WO2012050137A1 - イオン液体を含む光変換要素およびその製造方法ならびに光変換要素を含む装置 - Google Patents
イオン液体を含む光変換要素およびその製造方法ならびに光変換要素を含む装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012050137A1 WO2012050137A1 PCT/JP2011/073443 JP2011073443W WO2012050137A1 WO 2012050137 A1 WO2012050137 A1 WO 2012050137A1 JP 2011073443 W JP2011073443 W JP 2011073443W WO 2012050137 A1 WO2012050137 A1 WO 2012050137A1
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- organic
- ionic liquid
- conversion element
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- GIIZYNGNGTZORC-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;2-(3-methylimidazol-3-ium-1-yl)ethanol Chemical compound CN1C=C[N+](CCO)=C1.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F GIIZYNGNGTZORC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DUOPENHPRULZKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide;3-pyridin-1-ium-1-ylpropan-1-ol Chemical compound OCCC[N+]1=CC=CC=C1.FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F DUOPENHPRULZKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HCIIFBHDBOCSAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N octaethylporphyrin Chemical compound N1C(C=C2C(=C(CC)C(C=C3C(=C(CC)C(=C4)N3)CC)=N2)CC)=C(CC)C(CC)=C1C=C1C(CC)=C(CC)C4=N1 HCIIFBHDBOCSAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/02—Use of particular materials as binders, particle coatings or suspension media therefor
- C09K11/025—Use of particular materials as binders, particle coatings or suspension media therefor non-luminescent particle coatings or suspension media
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/052—Cooling means directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. integrated Peltier elements for active cooling or heat sinks directly associated with the PV cells
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/22—Organic complexes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
- H01G9/2013—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte the electrolyte comprising ionic liquids, e.g. alkyl imidazolium iodide
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/054—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means
- H01L31/055—Optical elements directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. light-reflecting means or light-concentrating means where light is absorbed and re-emitted at a different wavelength by the optical element directly associated or integrated with the PV cell, e.g. by using luminescent material, fluorescent concentrators or up-conversion arrangements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/52—PV systems with concentrators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a light conversion element containing an ionic liquid, a method for manufacturing the same, and an apparatus including the light conversion element.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a composition for up-converting photon energy, a first component that absorbs energy in at least a first wavelength region that functions as a photoconductor such as phthalocyanine, metal porphyrin, metal phthalocyanine, and the like, polyfluorene, oligo Described are compositions comprising a second component that emits energy in a second wavelength range that functions as a light emitter, such as fluorene and copolymers thereof, polyparaphenylene, and the like.
- a photoconductor such as phthalocyanine, metal porphyrin, metal phthalocyanine, and the like
- oligo Described are compositions comprising a second component that emits energy in a second wavelength range that functions as a light emitter, such as fluorene and copolymers thereof, polyparaphenylene, and the like.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes an optical upconverter using relatively weak light such as sunlight in a toluene solvent using a triplet-triplet annihilation process (hereinafter referred to as “TTA process”) in an organic molecule.
- TTA process triplet-triplet annihilation process
- Patent document 2 discloses the use of a system comprising at least one polymer for light upconversion and at least one sensitizer containing at least one heavy atom, Describes the use of a system characterized in that the triplet energy level is higher than the triplet energy level of the polymer.
- Non-Patent Document 2 describes an optical upconverter using a polymer of cellulose acetate (molecular weight of about 100,000) as a dispersion medium for organic molecules. However, Non-Patent Document 2 does not describe any quantitative data regarding the conversion quantum efficiency of the light conversion element.
- Non-Patent Document 3 describes an optical up-converter using a soft rubber-like polymer as a medium at room temperature where the glass transition temperature (T g ) is 236 K (minus 37 ° C.).
- T g glass transition temperature
- Non-Patent Document 3 suggests that optical up-conversion due to the TTA process is due to the fact that organic molecules responsible for triplet excitation energy inside the medium need to exchange energy between organic molecules through diffusion movement and mutual collision.
- the upconversion emission intensity increases, but in the temperature range where the temperature is low and the fluidity of the medium is poor ( ⁇ 300K), the upconversion emission intensity is Indicate that it becomes very weak.
- Non-Patent Document 3 does not describe any quantitative data regarding the conversion quantum efficiency of the optical upconverter.
- Non-Patent Document 4 describes an optical upconverter using a styrene oligomer (a mixture of styrene trimer and tetramer) as a medium for organic photosensitizing molecules and organic light emitting molecules.
- Non-Patent Document 4 describes that the sample surface was scanned at about 10 kHz using a laser with an output of about 14 W / cm 2 as excitation light, and the maximum conversion quantum efficiency was 3.2%. Note that Non-Patent Document 4 uses about 5 mW / cm 2 using a unique index of mean excitement intensity in order to represent photoexcitation intensity, but does not clearly describe the definition of this unique index.
- Non-Patent Document 5 describes that as organic photosensitizer molecules that can be used for optical upconversion using the TTA process, metal porphyrins and metal phthalocyanines are used as organic light emitting molecules, and 9,10-bis (phenylethynyl) anthracene as organic light emitting molecules. , Perylene, rubrene and the like.
- Non-Patent Document 6 describes a general review regarding ionic liquids, and as a property, as shown in FIG. 1 cited from Non-Patent Document 6, ionic liquids are generally non-flammable (Usally nonflammable), Under normal conditions, the vapor pressure is negligible (Negligible vapor pressure under normal conditions), and whether the concept of polarity / non-polarity also applies to ionic liquids is questionable (Polarity conceptionable), etc. Is described.
- Non-Patent Document 7 is based on experimental results and can mix a certain non-water-miscible ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide) with any number of common organic solvents. Enter the percentage.
- the ratio of the organic solvent to the ionic liquid that is homogeneously mixed without layer separation is either or both of the polarity of the organic solvent molecule (dipole moment: D) and the size of the organic solvent molecule.
- D polarity of the organic solvent molecule
- the higher the polarity of the organic solvent molecule the higher the mixing ratio of the organic solvent in the non-water-miscible ionic liquid.
- Non-Patent Document 8 describes that polar experiments are conducted on various ionic liquids having 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium as a cation, and based on the results, they are described to have a polarity similar to that of short-chain alcohols. .
- Non-Patent Document 9 tried to measure the properties of porphyrins, which are polycyclic aromatic ⁇ -electron conjugated molecules, in an ionic liquid, but the signal was not dissolved because the molecules were hardly dissolved in the ionic liquid. Indicate that it was weak. About this fact, the authors of the same document stated in the sentence that "from previous studies, ionic liquids are known to have the same polarity as acetonitrile and alcohols such as methanol and 2-propanol.
- an optical up-converter using a TTA process of organic molecules can be applied to light having a low sunlight intensity, and thus is a promising method for performing high-efficiency optical up-conversion.
- ionic liquids have extremely low vapor pressure, high thermal stability that is generally not found in conventional solvents, and are generally liquid at room temperature.
- the ionic liquid is a polar solvent having the same degree of polarity as methanol or acetonitrile. It is known from past experimental studies. It is intuitively understood that an ionic liquid has a polarity because it is composed of “ions”.
- organic molecules used for optical upconversion based on the TTA process include ⁇ -electron conjugated molecules having optical activity in the visible to near infrared region, particularly (as used in the aforementioned Non-Patent Documents 1 to 5).
- Polycyclic aromatic ⁇ electron conjugated molecules are generally used. These molecules are generally nonpolar (or weakly polar), and based on conventional solvation chemistry concepts, these organic molecules should hardly dissolve in ionic liquids, which are polar media. Even if dissolved by some method, it is expected that these organic molecules cannot exist stably in the ionic liquid (that is, precipitation or aggregation will eventually occur). In fact, these polycyclic aromatic ⁇ -electron conjugated molecules generally do not dissolve in methanol, which is in good agreement with such solvation chemistry expectations.
- Non-Patent Document 11 an attempt was made to measure the characteristics of a polycyclic aromatic ⁇ electron conjugated molecule (tetraphenylporphyrin) in an ionic liquid, but the solubility of the molecule in the ionic liquid was remarkably low, and thus obtained. It was stated that the signal was weak. In this regard, the authors of Non-Patent Document 11 stated in the sentence, “We assume that typical aromatic compounds do not dissolve in ionic liquids (we assume that atypical compounds are not in a soluble in room-temperature). ionic liquids) ".
