WO2012050847A2 - Depth of consciousness monitor including oximeter - Google Patents

Depth of consciousness monitor including oximeter Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012050847A2
WO2012050847A2 PCT/US2011/053540 US2011053540W WO2012050847A2 WO 2012050847 A2 WO2012050847 A2 WO 2012050847A2 US 2011053540 W US2011053540 W US 2011053540W WO 2012050847 A2 WO2012050847 A2 WO 2012050847A2
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Prior art keywords
sensor
light
patient
light source
brain
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PCT/US2011/053540
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2012050847A3 (en
Inventor
Ammar Al-Ali
Yassir Abdul-Hafiz
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Masimo Corp
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Masimo Corp
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Priority to JP2013531735A priority Critical patent/JP5710767B2/ja
Priority to EP11768238.5A priority patent/EP2621333B1/en
Publication of WO2012050847A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012050847A2/en
Publication of WO2012050847A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012050847A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/369—Electroencephalography [EEG]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0002—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network
    • A61B5/0004—Remote monitoring of patients using telemetry, e.g. transmission of vital signals via a communication network characterised by the type of physiological signal transmitted
    • A61B5/0006—ECG or EEG signals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
    • A61B5/14551—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
    • A61B5/14551—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases
    • A61B5/14552—Details of sensors specially adapted therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
    • A61B5/14551—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases
    • A61B5/14553—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration or pH-value ; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid or cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters for measuring blood gases specially adapted for cerebral tissue
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/16—Devices for psychotechnics; Testing reaction times ; Devices for evaluating the psychological state
    • A61B5/165—Evaluating the state of mind, e.g. depression, anxiety
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/25—Bioelectric electrodes therefor
    • A61B5/279—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses
    • A61B5/291—Bioelectric electrodes therefor specially adapted for particular uses for electroencephalography [EEG]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/24—Detecting, measuring or recording bioelectric or biomagnetic signals of the body or parts thereof
    • A61B5/316—Modalities, i.e. specific diagnostic methods
    • A61B5/369—Electroencephalography [EEG]
    • A61B5/372—Analysis of electroencephalograms
    • A61B5/374—Detecting the frequency distribution of signals, e.g. detecting delta, theta, alpha, beta or gamma waves
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/48—Other medical applications
    • A61B5/4821—Determining level or depth of anaesthesia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
    • A61B5/6813—Specially adapted to be attached to a specific body part
    • A61B5/6814—Head
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/74—Details of notification to user or communication with user or patient; User input means
    • A61B5/742—Details of notification to user or communication with user or patient; User input means using visual displays
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B2562/00—Details of sensors; Constructional details of sensor housings or probes; Accessories for sensors
    • A61B2562/16—Details of sensor housings or probes; Details of structural supports for sensors
    • A61B2562/164—Details of sensor housings or probes; Details of structural supports for sensors the sensor is mounted in or on a conformable substrate or carrier
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
    • A61B5/6802—Sensor mounted on worn items
    • A61B5/6803—Head-worn items, e.g. helmets, masks, headphones or goggles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/68—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient
    • A61B5/6801—Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be attached to or worn on the body surface
    • A61B5/683—Means for maintaining contact with the body
    • A61B5/6832—Means for maintaining contact with the body using adhesives
    • A61B5/6833—Adhesive patches

Definitions

  • General anesthesia is often used to put patients to sleep and block pain and memory during medical or diagnostic procedures. While extremely useful to caregivers, general anesthesia is not risk free, and thus, caregivers seek to maintain a depth of consciousness consistent with the needs of a particular medical procedure. In short, there is a desire to avoid over and under dosing. However, as a patient's depth of consciousness may change from minute to minute, caregivers often employ a host of monitoring technologies to attempt to periodically, sporadically, or continually ascertain the wellness and consciousness of a patient.
  • caregivers may desire to monitor one or more of a patient's temperature, electroencephalogram or EEG, brain oxygen saturation, stimulus response, electromyography or EMG, respiration, body oxygen saturation or other blood analytes, pulse, hydration, blood pressure, perfusion, or other parameters or combinations of parameters.
  • monitoring technologies are individually readily available and widely used, such as, for example, pulse oximeters, vital signs monitors, and the like.
  • This attenuated signal includes information relating to the blood oxygenation of the brain.
  • Directly measuring the blood oxygenation of the brain, or at least measuring physiological parameters indicative of the blood oxygenation of the brain provides information about the state of brain function, such as, for example, brain oxygen consumption, not available by measurement parameters that determine only the oxygenation of the blood feeding the brain or by monitoring the brain's electrical activity.
  • One approach includes placing emitters on the forehead and spacing detectors on the forehead at different distances from the emitters.
  • the emitters emit radiation at two or four different wavelengths and the detectors output signals representing the detected attenuated radiation.
  • An instrument compares a DC signal from the different detectors and uses the difference as a basis for measurement. The underlying assumption appears to be that the closer detector provides an indication of oxygen saturation of the tissue outside the cerebral cavity, while the further detector provides an indication of the oxygen saturation of the tissue outside and inside the cerebral cavity. Subtraction of the two is hoped to provide an indication of just cerebral oxygenation. In any event, caregivers use a rising or falling trend in this difference to make deductions about the cerebral oxygen status in the patient.
  • instruments employing four wavelength systems also seek an output value of oxygenation, as opposed to just a trend of the difference signal.
