel blockade including carbamazepine, lamotragine, and tricyclic antidepressants (Soderpalm, B., Anticonvulsants: aspects of their mechanisms of action. Eur J Pain 6 Suppl A, 3 (2002); Wang, G. K., Mitchell, J., and Wang, S. Y., Block of persistent late Na+ currents by antidepressant sertraline and paroxetine. JMembr Biol 222 (2), 79 (2008)).
• Antagonists that specifically block only the isoform(s) critical for nocioception are expected to have increased efficacy since the reduction of adverse effects caused by block of off-target channels should enable higher dosing and thus more complete block of target channels isoforms.
• NaV 1.3 is normally found in the pain sensing neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) only early in development and is lost soon after birth both in humans and in rodents. Nonetheless, nerve damaging injuries have been found to result in a return of the NaV 1.3 channels to DRG neurons and this may contribute to the abnormal pain signaling in various chronic pain conditions resulting from nerve damage (neuropathic pain). These data have led to the suggestion that pharmaceutical block of NaV 1.3 could be an effective treatment for neuropathic pain.
• DRG dorsal root ganglia
• NaV 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9 are highly expressed in DRG neurons, including the neurons whose axons make up the C-fibers and ⁇ nerve fibers that are believed to carry most pain signals from the nocioceptive terminals to the central nervous. Like NaV 1.3, NaV 1.7 expression increases after nerve injury and may contribute to neuropathic pain states. The localization of NaV 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9 in nocioceptors led to the hypothesis that reducing the 14390-35 sodium currents through these channels might alleviate pain. Indeed, specific interventions that reduce the levels of these channels have proven effective in animal models of pain.
• NaV 1.9 global knock out mice have decreased sensitivity to inflammation induced pain, despite normal acute, and neuropathic pain behaviors (Amaya, F. et al, The voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.9 is an effector of peripheral inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. J Neurosci 26 (50), 12852 (2006); Priest, B. T. et al, Contribution of the tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel NaVl .9 to sensory transmission and nociceptive behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 (26), 9382 (2005)). Spinal knockdown of NaV 1.9 had no apparent effect on pain behavior in rats (Porreca, F.
• NaV 1.1 and NaV 1.2 mutations result in various forms of epilepsy (Fujiwara, T., Clinical spectrum of mutations in SCN1 A gene: severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy and related epilepsies. Epilepsy Res 70 Suppl 1, S223 (2006); George, A.
• NaV 1.5 mutations result in cardiac abnormalities like Brugada Syndrome and long QT syndrome (Bennett, P. B., Yazawa, K., Makita, N., and George, A. L., Jr., Molecular mechanism for an inherited cardiac arrhythmia. Nature 376 (6542), 683 (1995); Darbar, D. et al, Cardiac sodium channel (SCN5A) variants associated with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 14390-35
• NaV 1.7 null mutations in human patients were recently described by several groups (Ahmad, S. et al, A stop codon mutation in SCN9A causes lack of pain sensation. Hum Mol Genet 16 (17), 2114 (2007); Cox, J. J. et al, An SCN9A channelopathy causes congenital inability to experience pain. Nature 444 (7121), 894 (2006); Goldberg, Y. P. et al, Loss-of- function mutations in the NaV 1.7 gene underlie congenital indifference to pain in multiple human populations. Clin Genet 71 (4), 311 (2007)). In all cases patients exhibit congenital indifference to pain. These patients report no pain under any circumstances.
• These compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions are useful for treating or lessening the severity of a variety of diseases, disorders, or conditions, including, but not limited to, acute, chronic, neuropathic, or inflammatory pain, arthritis, migraine, cluster headaches, trigeminal neuralgia, herpetic neuralgia, general neuralgias, epilepsy or epilepsy conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, myotonia, arrhythmia, movement disorders, neuroendocrine disorders, ataxia, multiple sclerosis, irritable bowel syndrome, incontinence, visceral pain, osteoarthritis pain, postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, radicular pain, sciatica, back pain, head or neck pain, severe or intractable pain, nociceptive pain, breakthrough pain, postsurgical pain, or cancer pain.
• diseases, disorders, or conditions including, but not limited to, acute, chronic, neuropathic, or inflammatory pain, arthritis, migraine, cluster headaches, trige
• the invention provides compounds of formula I:
• W is N or CR 1 , or 1 W is a bond and the remaining W are N, NR 1 , or CR 1 , wherein up to 2 W are N or NR 1 ; a dashed line or circle denotes unsaturation; 14390-35
• R' is H, C1-C6 alkyl, or an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or
• R 1 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, halo, CN, NR 7 S0 2 R 7 , S0 2 R 7 , SR 7 , SOR 7 , NR 7 COR 7 , NR 7 C0 2 R 7 , CON(R 7 ) 2 , S0 2 N(R 7 ) 2 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl- C8)-R 8 wherein up to two CH 2 units may be replaced with O, CO, S, SO, S0 2 , CF 2 , or NR 7 ;
• R 2 is C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 , NR 7 S0 2 R 7 , S0 2 R 7 , SR 7 , SOR 7 , C0 2 R 7 , NR 7 COR 7 , NR 7 C0 2 R 7 , CON(R 7 ) 2 , S0 2 N(R 7 ) 2 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 ,
• CH 2 OCHF 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CHF 2 , an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to two CH 2 units may be replaced with O, CO, S, SO, S0 2 or NR 7 ;
• R 3 is C1-C6 alkyl or C3-C8 cycloalkyl, wherein up to two CH 2 units may be replaced by O, NR 8 , S, SO, S0 2 , or 2 occurrences of R 3 taken together form a C3-C8 cycloalkyl group;
• R 7 is H, C1-C6 alkyl or fluoroalkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, or 2 R 7 taken together with the atoms to which they are attached form a ring;
• R 8 is H, CF 3 , C0 2 R 7 , OH, an optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl, N(R 7 ) 2 , NR 7 COR 7 , CON(R 7 ) 2 , CN, or S0 2 R 7 ;
• A is aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic
• X is O, S, SO, or S0 2 ; n is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive; and o is an integer from 0 to 4 inclusive; provided that: a) when R 2 is OH, another R 2 is not C1-C6 alkyl; b) the following compounds are excluded: 14390-35
• compounds of the invention can optionally be substituted with one or more substituents, such as are illustrated generally above, or as exemplified by particular classes, subclasses, and species of the invention.
