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  • C07C45/65—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by splitting-off hydrogen atoms or functional groups; by hydrogenolysis of functional groups
  • C07C45/66—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reactions not involving the formation of >C = O groups by splitting-off hydrogen atoms or functional groups; by hydrogenolysis of functional groups by dehydration
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  • C07C45/78—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
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  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
  • C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
  • C07C67/313—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by introduction of doubly bound oxygen containing functional groups, e.g. carboxyl groups
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  • C07C2602/44—Systems containing two condensed rings the rings having more than two atoms in common the bicyclo ring system containing eight carbon atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a new process for the preparation of 6-hydroxy-5- arylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one compounds of the formula (II); which may subsequently be further transformed to compounds of the formula (I):
• the present invention further relates to novel compounds of formula 2, formula 3 and formula 4 as such.
• the present compounds of formula 2, formula 3 and formula 4 can be used as intermediates in the preparation of compounds of the formula (II).
• the present invention further relates to novel compounds of formula 6 as such.
• the present compounds of formula 6 can be used as intermediates in the preparation of 5-aryl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5- en-2-one compounds of the formula (I).
• Said compounds of the formula (I) are key building blocks in the synthesis of certain calcium channel blockers described in WO2008/132679 and WO2009/130679.
• compounds of formula (I) can be used for the synthesis of bicyclic dienes of formula (III) (especially in enantiomerically enriched form)
• R 4 represents any group which may be introduced by an organometallic reagent; especially alkyl or aryl.
• Compounds of formula (III), especially C 2 -symmetrical 2,5- disubstituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-dienes (bod * ) are rapidly gaining considerable interest as chiral ligands in asymmetric catalysis, see for example: E. Carreira et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 2-23; T. Hayashi et al., Aldrichim. Acta. 2009, 42, 31.. The current syntheses generally suffer from very low yields.
• Compounds of formula (II) are known in literature (M. Bella, D. M.
• the starting material for said cyclization is available in a surprisingly convenient and scalable multistep reaction, which comprises, as a key step, a transition metal catalyzed alpha-arylation reaction.
• the process may be extended by a two-step reaction, which comprises, as a key step, a surprisingly mild and scalable elimination reaction, to obtain useful building blocks of formula (I), optionally in enantiomerically enriched form.
• the invention relates to a process for the synthesis of 6-hydroxy-5- arylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one compounds, the compounds of the formula (II):
• Ar represents an aryl group
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiment 1 ), wherein said process comprises a cyclization of a compound of formula 4 to a compound of formula (II); wherein the compound of formula (II) is formed in the reaction mixture in diastereomerically enriched form; wherein the major diastereoisomer is (1 R * ,4R * ,5S * ,6S * )-6-hydroxy-5- arylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one:
• Formula (I la) Formula (lib) wherein preferably the diastereomeric purity is greater than about 70%, notably greater than 80%, especially greater 90%.
• the major diastereoisomer is (1 R * ,4R * ,5S * ,6S * )-6-hydroxy-5-arylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one
• the possible minor diastereisomers are (1 R * ,4R * ,5R * ,6R * )-6-hydroxy-5- arylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one, (1 R * ,4R * ,5R * ,6S * )-6-hydroxy-5-arylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one, and (1 R * ,4R * ,5S * ,6R * )-6-hydroxy-5-arylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one.
• Another aspect of the present invention relates to the process according to embodiments 1 ) or 2), wherein the compound of formula 4 (preferred sub-embodiment), or the compound of formula 10 (less preferred sub-embodiment) is cyclized;
• reaction temperature of about 20-75 °C (notably at about 45-70 °C, especially at about 50 °C);
• an aqueous mineral acid notably aqu. HCI, especially about 32% aqu. HCI
• aqu. HCI especially about 32% aqu. HCI
• preferably in an amount of about 0.1-2 equ. notably about 0.1-1 equ., especially about 0.3 equ.
• 0.1-2 equ. notably about 0.1-1 equ., especially about 0.3 equ.
• a solvent especially a solvent selected from the group consisting of aromatic solvents (such as toluene or benzene), esters (such as EtOAc or iPrOAc), alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol), ethers (such as THF, 2- methyltetrahydrofurane, 1 ,4-dioxane or ferf-butylmethylether), ketones (such as acetone), chlorinated hydrocarbons (such as DCM), or acetonitrile; notably ethylacetate); wherein said solvent is present in an amount of about 1 -10 vol.
• aromatic solvents such as toluene or benzene
• esters such as EtOAc or iPrOAc
• alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol
• ethers such as THF, 2- methyltetrahydrofurane, 1 ,4-dioxane or ferf-but
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiment 3), wherein said isolation from the reaction mixture by solid-liquid separation is achieved • by solid-liquid separation (especially filtration) of the precipitated product at the reaction temperature;
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to any one of embodiments 1 ) to 4), wherein said compound of formula 4, or said compound of formula 10, is obtained from a compound of formula 2:
• Ar represents an aryl group
• -COOR 3 represents an ester group.