  • the foregoing approaches appear to be consistent with commercially available instruments from Somanetics Corporation of Troy, Ml and CAS Medical Systems, Inc. of Branford CT.
  • a significant drawback to each of these approaches includes the cost of the instrumentation and sensors is often prohibitively high.
  • Another approach to a cerebral oximeter includes deep tissue imaging.
  • this type of research exposes high frequency light to the forehead and attempts to measure time of arrival and scattering/absorption coefficients. While primarily still in a research phase, it appears that the instrumentation could be less expensive than that disclosed above, perhaps even half the cost. However, even at that savings, this type of cerebral oximeter is still primarily in the research and development phase and still relatively costly.
  • the multiple optical benches provided in a single instrument generally associated with this type of design could cost more than three thousand dollars each.
  • the present disclosure seeks to overcome some or all of the drawbacks discussed above and provide additional advantages over any prior technologies.
  • the present disclosure describes embodiments of noninvasive methods, devices, and systems for monitoring depth of consciousness through brain electrical activity and the oxygenation of the brain. Additional embodiments include monitoring of heartbeat, arterial oxygenation, venous oxygenation, temperature, and other physiological patient characteristics.
  • the present disclosure includes a combination forehead sensor having EEG and brain oximetry components.
  • the EEG components include electrical leads and the brain oximetry components include a plurality of light sources and detectors.
  • a light source system of the sensor includes low cost optical benches having self contained internal emission detectors, light integrators or prisms, mirrors and the like.
  • a light source includes a cap configured to reflect light toward a splitting mirror focusing light to both an internal emission detector for evaluation of the intensity of the emitted light and an aperture for directing the light into the patient's tissue.
  • the light source may also include opaque or other surfaces or walls configured to appropriately direct emitted light.
  • a processing device may advantageously connect to a sensor or other data input connection of a pulse oximeter to, for example, acquire power and open communication between the devices.
  • the sensor would include components for measuring the attenuation thereof.
  • the sensor would output a signal that represents the attenuated light. This signal would be similar to the output of a conventional pulse oximeter sensor in that both attempt to be indicative of light attenuation.
  • the signal could then be transmitted to the pulse oximeter for processing, conditioning and displaying of the brain oxygenation on a monitor of the pulse oximeter.
  • a conventional pulse oximeter would be readily adaptable to process and display information from a brain oximeter sensor because the signals output by sensors of both devices are similar in nature (as both are output from photodiode light detectors detecting light attenuated by tissue).
  • Modifications to the oximeter may advantageously include the algorithms used to analyze the signal from the sensors as cerebral oximeters may advantageously use different wavelengths, frequencies, and different comparing and analysis techniques to determine oxygenation.
  • algorithm changes often are much more straightforward and price competitive than significant hardware changes. This is especially the case when updating an already-installed base of monitors.
  • a system for monitoring the depth of consciousness of a patient comprising a forehead sensor that includes a brain oxygenation sensor and a conventional pulse oximeter loaded with software for displaying data related to the blood oxygenation level of the brain cavity data processed by the forehead sensor.
  • the conventional pulse oximeter may provide power to the sensor and be capable of communicating data with the sensor or provide the drive signal and process the signal from the detector of the brain oxygenation sensor.
  • the forehead sensor may also contain all of the components for processing the sign from detectors of the brain oxygenation sensor.
  • FIGURE 1 B illustrates an embodiment of the forehead sensor of FIGURE 1A including an ear pulse oximetry sensor.
  • FIGURE 2A - 2B illustrate block diagrams of embodiments of the brain oximetry unit of FIGURE 1A.
  • FIGURES 3A - 30 illustrate various embodiments of the forehead sensor of FIGURE 1A.
  • FIGURES 3A, 3N, and 3O illustrate embodiments of the forehead a sensor including reusable and disposable portions mated together.
  • FIGURES 3B - 3C illustrate embodiments of the reusable portion including various cerebral oximetry sensor components.
  • FIGURES 3D - 3M illustrate embodiments of the disposable portion including EEG, temperature and other parameter measuring components.
  • FIGURES 4A - 4O illustrate various embodiments and views of light sources of the forehead sensor of FIGURE 1 A.
  • FIGURE 4A - D illustrate perspective and side views of a light source of the cerebral oximeter according to embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • FIGURE 4E illustrates a perspective view of the light source including light paths of a multi-faceted directing mirror according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIGURE 4F - G illustrate more perspective views of the light source.
  • FIGURE 4H illustrates a further perspective view of the light source without a cap according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIGURE 4I illustrates a bottom view of the light source towards the top reflective covering according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIGURE 4J illustrates a perspective view of the light source with the reflective cover being composed of many portions according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIGURES 4K - 4M illustrate side views of the light source including a semi-reflectant mirror according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIGURE 4N illustrates a side view of the light source including a light diffusing material filling inside a cap according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIGURE 40 illustrates a side view of the light source with an angled substrate according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIGURE 4P illustrates a side view of the light source with a relatively flat cap.
  • FIGURE 5 illustrates an exemplary graph showing the calibrated relationship of the emission detector output to the calibrated intensity of the emitter output according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIGURE 6 illustrates an embodiment of a forehead sensor communicating with a brain oximetry unit contained inside a connector, which in turn communicates with a pulse oximeter configured to monitor and/or display a state of consciousness through brain oxygenation.