- Non-Patent Document 11 The past experimental facts presented in have given a negative outlook on using ionic liquids as media for this application. That is, before the present invention, the use of an ionic liquid as a medium for an optical upconverter using a TTA process has not been studied. Such a negative knowledge can be said to be almost obvious from conventional knowledge and experience. This is probably due to the fact that expectations and prospects existed.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a visually uniform and transparent light conversion element obtained by dissolving and / or dispersing an organic photosensitizing molecule and an organic light emitting molecule, which are a combination showing a TTA process, in an ionic liquid.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes: a) a step of producing an organic solution in which an organic photosensitizing molecule and an organic light emitting molecule, which are combinations showing a TTA process, are dissolved in a volatile organic solvent; and b) an ionic liquid. Mixing the organic solution with stirring to produce a visually homogeneous and transparent solution and / or dispersion; and c) leaving traces of the volatile organic solvent from the solution and / or dispersion under reduced pressure. And a step of removing the amount to below the amount, and a method for producing a visually uniform and transparent light conversion element.
- the vapor pressure is extremely low, and it has not only a toxicity based on the volatility of the medium, an adverse effect on the environment, but also safety such as nonflammability.
- a light conversion element by a TTA process that has sufficient fluidity and can use a resin material for a container.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a list comparing properties of ionic liquids described in Non-Patent Document 6 with conventional organic solvents.
- Table 4 in Non-Patent Document 6 FIG. 2 shows some typical trends in how the water miscibility and non-water miscibility of an ionic liquid change depending on the type of anion contained in the ionic liquid described in Non-Patent Document 6. It is a figure shown about an anion.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram illustrating an example in which the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention is used in a solar cell.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a list comparing properties of ionic liquids described in Non-Patent Document 6 with conventional organic solvents.
- FIG. 2 shows some typical trends in how the water miscibility and non-water miscibility of an ionic liquid change depending on the type of anion contained in the ionic liquid described in Non-Patent Document 6. It is a figure shown about an anion.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing step by step a procedure for dissolving and / or dispersing an organic photosensitizer molecule and an organic light emitting molecule in an ionic liquid according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating how organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules dissolved and / or dispersed in an ionic liquid up-convert incident light according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a state in which organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules dissolved and / or dispersed in an ionic liquid up-convert incident light according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating how organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules dissolved and / or dispersed in an ionic liquid up-convert incident light according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating a state in which organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting
- FIG. 7 shows the spectrum of upconversion emission emitted from a sample in which organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules are dissolved and / or dispersed in an ionic liquid according to one embodiment of the present invention. It is a figure shown about the case where a liquid is used.
- (A) to (d) in FIG. 8 show upconversion emission spectra from a sample in which organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules are dissolved and / or dispersed in an ionic liquid according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 show upconversion emission spectra from a sample in which organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules are dissolved and / or dispersed in an ionic liquid according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. (A) to (d) in FIG. 10 show upconversion emission spectra from a sample in which organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules are dissolved and / or dispersed in an ionic liquid according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a comparison of light absorption spectra before and after an aging test of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing a comparison of light absorption spectra before and after an aging test of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing a comparison of light absorption spectra before and after an aging test of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing comparison of light absorption spectra before and after an aging test of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a comparison of light absorption spectra before and after an aging test of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a comparison of light absorption spectra before and after an aging test of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing a comparison of light absorption spectra before and after an aging test of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing comparison of light absorption spectra before and after an aging test of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing comparison of light absorption spectra before and after an aging test of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a comparison of light absorption spectra before and after an aging test of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a photograph showing the state of optical up-conversion by irradiation with continuous light laser emission # 1 at the time point when 10 months have passed since the production described in Example 46.
- FIG. 22 is a graph showing the measurement of the dependence of the upconversion quantum efficiency on the excitation intensity of Examples 57, 58, 59, 60, and 63 using the continuous light laser emitter # 3.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing experimental data plots in which the horizontal axis in FIG. 22 is displayed as N ex and the fitting curves according to Equation 1 for them.
- FIG. 24 shows that organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules are spontaneously introduced into the ionic liquid even after 10 hours or more after being directly sprinkled from above onto the ionic liquid without using a volatile organic solvent.
- FIG. 25 is a photograph showing the miscibility of the non-water-miscible ionic liquid according to one embodiment of the present invention and benzene (C 6 H 6 ) which is a nonpolar solvent.
- FIG. 26 is a photograph showing the miscibility of the non-water-miscible ionic liquid according to one embodiment of the present invention and cyclohexane (C 6 H 12 ) which is a nonpolar solvent.
- the medium needs to allow diffusion movement of organic molecules therein.
- organic solvents such as toluene and benzene, and combustible rubber polymers with poor fluidity and very high viscosity, flammable and practically not low vapor pressure.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a visually uniform and transparent light conversion element obtained by dissolving and / or dispersing an organic photosensitizing molecule and an organic light emitting molecule, which are a combination showing a TTA process, in an ionic liquid.
- Ionic liquid refers to a room temperature molten salt that is a liquid at 25 ° C. and consists of a cation and an anion.
- “Visually homogeneous and transparent” means volatile organics of organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light-emitting molecules in the case of an ionic liquid and a solution of organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light-emitting molecules in a volatile organic solvent. The solution is not visually separated into two or more layers with respect to the ionic liquid, and is homogeneous and transparently mixed with no turbidity or cloudiness to the extent that it can be visually confirmed.
- a solid and a solution and / or dispersion of the organic photosensitized molecule and the organic light emitting molecule in the ionic liquid can be visually confirmed. It means that the material is homogeneous, transparent and free of turbidity and cloudiness.
- the dissolution and / or dispersion refers to either dissolution or dispersion or simultaneous dissolution and dispersion.
- An ionic liquid is generally known to have a very low vapor pressure and flame retardancy. It is known that there are at least 1,000,000 kinds of ionic liquids depending on the combination of a cation and an anion (Non-patent Document 6). Many ionic liquids have a melting point near room temperature as called room temperature molten salt, but the TTA process according to one embodiment of the present invention allows diffusion movement of organic molecules inside the ionic liquid as a medium. In this embodiment, an ionic liquid that is liquid at room temperature is used.
- the vapor pressure of the ionic liquid is extremely low, and therefore it can be used in the embodiment of the present invention.
- room temperature (25 ° C.) with 1 ⁇ 10 -9 Pa, 80 °C at 1.8 ⁇ 10 - 6 is Pa
- an embodiment in accordance with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) vapor pressure of the imide of the present invention is room temperature (25 ° C.) at 8 ⁇ 10 -10 Pa, 80 °C in 1 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa (DH Zaitsau et al., Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol. 110, pp. 7303-7306) and has a low vapor pressure.
- an ultrahigh vacuum of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less is used, and these ionic liquids all have a vapor pressure in the ultrahigh vacuum region.
- ionic liquids are referred to as room temperature molten salts and may have high viscosity depending on the type.
- the ionic liquid according to one embodiment of the present invention has a low viscosity at a use temperature including room temperature.
- 1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) also called 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)
- the viscosity of the imide is as low as 0.082 Pa ⁇ s (SI Fletcher et al., Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, vol. 55, pp. 778 to 782, 2010).
- -Methylimidazolium Bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide has a viscosity at 302.93K of 0.029 Pa ⁇ s and 0.041 Pa ⁇ s, respectively (J. Jacquemin et al. , Green Chemistry, vol. 8, pp. 172 to 180, 2006).
- T onset The thermal decomposition onset temperature (T onset ) measured by TGA (thermogravimetry) is 453 ° C. and 462 ° C., respectively (HL Ngo et al., Thermochimica Acta, vol. 97, pp. 357-358, 2000).
- T start the thermal decomposition start temperature
- T start the thermal decomposition starting temperature of (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) is 385 ° C.
- T start the thermal decomposition starting temperature of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide according to one embodiment of the present invention
- the thermal stability is so high as to be unthinkable with conventional organic solvents, and from this point, the superiority of using the ionic liquid according to the present invention as a medium was found.
- the vapor pressure is very low, and not only the toxicity based on the volatility of the medium does not adversely affect the environment but also nonflammability and the like.
- a light conversion element having safety and sufficient fluidity.
- ionic liquids have the above-mentioned low volatility and flame retardant properties, as described above, ionic liquids are generally short chain alcohols or acetonitrile. Have the same degree of polarity. Therefore, based on the common sense of solvation chemistry, polycyclic aromatic ⁇ -electron conjugated molecules that are nonpolar (or weakly polar) molecules are expected to hardly dissolve in ionic liquids that are polar media, Even if dissolved by some method, it is expected that such molecules cannot exist stably in the ionic liquid (that is, precipitation and aggregation will eventually occur).