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to any one of embodiments 1 ) to 5), wherein, in case said process comprises a cyclization of a compound of formula 4, said compound of formula 4 is obtained from said compound of formula 2
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiment 5), wherein, in case said process comprises a cyclization of a compound of formula 10, said compound of formula 10 is obtained from a compound of formula 2 via
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiment 7), wherein, in sequence A), said reduction of the ester group -COOR 3 of the compound of formula 2 to the corresponding alcohol, followed by said deprotection of the ketal protecting group, leads to a compound of formula 1 1 :
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiment 7), wherein, in sequence B), said deprotection of the ketal protecting group of the compound of formula 2 leads to a compound of formula 8:
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to any one of embodiments 1 ) to 9), wherein, in case said process comprises a cyclization of a compound of formula 4, said compound of formula 4, is obtained from a compound of formula 13.
• Another embodiment relates to the process for the synthesis of a compound of the formula (II):
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to any one of embodiments 1 ) to 1 1 ), wherein said compound of formula 4, or said compound of formula 10, is used in situ
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to any one of embodiments 5) to 12); wherein said compound of formula 2:
• Ar represents an aryl group
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to a process according to embodiment 13), wherein said compound of the formula 1 :
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiments 13) or 14), wherein R 3 is methyl.
• said ester -COOR 31 is, in a first step, transformed into an ester -COOR 3 , wherein R 3 is especially methyl.
• FIG. 16 Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiments 14) or 15), wherein said coupling step is effected under the conditions published in literature by Shibasaki et al. (T. Aria, H. Sasai, K.-l. Aoe, K. Okamura, T. Date, M. Shibasaki, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 104-106; T. Ohshima, Y. Xu, R. Takita, M. Shibasaki, Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 9569-9588).
• a polar aprotic solvent selected from DMSO, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidinone and
• dimethylacetamide especially dimethylacetamide.
• embodiment 21 Another embodiment relates to the process according to any one of embodiments 14) to 20), wherein the compound of formula 1 (and, respectively, the compounds of formula 14 and 15) is obtained in enantiomencally enriched form. Respectively, embodiment 21 ) relates to the process of embodiment 13), wherein the compound of formula 1 is used in enantiomencally enriched form.
• Another embodiment relates to the process of any one of embodiments 1 ) to 21 ), wherein the compound of formula 4 is used as a mixture of enantiomencally enriched diastereoisomers; preferably as a mixture of enantiomencally essentially pure diastereoisomers.
• embodiment 22) especially relates to the process of any one of embodiments 1 ) to 21 ), wherein the mixture of enantiomencally enriched diastereoisomers of the compound of formula 4a) is obtained from a mixture of enantiomencally enriched diastereoisomers of the compound of formula 2a) which in turn is obtained from the enantiomencally enriched compound of formula 1 a); or the mixture of enantiomencally enriched diastereoisomers of the compound of formula 4b) is obtained from a mixture of enantiomencally enriched diastereoisomers of the compound of formula 2b) which in turn is obtained from the enantiomencally enriched compound of formula 1 b):
• the enantiomerically enriched compound of formula (lla) is obtained from the cyclization of the compound of formula 4a), respectively, the enantiomerically enriched compound of formula (lib) is obtained from cyclization of the compound of formula 4b :
• Another embodiment relates to the process of any one of embodiments 5) to 9), 1 1 ) or 12); wherein the compound of formula 2
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiment 23), wherein R 3 is methyl.
• said ester -COOR is, in a first step, transformed into an ester -COOR 3 , wherein R 3 is especially methyl.
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to any one of embodiments 23) to 25), wherein said coupling step is effected under the conditions published in literature by Shibasaki et al. (M. Shibasaki et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1996, 35, 104-106; M. Shibasaki et al., Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 9569-9588) to obtain compounds of Formula 16 below in enantiomerically enriched form.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to a process according to any one of embodiments 1 ) to 27), wherein the compound of the formula (II) is further transformed to a compound the formula (I):
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiment 28), wherein said transformation of the compound of the formula (II) to the compound of the formula (I) is effected via an elimination step.
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiment 29), wherein said elimination step comprises the activation of the alcohol function of the compound of formula (II).
• said compound of formula 6 is in diastereomerically enriched form having the relative configuration (1 S*,2R*,3R*,4S*) [i.e. the compound is (1 S*,2R*,3R*,4S*)-6-oxo-3-arylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl methanesulfonate]:
• said diastereoisomer notably is enantiomerically enriched (preferably enantiomerically essentially pure), i.e. having either the absolute configuration (1 R,2S,3S,4R) or (1 S,2R,3R,4S).
• Another embodiment relates to the process of any one of embodiments 28) to 31 ), wherein the compound of formula (I) is obtained as the enantiomerically enriched ⁇ R,R)-, respectively, (S,S)-isomer of the compound of formula (I):
• embodiment 32 especially relates to the process of embodiment 22).
• Another embodiment relates to the process of any one of embodiments 28) to 31 ), wherein the compound of formula (I) is obtained in racemic form, or as mixture of enantiomers of any ratio; and wherein the enantiomerically enriched ⁇ R,R)-, respectively, (S,S)-isomer of the compound of formula (I):
• Another embodiment relates to the process for the synthesis of a compound of the formula (I):
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to a process according to any one of embodiments 28) to 34), wherein the compound of the formula (I) is further transformed to a compound the formula (I I I):
• R 4 represents any group which may be introduced by an organometallic reagent (especially organolithium, organomagnesium, or organoboron reagent); especially R 4 represents alkyl or aryl.
• organometallic reagent especially organolithium, organomagnesium, or organoboron reagent
• R 4 represents alkyl or aryl.