  • FIGURES 7A - 7E illustrate various embodiments and views of the forehead sensor of FIGURE 6.
  • FIGURE 7A illustrates a perspective view of the sensor and connector with the disposable portion of the forehead sensor detached from the connector.
  • FIGURE 7B illustrates a top view of the forehead sensor with the disposable and reusable portion of the sensor connected.
  • FIGURE 7C illustrates a side view of the forehead sensor with both the disposable and reusable portion of the sensor connected.
  • FIGURE 7D illustrates a front view of the forehead sensor with both the disposable and reusable portion of the sensor connected.
  • FIGURE 7E illustrates a bottom view of the forehead sensor with the disposable and reusable portion connected.
  • FIGURES 8A - 8D illustrate various embodiments and views of the forehead sensor that include an EEG sensor.
  • FIGURE 8A illustrates a perspective view of the sensor and connector with the disposable portion of the forehead sensor detached from the connector.
  • FIGURE 8B illustrates a top view of the forehead sensor with the disposable and reusable portion of the sensor connected.
  • FIGURE 8C illustrates a side view of the forehead sensor with both the disposable and reusable portion of the sensor connected.
  • FIGURE 8D illustrates a bottom view of the forehead sensor with the disposable and reusable portion connected.
  • FIGURES 9A - 9E illustrate various embodiments and views of the reusable portion of the forehead sensor.
  • FIGURE 9A illustrates a perspective view of the reusable portion and connector of the forehead sensor with the reusable portion detached from the connector.
  • FIGURE 9D illustrates a front view of the reusable portion of the forehead sensor.
  • FIGURE 10C illustrates a bottom view of the reusable portion of the forehead sensor.
  • FIGURES 1 1 A - 11 E illustrate various embodiments and views of the connector of the forehead sensor.
  • a front end component that would be associated with a sensor 120 that detects brain oxygenation may have a sub component dedicated to driving emitters 230 associated with a light source of the brain oxygenation sensor and a sub-component associated with the detector 230 or detectors 230 of the brain oxygenation sensor 300 for receiving and transmitting the detected signals that pass through various body tissues.
  • the EEG sensor 330 may monitor and collect data from a patient's brain using 4 channels and 6 electrodes. In another embodiment, the EEG 330 may use 3 channels and 5 electrodes. In another embodiment, any variety or combination of sensors maybe be used that are suitable for obtaining an EEG signal, for example, such a system is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 60164444, 6654626, 6128521 , or the like.
  • a brain oxygenation sensor 300 may also be associated with the front end components of the brain oximetry unit 140.
  • the brain oxygenation sensor 300 includes a light source 230, and a detector 260.
  • the light source 230 of the brain oxygenation sensor 300 includes emitter(s) that would emit light, sonic or other radiation into the forehead at one, two or other plurality of measurement sites located on the skin of the patient at a plurality of predetermined wavelengths.
  • the brain oxygenation sensor 300 would include a detector 260 with photodiodes or other radiation detection devices to detect the radiation emitting from the patient at a one or two or a plurality of measurement sites on the skin of the head of a patient.
  • Many suitable brain oxygenation sensors 300 and cerebral oximeters are known in the art including those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7072701 , 7047054, or similar sensors.
  • the light source 230 of the brain oxygenation sensor 300 may include an emission detector 260.
  • the emission detector 260 would detect the light emitted from the light source 230 before passing through or contacting the measurement site of the patient.
  • an output from the emission detector 230 would be communicated to the microcontroller 220 in the brain oximetry unit 140, the processing unit in the cerebral oximeter 140 or, some other processing component associated with the patient monitoring system 100 in order to calculate an approximate output intensity of the light emitted by the emitter(s) 230.
  • the micro-controller 220 or other processor 220 could calculate the output intensity based on the output of the emission detector 260 by comparing the data to calibration data.
  • the calibration data could include measurement of intensity of light emitted from the emitter(s) 230 and corresponding measurements of output from the emission detector 260. This data could then be correlated to real time output from the emission detector 260 while the oxygenation sensor 230 is in use to determine an actual or approximate intensity of light or radiation being emitted by the emitter(s) 230 utilizing a calibration curve or other suitable calculation or processing method.
  • the calibration data may be stored in an EPROM or other memory module in the brain oximetry unit 140, the pulse oximeter 150, or other patient processing module associated with the patient monitoring system 100.
  • the detector 260 will detect light or other radiation emitted from the light source 230 after, in an embodiment, some of the light has entered the measurement site on the patient and has been attenuated by a patient's tissue.
  • the detector 260 could be any number of detectors known in the art for detecting light or other radiation including photodiodes or other types of light or radiation detectors.
  • the detector 260 may convert detected light or other radiation into a signal, for example, an electrical output signal, which may represent the intensity or other attributes of the radiation.
  • the signal from the detector 260 may be sent to a brain oxygenation detector 260 front end located in the brain oximetry unit 140 for processing, conditioning or transmitting to the pulse oximeter 150 or other patient monitoring processor.
  • the signal may be converted into a digital format by an analog to digital converted located in either the brain oximetry unit 140 or the pulse oximeter 150.
  • the data from the detector 260 of the brain oxygenation sensor 300 may be processed to determine the cerebral oxygenation of a patient's brain tissue.
  • the processing of the data may include determining the changes of intensity between various wavelengths of emitted and detected light of the cerebral oxygenation sensor 300.