• substituents such as are illustrated generally above, or as exemplified by particular classes, subclasses, and species of the invention.
• the phrase "optionally substituted” is used interchangeably with the phrase “substituted or unsubstituted.”
• the variables R ⁇ -R 8 in formula I encompass specific groups, such as, for example, alkyl and aryl.
• each of the specific groups for the variables R ⁇ -R 8 can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents of halo, cyano, oxoalkoxy, hydroxy, amino, nitro, 14390-35 aryl, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
• an alkyl group can be optionally substituted with one or more of halo, cyano, oxoalkoxy, hydroxy, amino, nitro, aryl, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
• an aryl group can be optionally substituted with one or more of halo, cyano, alkoxy, hydroxy, nitro, haloalkyl, and alkyl.
• a stable compound or chemically feasible compound is one that is not substantially altered when kept at a temperature of 40°C or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
• substituted refers to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent.
• Specific substituents are described above in the definitions and below in the description of compounds and examples thereof.
• an optionally substituted group can have a substituent at each substitutable position of the group, and when more than one position in any given structure can be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent can be either the same or different at every position.
• a ring substituent such as a heterocycloalkyl
• substituents envisioned by this invention are those combinations that result in the formation of stable or chemically feasible compounds.
• aliphatic means a 14390-35 straight-chain (i.e., unbranched) or branched, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation. Unless otherwise specified, aliphatic groups contain 1-20 aliphatic carbon atoms. In some
• aliphatic groups contain 1-10 aliphatic carbon atoms. In other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-8 aliphatic carbon atoms. In still other embodiments, aliphatic groups contain 1-6 aliphatic carbon atoms, and in yet other embodi ments aliphatic groups contain 1-4 aliphatic carbon atoms. Suitable aliphatic groups include, but are not limited to, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl groups.
• cycloaliphatic or "cycloalkyl” mean a monocyclic hydrocarbon, bicyclic, or tricyclic hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic and has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule.
• cycloaliphatic refers to a monocyclic C 3 -C 8 hydrocarbon or bicyclic C 8 -Ci 2 hydrocarbon that is completely saturated or that contains one or more units of unsaturation, but which is not aromatic, that has a single point of attachment to the rest of the molecule wherein any individual ring in said bicyclic ring system has 3-7 members.
• electronegative group means an atom or a group that is electronegative relative to hydrogen. See, e.g., “Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure," Jerry March, 4 th Ed., John Wiley & Sons (1992), e.g., pp. 14-16, 18-19, etc. Exemplary such substituents include halo such as CI, Br, or F, CN, COOH, CF 3 , etc.
• heterocycle Unless otherwise specified, the term "heterocycle”, “heterocyclyl”,
• heterocycloaliphatic means non-aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic ring systems in which one or more ring atoms in one or more ring members is an independently selected heteroatom. Heterocyclic ring can be saturated or can contain one or more unsaturated bonds. In some embodiments, the "heterocycle”,
• heterocyclyl has three to fourteen ring members in which one or more ring members is a heteroatom independently selected from oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or phosphorus, and each ring in the ring system contains 3 to 7 ring members.
• heteroatom means oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or silicon (including, any oxidized form of nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or silicon; the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen or; a substitutable nitrogen of a heterocyclic ring, for example N (as in 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrolyl), H (as in pyrrolidinyl) or R + (as in N-substituted pyrrolidinyl)).
• unsaturated as used herein, means that a moiety has one or more units of unsaturation but is not aromatic.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the principal carbon chain through an oxygen (“alkoxy”) or sulfur (“thioalkyl”) atom.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the principal carbon chain through an oxygen (“alkoxy”) or sulfur (“thioalkyl”) atom.
• aryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl”,
• aralkoxy refers to monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring carbon atoms, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring carbon atoms.
• aryl may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring”.
• heteroaryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in
• heteroarylkyl refers to monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic, at least one ring in the system contains one or more heteroatoms, and wherein each ring in the system contains 3 to 7 ring members.
• heteroaryl may be used interchangeably with the term “heteroaryl ring” or the term “heteroaromatic".
• alkylidene chain refers to a straight or branched carbon chain that may be fully saturated or have one or more units of unsaturation and has two points of attachment to the rest of the molecule.
• structures depicted herein are also meant to include all isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers. Therefore, single isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers. Therefore, single isomeric (e.g., enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or conformational)) forms of the structure; for example, the R and S configurations for each asymmetric center, (Z) and (E) double bond isomers, and (Z) and (E) conformational isomers
• stereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric, diastereomeric, and geometric (or 14390-35 conformational) mixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.
• R group can be bonded to any carbon, or if applicable, heteroatom such as N, of that ring as valency allows.
• a CH 2 unit or, interchangeably, methylene unit may be replaced by O, CO, S, SO, S0 2 or NR 7
• -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SH is within the definition of C1-C6 alkyl wherein up to two CH 2 units may be 14390-35 replaced by S because the CH 2 unit of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by S.
• -O-Ph is within the definition of (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to two CH 2 units may be replaced with O, CO, S, SO, S0 2 or NR 7 , because is is -CH 2 -Ph, where the -CH 2 - unit has been replaced by O, and R 8 can be aryl.
• the dotted circle of formula I denotes aromaticity, such that, by the definition of W, the moiety is a fused aromatic or heteroaromatic ring.
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein all W's are CR 1 . In another embodiment, all W's are CH. In another embodiment, one W is N.
• W is NR'.
• R' is a C1-C6 alkyl.
• R' is CH 3 or tBu.
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein X is O. In another embodiment, X is S0 2 .
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein R 1 is C1-C6 alkyl, halo, CN, CON(R 7 ) 2 , R 8 , or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to two CH 2 units may be replaced with O, CO, S, SO, S0 2 , or NR 7 .