• said transformation is effected either by a sequence of direct addition and elimination; or by the coupling of said organometallic reagent with the respective enol trifluoromethanesulfonate of formula 18
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to embodiment 35), wherein said transformation is effected via an addition-elimination sequence.
• Another embodiment relates to the process according to any one of embodiments 36) to 37), wherein R 4 is different from Ar; i.e. compound of formula (I I I) is not C 2 -symmetrical:
• Another embodiment relates to the process of any one of embodiments 35) to 38), wherein the compound of formula (I II) is obtained in form of the enantiomerically enriched ⁇ R,R)-, respectively, (S,S)-isomer of the compound of formula (I I I):
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to novel compounds of the formula 4:
• Ar represents an aryl group
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to novel compounds of the formula 3:
• Ar represents an aryl group
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to novel compounds of the formula 2:
• Ar represents an aryl group
• -COOR 3 represents an ester group.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to novel compounds of the formula 6:
• Ar represents an aryl group.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to the compound of any one of embodiments 40) to 42), wherein said compound is in form of a mixture of diastereoisomers, wherein each diastereoisomer is in enantiomerically enriched form (preferably enantiomerically essentially pure).
• one stereocenter is in enantiomerically enriched (preferably enantiomerically pure) absolute configuration as depicted in the respective formulae 2a), 4a) and, mutatis mutandis, 3a); or in formulae 2b), 4b) and, mutatis mutandis, 3b); whereas the other stereocenter is not controlled giving rise to said mixture of diastereoisomers.
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to the compound of embodiment 43), wherein said compound of formula 6 is in diastereomerically enriched form having the relative configuration (1 S * ,2R * ,3R * ,4S * ) [i.e. the compound is (1 S * ,2R * ,3R * ,4S * )-6-oxo-3- arylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-yl methanesulfonate]:
• said diastereoisomer notably is enantiomerically enriched (preferably enantiomerically essentially pure), i.e. having either the absolute configuration (1 R,2S,3S,4R) or (1 S,2R,3R,4S).
• Another embodiment relates to the compounds of formula 6 according to embodiment 45), selected from the group consisting of:
• a further aspect of the present invention relates to a process according to any one of embodiments 28) to 34), wherein the compound of the formula (I), wherein in this particular case Ar represents phenyl, is further transformed to any one of the following compounds: rac-isobutyric acid (1 R * ,2R * ,4R * )-2-(2- ⁇ [3-(4,7-dimethoxy-1 H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-propyl]- methyl-amino ⁇ -ethyl)-5-phenyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-en-2-yl ester,
• R 1 and R 2 independently represent Ci- 8 -alkyl which is optionally substituted with aryl, Ci -6 -alkoxy, hydroxy, or halogen; or R 1 and R 2 together form a group -(CH 2 ) n -, wherein n represents the integer 2, 3, or 4, which group is optionally substituted with aryl, or Ci -4 -alkyl.
• the term encompasses ketal groups wherein R 1 and R 2 independently represent Ci -8 -alkyl (notably C 1-4 -alkyl); or R 1 and R 2 together form a group -(CH 2 ) n -, wherein n represents the integer 2 or 3, which group is optionally substituted with C 1-4 -alkyl.
• the term notably encompasses ketal groups wherein R 1 and R 2 together form a group -(CH 2 ) n -, wherein n represents the integer 2 or 3 (notably 2).
• the term especially encompasses ester groups wherein R 3 represents Ci -8 -alkyl which is optionally substituted with aryl, Ci -6 -alkoxy, hydroxy, or halogen.
• the term encompasses ester groups wherein R 3 represents Ci -8 -alkyl or benzyl.
• the term encompasses ester groups wherein R 3 represents Ci -3 -alkyl, especially R 3 represents methyl.
• R 31 represents Ci- 8 -alkyl which is optionally substituted with aryl, Ci -6 -alkoxy, hydroxy, or halogen; in addition, R 31 is preferably identical to R 3 .
• the term encompasses ester groups wherein R 31 represents Ci -8 -alkyl or benzyl.
• the term encompasses ester groups wherein R 31 represents Ci -3 -alkyl, especially R 31 represents methyl. Any R 31 may be transformed into the corresponding R 3 using well known methods of trans-esterification.
• an ester group may in some instances be replaced by a cyano group.
• the inter-transformation of carboxylic acid / ester groups to cyano groups, or of cyano groups to carboxylic acid / ester groups is well known in the art. The use of such cyano groups is encompassed in the scope of the present invention.
• any group which may be introduced by an organometallic reagent as used for the substituent R 4 means all kinds of residues which may be installed via a organometallic reagent which is capable of making an addition reaction on a ketone carbonyl group.
• the term represents any residue which may be introduced using an organolithium, organomagnesium, organoboron, organoaluminium or organozinc reagent; notably organolithium, organomagnesium, or organoboron reagent.
• residues examples include alkyl; aryl; alkenyl; and alkyl which is substituted with one or more substituents selected from fluoro, alkoxy, aryl, and -CO-R 5 wherein R 5 is alkyl or alkoxy.
• substituents selected from fluoro, alkoxy, aryl, and -CO-R 5 wherein R 5 is alkyl or alkoxy.
• heteroaryl groups such as especially 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl may be introduced via an organometallic reagent.