- Another aspect of the present invention is a visually homogeneous and transparent light-converting element comprising an organic photosensitizer molecule and an organic light-emitting molecule, which are a combination showing a TTA process, dissolved and / or dispersed in an ionic liquid.
- the ionic liquid is a light conversion element that has a cation- ⁇ interaction with organic photosensitizing molecules and organic light emitting molecules and is immiscible with water.
- cation- ⁇ interaction refers to an energy-stabilized interaction between a cation in an ionic liquid and ⁇ electrons of organic photosensitizing molecules and organic light emitting molecules.
- Matability means that 10% by weight or less of water is visually homogeneously and transparently mixed with an ionic liquid at 25 ° C., but more than 10% by weight of water is visually homogeneous and transparent with an ionic liquid. It means that it is not miscible.
- an ion having the “cation- ⁇ interaction” between the organic photosensitizer molecule and the organic light emitting molecule is used as the cation of the ionic liquid.
- the stability of dissolution / dispersion in a liquid can be enhanced.
- the reason why the organic photosensitizer molecule and the organic light emitting molecule are stably dissolved and / or dispersed in the ionic liquid is considered as follows, for example. be able to.
- the organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules according to the present invention hardly dissolve or disperse in the ionic liquid in the first place as shown in Comparative Examples 1 to 3 below. This is because organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light-emitting molecules are aggregated as a solid due to ⁇ - ⁇ stacking, that is, ⁇ electron clouds on the molecule overlap, and do not dissolve or disperse in the ionic liquid. be able to.
- organic photosensitizing molecule and an organic light emitting molecule having a “cation- ⁇ interaction” as the cation of the ionic liquid for example, the organic photosensitizing molecule and Re-aggregation of organic light-emitting molecules due to ⁇ - ⁇ stacking does not occur. Rather, organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light-emitting molecules and ionic liquids interact more stably, and dissolve and / or dissolve in ionic liquids. Alternatively, it is considered that the dispersion stability can be improved.
- any cation of a wide range of ionic liquid can be used without particular limitation as long as it exhibits “cation- ⁇ interaction”.
- Examples of the cation exhibiting “cation- ⁇ interaction” of such an ionic liquid include, for example, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium.
- 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium such as 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-butyl- 2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-pentyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-heptyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-octyl-2, 1-alkyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, such as 3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-cyanomethyl-3-methyl Imidazolium, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1-butylpyridinium, 1-hexylpyridinium, N- (3-hydroxypropyl) pyridinium, N-hexyl-4-dimethylaminopyri
- the ionic liquid is miscible with water without any upper limit, but depending on the type of anion in the ionic liquid, the ionic liquid may not be mixed with water to some extent or only in a very small amount. It is described that this is not done (Non-patent Document 6).
- an organic photosensitizer molecule and an organic light emitting molecule can be dissolved and / or dispersed in an ionic liquid to obtain a light conversion element that is visually homogeneous and transparent.
- the organic photosensitizer molecules and the organic light emitting molecules according to the present invention hardly dissolve or disperse in the ionic liquid as they are.
- This is not intended to limit the present invention to any theory, but based on the conventional polar / nonpolar concept of the solvent, it is generally an ionic liquid having the same degree of polarity as short-chain alcohols or acetonitrile. It is expected that these non-polar (or weakly polar) aromatic ⁇ -electron conjugated molecules (particularly polycyclic aromatic ⁇ -electron conjugated molecules) are hardly dissolved.
- these organic molecules can be dissolved or dispersed stably in the ionic liquid for a long period of time. It was found possible.
- one embodiment of the present invention may be miscible with water to some extent as an ionic liquid, but is not miscible with water to some extent or is almost immiscible with water ( By using an (non-water miscible) ionic liquid, the organic photosensitizing molecule and the organic luminescent molecule can be visually dissolved and / or dispersed in the ionic liquid homogeneously (for example, FIG. 4).
- the light conversion element which concerns on can be provided.
- the anion of the ionic liquid can be used without particular limitation as long as it imparts non-water miscibility to the ionic liquid.
- Bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide [N (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ] ⁇ )
- hexafluorophosphate [PF 6 ] ⁇ )
- tris (pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate [(C 2 F 5 ) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ ) and other fluorine-containing compound anions
- These anions may be one kind or a mixture of two or more kinds.
- the ionic liquid according to one embodiment of the present invention includes, for example, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis ( Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-octyl-3-methyl Imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide , N, N-di Tyl-N-methyl-N- (2-methoxyethyl) ammonium bis
- a light conversion element based on a TTA process that is stable for a long period of time without re-aggregation or precipitation of organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules in an ionic liquid.
- long-term stable means a peak of a light absorption spectrum caused by an organic photosensitizing molecule and an organic light emitting molecule before and after holding when held at 80 ° C. for 100 hours in an inert gas atmosphere. This means that the position and spectral intensity do not change more than the measurement error.
- the cation of the ionic liquid has a “cation- ⁇ interaction” with respect to the organic photosensitizing molecule and the organic light emitting molecule, and / or the ionic liquid depends on the type of the anion. If it has non-water miscibility, it is considered that the solubility and / or dispersibility of the organic photosensitizer molecule and the organic light emitting molecule in the ionic liquid is increased and / or the stability in the ionic liquid is increased. Suitable for long-term stability.
- the viscosity of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited. However, since up-conversion luminescence is caused by the TTA process, for example, ⁇ 100 ° C. to 200 ° C., ⁇ 50 ° C. to 100 ° C., ⁇ 30 ° C. It is suitable to be a liquid in a temperature range in which a light conversion element such as ⁇ 80 ° C. is used.
- the viscosity of the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention can be 0.000001 Pa ⁇ s or more, 0.00001 Pa ⁇ s or more, 0.0001 Pa ⁇ s or more, 0.001 Pa ⁇ s or more at 300K. It can be 1 Pa ⁇ s or less, 10 Pa ⁇ s or less, 100 Pa ⁇ s or less, or 1000 Pa ⁇ s or less.
- the melting point (T m ) and the solidification temperature (T f ) of the light conversion element since the light emission is caused by the TTA process, It is suitable to be.
- the melting point can be ⁇ 200 ° C. or higher, 10 ° C. or lower, 0 ° C. or lower, ⁇ 10 ° C. or lower, ⁇ 30 ° C. or lower, or ⁇ 50 ° C. or lower.
- the solidification temperature can be ⁇ 200 ° C. or higher, 0 ° C. or lower, ⁇ 10 ° C. or lower, ⁇ 30 ° C. or lower, or ⁇ 50 ° C. or lower.
- both the melting point and the solidification temperature are preferably 0 ° C. or less.
- the water content is 1% by weight or less, 0.1% by weight or less, 0.01% by weight or less, or 0.001% by weight or less. be able to.
- oxygen is present, the excited state is quenched in the TTA process and the conversion efficiency is lowered. Therefore, in the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention, the oxygen concentration is 100 ppm or less, 10 ppm or less, 1 ppm or less, 0.1 ppm or less. It can be.
- an oxygen getter and a water-absorbing material can coexist in an apparatus having a light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules that can be used in the present invention can be widely used without limitation as long as the combination emits light based on the TTA process.
- the absorption wavelength and emission wavelength can be selected without limitation from within the spectral range of sunlight.
- the visible to near infrared region is used.
- a ⁇ -conjugated molecule having a light absorption band and / or a light emission band can be used.
- organic photosensitizing molecule examples include, but are not limited to, metal porphyrins such as a meso-tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin metal complex and octaethylporphyrin metal complex, and metal phthalocyanines. Absent.
- metal porphyrins such as a meso-tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin metal complex and octaethylporphyrin metal complex
- metal phthalocyanines Absent.
- metal in the complex Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir, Zn, Cu, or the like can be used.
- organic light emitting molecules examples include, but are not limited to, 9,10-diphenylanthracene, 9,10-bis (phenylethynyl) anthracene, perylene, rubrene, and the like.
- aromatic ⁇ -electron conjugated compounds particularly polycyclic aromatic ⁇ -electron conjugated compounds, and the like, for example, are described in Non-Patent Document 5. It can be used widely including those that are present.
- the content of the organic photosensitizer molecule and the organic light emitting molecule in the light conversion element is not particularly limited as long as the TTA process and / or the decrease in light conversion efficiency does not occur.