  • the functionality of the brain oximetry unit 140 could be optionally controlled by the pulse oximeter 150.
  • the data and qualitative and quantitative assessments of a patient's wellness being could be displayed on either or both the brain oximetry unit 140 and pulse oximeter 150.
  • audible alarms and other indicators could be displayed on either or both the brain oximetry unit 140 and pulse oximeter 150 in response to various threshold breaches based on the assessment of the patient's wellness determined from the various monitored parameters.
  • All or some of the above mentioned sensor components including the EEG leads 440 and the brain oxygenation emitter 230 and detector 260 components may be linked to a single chip for transmission of acquired signals and drive signals or each component may be linked to its own individual chip through wires, or printed circuits, or other suitable electrical connections.
  • the EEG electrodes 440 may be any suitable electrodes for detecting the electro-potentials on the surface of the skin of a patient's head.
  • EEG electrodes 440 comprise a metal or other suitable conductor and utilize leads contacting the surface of the skin.
  • the electrodes 440 are gelled electrodes that make contact through the skin via gel and have metal leads that come into contact with the gel.
  • the EEG electrodes 440 may be glued to the forehead with any suitable patient dermal adhesive for connecting the EEG electrodes 440 and may have electrical conductivity.
  • potentials from the EEG electrodes 440 are transmitted to the brain oximetry unit 140 for further conditioning, transmitting or processing.
  • FIGURES 3B and 3C show embodiments of a reusable portion 420 of the sensor 120.
  • the reusable portion 420 includes the potentially more expensive components, including, for example, the sensor light source(s) 230 and detector(s) 260.
  • the reusable portion 420 may also include the temperature sensor 320.
  • the temperature sensor 320 may be any suitable sensor that can detect the temperature of the surface of the skin or other patient temperatures.
  • the temperature sensor 320 may include a thermistor associated with the reusable portion 420 of the sensor 120.
  • the reusable portion 420 includes an interface 510 that couples the reusable portion 420 of the sensor to the brain oximetry unit 140.
  • the interface 510 may be any suitable electrical or data connection or communication port or device including, for example, a pin connector and receiver. Various other communication or electrical connections known in the art may be utilized.
  • the interface 510 is an inductance connection utilizing transformers to couple a data and electrical connection across an insulator.
  • the interface 510 provides a data or electronic coupling between the reusable portion 420 and the disposable portion 410 of the sensor.
  • FIGURES 3D - 30 illustrate various embodiments of a disposable portion 410 of a forehead sensor 120 that, in an embodiment, attaches to a measurement site of a patient's head and provides a base 520 to which the reusable portion 420 may be docked, mated or connected.
  • FIGURES 3D - 3E illustrate an embodiment of a single chip disposable portion 410 of the sensor 120.
  • the disposable portion 410 houses the components of the sensor 120 that may be less expensive than at least some of the components contained in the reusable portion 420 of the sensor 120 and therefore may be disposed after a single or multiple uses, either on the same patient or different patients.
  • the disposable portion 410 of the sensor 120 includes a tape substrate 530 that provides a base or substrate to which at least some of the components of the disposable portion 410 may adhere or be integrated.
  • the tape 530 can be constructed from any suitable disposable material that will effectively hold the components includes in the disposable portion 410 to a patient's forehead or other measurement site.
  • the tape 530 includes a suitable dermal adhesive on a patient side of the disposable portion 410 for temporary adhesion of the sensor 120 to a patient's skin.
  • the disposable portion 410 of the sensor 12Q may incorporate various disposable components which may include, EEG electrodes 440.
  • the EEG electrodes 440 may be fastened to the tape 530 of the disposable portion 410.
  • the EEG electrodes 440 could be embedded in the tape 530 by any known adhesive, in the sensor arts or any other suitable means for connecting the EEG electrodes 440 that would allow the EEG electrode 440 leads to be exposed on a patient side of tape 530 in an appropriate position to come in close proximity to a measurement site of a patient's skin.
  • EEG electrodes 440 may be gelled so that the gel contacts the electrodes and a measurement site of a patient's skin to provide an electrical path between the measurement site of the patient's skin and the EEG electrodes 440.
  • the leads of the EEG electrodes 440 are connected to a single chip by wires or other suitable electrical connections, such a as a printed circuit.
  • FIGS 3H, 3I, and 3M illustrate a temperature sensor 320 associated with the tape of the disposable portion 410 of the sensor 120.
  • the temperature sensor 320 is a thermistor with the thermistor leads exposed on a patient contacting side of the tape 530, in order to facilitate the contacting of the leads of temperature sensor 320 to a measurement site of a patient's skin.
  • the temperature sensor 320 is connected to single chip through wires or other suitable electrical connections such as a flexible printed circuit.
  • the temperature sensor 320 may be located anywhere on the tape 530, the disposable portion 410, or the reusable portion 420 of the sensor.
  • the leads for the temperature sensor 320 may be near the center of tape 530 or anywhere on the periphery of tape 530.
  • the light source(s) 230 and detector(s) 260 of the reusable portion 420 may align with the sensory compartments 540 while the reusable 420 and disposable 410 portions physically connect at places other than the sensory compartments 540 and light sources 230 and detectors 260.
  • the light sources 230 and detectors 260 of the reusable portion 420 of the sensor 120 may physically snap into or somehow removably mate with the sensory compartments 540 of the disposable portion 410 of the sensor 120.