• Preferred examples of such residues are alkyl and aryl.
• aryl as used herein means a phenyl or naphthyl group (preferably a phenyl group) which group is unsubstituted (preferred), or mono-, di-, or tri-substituted, wherein the substituents are independently selected from the group consisting of (Ci -4 )alkyl, (Ci -4 )alkoxy, halogen, (Ci -3 )fluoroalkyl, and (Ci -3 )fluoroalkoxy.
• heteroaryl means a 5- to 10-membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aromatic ring containing 1 to a maximum of 4 heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
• monocyclic heteroaryl groups are 5-membered monocyclic heteroaryl groups such as furanyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, and tetrazolyl; and 6-membered monocyclic heteroaryl such as pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, and pyrazinyl.
• bicyclic heteroaryl groups comprise 8-membered bicyclic heteroaryl groups such as 4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrolyl, pyrrolo[2, 1 -b]thiazolyl and imidazo[2, 1 -b]thiazolyl; 9- membered bicyclic heteroaryl groups such as indolyl, isoindolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoisothiazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, pyrazolo[1 ,5-a]pyridyl, pyrazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidyl, imidazo[1 ,2-a]pyridyl, 1 H-pyrrolo[3,2- b]
• alkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched chain alkyl group containing one to eight carbon atoms.
• (C x-y )alkyl refers to an alkyl group as defined before containing x to y carbon atoms.
• a (Ci-4)alkyl group contains from one to four carbon atoms.
• alkyl groups are especially (Ci -4 )alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec. -butyl, and tert. butyl. Preferred are methyl and ethyl.
• alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing two to six carbon atoms with at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• (C x-y )alkenyl refers to an alkenyl group as defined before containing x to y carbon atoms.
• alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl (also referred to as “vinyl”), 2-propenyl (also referred to as “allyl”), 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, and 5-hexenyl, especially ethenyl or 2-propenyl.
• alkoxy refers to an alkyl-O- group wherein the alkyl group is as defined before.
• (C x-y )alkoxy (x and y each being an integer) refers to an alkoxy group as defined before containing x to y carbon atoms.
• a (Ci -4 )alkoxy group means a group of the formula (Ci -4 )alkyl-0- in which the term "(Ci -4 )alkyl" has the previously given significance.
• alkoxy groups are especially (Ci -4 )alkoxy groups such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec.-butoxy and tert.-butoxy. Preferred are ethoxy and especially methoxy.
• fluoroalkyi refers to an alkyl group as defined before containing one to three carbon atoms in which one or more (and possibly all) hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine.
• (C x-y )fluoroalkyl (x and y each being an integer) refers to a fluoroalkyi group as defined before containing x to y carbon atoms.
• a (C 1-3 )fluoroalkyl group contains from one to three carbon atoms in which one to seven hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine.
• Representative examples of fluoroalkyi groups include trifluoromethyl and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl. Preferred are (C-i)fluoroalkyl groups such as trifluoromethyl.
• fluoroalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group as defined before containing one to three carbon atoms in which one or more (and possibly all) hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine.
• (C x-y )fluoroalkoxy (x and y each being an integer) refers to a fluoroalkoxy group as defined before containing x to y carbon atoms.
• a (Ci -3 )fluoroalkoxy group contains from one to three carbon atoms in which one to seven hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine.
• Representative examples of fluoroalkoxy groups include trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy. Preferred are (C-i)fluoroalkoxy groups such as trifluoromethoxy and difluoromethoxy.
• halogen as used herein means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo, preferably chloro.
• solid-liquid separation refers to routine solid-liquid separation techniques well known to a skilled person (see for example Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7 th edition, Perry, R.H.; Green, D. W. McGraw-Hill 1997). In particular, the term includes techniques such as filtration, centrifugation, and gravity sedimentation; especially filtration.
• liquid-liquid extraction refers to routine liquid-liquid extraction or washing techniques well known to a skilled person (see for example Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7 th edition, Perry, R.H.; Green, D. W. McGraw-Hill 1997). In particular the term includes washing or extraction techniques using settlers, cyclones, centrifuges, mixer- settler, all kinds of continuous contact equipment; distillation: batch and continuous distillation; and supercritical fluid separation techniques.
• the term "about” placed before a numerical value "X” refers in the current application to an interval extending from X minus 10% of X to X plus 10% of X, and preferably to an interval extending from X minus 5% of X to X plus 5% of X. In case the term about is placed before a range, the respective interval is to be applied to both values of the range. In the particular case of temperatures, the term “about” placed before a temperature ⁇ " refers in the current application to an interval extending from the temperature Y minus 10 °C to Y plus 10 °C, and preferably to an interval extending from Y minus 5 °C to Y plus 5 °C.
• the expression % w/w refers to a percentage by weight compared to the total weight of the composition considered.
• the expression v/v refers to a ratio by volume of the two components considered.
• the expression % a/a refers to the purity with respect to area under the curve (i.e. integral) in a chromatogram, preferably measuring the UV absorption.
• vol signifies volumes (in L, e.g. of solvent) per weight (in kg, e.g. of reactant). For example 7 vol signifies 7 liters (of solvent) per kg (of reactant).