- the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention can contain, for example, 0.000001% by weight or more, 0.00001% by weight or more, and 0.0001% by weight or more of an organic photosensitizer molecule and a photoluminescent molecule, respectively. 1 wt% or less, 5 wt% or less, 10 wt% or less.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes: a) a step of producing an organic solution in which an organic photosensitizing molecule and an organic light emitting molecule, which are combinations showing a TTA process, are dissolved in a volatile organic solvent; and b) an ionic liquid. Mixing the organic solution with stirring to produce a visually homogeneous and transparent solution and / or dispersion; and c) leaving traces of the volatile organic solvent from the solution and / or dispersion under reduced pressure. And a step of removing the amount to below the amount, and a method for producing a visually uniform and transparent light conversion element.
- a solution in which an organic photosensitizer molecule and an organic light emitting molecule are dissolved in a volatile organic solvent is added to the ionic liquid and stirred, so that it can be visually and uniformly mixed in the ionic liquid. It is.
- “stirring” means moving the liquid container itself, moving an object in the liquid, vibrating the object in the liquid, flowing the liquid itself, or vibrating the liquid itself. , Jetting a gas into a liquid, or performing two or more of these operations sequentially or simultaneously, and indirectly causing these operations.
- this liquid can contain solid.
- “stirring” can include the use of ultrasonic waves or the use or combination of energy that molecules such as microwaves vibrate and absorb.
- the “trace amount” of the volatile organic solvent refers to an amount capable of detecting the volatile organic solvent only at a noise level or less with respect to the ionic liquid based on the measurement of the light absorption spectrum. .
- solubility based on polarity-nonpolarity is used to dissolve organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light-emitting molecules in volatile organic solvents.
- the conventional concept of solubility based on polarity-nonpolarity does not apply to dispersion / dissolution of volatile organic solutions containing organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light-emitting molecules in ionic liquids.
- Organic photosensitization may be achieved by using an ionic liquid that is miscible with water to some extent, but is not miscible with water to some extent (non-water miscible), using the same concept as described for liquid anions. It can be considered that a volatile organic solution containing molecules and organic light emitting molecules can be visually and homogeneously mixed with the ionic liquid.
- a volatile organic solution containing an organic photosensitizer molecule and an organic light emitting molecule is visually mixed homogeneously and transparently in an ionic liquid, and then the volatile organic solvent is traced under high vacuum. It has been found that organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules can be dissolved and / or dispersed visually and homogeneously and transparently in ionic liquids even when removed to below the amount.
- the energy stabilizing interaction considered to be the “cation- ⁇ interaction” described for the cation of the ionic liquid described above. It is considered that the visually homogeneous and transparent dissolution and / or dispersion of the organic photosensitizer molecule and the organic light emitting molecule in the ionic liquid is stabilized.
- the organic photosensitizer molecule and the organic light emitting molecule according to the present invention can be dissolved, and can be mixed homogeneously and transparently with the non-water-miscible ionic liquid, and further under reduced pressure. Any solvent can be used without particular limitation as long as it can be removed up to a trace amount. Aromatic solvents such as toluene, benzene, xylene and the like are appropriately used according to the solubility of organic photosensitizing molecules and organic light emitting molecules. You can choose.
- Stirring according to one embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as a solution in which an organic photosensitizer molecule and an organic light emitting molecule are dissolved in a volatile organic solvent can be mixed in an ionic liquid, and there is no particular limitation.
- Techniques or devices such as a feed pump, a pulverizer, a bead mill, a homogenizer, a wet jet mill, and a microwave can be used, and these may be used alone or in combination.
- the ionic liquid used in the method for manufacturing the light conversion element further has a cation- ⁇ interaction with the organic photosensitizer molecule and the organic light emitting molecule, and If immiscible with water, the organic photosensitizing molecule and the organic light emitting molecule can be dissolved and / or dispersed visually and homogeneously and transparently in the ionic liquid, and the organic photosensitizing molecule and the organic light emitting molecule Dissolution and / or dispersion in the ionic liquid can be stabilized.
- the cation and anion of the ionic liquid are not particularly limited, and those described as the cation and anion of the ionic liquid according to the light conversion element can be used. These cations and anions may each be one kind or a mixture of two or more kinds.
- the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention can be used in solar cells, photocatalysts, photocatalytic hydrogen / oxygen generators, and the like.
- FIG. 3 shows a solar cell having a solar cell layer 1, a transparent back electrode 2, a transparent insulating film 3, and a light reflecting film 5, and an up-conversion film layer 4 using the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an apparatus disposed between a transparent insulating film and a light reflecting film as an example.
- FIG. 3 by up-converting the incident light 6 from the sun, it is possible to increase the intensity of light in the wavelength range that the solar cell layer can use for power generation, and to further increase power generation efficiency. .
- the light conversion element according to one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above-described configuration, and can be arranged as necessary, for example, between the transparent back electrode and the transparent insulating film.
- Ionic liquid # 1 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (Manufacturer name: Covalent Associates Inc, CAS number 174899-82-2)
- Ionic liquid # 2 1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (Manufacturer name: Covalent Associates Inc, CAS No.
- Ionic liquid # 3 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (Manufacturer name: Covalent Associates Inc, CAS No. 174899-83-3)
- Ionic liquid # 4 1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tris (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) methide (Manufacturer: Covalent Associates Inc, CAS No.
- Ionic liquid # 5 N, N-diethyl-N-methyl-N- (2-methoxyethyl) ammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (manufacturer: Nisshinbo, distributor: Kanto Chemical, product number: 11468-55, CAS number 464927-84-2)
- Ionic liquid # 6 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (manufacturer name: Kanto Chemical Co., CAS No.
- Ionic liquid # 7 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (distributor: Kanto Chemical, product number: 49514-85, CAS number: 178631-04-4)
- Ionic liquid # 8 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (Distributor: Kanto Chemical, product number: 49515-52, CAS number: 174899-90-2)
- Ionic liquid # 9 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (distributor: Kanto Chemical, product number: 49515-66, CAS number: 350493-08-2)
- # 1 to # 9 are all non-water miscible ionic liquids.
- an ionic liquid which causes layer separation that can be visually recognized as an organic solvent in which an organic photosensitizer molecule and an organic light emitting molecule are dissolved is not suitable for production of a light conversion element.
- Ionic liquid # 10 N, N-diethyl-N-methyl-N- (2-methoxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate (manufacturer: Nisshinbo, distributor: Kanto Chemical, product number: 11469-45, CAS number 464927-72) -8)
- Ionic liquid # 11 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (Distributor: Tokyo Kasei, product number: M1440, CAS number 119171-18-5)
- Ionic liquid # 12 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoroacetate (Distributor: Merck, product number: 490147, CAS number 174899-65-1)
- Ionic liquid # 13 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (distributor: Kanto Chemical, product number: 49514-02, CAS number 143314-17-4)
- # 10 to # 13 are all water-miscible ionic
- Organic photosensitized molecule Organic photosensitized molecule # 1: Meso-tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin palladium (CAS number 119654-64-7) Organic photosensitizer molecule # 2: octaethylporphyrin palladium (CAS number 24804-00-0)
- Organic light emitting molecule Organic light emitting molecule # 1: perylene (CAS number 198-55-0) Organic light emitting molecule # 2: 9,10-bis (phenylethynyl) anthracene (CAS number 10075-85-1) Organic light emitting molecule # 3: 9,10-diphenylanthracene (CAS number 1499-10-1) Volatile organic solvent toluene (Manufacturer name: Wako Pure Chemicals, product number: 209-13445) Benzene (Manufacturer name: Wako Pure Chemicals, product number: 021-1301) Normal hexane (Manufacturer name: Wako Pure Chemicals, product number: 082-06901) Cyclohexane (Manufacturer name: Aldrich, product number: 227048)
- Equipment bus sonicator Manufacturer name: Branson, model number: Model 3510
- Glass Pasteur Pipette Manufacturer: Fisher Scientific, product number: 5-5351-01
- Vacuum chamber made of aluminum, cylindrical custom-made product with internal dimensions of diameter 10cm x height 6cm
- Rotary pump Manufacturer name: ULVAC, model number: GLD-051, design ultimate pressure is 1 Pa or less
- Scroll pump Manufacturer name: Edwards, model number: XDS35i, design ultimate pressure is 1 Pa or less
- Turbo molecular pump Manufacturer name: Pfeiffer vacuum, model number: HiCube 80, real ultimate vacuum of about 10 -4 to 10 -5 Pa
- Continuous light laser emitter # 1 (wavelength: 632.8 nm, manufacturer: CVI Melles Griot, model number: 05LHP991)
- Continuous light laser emitter # 2 (wavelength: 532.0 nm, manufacturer name: AOTK, model number: Action532S)
- Continuous light laser emitter # 4 (diode laser, wavelength: 407 nm, manufacturer: World Star Tech, model number: TECBL-30GC-405)
- Continuous light laser emission # 1 In the continuous light laser emitter # 1, the excitation light source is 632.8 nm, the spot diameter is about 1 mm, and the output is about 11 mW.