  • the windows of the sensory compartments 540 may contain certain filters to optimize the wavelengths intensity, or other characteristics of the light that passes through the windows in the sensory compartments 540.
  • care may be taken to ensure sterilization of the reusable components is more straightforward, such as, for example, implementing matable electrical connections through magnetic, optical or other coupling mechanisms that can be mostly or entirely housed in separate housings that are easily sterilized and mostly void of cavities or the like that can trap contamination.
  • FIGURES 3A, and 3N show an embodiment with the disposable portion 410 of the sensor electrically connected directly to the reusable portion 420 of the sensor 120 through an interface 510.
  • the interface 510 may be any suitable electrical connection such as a pin connector, a snap in lead connector, an optical connection or an inductance connection.
  • FIGURES 3H and 3N show an embodiment of the sensor 120 with a pulse oximeter sensor 310 associated with the sensor 120.
  • the pulse oximeter sensor 310 shown in FIGURES 3H and 3N is an ear pulse oximeter sensor 310 that emits and detects radiation to determine the oxygenation of the blood travelling through the arteries of the ear.
  • Many suitable ear pulse oximeter sensors 310 are known in the art such as those sensors commercially available from Masimo Corporation and disclosed herein with reference to U.S. Patent No. 7,341 ,599.
  • the pulse oximeter sensor 310 may be a forehead pulse oximeter sensor 310 or any other suitable pulse oximeter known in the art or disclosed herein.
  • the pulse oximeter sensor 310 may be connected to the sensor through electrical wires, wirelessly or other suitable electrical or data connection. Data collected from the pulse oximeter sensor 310 may be transmitted to the brain oximetry unit 140 or pulse oximeter 150 or both for conditioning, or processing.
  • FIGURE 3G illustrates a multi chip embodiment of the disposable portion 410 of the sensor.
  • the various EEG electrodes 440 each connect to a separate chip that transmits the detected signal to the interface 510.
  • the chip transmits the signal to various inductors integrated into interface 510 which transmit the signal to inductors integrated into the reusable portion of the interface 510.
  • FIGUES 3A, and 3N - 3O show the reusable portion 420 of the sensor 120 associated with or physically mated with the disposable portion 410 of the sensor 120.
  • the reusable 420 and disposable portions 410 of the sensor 120 physically mate at mating sections on the disposable 410 and reusable 420 portions.
  • the mating sections are located near the light source 230 and detectors 260 on the reusable portion 420 and the sensory compartments 540 on the disposable portion 410.
  • the mating sections have rims 550 into which cerebral oximeter 300 emitters 230 and detectors 260 may be placed, snapped into or mated.
  • Rims 550 may be any suitable plastic or other flexible material, including metal that would allow the emitter 230 and detector 260 to press or squeeze fit into place. This would allow the rims to physically hold the emitters 230 and detectors 260 in the proper orientation.
  • FIGURES 4A - 4O illustrate various embodiments of a light source 230 that may be utilized in a cerebral oximeter sensor 300.
  • FIGURE 4A shows an embodiment of the light source 230 which includes a substrate 610, guide walls 620, a dividing wall(s) 630, a cap 640, reflective portions 650 on the cap, a splitting mirror 660, and an aperture 670.
  • the light source 230 includes a substrate 610 to provide a base to associate or attach the remaining components.
  • the light source 230 includes at least one or a plurality of emitters 680, guide walls 620 attached to the substrate 610, and a dividing wall 630 rising from the substrate 610.
  • FIGURE 4B shows a perspective view of the light source 230 substrate 610 without the cap 640 and one of the guide walls 620, a dividing wall 630, four emitters 680, an emission detector 260 and an aperture 670.
  • the dividing wall 630 prevents light emitted from the emitters 680 from directly contacting the emission detector 260 or directly exiting through the aperture 670.
  • the aperture 670 and emission detector 260 may be located anywhere on the side of the dividing wall 630 opposite the side associated with the emitters 680.
  • the detector 260 is close to the dividing wall 630 and the aperture 670 is spaced further from the dividing wall 630 than emission detector 260.
  • the aperture 670 can be any suitable opening, slot, space, or gap in the substrate 610 of the light source 230, in order to allow at least some of the light reflected from the cap 640 or guide walls 620 to pass through the substrate 610 and exit the light source 230.
  • the aperture 670 may be a transparent section filled with material that may have optical properties, including a filter or the like.
  • FIGURES 4C and 4E illustrate an embodiment of the light source 230 with the substrate 610, emitters 680, cap 640, the splitting mirror 660, the dividing wall 630, the emission detector 260, the aperture 670 and the polarizer 690 in light path of the light exiting aperture 670.
  • FIGURES 4C and 4E illustrate an example of one possible embodiment of the variety of potential light paths taken by light emitted from the emitters 680. First, the light is emitted from the emitters 680 and subsequently may be reflected or deflected by the cap 640 towards the splitting mirror 660.
  • the splitting mirror 660 includes many smaller reflective components that are angled in different directions, a light beam hitting the splitting mirror 660, depending on its cross sectional area, may broken into multiple beams.
  • the reflective components will be angled either to direct some of the light taking a certain path toward the emission detector 260 and some of the light taking a path leading to the aperture 670 and out of the light source 230.