• R 1 is F or CN.
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein R 2 is C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 ,
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein n is 0. In another embodiment, o is 0.
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein A is
• R 4 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 ,
• R 5 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C8 cycloalkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 , NR 7 S0 2 R 7 , S0 2 R 7 , SOR 7 , SR 7 , C0 2 R 7 , NR 7 COR 7 , NR 7 C0 2 R 7 ,
• R 6 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 ,
• R 4 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, CHF 2 , CF 3 , OCHF 2 , OCF 3 , R 8 , or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to three CH 2 units may be replaced with O, CO, S, SO, S0 2 , or R 7 .
• R 4 is H, OCH 3 , OCHF 2 , OCF 3 , F, CH 3 , or CH 2 OCH 3 .
• R 5 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, CN, R 8 , or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to three CH 2 units may be replaced with O, CO, S, SO, S0 2 , or NR 7 .
• R 5 is H, F, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 3 ⁇ 4 or CN.
• R 6 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, S0 2 R 7 , S0 2 N(R 7 ⁇ R 8 , or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 , wherein up to three CH 2 units may be replaced with O, S, SO, S0 2 , or NR 7 .
• R 6 is H, OCH 3 , OH, - ⁇ 0 , ⁇ -0
• R 5 is selected from:
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein A is heteroaryl or heterocyclic.
• A is selected from:
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein the compound has formula IA:
• R 4 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 ,
• R 5 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C8 cycloalkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 , NR 7 S0 2 R 7 , S0 2 R 7 , SOR
• R 7 CON(R 7 ) 2 , S0 2 N(R 7 ) 2 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to three CH 2 units may be replaced with O, S0 2 , or NR 7 ;
• R 6 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 ,
• one W is CR 1 . In another embodiment, one W is N. [0052] In another embodiment, R 1 is C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, CON(R 7 ) 2 ,
• R 7 is F or CN.
• R 2 is C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, OH, N(R 7 ) 2 , aryl, or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to two CH 2 units may be replaced with O, S, SO,S0 2 or NR 7 .
• R 4 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , CHF 2 , CF 3 , OCHF 2 , OCF 3 , R 8 , or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to three CH 2 units may be replaced with O, S, SO, S0 2 , or NR 7 .
• R 4 is H, OCH 3 , OCHF 2 , OCF 3 , F, CH 3 , or CH 3 .
• R 5 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, CN, or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to three CH 2 units may be replaced with O, S, SO, S0 2 , or NR 7 .
• R 5 is H, CH 3 , OCH 3 , CH 2 OH, F, OH, CH 2 NH 2 , CH 2 NHCH 3 , CH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , or CN.
• R 6 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, S0 2 R 7 , S0 2 N(R 7 ) 2 , or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 , wherein up to three CH 2 units may be replaced with O, S, SO, S0 2 , or R 7 .
• R 6 is H, OH, OCH 3 ,
• n 1
• R 5 is selected from:
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein the compound has formula IB:
• R 4 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 ,
• R 5 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C8 cycloalkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 , NR 7 S0 2 R 7 , S0 2 R 7 , SR 7 , SOR 7 , C0 2 R 7 , NR 7 COR 7 , NR 7 C0 2 R 7 ,
• R 6 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 ,
• R 2 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy. In another embodiment, R 2 is OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 , or OCH(CH 3 ) 2 .
• R 4 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy. In another embodiment, R 4 is H or OCHF 2 .
• R 5 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to three CH 2 units may be replaced with O, S, SO, S0 2 , or NR 7 .
• R 5 is H, CH 3 or OCH 3 .
• R 6 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy or a straight chain, branched, or cyclic (Cl-C8)-R 8 wherein up to three CH 2 units may be replaced with O, S, SO, S0 2 , or NR 7 .
• R 6 is OCH(CH 3 ) 2 .
• n is 0 or 1. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, o is 0.
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein the compound has formula IC:
• R 4 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 ,
• R 5 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, C3-C8 cycloalkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 , NR 7 S0 2 R 7 , S0 2 R 7 , SR 7 , SOR 7 , C0 2 R 7 , NR 7 COR 7 , NR 7 C0 2 R 7 ,
• R 6 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, halo, CN, OH, OR 7 , N(R 7 ) 2 ,
• W is N or NR'.
• R' is a C1-C6 alkyl.
• R' is CH 3 or tBu.
• R 2 is H orCl-C6 alkoxy. In another embodiment, R 2 is OCH(CH 3 ) 2 .
• R 4 is H.
• R 5 is H, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 alkoxy. In another embodiment, R 5 is CH 3 or OCH 3 .
• R 6 is H or C1-C6 alkoxy. In another embodiment, R 6 is OCH(CH 3 ) 2 .
• n is 0 or 1. In another embodiment, n is 1. In another embodiment, o is 0.
• the invention features a compound of formula I and the attendant definitions, wherein the compound is selected from the following table:
• the invention features a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention features a method of inhibiting a voltage-gated sodium ion channel in: a patient; or a biological sample; comprising administering to the patient, or contacting the biological sample, with a compound or composition of the invention.
• the voltage-gated sodium ion channel is NaV 1.7.
• the invention features a method of treating or lessening the severity of the pain in a subject afflicted with acute, chronic, neuropathic, or inflammatory pain, arthritis, migraine, cluster headaches, trigeminal neuralgia, herpatic neuralgia, general neuralgias, epilepsy or epilepsy conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders, anxiety, depression, dipolar disorder, myotonia, arrhythmia, movement disorders,
• neuroendocrine disorders ataxia, multiple sclerosis, irritable bowel syndrome, incontinence, visceral pain, osteoarthritis pain, postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, radicular pain, sciatica, back pain, head or neck pain, severe or intractable pain, nociceptive pain, breakthrough pain, postsurgical pain, cancer pain, stroke, cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stress- or exercise induced angina, palpitations, hypertension, migraine, or abormal gastro-intestinal motility, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or composition of the invention.