- Continuous light laser emission # 2 In the continuous light laser emitter # 2, the excitation light source is 532.0 nm and the output is about 10 mW.
- Spectrometer (Manufacturer: Roper Scientific, Model: SP-2300i) Electronically cooled silicon CCD detector (Manufacturer name: Roper Scientific, model number; Pixis100BR, horizontal direction 1340 pixels) CCD beam laser profiler (Manufacturer name: Ophir, model number: SP620) Diffraction grating spectrometer (Manufacturer name: PI Acton, model number: SP2300) Ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared spectrometer (manufacturer: Shimadzu Corporation, model number: UV-3600)
- Decompression treatment # 1 Depressurization at room temperature using a rotary pump for about 5 hours to about 12 hours (Examples 1-34, 46-56)
- Decompression treatment # 2 Depressurization for 10 hours or more with a turbo molecular pump at room temperature (Examples 35 to 45, 57 to 64) Note that no significant difference was found in the obtained results due to the difference between the decompression treatment # 1 and the decompression treatment # 2.
- Example 1 Dissolution / Dispersion of Organic Photosensitizing Molecules and Organic Luminescent Molecules in Ionic Liquid
- the organic photosensitized molecules and organic luminescent molecules were dissolved and / or dispersed in the ionic liquid in the following three steps. (Photos and schematic diagrams of these steps are shown in FIG. 4.)
- Step 1 At room temperature, 400 ⁇ l of ionic liquid # 1 (colorless and transparent) was placed in a glass bottle having a volume of 1.5 to 10 ml. Next, 50 ⁇ l of a 4 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 M solution in which organic photosensitizer molecule # 1 is dissolved in toluene is dissolved in this ionic liquid, and 4 ⁇ 10 in which luminescent molecule # 1 is dissolved in toluene. When 100 ⁇ l of -3 M solution is added, the colorless and transparent ionic liquid # 1 is the lower layer, and the toluene solution containing the green organic photosensitizer molecule # 1 and the organic light emitting molecule # 1 is the upper layer. It became.
- Step 2 The solution in step 1 above is repeatedly “sucked and spit” using a thin glass Pasteur pipette, and after confirming that the mixture has become a homogeneous and transparent mixed solution by visual inspection, cover the glass bottle, A bath sonicator was applied to an ultrasonic disperser for about 30 minutes to further increase the homogeneity of the mixture.
- Step 3 When the ionic liquid / organic solvent mixed solution obtained in step 2 is removed from the glass bottle lid and placed in a vacuum chamber and subjected to the above-mentioned decompression treatment, one organic photosensitizing molecule that is visually homogeneous and transparent. An ionic liquid solution and / or dispersion containing organic luminescent molecules was obtained.
- both the reduced pressure treatments # 1 and # 2 were in the range of 1.0% by weight, and the ionic liquid solution and / or dispersion It was confirmed that toluene contained therein was removed to a trace amount.
- Example 2 to 17 When the same operation as in Example 1 was performed except that the ionic liquid, organic photosensitizing molecule, and organic light emitting molecule shown in Table 1 below were used, a visually homogeneous and transparent single layer solution and / or dispersion The body was obtained.
- Example 1 is also shown in Table 1 below.
- Example 18 Light Conversion Confirmation Experiment of Light Conversion Element
- the sample prepared in Example 1 was placed in a glove box under a nitrogen atmosphere, and a glass bottle was attached with a hermetically sealed lid and taken out.
- the excitation power density was about 2 W / cm 2 .
- FIG. 5 shows a state of up-conversion (FIG. 5).
- Example 19-34 Each sample was irradiated with a continuous light laser under the same conditions as in Example 18 except that the samples in the examples shown in Table 2 below and continuous light laser emission were used. Under the environment, bright blue to blue-green upconversion luminescence was sufficiently confirmed visually.
- Example 18 is also shown in Table 2 below. The figure (FIG. 6) of a mode that the sample of Example 2 is up-converting to blue-green is shown.
- the upconversion light emitted from the sample was once converted into parallel light by a lens, and then condensed by another lens onto the entrance slit (slit width: 150 ⁇ m) of the spectrometer and diffracted by an internal diffraction grating. Later, the spectrum of up-conversion light was measured and recorded with an electronically cooled silicon CCD detector.
- the spectra of Examples 18, 22, and 30 (Examples 1, 5, and 13) shown in FIG. 7 are measured under the same measurement conditions and the same laser alignment conditions, and the relative intensities on the vertical axis can be compared. is there.
- the spectrum of up-conversion luminescence was measured from each sample. In addition, as a result of quantitative comparison of the spectra, it was observed that the upconversion intensity tended to decrease in the order of ionic liquids # 1 to # 2 having the lowest viscosity and # 4 having the highest viscosity.
- Examples 18 to 21 ((a) (ionic liquid # 1, sensitizing molecule # 1, luminescent molecule # 1), (b) (ionic liquid # 1, sensitizing molecule # 1, luminescent molecule # in FIG. 8) 2), (c) (ionic liquid # 1, sensitizing molecule # 2, luminescent molecule # 1), (d) (ionic liquid # 1, sensitizing molecule # 2, luminescent molecule # 3)), Examples 22 to 25 ((a) in FIG.
- Example 45 Confirmation of long-term stability of solutions and / or dispersions of organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light-emitting molecules in ionic liquids (2)
- the sample prepared by performing the decompression process # 2 instead of the decompression process # 1 was used in a stainless glove box filled with argon gas, the inner dimension was 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm, the outer dimension was 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm, and the length was long.
- Example 46 Measurement of Upconversion Quantum Efficiency 1
- a sample and a reference in a glove box filled with argon a single-closed rectangular glass tube (manufacturer: Mito Rika Glass, custom-made product, figure number: inner dimensions 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm, outer dimensions 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm, length 40 mm): EA0066) is injected into about 1 ⁇ 2 of its entire length, and immediately after that, in a glove box filled with the same argon, low melting point solder (melting point 155 ° C., product name: Cerasolza Eco # 155, distributor: Eishin Industry Co., Ltd.) The open end of the rectangular glass tube was closed and sealed using a general-purpose soldering iron for electronic work.
- the sample is “the
- the method for obtaining the quantum efficiency of the sample in the example of the present invention is basically the same as the method adopted in Non-Patent Document 5, except that the concentration of the organic light emitting molecule # 2 in the reference used is different. there were.
- the continuous light laser emission # 1 emitted from the continuous light laser emitter # 1 is incident on the sample, and the spectroscope (existing) and the electronically cooled silicon CCD detector (existing) are used.
- the emission spectrum was measured.
- the measurement conditions were an entrance slit width of the spectrometer: 150 ⁇ m and an exposure time of the silicon CCD detector: 0.01 seconds.
- a diode laser having a wavelength of 405 nm spot diameter: about 1 mm, manufacturer name: World Star Tech, model number: TECBL-30GC-405
- the emission spectrum was measured under the same measurement conditions as described above.
- the light absorption spectra of the sample and the reference were measured with a spectrophotometer (existing).
- the upconversion quantum efficiency of the sample is determined by a method commonly used by those skilled in the art.
- the definition of up-conversion quantum efficiency is 100% when one up-converted photon is always generated from two incident photons.
- Non-Patent Document 4 using styrene oligomer as a medium as a preceding case.
- the up-conversion quantum efficiency is about 3.2% at maximum with an excitation intensity of about 14 W / cm 2. there were.
- optical up-conversion by the TTA process can change the quantum efficiency in proportion to the square of the excitation intensity (described in FIG. 5 of Non-Patent Document 2).
- the excitation intensity of continuous light laser emission # 1 in the example of the present invention (Example 46) is about 2 W / cm 2 , which corresponds to about 1/7 of the excitation intensity in Non-Patent Document 4.
- Non-Patent Document 4 is about one-seventh (similar to the excitation intensity in the embodiment of the present invention)
- the value of up-conversion in the embodiment of the present invention (Example 46), that is, about 1.6%, greatly exceeds the value of this previous case. Such a difference is considered to be due to the fact that the styrene oligomer is a high viscosity medium.