• enriched for example when used in the context of enantiomers or diastereoisomers is understood in the context of the present invention to mean especially that the respective enantiomer / diastereoisomer is present in a ratio (mutatis mutandis: purity) as explicitly specified; usually in a ratio of at least 60:40, especially of at least 70:30, and notably of at least 90:10 (mutatis mutandis: purity of 60% / 70% / 90%) with respect to the respective other enantiomer / diastereoisomer(s).
• the term refers to the respective essentially pure enantiomer / diastereoisomer.
• essentially for example when used in a term such as “essentially pure” is understood in the context of the present invention to mean especially that the respective stereoisomer / composition / compound etc. consists in an amount of at least 90, especially of at least 95, and notably of at least 99 per cent by weight of the respective pure stereoisomer / composition / compound etc..
• stereoisomers The relative configuration of stereoisomers is denoted as follows: for example, (1 /?*,4/?*,5S*,6S*)-6-hydroxy-5-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one, if not explicitly mentioned as racemate, denominates (1 R,4R,5S,6S)-6-hydroxy-5-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one, or (1 S,4S,5R,6R)-6-hydroxy-5-phenylbicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-one, or any mixture of these two enantiomers.
• the compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) are manufactured by the methods given below. In general, they are prepared according to the general sequence of reactions outlined below in the General Reaction Schemes 1 to 1 1.
• the starting materials i.e. the compounds of formula 15 can be obtained using the procedures described in the literature (Shibasaki et al., Tetrahedron 2004, 60, 9569-9588). They can be obtained either in enantiomerically enriched form, or in form of the racemates.
• the compound of formula 15 (here: the enantiomerically enriched form); wherein preferably R 3 represents methyl, and R 1 and R 2 together represent -CH 2 - CH 2 -; is treated with an alkali metal halide in an amount of 2-5 equ. and water in an amount of 1-2 equ. (both per equ. of the compound of formula 15) in a polar aprotic solvent such as DMSO, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidinone or dimethylacetamide, at elevated temperature.
• a polar aprotic solvent such as DMSO, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidinone or dimethylacetamide
• a preferred alkali metal halide is LiCI (preferably 2 equ.). Water is used in a preferred amount of 1 equ.
• a suitable reaction temperature is about 120-150 °C, especially about 135-145 °C, particularly about 140 °C.
• the concentration of compound of formula 15 in the solvent is about 2-3 vol. (2-3 L solvent per kg; especially about 2.6 vol.).
• the reaction time is usually 2-5 h, especially 2-3 h.
• a base such as lithium diisopropylamide, lithium dicyclohexylamide, lithium hexamethyl
• the preferred base is lithium diisopropylamide and the preferred solvent is a mixture of toluene and hexane, e.g. in a ratio of 1 : 2 v/v.
• lithium diisopropylamide is preferably used in an amount of 1 -3 equ. per equ. of the compound of formula 1 , particularly in an amount of 1 .2 equ.
• the preferred catalyst is tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium in combination with the ligand tri-ferf-butylphosphine tetrafluoroborate, each in an amount of 0.001 -0.1 equ. per equ.
• the reaction is performed at about - 5 to 40 °C, preferably at about 0 to 30 °C.
• the reaction time is about 1 -10 h, especially 1-5 h, and preferably about 2 h.
• citric acid soln. is added, followed by a phase split.
• the org. phase is washed twice with water and then treated with charcoal (preferably 1 wt.).
• the vol. of the org. phase is adjusted by removal of solvent under reduced pressure. Preferably a 50-60% w/w soln. is obtained. This soln. is directly used in the ensuing reduction step c.
• step c compounds of formula 2 are reduced, e.g. with LiAIH 4 in a solvent like toluene, THF, or 2-methyl THF, or mixtures thereof, to give compounds of formula 3.
• the preferred solvent is a mixture of toluene and THF in a ratio of 3.8 : 1 .
• the concentration of the compound of formula 2 in the solvent is about 3-6 vol. (2-6 L solvent per equ.; especially about 3.7 vol.).
• LiAIH 4 is used in amounts of 0.5-2 equ. per equ. of the compound of formula 2, particularly in an amount of 0.55 equ.
• the reaction is carried out by adding a soln. of LiAIH 4 in THF into a soln.
• Toluene is the solvent used both for step b and c, thus minimizing volumes and number of unit operations.
• step d compounds of formula 3 are reacted with commercially available bleach (12-14% w/w) in the presence of KBr and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1 -oxyl to obtain the compound of formula 4.
• Appropriate solvents are aromatic solvents (such as toluene or benzene), esters (such as EtOAc or iPrOAc) or chlorinated hydrocarbons (such as DCM).
• a preferred solvent is EtOAc.
• the amount of bleach (NaOCI soln.) is 1.0-1 .5 equ. per equ. of the compound of formula 3, preferably 1.1 -1.2 equ..
• the amount of both KBr and 2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine-1 -oxyl is 0.005-0.02 equ. per equ. of the compound of formula 3, preferably 0.01 equ..
• the reaction is carried out at about 0-20 °C, preferably at about 5-10 °C.
• the excess bleach is quenched by sodium thiosulfate soln., the org. phase washed with water and brine and evaporated to dryness to afford compounds of formula 4 as a mixture of diastereomers (60:40 to 70:30), usually as an oil.
• the org. layer containing the compound of formula 4 is filtered over Celite to remove traces of solid particles.
• step d the compound of formula 4 is not isolated: only a water and a brine wash are performed followed by adjustment of the concentration by distillation of EtOAc, and the reaction is continued with step e.