• the method is used for treating or lessening the severity of the pain in a subject afflicted with femur cancer pain; non-malignant chronic bone pain; rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis; spinal stenosis; neuropathic low back pain; neuropathic low back pain; myofascial pain syndrome; fibromyalgia; temporomandibular joint pain; chronic visceral pain, abdominal pain; pancreatic; IBS pain; chronic and acute headache pain; migraine; tension headache, including, cluster headaches; chronic and acute neuropathic pain, post- herpatic neuralgia; diabetic neuropathy; HIV-associated neuropathy; trigeminal neuralgia; Charcot-Marie Tooth neuropathy; hereditary sensory neuropathies; peripheral nerve injury; painful neuromas; ectopic proximal and distal discharges; radiculopathy; chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain; radiotherapy-induced neuropathic pain; post-mastectomy pain; central
• phantom pain intractable pain; acute pain, acute post-operative pain; acute musculoskeletal pain; joint pain; mechanical low back pain; neck pain; tendonitis; injury/exercise pain; acute visceral pain, abdominal pain; pyelonephritis; appendicitis; cholecystitis; intestinal obstruction; hernias; chest pain, cardiac pain; pelvic pain, renal colic pain, acute obstetric pain, labor pain; cesarean section pain; acute inflammatory, burn and trauma pain; acute intermittent pain, endometriosis; acute herpes zoster pain; sickle cell anemia; acute pancreatitis; breakthrough pain; orofacial pain including sinusitis pain, dental pain; multiple sclerosis (MS) pain; pain in depression; leprosy pain; Behcet's disease pain; adiposis dolorosa; phlebitic pain; Guillain-Barre pain; painful legs and moving toes; Haglund syndrome;
• the compounds of the invention may be prepared readily using the following methods. Illustrated below in Scheme 1 through Scheme 6 are methods for preparing the compounds of the invention.
• benzyl, C0 2 Bn, BOC, COAryl; LG leaving group (i.e. CI, Br, I, OMs, OTs).
• benzyl, C0 2 Bn, BOC; LG leaving group (i.e. CI, Br, I, OMs, OTs).
• Reducing agent i.e. NaBH 4
• solvent i.e. MeOH, EtOH
• R 5 -LG base
• base i.e. NaH, Et 3 N
• solvent i.e. DMF, THF
• R 5 -OH acid
• acid i.e. HCl
• solvent i.e. dioxane
• catalyst i.e.
• acid i.e. pTsOH
• solvent i.e. dioxane
• epoxidizing agent i.e. mCPBA
• a) catalyst i.e. Znl), solvent (i.e. benzene);
• R 4 BOC: acid (i.e. HQ), solvent (i.e. dioxane, EtOH, iPrOH, CH 3 CN);
• R 4 C0 2 Bn: catalyst (i.e. Pd/C), H 2 , solvent (i.e. iPrOH, EtOH);
• A- C0 2 H, coupling agent i.e. HATU, EDCI, HBTU
• base i.e.
• Et 3 N, Et 2 NiPr solvent (i.e. DMF, CH 2 C1 2 , CH 3 CN) or A-C(0)C1, base (i.e. Et 3 N, Et 2 NiPr), solvent (i.e. CH 2 C1 2 ); d) base (i.e. NaH, LiHMDS), R 2 -LG, solvent (i.e. DMF, THF); e) catalyst (i.e. Pd/C), H 2 , solvent (i.e. MeOH, EtOH, iPrOH).
• base i.e. LiHMDS
• R 2 -LG solvent
• Reducing agent i.e. NaBH 4
• solvent i.e. MeOH, EtOH
• acid i.e. HC1
• benzyl C0 2 Bn, BOC, COAr.
• base i.e. LiHMDS
• solvent i.e. THF
• PhNTf 2 i.e.
• catalyst i.e. Pd(OAc) 2 , Pd(c- hex 2 PhP)(tBu 3 P)Cl 2
• base i.e. Cs 2 C0 3 , K 2 C0 3
• solvent i.e. dioxane, water, DMF
• catalyst i.e. Pd/C
• H 2 solvent
• solvent i.e. AcOH, MeOH, EtOH, iPrOH.
• compositions are provided.
• the invention provides compounds that are inhibitors of voltage-gated sodium ion channels, and thus the present compounds are useful for the treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions including, but not limited to acute, chronic, neuropathic, or inflammatory pain, arthritis, migraine, cluster headaches, trigeminal neuralgia, herpetic neuralgia, general neuralgias, epilepsy or epilepsy conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, myotonia, arrhythmia, movement disorders, neuroendocrine disorders, ataxia, multiple sclerosis, irritable bowel syndrome, and incontinence.
• diseases, disorders, and conditions including, but not limited to acute, chronic, neuropathic, or inflammatory pain, arthritis, migraine, cluster headaches, trigeminal neuralgia, herpetic neuralgia, general neuralgias, epilepsy or epilepsy conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, myotonia, arrhythmia, movement disorders,
• compositions comprising any of the compounds as described herein, and optionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.
• these compositions optionally further comprise one or more additional therapeutic agents.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable derivative includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, salts of such esters, or any other adduct or derivative which upon administration to a subject in need is capable of providing, directly or indirectly, a compound as otherwise described herein, or a metabolite or residue thereof.
• the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” means any non-toxic salt or salt of an ester of a compound of this invention that, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing, either directly or indirectly, a compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof.
• the term “inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof means that a metabolite or residue thereof is also an inhibitor of a voltage-gated sodium ion channel.
• compositions of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
• inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid
• organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
• salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy-ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate,
• Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium and N + (Ci -4 alkyl) 4 salts.
• This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersable products may be obtained by such quaternization.
• Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
• Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.
• compositions of the invention additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle, which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, or potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, wool fat, sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate;
• powdered tragacanth malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such a propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
• oils
• a method for the treatment or lessening the severity of acute, chronic, neuropathic, or inflammatory pain, arthritis, migraine, cluster headaches, trigeminal neuralgia, herpetic neuralgia, general neuralgias, epilepsy or epilepsy conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, dipolar disorder, myotonia, arrhythmia, movement disorders, neuroendocrine disorders, ataxia, multiple sclerosis, irritable bowel syndrome, incontinence, visceral pain, osteoarthritis pain, postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, radicular pain, sciatica, back pain, head or neck pain, severe or intractable pain, nociceptive pain, breakthrough pain, postsurgical pain, or cancer pain comprising administering an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound to a subject in need thereof.