  • these smaller reflective components of the splitting mirror 660 may be randomly spaced on the angled mirror to provide an even distribution or sampling of emitted light from the various emitters 680 to both the emission detector 260 and the aperture 670.
  • the cap 640 may have a reflective coating or be made of a reflective material in order to reflect light the emitters toward the splitting mirror 660.
  • the cap 640 may have a curvature similar to the curvature illustrated in Figures 4A, 4C, 4E - 4G, and 4M and also a similar substrate 610, guide walls 620, splitting mirror 660, aperture 670, and emission detector 260 geometry to direct light emitted from the emitters 680 to the emission detector 260 and the aperture 670. This is accomplished by calculating the various angles and light paths of the curvature of the cap, the various angles of the splitting mirror 660, and the reflective components and the various distances between the various components to maintain optimal light paths as described herein.
  • FIGURE 4D shows an embodiment of the substrate 620 without the cap 640.
  • the substrate 610 can be manufactured by etching out depressions in a block of material to create the guide walls 620, the dividing wall 630, and the depressions for the emitter(s) 230, emission detector 260, and aperture 670.
  • the substrate 610 may be made of any suitable material.
  • the substrate 610 is made from a material that provides an even distribution of temperature such as a ceramic material.
  • FIGURE 4F shows an outside view of the light source 230 with dotted lines representing the splitting mirror 660 and the aperture 670 associated with the substrate 610 of the light source 230.
  • the cap 640 includes back guide wall 625 attached to the cap 640, the substrate 610, and the splitting mirror 660.
  • FIGURES 4G and 4H, and 4I show embodiments of the light source 230 from different perspectives.
  • the cap 640 is supported at least in part by the guide walls 620 that extend down from the cap 640 to the substrate 610.
  • the cap 640 is dome shaped.
  • Figure 4I illustrates a light source 260 with eight emitters 680.
  • the splitting mirror 660 with several different directing reflecting surfaces positioned in different orientations to angle the light rays either toward the aperture 670 or the emission detector 260.
  • FIGURE 4H shows the splitting mirror 660 as viewed from below the substrate 610.
  • the dotted lines represent the outline of the cap 640, the aperture 670, and the emission detector 260.
  • FIGURES 4J and 4K illustrate an embodiment of the cap 640 that is divided into different sections, with each section tilted at a predetermined angle to facilitate directing of the light paths from light emitted from the emitter(s) 680 to be directed toward the splitting mirror 660 which would then direct the light to the emission detector 260 or the aperture 670.
  • the sections of the cap 640 may be arced to form the guide walls 620.
  • the cap 640 may include straight segments that are attached to the guide walls 620.
  • the splitting mirror 660 may be formed in the cap 640, be the material of the cap 640, be fastened to the cap 640, partially to the cap 640, to the guide walls 620 or to the substrate 610 or any combination thereof.
  • FIGURE 4K illustrates the aperture 670 in the form of a semi-
  • the reflectant splitting mirror 660 that allows some of the light to pass through the mirror 660 and reflects the rest of the light to emission detector 260.
  • the aperture is behind the splitting mirror 660.
  • FIGURE 4L illustrates an embodiment of the light source 230 with a splitting mirror 660 that includes both a semi-reflectant component and a completely or more strongly reflective component.
  • the splitting mirror 660 includes a first semi-reflectant mirror positioned at a first angle that reflects a portion of the emitted light to the emission detector 260 or the aperture 670.
  • the second reflective surface reflects the remaining light toward the aperture 670 or the emission detector 260, . and in an embodiment, to the opposite of the two components that the first reflective surface direct the light.
  • FIGURES 4K - 4M also illustrate electrical connections 710 that power the emitters 680 and receive data from the emission detector 260 and are associated with or printed on the side of the substrate 610 or other components of the light source 260.
  • These electrical connections 710 can be any suitable electrical connection and may be printed on any component of the light source 230 including the inside or outside of the cap 640.
  • FIGURE 4M illustrates an embodiment with light source 230 that includes a semi-reflectant mirror 660 with the emission detector 260 located behind the semi-reflectant mirror 660.
  • the emission detector 260 samples light that passes through the semi-reflectant mirror 660 and the aperture 670 emits light that is reflected from the semi-reflectant mirror 660.
  • FIGURE 4N illustrates an embodiment of the light source 230 where at least a part of the space defined by the cap 640, the substrate 610 and the guide walls 620 are filled with light diffusing material 720.
  • the light diffusing material 720 could be any suitable light diffusing material 720 known in the art including an epoxy or other plastic material, fiber optics, any epoxy mixed with beads or other materials.
  • the light diffusing material 720 may cause the light emitted from the emitters 680 to become increasingly evenly distributed in the domains of at least range and intensity, as the path length of the light emitted from the emitter(s) 680 increases.
  • the light diffusing material 720 will more evenly distribute the intensity and range of the light that is incident on the emission detector 260 and the light exiting the light source through the aperture 670.
  • FIGURE 4O illustrates another embodiment of the light source 230 with emitters 680 on far sides of the substrate 610 and angled towards a semi reflectant mirror 660 attached to the cap 640 or guide walls 620.
  • the semi-reflectant mirror 660 when the light is emitted onto the semi-reflectant mirror 660, some of the rays will pass directly through the semi-reflectant mirror 660 and be detected by the emission detector 260. The other rays that do not pass directly through semi-reflectant mirror 660 will be reflected. A portion of the reflected rays that have the appropriate incident angle on the semi-reflectant mirror 660 will exit the light source 230 through the aperture 670 after reflecting off the semi-reflectant mirror 660.