• the residual toluene content in the starting material i.e. the neat oil of 3
• the residual toluene content in the starting material is reduced and controlled below 2% w/w by removal of solvent under reduced pressure.
• step e compounds of formula 4 are cyclized to afford compounds of formula 5 [corresponding to the enantiomerically enriched diastereoisomer of formula (I la)].
• the cyclization is run in the presence of an acid.
• Suitable solvents are aromatic solvents (such as toluene or benzene), esters (such as EtOAc or iPrOAc), alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol), ethers (such as THF, 2-methyltetrahydrofurane, 1 ,4- dioxane or ferf-butylmethylether), ketones (such as acetone), chlorinated hydrocarbons (such as DCM), or acetonitrile.
• aromatic solvents such as toluene or benzene
• esters such as EtOAc or iPrOAc
• alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol
• ethers such as THF, 2-methyltetra
• Preferred solvent is EtOAc.
• Suitable acids are aqu. mineral acids (such as aqu. HCI or HBr) or aqu. H 3 P0 4 .
• Preferred acid is aqu. HCI in a concentration of about 3-32%, preferably about 32%.
• the amount of the acid is about 0.1-2 equ. per equ. of the compound of formula 4, notably about 0.1 -1 equ., especially about 0.3 equ..
• the reaction is carried out at about 20-75 °C, notably at about 45-70 °C, especially at about 50 °C.
• the concentration of the compound of formula 4 in EtOAc is about 1-5 vol. (i.e.
• step e the suspension of the compound of formula 5 is cooled to about 0°C, and stirred at about 0 °C for about 1 -5 h prior to filtration.
• the compounds of formula (II) are obtained in high diastereoisomeric purity (mixture of compounds of formula (I la) and (lib) depending on the enantiomeric purity of the compounds of formula 1 used in step b; in general > 99% diastereoisomeric purity.
• step f compounds of formula 5 [here: corresponding to the enantiomerically enriched diastereoisomer of formula (I la)] are transformed into the corresponding mesylate derivatives of formula 6, in the presence of a base.
• Suitable solvents are aromatic solvents (such as toluene or benzene), ethers (such as THF, 2-methyltetrahydrofurane, 1 ,4-dioxane or ferf-butylmethylether), polar aprotic solvents (such as DMSO, DMF, N- methylpyrrolidinone or dimethylacetamide) or chlorinated hydrocarbons (such as DCM). Most preferred solvent is toluene.
• the preferred reagent is methanesulfonyl chloride which is used in about 1-2 equ. per equ. of the compound of formula 5, preferably in about 1.3 equ..
• Appropriate bases are triethylamine, diethylisopropylamine or pyridine in amounts of about 1 .5-3 equ. per equ. of the compound of formula 5, preferably in about 1 .5 equ..
• the reaction is carried out at about 10-25 °C for about 10-60 min. After completion of the reaction water is added, followed by phase separation and a solvent exchange to the solvent of step g.
• the activation can be achieved by reacting the compound of formula 5 with benzoyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine in DCM at r.t.
• compounds of formula 6 can be obtained in crystalline form by crystallization from heptane / EtOAc (1 : 1 v/v) or toluene.
• Suitable solvents are aromatic solvents (such as toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene, or xylenes), polar aprotic solvents (such as DMSO, sulfolane, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidinone or dimethylacetamide), higher boiling nitriles (such as acetonitrile or butyronitrile), higher boiling ethers (such as bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether), higher boiling nitrogen bases (such as 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-en or 1 ,5- diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene), or pyridines (such as pyridine, 2,6-lutidine or 2,4,6- collidine).
• aromatic solvents such as toluene, benzene, chlorobenzene, or xylenes
• polar aprotic solvents such as DMSO, sulfolane, DMF, N-
• the reaction step g is performed in the presence of bases using the solvents mentioned above.
• bases such as the above mentioned higher boiling nitrogen bases or pyridines
• such solvents may serve at the same time as solvent and as base.
• suitablebases are amidine or guanidine bases (such as 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, 1 ,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene, 7-methyl- 1 ,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene), tertiary amines (such as 1 ,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane or tetramethylpropylene diamine), inorganic bases (such as potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate), or alcoholates (such as lithium-, sodium- or potassium salts of methanol, ethanol or ferf-butyl alcohol).
• amidine or guanidine bases such as 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, 1 ,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene, 7-methyl- 1 ,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]
• the bases are used in amounts of about 1 -10 equ. per equ. of the compound of formula 6, preferably about 1-2 equ. When used as solvent and base at the same time, such bases are used in amounts of about 1-15 vol, notably 5-10 vol, with respect to the compound of formula 6.
• Potential additives are iodides (such as Nal) or lithium salts (such as LiBr), used in amounts of about 0.1-1 equ. per equ. of the compound of formula 6. In a particular variant, the elimination is accomplished in the presence of 2 equ. of 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene in toluene at about 140 °C for about 1 h.
• the elimination is accomplished in the presence of about 1 .5 equ. of Li 2 C0 3 in 1 ,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene at about 100 °C for about 0.5 h.
• reaction step g is carried out without a base, in the presence of silicium dioxide in DMSO.