• a method of treatment or lessening the severity of stroke, cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stress- or exercise induced angina, palpitations, hypertension, migraine, or abormal gastro-intestinal motility comprising administering an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition comprising a compound to a subject in need thereof.
• a method for the treatment or lessening the severity of acute, chronic, neuropathic, or inflammatory pain comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition to a subject in need thereof.
• a method for the treatment or lessening the severity of radicular pain, sciatica, back pain, head pain, or neck pain is provided comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable
• composition to a subject in need thereof.
• a method for the treatment or lessening the severity of severe or intractable pain, acute pain, postsurgical pain, back pain, tinnitis or cancer pain comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition to a subject in need thereof.
• IBS pain chronic and acute headache pain
• migraine tension headache, including, cluster headaches
• chronic and acute neuropathic pain including, post-herpetic neuralgia; diabetic neuropathy; HIV- associated neuropathy; trigeminal neuralgia; Charcot-Marie Tooth neuropathy; hereditary sensory neuropathies; peripheral nerve injury; painful neuromas; ectopic proximal and distal discharges; radiculopathy; chemotherapy induced neuropathic pain;
• radiotherapy-induced neuropathic pain post-mastectomy pain; central pain; spinal cord injury pain; post-stroke pain; thalamic pain; complex regional pain syndrome; phantom pain;
• intractable pain intractable pain; acute pain, acute post-operative pain; acute musculoskeletal pain; joint pain; mechanical low back pain; neck pain; tendonitis; injury/exercise pain; acute visceral pain, including, abdominal pain; pyelonephritis; appendicitis; cholecystitis; intestinal obstruction; hernias; etc; chest pain, including, cardiac Pain; pelvic pain, renal colic pain, acute obstetric pain, including, labor pain; cesarean section pain; acute inflammatory, burn and trauma pain; acute intermittent pain, including, endometriosis; acute herpes zoster pain; sickle cell anemia; acute pancreatitis; breakthrough pain; orofacial pain including sinusitis pain, dental pain;
• MS multiple sclerosis
• MS multiple sclerosis
• pain pain in depression; leprosy pain; behcet's disease pain; adiposis dolorosa; phlebitic pain; Guillain-Barre pain; painful legs and moving toes; Haglund syndrome; erythromelalgia pain; Fabry's disease pain; bladder and urogenital disease, including, urinary incontinence; hyperactivity bladder; painful bladder syndrome; interstitial cyctitis (IC); or prostatitis; complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), type I and type II; angina-induced pain is provided, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition to a subject in need thereof.
• CRPS complex regional pain syndrome
• an "effective amount" of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable composition is that amount effective for treating or lessening the severity of one or more of acute, chronic, neuropathic, or inflammatory pain, arthritis, migraine, cluster headaches, trigeminal neuralgia, herpetic neuralgia, general neuralgias, epilepsy or epilepsy conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, myotonia, arrhythmia, movement disorders, neuroendocrine disorders, ataxia, multiple sclerosis, irritable bowel syndrome, incontinence, visceral pain, osteoarthritis pain, postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, radicular pain, sciatica, back pain, head or neck pain, severe or intractable pain, nociceptive pain, breakthrough pain, postsurgical pain, tinnitis or cancer pain.
• the compounds and compositions, according to the method of the invention may be administered using any amount and any route of administration effective for treating or lessening the severity of one or more of acute, chronic, neuropathic, or inflammatory pain, arthritis, migraine, cluster headaches, trigeminal neuralgia, herpetic neuralgia, general neuralgias, epilepsy or epilepsy conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, myotonia, arrhythmia, movement disorders, neuroendocrine disorders, ataxia, multiple sclerosis, irritable bowel syndrome, incontinence, visceral pain, osteoarthritis pain, postherpetic neuralgia, diabetic neuropathy, radicular pain, sciatica, back pain, head or neck pain, severe or intractable pain, nociceptive pain, breakthrough pain, postsurgical pain, tinnitis or cancer pain.
• any route of administration effective for treating or lessening the severity of one or more of acute, chronic, neuropathic, or inflammatory
• the exact amount required will vary from subject to subject, depending on the species, age, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the infection, the particular agent, its mode of administration, and the like.
• the compounds of the invention are preferably formulated in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage.
• dosage unit form refers to a physically discrete unit of agent appropriate for the subject to be treated. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
• the specific effective dose level for any particular subject or organism will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; the activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
• subject or "patient”, as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.
• compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and other animals orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, ointments, or drops), bucally, as an oral or nasal spray, or the like, depending on the severity of the infection being treated.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered orally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg and preferably from about 1 mg/kg to about 25 mg/kg, of subject body weight per day, one or more times a day, to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
• the oral compositions can also include adj
• Injectable preparations for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution, U.S. P. and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
• the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
• sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
• delayed absorption of a parenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the compound in an oil vehicle.
• injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the compound in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending upon the ratio of compound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of compound release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.
• compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
• Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
• the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar—agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol
• Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
• the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polethylene glycols and the like.
• the active compounds can also be in microencapsulated form with one or more excipients as noted above.
• the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings, release controlling coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art.
• the active compound may be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch.
• Such dosage forms may also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluents, e.g., tableting lubricants and other tableting aids such a magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose.
• the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
• buffering agents include polymeric substances and waxes.
• Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches.
• the active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required.
• Ophthalmic formulation, eardrops, and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
• the invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body.
• Such dosage forms are prepared by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium.
• Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
• the compounds of the invention are useful as inhibitors of voltage-gated sodium ion channels.
• the compounds and compositions of the invention are inhibitors of one or more of NaVl .1, NaVl .2, NaVl .3, NaV1.4, NaVl.5, NaVl.6, NaVl.7, NaVl.8, or NaVl.9, and thus, without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, the compounds and compositions are particularly useful for treating or lessening the severity of a disease, condition, or disorder where activation or hyperactivity of one or more of NaVl.l, NaVl.2, NaVl.3, NaVl.4, NaVl.5, NaVl.6, NaVl.7, NaVl.8, or NaVl.9 is implicated in the disease, condition, or disorder.