- Example 46 of the present invention the “sample of Example 1 in Table 1 prepared by the procedure of Example 1” in which the upconversion quantum efficiency was measured was optimized for conditions (maximum sensitizing molecule concentration and This is a sample that has not been searched for the concentration of the luminescent molecule. From this, up-conversion in the case of using the styrene oligomer in the previous case (Non-patent Document 4) as long as the condition optimization for maximizing the up-conversion quantum efficiency is performed on the sample in Example 46 of the present invention. It was shown that quantum efficiency far exceeding quantum efficiency can be obtained. As described above, it has been found that the aspect according to the present invention provides the upconversion quantum efficiency greatly improved from the previous case (Non-Patent Document 4).
- Examples 47 to 50 Dissolution and / or dispersion tests with different types of volatile organic solvents Ionic liquid # 1 (Example 47), Ionic liquid # 2 (Example 48), Ionic liquid # 3 (Example 49) ), Except that benzene was used in place of toluene as the volatile organic solvent in the ionic liquid # 5 (Example 50), and the same operation as in Example 1 was performed. A clear single layer solution and / or dispersion was obtained.
- Example 51 to 53 Light Conversion Confirmation Experiment of Light Conversion Element The same operation as in Example 1 was carried out except that the ionic liquid shown in Table 3 below was used. A dispersion was obtained.
- Example 54-56 Each sample was irradiated with a continuous light laser under the same conditions as in Example 18 except that the samples in Examples 51 to 53 shown in Table 4 below and the continuous light laser emission were used. Under the indoor environment, the bright blue up-conversion emission was sufficiently confirmed visually.
- Procedure 2 for determining upconversion quantum efficiency a quartz tube (manufacturer: VitroCom, product number: QA101) having a square cross-sectional shape with an inner dimension of 1.0 mm ⁇ 1.0 mm and an outer dimension of 2.0 mm ⁇ 2.0 mm is cut into a length of 25 mm, washed, and then burner One end is closed to produce a one-end closed quartz tube used for quantum efficiency measurement. Subsequently, the sample prepared in the above-described procedure was placed in the above-mentioned single-end closed quartz tube in a stainless steel vacuum glove box (manufacturer: UNICO, product number: UN-650F) filled with argon gas.
- a stainless steel vacuum glove box manufactured with argon gas.
- Procedure 2 for determining upconversion quantum efficiency a toluene solution (molar concentration: 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 mol / l) of organic light emitting molecule # 2 was used as the reference solution.
- a stainless steel XYZ stage manufactured by Suruga Seiki Co., Ltd., product number: BSS76-40C
- the sample quartz tube was set in a stainless steel holder for holding a special sample quartz tube.
- a sample quartz jar containing the sample and the reference solution was irradiated using continuous light laser emitters # 3 and # 4, respectively.
- the beam spot diameter at the quartz tube position was about 0.8 mm as measured using a CCD beam laser profiler.
- the light emitted from the sample quartz tube was once converted into parallel light by a lens, and then re-condensed to a slit of a 30 cm diffraction grating spectrometer (manufacturer name: PI Acton, model number: SP2300) by another lens.
- the obtained spectrum of light emission was corrected for the wavelength dependence of the diffraction grating used and the wavelength dependence of an electronic cooling array CCD detector (manufacturer name: Princeton Instruments, model number: PIXSIS: 100BR).
- the optical absorption spectra of the sample solution and the reference solution filled in a 1 mm thick quartz optical cell (manufacturer name: Starna, model number: Type 53 / Q / 1) and the reference solution are measured using an ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometer. did.
- the luminescence quantum efficiency of the reference liquid is already known to be about 85%, as already described in the section of the luminescence quantum efficiency when the benzene solution of the organic luminescent molecule # 2 is excited at a wavelength of around 400 nm, this is known. Based on this, the value of the upconversion quantum efficiency of the sample was calculated.
- Examples 57 to 64 Measurement of upconversion quantum efficiency 2 Using the above-mentioned procedure 2 for determining the upconversion quantum efficiency , an organic photosensitizer molecule # 1 having a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 (mol / l) and an organic light emitting molecule # having a concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 (mol / l) Table 5 shows the result of calculating the value of quantum efficiency based on the measurement results using 1, ionic liquids # 1, # 3, # 6, # 7, # 8, # 2, # 9, and # 5.
- the definition of upconversion quantum efficiency is 100% when one upconverted photon is always generated from two incident photons.
- maximum value is 100%.
- the maximum value of the up-conversion quantum efficiency is 50%, and such a definition is adopted in Non-Patent Document 5, for example.
- Upconversion quantum efficiency values observed in one aspect of the present invention (up to about 10%, Table 5) and upconversion reported in conventional examples using volatile organic solvents as organic molecular media. Comparing with the value of quantum efficiency is different in various conditions including quantum efficiency measurement conditions and energy upshift amount ( ⁇ E (eV)) between cases. In general, the larger the target ⁇ E, the higher the conversion. Quantum efficiency tends to decrease and is not always easy.
- Non-Patent Document 1 states that “solvent: not clearly described but estimated as benzene or toluene from context, ⁇ E: about 0.43 eV, quantum efficiency: 2% Or more ”, Non-Patent Document 5“ solvent: toluene, ⁇ E: about 0.65 eV, quantum efficiency: 6.4% ”, Non-Patent Document 10“ solvent: toluene, ⁇ E: about 0.6 eV, quantum efficiency.
- Non-Patent Document 11 “ solvent: benzene, ⁇ E: about 0.2 eV, quantum efficiency: about 15% ”, and in another form of Non-Patent Document 11,“ solvent: benzene ” , ⁇ E: about 0.4 eV, quantum efficiency: about 6% ”, and in Non-Patent Document 12,“ solvent: benzene, ⁇ E: about 0.8 eV, quantum efficiency: about 1% ”.
- These quantum efficiencies are values matched with the definition (maximum value is 100%) used in the above-described embodiment of the present invention. As described above, upconversion quantum efficiency tends to decrease as ⁇ E increases, so that various conditions differ between cases and it is difficult to simply compare quantum efficiency values.
- the value of the up-conversion quantum efficiency will increase in proportion to the concentration of the triplet excited state generated, that is, the excitation intensity. That is, in FIG. 22, despite the fact that the up-conversion quantum efficiency converges to a constant value in spite of the relatively weak excitation intensity of 30 mW or less, it is a sufficiently high rate inside the ionic liquid. This means that diffusion movement of organic molecules and energy transfer between organic molecules occur.
- Such desirable properties make it possible to evacuate the sample liquid directly by a turbo molecular pump by using an ionic liquid with a very low vapor pressure as a medium, and as a result, oxygen molecules that rapidly quench the triplet excited state. From this point of view, it can be said that there is an advantage that has not existed in the past using an ionic liquid as a medium. This is because such direct degassing of a sample by a turbo molecular pump is not applicable to a sample using a conventional volatile solvent.
- Equation 1 is a dimensionless equation representing the relationship between excitation intensity and up-conversion quantum efficiency, derived in one aspect of the present invention.
- Equation 2 The variables in Equation 2 are ⁇ : upconversion quantum efficiency, ⁇ : emission quantum efficiency from the lowest excited singlet level of the organic light emitting molecule, ⁇ : probability that a singlet is generated as a result of triplet-triplet annihilation, N ex : Rate of photons absorbed by the organic sensitizing molecule in moles (unit: Ms ⁇ 1 ), k TTA : Triplet-triplet annihilation rate (unit: M ⁇ 1 s ⁇ 1 ), k T (E) : spontaneous relaxation rate (unit: s ⁇ 1 ) from the lowest triplet level of the organic light emitting molecule to the ground state, 0 ⁇ ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1 It is.
- Expression 1 is an analytical expression derived on the assumption that the rate of collision and energy transfer between organic molecules is sufficiently high.
- FIG. 23 shows experimental data plots in which the horizontal axis in FIG. 22 is displayed as N ex and the fitting curve according to Equation 1 for them. The experimental result is in good agreement with the model (Equation 1) derived on the assumption that the intermolecular energy transfer rate is sufficiently high, and the upconversion quantum efficiency observed in FIG. 22 converges to a constant value. However, it was confirmed that this was due to the sufficiently high rate of collision and energy transfer between organic molecules.
- Comparative Example 2 Dissolution / Dispersion Test in Ionic Liquid by Grinding in Mortar
- the organic photosensitizing molecule and organic light emitting molecule of Comparative Example 1 were ground for about 30 minutes with a quartz pestle.
- the ionic liquid was visually colored, resulting in a heterogeneous dispersion in which the solid powder floated on the liquid surface and inside the liquid.