• the reaction step g is carried out without a base by heating the compound of formula 6 in a suitable solvent like o-xylene, chlorobenzene, 3-dimethyl-3, 4,5,6- tetrahydro-2(1 H)-pyrimidinone, DMSO, sulfolane, DMF, N-methylpyrrolidinone, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine or 2,4,6-collidine at 140-150 °C for 1-2 h.
• Preferred solvents for this embodiment are sulfolane, N-methylpyrrolidinone and 2,4,6-collidine, most preferred solvent is 2,4,6-collidine.
• the concentration of the compound of formula 6 is about 0.5-10 vol. (i.e.
• 0.5-10 L of solvent per equ. of the compound of formula 6 preferably about 1 vol.
• a suitable solvent such as iPrOAc, EtOAc, toluene or heptane.
• Preferred solvents are iPrOAc, EtOAc or heptane.
• the org. phase is washed with diluted aqu. HCI and dried by azeotropic distillation.
• the compound of formula 7 is isolated by crystallization from suitable solvents like heptane, ferf-butyl methylether, mixtures of heptane and ferf- butylmethylether.
• suitable solvents like heptane, ferf-butyl methylether, mixtures of heptane and ferf- butylmethylether.
• Preferred solvent for crystallization is heptane.
• the steps f and g are telescoped: the compound of formula 6 is thus obtained by simple filtration of the reaction mixture and the filtrate is stirred at about 135 °C for about 1-2 h to obtain the compound of formula 7.
• Step g is highly concentrated, thus enabling a high throughput. Steps f and g, especially in case the preferred process is used, lead to crude compounds of formula (I) with high chemical purity, thus enabling a further upgrade in purity by crystallization, especially in case the compound of formula (I) is a low melting solid which may be difficult to crystallize in case the crude product has low purity.
• the two steps f and g can be telescoped and run in one pot, thus raising the efficiency.
• compounds of formula 5 can be transformed into compounds of formula 7 without the intermediate formation of the compound of formula 6.
• the compounds of formula 5 are treated with suitable Bronsted or Lewis acids (such as acetic acid in combination or not with sodium acetate, polyphosphoric acid, thionyl chloride, phosphorylchloride, or diisopropylcarbodiimide in the presence of copper(l)chloride) in a solvent or neat, at about 50-150 °C for about 1-16 h.
• suitable Bronsted or Lewis acids such as acetic acid in combination or not with sodium acetate, polyphosphoric acid, thionyl chloride, phosphorylchloride, or diisopropylcarbodiimide in the presence of copper(l)chloride
• a preferred reagent is thionyl chloride. In this case, the reaction is carried out neat at about 50 °C for about 3 h.
• racemic compounds of formula (I) can be separated in the two respective enantiomers: (R,/?)-formula (I) and (S,S)-formula (I), by chromatography on chiral phase.
• Suitable solvents are mixtures of hydrocarbons and esters such as n-heptane and EtOAc, preferably 75 : 25 v/v; alternatively with 0.01-0.3% of triethylamine.
• methanol can be used as eluent (preferably with 0.01 -0.3% of triethylamine).
• Suitable columns comprise Chiralpak AS-V or Chiralpak IA (e.g. 20 ⁇ ).
• step k both the ketone and the ester moiety of compounds of formula 8 (isomeric mixture) are reduced with lithium aluminium hydride in a solvent (like THF or 2-methyl THF, toluene and mixtures thereof) to obtain compounds of formula 9 (isomeric mixture).
• a solvent like THF or 2-methyl THF, toluene and mixtures thereof
• step I both alcohol moieties of compounds of formula 9 (isomeric mixture) are oxidized with commercially available bleach (12-14% w/w) in the presence of KBr and 2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine-1 -oxyl to obtain compounds of formula 10 (isomeric mixture).
• Appropriate solvents are aromatic solvents (such as toluene or benzene), esters (such as EtOAc or iPrOAc) or chlorinated hydrocarbons (such as DCM). Preferred solvent is EtOAc.
• step m compounds of formula 10 (isomeric mixture) are cyclized in the presence of an acid to afford compounds of rac.-formula 5.
• Suitable solvents are aromatic solvents (such as toluene or benzene), esters (such as EtOAc or iPrOAc), alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol), ethers (such as THF, 2-methyltetrahydrofurane, 1 ,4-dioxane or tert- butylmethylether), ketones (such as acetone), chlorinated hydrocarbons (such as DCM), or acetonitrile.
• Preferred solvent is EtOAc.
• Suitable acids are aqu. mineral acids (such as aqu. HCI or HBr) or aqu. H 3 P0 4 . Preferred acid is aqu.
• HCI in a concentration of about 3-32%, preferably about 32%.
• the amount of the acid is about 0.1-2 equ. per equ. of compound of formula 10, notably about 0.1 -1 equ., especially about 0.3 equ..
• the reaction is carried out at about 20-75 °C, notably at about 45-70 °C, especially at about 50 °C.
• the reaction time is about 1-5 h, especially about 2-3 h.
• the compounds of formula 5 are isolated in diastereomerically essentially pure form by crystallization from heptanes, tert- butylmethylether or mixtures thereof.
• the same processes may be used for enantiomerically enriched compounds depicted in General Reaction Scheme 8 to afford diastereomerically pure, enantioenriched compounds of formula 5.
• compounds of formula 5 can be obtained by a sequence of reactions as depicted in General Reaction Scheme 9.