• NaVl.l When activation or hyperactivity of NaVl.l, NaVl.2, NaVl.3, NaVl.4, NaVl.5, NaVl.6, NaVl.7, NaVl.8, or NaVl.9 is implicated in a particular disease, condition, or disorder, the disease, condition, or disorder may also be referred to as a "NaVl.l, NaVl.2, NaVl.3, NaVl.4, NaVl.5, NaVl.6, NaVl.7, NaVl.8 or NaV1.9-mediated disease, condition or disorder".
• the invention provides a method for treating or lessening the severity of a disease, condition, or disorder where activation or hyperactivity of one or more of NaVl.l, NaVl.2, NaVl.3, NaVl.4, NaVl.5, NaVl.6, NaVl.7, NaVl.8, or NaVl.9 is implicated in the disease state.
• compounds of the invention are useful as inhibitors of NaVl.7 and/or NaVl.8.
• the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions of the invention can be employed in combination therapies, that is, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable compositions can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures.
• the particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved.
• the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder (for example, an inventive compound may be administered concurrently with another agent used to treat the same disorder), or they may achieve different effects (e.g., control of any adverse effects).
• additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat or prevent a particular disease, or condition, are known as "appropriate for the disease, or condition, being treated".
• exemplary additional therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to: nonopioid analgesics (indoles such as Etodolac, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin;
• naphthylalkanones such sa Nabumetone
• oxicams such as Piroxicam
• para-aminophenol derivatives such as Acetaminophen
• propionic acids such as Fenoprofen, Flurbiprofen, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Naproxen, Naproxen sodium, Oxaprozin
• salicylates such as Asprin, Choline magnesium trisalicylate, Diflunisal
• fenamates such as meclofenamic acid, Mefenamic acid
• pyrazoles such as Phenylbutazone
• opioid (narcotic) agonists such as Codeine, Fentanyl, Hydromorphone, Levorphanol, Meperidine, Methadone, Morphine, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, Propoxyphene, Buprenorphine, Butorphanol, Dezocine, Nalbuphine, and Pentazocine).
• neuro stimulatory transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, dorsal column stimulation
• physiatric physical therapy, orthotic devices, diathermy
• psychologic psychologic
• additional appropriate therapeutic agents are selected from the following:
• an opioid analgesic e.g. morphine, heroin, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, levorphanol, levallorphan, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl, cocaine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, propoxyphene, nalmefene, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, butorphanol, nalbuphine or pentazocine;
• opioid analgesic e.g. morphine, heroin, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, levorphanol, levallorphan, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl, cocaine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, propoxyphene, nalmefene, nalorphine, naloxone, naltrexone, buprenorphine, butorphanol, nal
• NSAID nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
• diclofenac diflusinal, etodolac
• fenbufen fenoprofen
• flufenisal flurbiprofen
• ibuprofen indomethacin
• ketoprofen ketorolac
• meclofenamic acid mefenamic acid
• meloxicam nabumetone, naproxen, nimesulide, nitroflurbiprofen, olsalazine, oxaprozin, phenylbutazone, piroxicam, sulfasalazine, sulindac, tolmetin or zomepirac
• NSAID nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
• a barbiturate sedative e.g. amobarbital, aprobarbital, butabarbital, butabital, mephobarbital, metharbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, phenobartital, secobarbital, talbutal, theamylal or thiopental;
• a benzodiazepine having a sedative action e.g. chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam, temazepam or triazolam;
• an Hi antagonist having a sedative action e.g. diphenhydramine, pyrilamine, promethazine, chlorpheniramine or chlorcyclizine;
• a sedative such as glutethimide, meprobamate, methaqualone or dichloralphenazone;
• a skeletal muscle relaxant e.g. baclofen, carisoprodol
• an MDA receptor antagonist e.g. dextromethorphan ((+)-3- hydroxy-N- methylmorphinan) or its metabolite dextrorphan ((+)-3-hydroxy-N- methylmorphinan), ketamine, memantine, pyrroloquinoline quinine, cis-4-(phosphonomethyl)- 2- piperidinecarboxylic acid, budipine, EN-3231 (MorphiDex(R), a combination formulation of morphine and dextromethorphan), topiramate, neramexane or perzinfotel including an NR2B antagonist, e.g.
• an NR2B antagonist e.g.
• an alpha-adrenergic e.g. doxazosin, tamsulosin, clonidine, guanfacine, dexmetatomidine, modafinil, or 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxy-2-(5-methane- sulfonamido-1, 2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinol-2-yl)-5-(2-pyridyl) quinazoline;
• a tricyclic antidepressant e.g. desipramine, imipramine, amitriptyline or nortriptyline;
• an anticonvulsant e.g. carbamazepine, lamotrigine, topiratmate or valproate
• a tachykinin (NK) antagonist particularly an K-3, K-2 or K-I antagonist, e.g.