- an optical microscope at a magnification of 50 times, it was confirmed that most of the organic photosensitizing molecules and organic light emitting molecules remained as fine solid powders.
- Comparative Example 3 Dissolution / Dispersion Test in Ionic Liquid Using Ultrasound
- Comparative Example 1 After sprinkling organic photosensitizer molecules and organic light emitting molecules, further dispersion was attempted by applying an ultrasonic disperser for about 30 minutes.
- the ionic liquid was slightly colored visually and remained a heterogeneous dispersion in which the solid powder floated on the liquid surface and inside the liquid.
- the organic photosensitizer molecule # 1 and the organic light emitting molecule # 2 should not be dissolved or dispersed homogeneously in the ionic liquid # 1 even if stirring is performed according to the present invention. There was found.
- Comparative Examples 4 to 7 Dissolution / dispersion test using an ionic liquid having an anion that imparts water miscibility to the ionic liquid Ionic liquid # 10 (Comparative Example 4), Ionic liquid # 11 (Comparative Example 5), Ionic liquid # 12 ( Comparative Example 6) Except for using ionic liquid # 13 (Comparative Example 7), the same procedure as in Example 1 was performed. As a result, a part of organic light emitting molecule # 1 (yellow) moved to the ionic liquid side. Although most of the organic photosensitizing molecule # 1 (green) remained visually remaining in the upper toluene solution, the ionic liquid and the organic molecule toluene solution were still visible.
- Comparative Examples 8 to 13 Dissolution / dispersion test using an ionic liquid having an anion that imparts water miscibility to the ionic liquid n-hexane in which organic luminescent molecule # 1 and organic photosensitized molecule # 1 are not dissolved as a volatile organic solvent
- ionic liquids # 1, # 2, # 3, # 5, and # 6 ionic liquids # 1, # 2, # 3, # 5, and # 6 except that n-hexane and non-aqueous were used. It was visually confirmed that complete layer separation occurred with the miscible ionic liquid and no miscibility occurred.
- n-hexane which is a nonpolar solvent
- benzene and toluene having ⁇ electrons are mixed even in the same nonpolar solvent
- Comparative Examples 14 to 21 Comparative test of miscibility between the non-water-miscible ionic liquid according to one aspect of the present invention and two types of nonpolar solvents (benzene and cyclohexane) Ionic liquids # 1, # 5, # 6, and # 9 and two types of nonpolar solvents, benzene (C 6 H 6 ) (Comparative Examples 14 to 17) and cyclohexane (C 6 H 12 ) (Comparative Examples 18 to 21) ), And an experiment to compare the miscibility with it. In order to investigate combinations of these four types of ionic liquids and two types of nonpolar solvents, eight glass containers (capacity: about 1.5 ml) that can be easily sealed with a silicon cap were prepared.
- Such ionic liquids according to one embodiment of the present invention have a “cation- ⁇ interaction” based on the experimental result that benzene having ⁇ electrons can enter the ionic liquid even in the same nonpolar molecule. It was strongly suggested that it worked significantly.
- the light conversion element according to the present invention can stably up-convert light for a long period of time, it is widely used in the energy field using light energy, including solar cells, photocatalysts, photocatalytic hydrogen / oxygen generators, and the like. Can do.
Abstract
Description
特許文献1は、光子エネルギーをアップコンバートする組成物において、少なくともフタロシアニン、金属ポルフィリン、金属フタロシアニン等の感光体として機能する第1の波長域においてエネルギーを吸収する第1の成分と、ポリフルオレン、オリゴフルオレンおよびこれらのコポリマー、ポリパラフェニレン等の発光体として機能する第2の波長域でエネルギーを放出する第2の成分を含む、組成物を記載する。
特許文献2は、光アップコンバージョンのための、少なくとも1種のポリマーと、少なくとも1種の重原子を含有する少なくとも1種の増感剤とを含む系の使用であって、前記増感剤の三重項エネルギーレベルが、前記ポリマーの三重項エネルギーレベルよりも高いことを特徴とする系の使用を記載する。
「イオン液体」とは、カチオンとアニオンから成る、25℃で液体である常温溶融塩をいう。
「目視上均質かつ透明」とは、イオン液体と、揮発性有機溶媒中に有機光増感分子および有機発光分子を溶解した溶液との場合、有機光増感分子および有機発光分子の揮発性有機溶液が、イオン液体に対して、目視上二層以上の層分離を起こしておらず、そして目視で確認できる程度において、均質であり、かつ濁り・曇りを有さず透明に混和していることをいい、イオン液体と、有機光増感分子および有機発光分子との場合、有機光増感分子および有機発光分子の、イオン液体中溶液および/または分散体が、目視で確認できる程度において、固体を有さず、均質であり、かつ濁り・曇りを有さず透明であることをいう。なお、溶解および/または分散とは、溶解もしくは分散のいずれかまたは溶解および分散を同時にしていることをいう。
これらのカチオンは、1種または2種以上の混合物であってもよい。
酸素が存在すると、TTA過程で励起状態をクエンチし、変換効率を低下させるので、本発明における一態様に係る光変換要素では、酸素濃度を、100ppm以下、10ppm以下、1ppm以下、0.1ppm以下とすることができる。
これらの目的のため、本発明の一態様に係る光変換要素を有する装置には、酸素ゲッター、水吸収材料を共存させることができる。
そして、本明細書中において、揮発性有機溶媒についての「痕跡量」とは、光吸収スペクトルの測定に基づいて、イオン液体に対して揮発性有機溶媒をノイズレベル以下でしか検出できない量をいう。
例えば、図3は、太陽電池層1、透明背面電極2、透明絶縁膜3、光反射膜5を有する太陽電池において、本発明の一態様に係る光変換要素を用いたアップコンバージョン膜層4を、一例として、透明絶縁膜と光反射膜との間に配置した機器の断面模式図である。例えば、図3の構成により、太陽からの入射光6を、アップコンバートすることにより、太陽電池層が発電に使用できる波長範囲の光の強度を高めて、発電効率をさらに高めることが可能になる。
本発明の一態様に係る光変換要素は、上記構成に限定されることなく、必要に応じて、例えば、透明背面電極と透明絶縁膜との間等必要に応じた配置が可能である。
以下に、本発明の一態様の実施例および比較例で用いた、イオン液体、有機発光分子、有機光増感分子、有機揮発性溶媒、使用装置などについて詳細を示す。
本発明に係る態様において、安定で良好な光アップコンバーターが作製できることが見出されているイオン液体。