  • FIGURE 4P illustrates another embodiment of the light source 230 that may not require splitting mirror 660.
  • light rays are instead directed to the detector 260 and the apertures 670 by the diffusion and scattering of the light through light diffusing material 720.
  • the light diffusing material 720 may be any suitable diffuser for dispersing light throughout the inside of the light source 230 including glass, epoxy fill, glass beads, plastic, and any other diffuser, scatterer, mixer or combination known in the art.
  • the light diffusing material 720 may be filled in around emitters 680 or may be a component in front of or around the emitters 680.
  • the cap 640 may reflect light diffused throughout the cavity back towards detector 260.
  • the cap 640 may be reflective or non-reflective.
  • the cap 640 absorbs light so that the detector 260 senses light that has passed through the diffuser and has not reflected off the cap 260, so that it will be similar in quality, for example, intensity, to the light emitted through the apertures 670.
  • the cap 640 may be made of a suitable metal including, for example, copper and/or gold.
  • the cap 640 is relatively straight and does not have a rounded profile in order to reduce the cost and complexity of manufacturing and reduce the bulkiness of the light source 230. This is advantageous as a bulkier, larger sensor will add weight and make the sensor 120 more cumbersome on a patient's forehead.
  • the apertures 670 may be directly above the emitters 680 or to the left and right of the emitters 680 so that the emitters will emit light directly outside the aperture 670 and most of the light will not have been reflected off of the cap 640 or other inside surfaces of the light source 230 before exiting the light source 230. This will provide for simpler construction of the light source 230 and other advantages.
  • the emitters 680 in an embodiment, may be LEDs, or any other suitable light emitting device known in the art.
  • the temperature sensor 320 will provide feedback for regulating the intensity of the emitters 680 in addition to the information obtained from the detector 260 inside light source 230. The operator, therefore, will be able to maintain and determine an accurate intensity for the emitters 680, leading to more accurate results when processing the signals detected by the detectors 260 of the brain oxygenation sensor 300.
  • the embodiments disclosed with reference to FIGURE 4 comprise an optical bench whose manufacturing costs are significantly lower than those available to design manufacturers today. Diffusing, scattering, reflecting or mixing material, or combinations thereof, may advantageously be used to integrate emitted light, thereby providing an optical bench from comparatively low cost manufacturing materials.
  • FIGURE 5 illustrates an embodiment of the calibration curve 730 used to determine the intensity of the light emitted from the light source 230 though the aperture 670.
  • the intensity 740 of the emitted light is mapped with respect to the output 750 of the emission detector 260 of the light source 230. Measuring the output of emission detector 260 will allow the patient monitoring system 100 to calculate a close approximation of the intensity 740 of light being simultaneously emitted from the light source 230 through the aperture 670.
  • FIGURE 6 illustrates another embodiment of the patient monitoring system that incorporates that brain oximetry unit 140 into a connector 760 for the sensor 120.
  • the circuitry for driving the front end and controlling the drive signal of the brain oxygenation sensor 300 may be in the brain oximetry unit 140 which may advantageously be partially or entirely housed by the connector 760, or may advantageously be partially or entirely housed by the pulse oximeter 150 or other multi-parameter patient monitor.
  • the circuitry for processing the signals detected by the detectors 260 of brain oxygenation sensor 300 may also be partially or entirely housed by the connector 760.
  • the connector 760 may also house various other components that control and process the signals from various sensors associated with a patient monitoring system 100.
  • the connector 760 may house the circuitry for a blood oxygenation sensor 310 in, for example, an embodiment where the sensor 120 incorporates an ear blood oxygenation sensor or other blood oxygenation sensor 310.
  • the circuitry for processing, detecting and/or driving the signals for the temperature sensor 320, or EEG sensor 330 may advantageously be incorporated into the sensor connector 760.
  • the signal processing and conditioning circuitry processor for a patient sedation monitor capable of monitoring the EEG signals of a patient and providing feedback on the depth of sedation or awareness of a patient undergoing anesthesia may be partially or entirely incorporated into the connector.
  • Sedation brain function monitors including those similar to the SEDLine sedation monitor commercially available from Masimo Corporation of Irvine, CA, and disclosed herein with reference to U.S. Patent No. 6128521 , 6301493, 6317627, 6430437, among others assigned to Masimo Corporation.
  • the connector 760 may house the circuit board, with six channels for six detectors and the SEDLine algorithm.
  • a conventional pulse oximeter may include upgraded programming to recognize the connection of a brain oximetry unit 140, whether separate or housed inside connector 760, and provide communication and power to the unit 140.
  • the unit 140 performs the processing and other functionality for the sensor 120, including storing various algorithms for the associated sensors 120.
  • Integration of all or the majority of the associated circuitry and processing components of several different patient monitoring sensors 120 in a single connector 760 advantageously provides a caregiver a simple device that can be attached to the patient's forehead or other areas on the patient, to provide minimal discomfort to the patient and minimal amount of wires and connections to cause electrical interference with instruments in the hospital environment. Additionally, the caregiver will need to spend less time hooking various sensors to a patient where each would otherwise require its own associated monitoring station. Furthermore, this integration of sensor 120 processing components allows some of the processing components to have shared functionality and therefore saves considerably on manufacturing costs. For example, memory chips, processors, or other electrical components may be shared by the various sensors in the connector 760.