• a muscarinic antagonist e.g oxybutynin, tolterodine, propiverine, tropsium chloride, darifenacin, solifenacin, temiverine and ipratropium;
• a COX-2 selective inhibitor e.g. celecoxib, rofecoxib, parecoxib, valdecoxib, deracoxib, etoricoxib, or lumiracoxib;
• a neuroleptic such as droperidol, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, perphenazine, thioridazine, mesoridazine, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, quetiapine, sertindole, aripiprazole, sonepiprazole, blonanserin, iloperidone, perospirone, raclopride, zotepine, bifeprunox, asenapine, lurasidone, amisulpride, balaperidone, palindore, eplivanserin, osanetant, rimonabant, meclinertant, Miraxion(R) or sarizotan;
• a vanilloid receptor agonist e.g. resinferatoxin
• antagonist e.g. capsazepine
• beta-adrenergic such as propranolol
• a local anaesthetic such as mexiletine
• a corticosteroid such as dexamethasone
• a 5-HT receptor agonist or antagonist particularly a 5-HTi B/I D agonist such as eletriptan, sumatriptan, naratriptan, zolmitriptan or rizatriptan
• a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist such as R(+)-alpha-(2,3-dimethoxy- phenyl)-l-[2-(4- fluorophenylethyl)]-4-piperidinemethanol (MDL- 100907);
• a cholinergic (nicotinic) analgesic such as ispronicline (TC- 1734)
• a PDEV inhibitor such as 5-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-methyl-l-piperazinyl- sulphonyl)phenyl]- l-methyl-3-n-propyl-l,6-dihydro-7H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one (sildenafil), (6R, 12aR)- 2,3,6,7, 12, 12a-hexahydro-2-methyl-6-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)- pyrazino[2',l':6,l]- pyrido[3,4-b]indole-l,4-dione (IC-351 or tadalafil), 2-[2-ethoxy-5-(4-ethyl- piperazin-l-yl-1- sulphonyl)-phenyl]-5-methyl-7-propyl-3H-imidazo[5,l-f][l,2,4]triazin-4-
• mGluRl metabotropic glutamate subtype 1 receptor
• a serotonin reuptake inhibitor such as sertraline, sertraline metabolite demethylsertraline, fluoxetine, norfluoxetine (fluoxetine desmethyl metabolite), fluvoxamine, paroxetine, citalopram, citalopram metabolite desmethylcitalopram, escitalopram, d,l- fenfluramine, femoxetine, ifoxetine, cyanodothiepin, litoxetine, dapoxetine, nefazodone, cericlamine and trazodone; [00140] (29) a noradrenaline (norepinephrine) reuptake inhibitor, such as maprotiline, lofepramine, mirtazepine, oxaprotiline, fezolamine, tomoxetine, m
• Vivalan(R) especially a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor such as reboxetine, in particular (S,S)-reboxetine;
• a dual serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor such as venlafaxine, venlafaxine metabolite O-desmethylvenlafaxine, clomipramine, clomipramine metabolite desmethylclomipramine, duloxetine, milnacipran and imipramine;
• an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor such as S-[2-[(l- iminoethyl)amino] ethyl] -L-homocysteine, S-[2-[(l-iminoethyl)-amino]ethyl]-4,4-dioxo-L- cysteine, S-[2-[(l-iminoethyl)amino]ethyl]-2-methyl-L-cysteine, (2S,5Z)-2-amino-2-methyl- 7- [(l-iminoethyl)amino]-5-heptenoic acid, 2-[[(lR,3S)-3-amino-4- hydroxy- l-(5-thiazolyl)- butyl]thio]-S-chloro-S-pyridinecarbonitrile; 2-[[(lR,3S)-3-amino-4-
• a 5 -lipoxygenase inhibitor such as zileuton, 6-[(3-fluoro-5-[4- methoxy-3,4,5,6- tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl])phenoxy-methyl]-l-methyl-2-quinolone (ZD- 2138), or 2,3,5- trimethyl-6-(3-pyridylmethyl),l ,4-benzoquinone (CV-6504);
• a sodium channel blocker such as lidocaine
• a 5-HT3 antagonist such as ondansetron; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and solvates thereof.
• the amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of this invention will be no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition comprising that therapeutic agent as the only active agent.
• the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the presently disclosed compositions will range from about 50% to 100% of the amount normally present in a composition comprising that agent as the only therapeutically active agent.
• the compounds of this invention or pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof may also be incorporated into compositions for coating an implantable medical device, such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents and catheters.
• the invention in another aspect, includes a composition for coating an implantable device comprising a compound of the invention as described generally above, and in classes and subclasses herein, and a carrier suitable for coating said implantable device.
• the invention includes an implantable device coated with a composition comprising a compound of the invention as described generally above, and in classes and subclasses herein, and a carrier suitable for coating said implantable device. Suitable coatings and the general preparation of coated implantable devices are described in US Patents
• the coatings are typically biocompatible polymeric materials such as a hydrogel polymer, polymethyldisiloxane, polycaprolactone, polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, ethylene vinyl acetate, and mixtures thereof.
• the coatings may optionally be further covered by a suitable topcoat of fluoro silicone, polysaccarides, polyethylene glycol, phospholipids or combinations thereof to impart controlled release characteristics in the composition.
• Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting one or more of
• biological sample includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extracts thereof. [00151] Inhibition of one or more of NaVl . l, NaVl .2, NaVl .3, NaV1.4,
• NaV1.5, NaVl .6, NaVl .7, NaVl .8, or NaVl .9, activity in a biological sample is useful for a variety of purposes that are known to one of skill in the art. Examples of such purposes include, but are not limited to, the study of sodium ion channels in biological and pathological phenomena; and the comparative evaluation of new sodium ion channel inhibitors.
• Biosystems API EX LC/MS system equipped with a Phenomenex 50 x 4.60 mm 1 ⁇ -5 ⁇ C18 column.
• the LC/MS eluting system was 10-99% acetonitrile in H 2 0 with 0.035% v/v trifluoroacetic acid or 5 mM HCl using a 3, 4, 5, 6 or 15 minute linear gradient and a flow rate of 4.0 mL/minute.
• Silica gel chromatography was performed using silica gel-60 with a particle size of 230-400 mesh.