• step n compounds of formula 3 (isomeric mixture) are deprotected by reacting with an acid to obtain compounds of formula 1 1 (isomeric mixture).
• Appropriate solvents are ethers, esters, aromatic solvents, chlorinated solvents or alcohols, preferably THF.
• Suitable acids are mineral acids, preferably aqu. HCI.
• step o the alcohol of compounds of formula 1 1 (isomeric mixture) is oxidized with commercially available bleach (12-14% w/w) in the presence of KBr and 2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine-1 -oxyl to obtain compounds of formula 10 (isomeric mixture).
• Appropriate solvents are aromatic solvents (such as toluene or benzene), esters (such as EtOAc or iPrOAc) or chlorinated hydrocarbons (such as DCM). Preferred solvents are DCM or EtOAc.
• Compounds of formula 5 are obtained in step m, as described in General Reaction Scheme 8. The same processes may be used for enantiomerically enriched compounds depicted in General Reaction Scheme 9 to afford diastereomerically pure, enantioenriched compounds of formula 5.
• compounds of formula 4 can be obtained from the nitrile compounds of formula 12 which are known in literature in form of the racemates (T. Strzalko, J. Seyden- Penne, L. Wartski, J. Corset, M. Castella-Ventura, F. Froment, J. Org. C em 1998, 3295- 3301 ).
• compounds of formula 12 (isomeric mixture) are protected as ketal using suitable alcohols, preferably ethylene glycol in the presence of an acid.
• suitable solvents are ethers, aromatic solvents, chlorinated solvents or alcohols, preferably toluene.
• Suitable acids are aqu. mineral acids or sulfonic acids, preferably p-toluenesulfonic acid.
• step q the nitrile group of the compounds of formula 13 (isomeric mixture) is reduced to the aldehyde of formula 4.
• a suitable reducing agent is diisobutylaluminum hydride.
• Suitable solvents are hydrocarbons, ethers, aromatic solvents and mixtures thereof, preferably a mixture of heptane and THF.
• the reaction temperature is between - 80 °C and 30 °C, preferably between 20 °C and 30 °C.
• the same processes may be used for enantiomerically enriched compounds depicted in General Reaction Scheme 10 to afford diastereomerically pure, enantioenriched compounds of formula 5.
• step r compounds of formula (I) may be transformed into compounds of formula (III).
• This can either be accomplished similar to published procedures (whereas the diketones are the substrates, using first the synthesis of the enol triflate which is then coupled with Grignard reagents in the presence of a Pd catalyst, see Hayashi et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 13584) or by the successive treatment of (first substep) an organometallic reagent, followed by (second substep) dehydration.
• Suitable organometallic reagents are organolithium, organomagnesium, or organoboron compounds, preferably organomagnesium reagents (Grignard reagents).
• Additional metal salts can be added like cerium trichloride or lanthanum trichloride, zinc dichloride, copper chloride, lithium chloride, (trimethylsilyl)magnesium chloride, magnesium chlorid.
• the reaction with the organometallic reagent is performed between - 80 °C and 30 °C, preferably between - 10 and 30 °C.
• Suitable solvents for the first substep are ethers (like THF or 2-methyl THF, dimethoxymethane) and aromatic solvents (like toluene), preferably THF or toluene and mixtures thereof.
• the intermediate is either treated with an acid, preferably aqu. mineral acids, most preferably aqu.
• step r is:
• Carrier gas Helium
• Agilent G1956B MS, lonisation: ESI+, APCI
• Agilent G1312B Bin Pump
• Agilent G1315C DAD Agilent G1316B (thermostated column compartment)
• Agilent G1367C auto sampler
• Eluent A Water, 0.08% TFA (trifluoroacetic acid)
• Eluent A Water, 0.08% TFA (trifluoroacetic a ⁇
• the reactor was charged with toluene (5.9 L) and a soln. of 2.4N LiAIH 4 in THF (3.9 L).
• the feed tank was charged with the toluene soln. (8.85 kg) of compound 2 (4.914 kg, 82% w/w of the residue) and additional toluene (3.9 L).
• This soln. was added to the LiAIH 4 soln. at 5- 15 °C over 1 h.
• the reaction was stirred at 10-20 °C for 30 min.
• IPC (GC) indicated > 99% conversion.
• a mixture of water (350 ml.) and THF (990 ml.) was added at 13-22 °C over 40 min. 15% NaOH-soln.
• a bleach soln. with pH 8.5-9.5 was prepared: Commercial bleach was titrated with the Kl / sodium bisulfite couple to determine its hypochlorite content: 1.9N, 12% w/w. This bleach soln. (65 mL) was diluted with aqu. sat. NaHC0 3 -soln. (26.4 mL) to achieve pH 8.7
• a bleach soln. with pH 8.5-9.5 was prepared: Commercial bleach was titrated with the Kl / sodium bisulfite couple to determine its hypochlorite content: 1.92N, 12% w/w. This bleach soln. (7.2 L) was diluted with aqu. sat. sodium bicarbonate-soln. (2.9 L) to achieve pH 9.3.
• Compound 12 was prepared according to published procedures from cyclohexenone and phenylacetonitrile, see for instance: T. Strzalko, J. Seyden-Penne, L. Wartski, J. Corset, M. Castella-Ventura, F. Froment, J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 3295-3301 .

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