  • FIGURES 7 - 13 illustrate various embodiments of the construction of the sensor 120.
  • FIGURES 7A - 7E illustrate an embodiment of the sensor without the EEG sensor 330 incorporated and includes the disposable portion 410, reusable portion 420, interface 510, connector 760, sensor compartments 540, light sources 230 and detectors 260.
  • the part of the interface 510 on the disposable portion 410 slides into the interface 510 on the reusable portion 420.
  • the interface 510 on the reusable portion 420 may be integrated into the connector 760 or may be separate and located elsewhere on the body of the sensor.
  • the interface 510 on the disposable portion 410 may slide into the interface 510 on the reusable portion 420 and lock or be somehow be held into place until it needs to be removed.
  • the interface 510 may include an EEPROM or other memory device from an authorized manufacturer in order to provide quality control. Also, the interface 510 may also include software programming or functionality for determining how many uses it has gone through, how many times it has been used or applied to a patient, or the date of manufacture to determine if it has expired. Also, the interface 510 may include an EEPROM for storing information unique to the electrodes that can be read by the patient monitoring system 100 or pulse oximeter 150. The pulse oximeter 150 or patient monitoring system 100 can then determine how many electrodes are contained on the disposable portion 410, for example, and other information.
  • FIGURE 7E illustrates the placement of the light sources 230 and the detectors 260 for the brain oxygenation sensor 300.
  • the light source 230 may be at the outer end of the sensor 120 and emits light into the cerebral cavity of a patient.
  • the two detectors 260 closest to each light source 230 detect light emitted from the light source 230.
  • the right side light source 230 emits light into the head of a patient and some of the light is returned to the detector 260 closest to the light source 230 and some returns to the detector that is just to the right of the center of the sensor 120.
  • the path that the light travels through the head of a patient to the closer detector generally does not enter the cerebral cavity and travels as deep as the skull.
  • the light path taken by light detected by the further detector 260 generally enters the cerebral cavity.
  • the signal from the first detector 260 can be subtracted from the second detector 260 in order to provide the information necessary to calculate the cerebral oxygenation as disclosed herein.
  • FIGURES 8A - 8D illustrate an embodiment of the sensor 120 with the EEG sensor 330 integrated into the sensor 120.
  • the disposable portion includes the EEG electrodes 440, which are electrically connected to the connector 760 through wires integrated into the body of the disposable portion 410.
  • the disposable portion 410 includes the EEG electrodes 440 for electrical contact with a patient's skin.
  • the disposable portion may not include any wiring except for electrically connecting the EEG electrodes 440 to the reusable portion 420.
  • FIGURE 9E illustrates an embodiment of the reusable portion 420 with light sources 230 and detectors 260 some or all of which may take advantage of several features to allow light piping.
  • the detectors 260 and light sources 230 may have a raised lip 800 that contacts the skin to create a barrier that prevents light from escaping from the light source 230 or detector 260 to the ambient.
  • the raised lip 800 may be black and absorbent, or reflective.
  • the light sources 230 and detectors 260 may also have a valley or depression on the glass or other transparent or near transparent parts that increases in depth towards the middle of the component. This valley or depression will also advantageously assist with light piping as greater and firmer contact will be made around the edge of the light source 230 or detector 260 allowing less light to escape to the ambient from the light source 230 or emanating from the skin to the detector 230.
  • FIGURES 10A - 10D illustrate various embodiments of the reusable portion 420 of the sensor 120.
  • the reusable portion 420 has multiple layers that are overlaid and connected together.
  • the layers include a top flexible sleeve 810, a flex circuit support 820, a flex circuit 830 and a bottom flexible sleeve 840.
  • the top and bottom flex circuit sleeves 810, 840 may be bonded together or connected together either at the edges or through other means known in the art with the flex circuit support 820 and flex circuit 830 inside and in-between.
  • the top flexible sleeve 810 may be made of silicone or another suitable material and may be white or another color.
  • FIGURES 11A - 11 E illustrate an embodiment of the connector 760.
  • the connector 760 in this embodiment, includes a housing 860 that houses the components of the connector 760, including for example, printed circuit boards 870 for various functions, such as, for example, SEDLine monitoring, brain oximetry, pulse oximetry, other blood parameter or physiological parameter calculators, combinations of the same or the like.
  • the connector 760 also includes the interface 510 for the disposable portion 410 and reusable portion 420.
  • the interface 510 in the connector 760 includes a slot 880 for interface 510 on the disposable portion 410.

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JP5710767B2 (ja) 2015-04-30
US20170156620A1 (en) 2017-06-08
JP2013541990A (ja) 2013-11-21
EP2621333B1 (en) 2015-07-29
US20200253498A1 (en) 2020-08-13
US12465270B2 (en) 2025-11-11
WO2012050847A3 (en) 2012-06-21
US11717210B2 (en) 2023-08-08
US9538949B2 (en) 2017-01-10
US20240000365A1 (en) 2024-01-04
US8821397B2 (en) 2014-09-02
US10531811B2 (en) 2020-01-14
US20140371548A1 (en) 2014-12-18
EP2621333A2 (en) 2013-08-07
US20120083673A1 (en) 2012-04-05

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