• Step 1 terf-Butyl 4-oxospiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]-l'- carboxylate
• Step 2 Spiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]-4-one hydrogen chloride
• Step 1 Benzyl 4-oxospiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-carboxylate
• Step 2 Spiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]-4-one
• Step 1 Benzyl 4-hydroxyspiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidine]-l'- carboxylate
• Step 2 4-Isopropoxyspiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]-l'- carboxylate
• Step 3 4-Isopropoxyspiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidine
• Step 1 l-(l-Oxidopyridin-l-ium-3-yl)ethanone
• Step 2 3-Acetyl-lH-pyridin-2-one and 5-acetyl-lH-pyridin-2-one
• Step 3 Spiro[3H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine-2,4'-piperidine]-4-one dihydrochloride
• Step 1 l-(2-Sulfanylphenyl)ethanone
• Step 2 tert-Butyl 4'-oxospiro[piperidine-4,2'-thiochromane]-l- carboxylate
• Step 1 l'-(2-Methoxybenzoyl)spiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]-4- one
• Step 2 (4-hydroxyspiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-yl)-(2- methoxyphenyl)methanone
• Step 3 (2-Methoxyphenyl)-(4-methoxyspiro[chromane-2,4'- piperidine]-l'-yl)methanone
• Step 1 l'-(4-Isopropoxy-3-methoxy-benzoyl)spiro[chromane-2,4'- piperidine]-4-one
• Step 2 (4-Hydroxyspiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-yl)-(4- isopropoxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)methanone
• Step 3 (4-Isopropoxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-(4- methoxyspiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-yl)methanone
• Step 1 (4-Isopropoxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-spiro[chromene-2,4'- piperidinej-l'-yl-methanone
• Step 2 (la,7b-Dihydrospiro[oxireno[2,3-c]chromene-2,4'- piperidine]-l'-yl)(4-isopropoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methanone
• Step 3 (3-Hydroxy-4-isopropoxyspiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidine]- l'-yl)(4-isopropoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methanone
• Step 4 (4-Isopropoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)(4-isopropoxy-3- methoxyspiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-yl)methanone
• Step 1 l'-(4-Isopropoxy-3-methoxybenzoyl)-3- methylspiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidin]-4-one and l'-(4-isopropoxy-3-methoxybenzoyl)-3,3- dimethylspiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidin]-4-one
• Step 2 (4-Hydroxy-3-methylspiro[chroman-2,4 , -piperidine]-l'- yl)(4-isopropoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methanone and (4-hydroxy-3,3- dimethylspiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-yl)(4-isopropoxy-3- methoxyphenyl)methanone
• reaction mixture was washed three times with a 1M solution of hydrochloric acid (3 x 3 mL), followed by three washes with a saturated aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (3 x 3 mL), followed by three washes of a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride (3 x 3 mL).
• the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated to dryness.
• Step 2 (4 , -Hydroxy-3',4'-dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,2 , -pyrano[2,3- b]pyridine]-l-yl)(4-isopropoxy-3-methylphenyl)methanone
• Step 3 (4 , -Isopropoxy-3',4 , -dihydrospiro[piperidine-4,2'- pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine]-l-yl)(4-isopropoxy-3-methylphenyl)methanone
• Triethylamine (177 ⁇ , 1.3 mmol) was added followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (36 ⁇ ., 0.47 mmol) and the reaction was allowed to stir for lh while warming to 25 °C.
• Triethylamine (177 ⁇ , 1.27 mmol) was added followed by methanesulfonyl chloride (36 ⁇ ,, 0.47 mmol) and the reaction was allowed to stir for lh while warming to 25 °C.
• Step 1 Methyl 5-isopropylsulfonylpyridine-2-carboxylate
• Step 3 (R)-(6-Bromo-5-(isopropylsulfonyl)pyridin-2-yl)(6-fluoro-4- isopropoxyspiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-yl)methanone
• Step 4 [(4R)-6-Fluoro-4-isopropoxy-spiro[chromane-2,4'- piperidine]-l'-yl]-(5-isopropylsulfonyl-6-methyl-2-pyridyl)methanone
• Step 1 terf-Butyl 4-hydroxyspiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidine]-l'- carboxylate
• Step 2 terf-Butyl spiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-carboxylate
• the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and the residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and a 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The layers were separated and the organic layer was washed with a 1M aqueous hydrochloric acid solution three times. The combined aqueous layers were made basic with a 6M aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. This solution was then extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and evaporated to dryness to give a red oil.
• Step 3 terf-Butyl la,7b-dihydrospiro[oxireno[2,3-c]chromene-2,4'- piperidine]-l'-carboxylate
• Step 4 Spiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidin]-3-one hydrochloride
• Step 5 l'-(4-Isopropoxy-3-methoxybenzoyl)spiro[chroman-2,4'- piperidin]-3-one
• Step 1 (3-Hydroxyspiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-yl)(4- isopropoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methanone
• Step 2 (4-Isopropoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)(3-methoxyspiro[chroman- 2,4'-piperidine]-l'-yl)methanone
• Step 1 terf-Butyl 4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)spiro[chromene-
• Step 2 4-(Benzyloxymethyl)spiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine] hydrochloride
• Step 3 (4-(Hydroxymethyl)spiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-yl)(4- isopropoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methanone
• the reaction vessel was placed into a 100 °C preheated oil bath and was allowed to stir overnight. The reaction was quenched with brine and extracted with EtOAc (3 times). The organic layers were seperated, dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed. The crude reaction mixture was purified via column chromatography (2%-30%) EtOAc in hexanes. tert-Butyl 4-(isopropoxymethyl)spiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]- - carboxylate (640 mg, 1.714 mmol, 38%) eluted at 12% EtOAc in hexanes and was isolated as a thick yellow oil. ESI-MS m/z calc. 373.4, found 374.4 (M+l) + ; Retention time: 2.3 minutes (3 min run).
• Step 1 tert-Butyl 4-phenylspiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]-l'- carboxylate
• Step 2 4-Phenylspiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine] hydrochloride
• 2,4'-piperidine]- -yl)methanone (30 mg, 0.066 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) and AcOH (0.2 mL) was added Pd/C (10%, 7.1 mg, 0.066 mmol). The mixture was stirred at rt for lh under a balloon of hydrogen. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was taken up in ethyl acetate and the solution was washed with saturated aqueous NaHC0 3 , then brine.
• Stepl l'-tert-Butyl 4-methyl spiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]-l',4- dicarboxylate
• Step 2 tert-Butyl 4-(hydroxymethyl)spiro[chromane-2,4'- piperidine]-l'-carboxylate
• Step 4 [l'-(4-isopropoxy-3-methoxy-benzoyl)spiro[chromane-2,4'- piperidine]-4-yl] methyl methanesulfonate
• Step 1 Benzyl spiro[chroman-2,4'-piperidine]-l'-carboxylate

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• 2012
  • 2012-02-16 MX MX2013009393A patent/MX2013009393A/es unknown
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