イオン液体#1:1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム ビス(トリフルオロメチルスルホニル)イミド(メーカー名:Covalent Associates Inc、CAS番号 174899-82-2)
イオン液体#2:1-プロピル-2,3-ジメチルイミダゾリウム ビス(トリフルオロメチルスルホニル)イミド(メーカー名:Covalent Associates Inc、CAS番号 169051-76-7)
イオン液体#3:1-ブチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム ビス(トリフルオロメチルスルホニル)イミド(メーカー名:Covalent Associates Inc、CAS番号 174899-83-3)
イオン液体#4:1-プロピル-2,3-ジメチルイミダゾリウム トリス(トリフルオロメチルスルホニル)メチド(メーカー名:Covalent Associates Inc、CAS番号 169051-77-8)
イオン液体#5:N,N-ジエチル-N-メチル-N-(2-メトキシエチル)アンモニウム ビス(トリフルオロメチルスルホニル)イミド(製造元:日清紡、販売元:関東化学、製品番号:11468-55、CAS番号 464927-84-2)
イオン液体#6:1-ヘキシル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム ビス(トリフルオロメチルスルホニル)イミド(メーカー名:関東化学、CAS番号 382150-50-7)
イオン液体#7:1-オクチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム ビス(トリフルオロメチルスルホニル)イミド(販売元:関東化学、製品番号:49514-85、CAS番号:178631-04-4)
イオン液体#8:1-エチル-2,3-ジメチルイミダゾリウム ビス(トリフルオロメチルスルホニル)イミド(販売元:関東化学、製品番号:49515-52、CAS番号:174899-90-2)
イオン液体#9:1-ブチル-2,3-ジメチルイミダゾリウム ビス(トリフルオロメチルスルホニル)イミド(販売元:関東化学、製品番号:49515-66、CAS番号:350493-08-2)
#1~#9は、いずれも非水混和性のイオン液体である。
本発明に係る方法を適用しても、有機光増感分子および有機発光分子を溶解させた有機溶媒と目視で認識できる層分離を起こし、光変換要素の作製に適さなかったイオン液体。
イオン液体#10:N,N-ジエチル-N-メチル-N-(2-メトキシエチル)アンモニウム テトラフルオロボレート(製造元:日清紡、販売元:関東化学、製品番号:11469-45、CAS番号 464927-72-8)
イオン液体#11:1-メチル-3-プロピルイミダゾリウム ヨージド(販売元:東京化成、製品番号:M1440,CAS番号 119171-18-5)
イオン液体#12:1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム トリフルオロアセテート(販売元:メルク、製品番号:490147,CAS番号 174899-65-1)
イオン液体#13:1-エチル-3-メチルイミダゾリウム アセテート(販売元:関東化学、製品番号:49514-02,CAS番号 143314-17-4)
#10~#13は、いずれも水混和性のイオン液体である。
有機光増感分子#1:メソ-テトラフェニル-テトラベンゾポルフィリン パラジウム (CAS番号 119654-64-7)
有機光増感分子#2:オクタエチルポルフィリン パラジウム (CAS番号 24804-00-0)
有機発光分子#1:ペリレン (CAS番号 198-55-0)
有機発光分子#2:9,10-ビス(フェニルエチニル)アントラセン (CAS番号 10075-85-1)
有機発光分子#3:9,10-ジフェニルアントラセン (CAS番号 1499-10-1)
揮発性有機溶媒
トルエン(メーカー名:和光純薬、品番:209-13445)
ベンゼン(メーカー名:和光純薬、品番:021-12301)
ノルマルヘキサン(メーカー名:和光純薬、品番:082-06901)
シクロヘキサン(メーカー名:アルドリッチ、品番:227048)
バスソニケーター(メーカー名:Branson、型番:Model 3510)
ガラス製パスツールピペット(メーカー名:フィッシャー サイテンティフィック、製品番号:5-5351-01)
真空チャンバー(アルミニウム製、内部寸法直径10cm×高さ6cmの円筒形特注品)
ロータリーポンプ(メーカー名:ULVAC、型番:GLD-051、設計到達圧力は1Pa以下である。)
スクロールポンプ(メーカー名:Edwards、型番:XDS35i、設計到達圧力は1Pa以下である。)
ターボ分子ポンプ(メーカー名:ファイファーバキューム、型番:HiCube80、実質到達真空度約10-4~10-5Pa)
連続光レーザー発光器#2(波長:532.0nm、メーカー名:AOTK、型番:Action532S)
連続光レーザー発光器#3(He-Neレーザー、波長:632.8nm、メーカー名:CVIメレスグリオ,型番:25 LHP 928-249)、出力約30mW、レーザースポット直径=約1mm。測定試料の直前に絞り(アイリス)を設置し、試料位置においてレーザースポット直径を0.8mm(励起パワー密度=約6W/cm2)とした。
連続光レーザー発光器#4(ダイオードレーザー、波長:407nm、メーカー名:World Star Tech、型番;TECBL-30GC-405)
連続光レーザー発光#1:上記連続光レーザー発光器#1において、励起光源:632.8nm、スポット径:約1mm、出力:約11mWのもの。
連続光レーザー発光#2:上記連続光レーザー発光器#2において、励起光源:532.0nm、出力:約10mWのもの。
電子冷却シリコンCCD検出器(メーカー名:Roper Scientific、型番;Pixis100BR、横方向1340ピクセル)
CCDビームレーザープロファイラー(メーカー名:Ophir、型番:SP620)
回折格子式分光器(メーカー名:PI Acton、型番:SP2300)
紫外可視近赤外分光計(メーカー名:島津製作所製、型番:UV-3600)
減圧処理#2:室温下で、ターボ分子ポンプで、10時間以上減圧(実施例35~45、57~64)
なお、減圧処理#1と減圧処理#2の違いによって、得られた結果に有意な差異は見られなかった。
以下に示す3ステップで、イオン液体に、有機光増感分子および有機発光分子を溶解および/または分散させた。(これらのステップの写真と模式図を、図4に示す。)
室温下で容積1.5~10mlのガラス瓶に体積400μlのイオン液体#1(無色透明)を入れた。次に、このイオン液体に、有機光増感分子#1をトルエン中に溶解させた濃度4×10-4Mの溶液を50μl、および発光分子#1をトルエン中に溶解させた濃度4×10-3Mの溶液を100μl加えたところ、無色透明なイオン液体#1を下層、緑色の有機光増感分子#1および有機発光分子#1を含むトルエン溶液を上層として、層分離したままの状態となった。
上記ステップ1の溶液を、細いガラス製のパスツールピペットを用いて「吸い・吐き」の繰り返しを行い、目視で均質かつ透明な混合液となったのを確認後、ガラス瓶にフタをして、バスソニケーターで、約30分間、超音波分散器に掛け、さらに混合液の均質度を高めた。
ステップ2で得たイオン液体・有機溶媒混合液を、ガラス瓶のフタを取り除いて、真空チャンバーの中に入れ、上記の減圧処理を行ったところ、目視上均質かつ透明な一層の有機光増感分子・有機発光分子を含むイオン液体の溶液および/または分散体が得られた。真空チャンバーから取り出して、分光光度計により試料に残留するトルエンを定量したところ、減圧処理#1および#2のいずれも1.0重量%の範囲内であり、イオン液体の溶液および/または分散体中に含まれるトルエンを痕跡量にまで除去したことを確認した。
有機光増感分子#1および有機発光分子#1がイオン液体#1中に溶解および/または分散している図(図4)を示す。(なお、例外として実施例1のみ、減圧処理#1および#2後の両方について、それらの減圧処理後に分光光度計によって試料に残留するトルエンの評価を行っている。)
以下の表1中に示したイオン液体、有機光増感分子、有機発光分子を用いたほかは、実施例1と同じ操作を行ったところ、目視上均質かつ透明な一層の溶液および/または分散体が得られた。実施例1も以下の表1中に示す。
室温下において、実施例1で作製した試料を、窒素雰囲気下のグローブボックス内に置き、ガラス瓶に密閉フタをつけた後取り出して、連続光レーザー発光#1を照射したところ、室内灯をつけた室内環境下において、明るい青色のアップコンバージョン発光を、目視で充分に確認できた。本レーザーのスポット径から算出すると、励起パワー密度は約2W/cm2であった。アップコンバージョンしている様子の図(図5)を示す。
以下の表2中に示した実施例中の試料、連続光レーザー発光を用いたほかは、実施例18と同じ条件下で、各試料に連続光レーザーを照射したところ、室内灯をつけた室内環境下において、明るい青色~青緑色のアップコンバージョン発光を、目視で充分に確認できた。実施例18も以下の表2中に示す。
実施例2の試料において青緑色にアップコンバージョンしている様子の図(図6)を示す。
図7に示す実施例18、22、30(実施例1、5、13)のスペクトルは、同一の測定条件・同一のレーザーアライメント条件で測定したものであり、縦軸の相対強度は比較可能である。いずれの試料からも、アップコンバージョン発光のスペクトルが測定された。また、スペクトルの定量比較によって、粘度の最も低いイオン液体#1から#2、そして粘度の最も高い#4の順にアップコンバージョン強度が低下してゆく傾向が観測された。
イオン液体中有機光増感分子および有機発光分子の溶液および/または分散体の長時間安定性の確認
実施例1、2、5、6、9、10、14~17の試料において減圧処理#1の代わりに減圧処理#2を行ったものを、光路長1mmの薄型石英セルを使用して、室温・室湿度下で、作製直後に光吸収スペクトルを測定した。その後、試料を不活性ガス(アルゴン)で満たした密閉容器に入れ、この密閉容器を80℃の恒温オーブンに入れ加速試験(エージング試験)を行った。80℃・室湿度下で100時間半(100.5時間)保持後に密閉容器を高温オーブンから取り出し、その後38時間室温・室湿度下で静置した後、密閉容器のフタを開け、直ちに光吸収測定を行った。
実施例1、2、5、6、9、10、14~17のサンプルの光吸収スペクトルのエージング前後でのスペクトルデータを、それぞれ図11~20に示す。
イオン液体中有機光増感分子および有機発光分子の溶液および/または分散体の長期間安定性の確認(2)
実施例1において減圧処理#1の代わりに減圧処理#2を行って作製した試料を、アルゴンガスで満たされたステンレス製グローブボックスの中で、内寸2mm×2mm、外寸3mm×3mm、長さ40mmの正方形断面形状を有する片端閉じ石英管に、その全長の3/4程度注入し、その後すぐ、同じアルゴンで満たしたグローブボックス中において、低融点ハンダと汎用の電子工作用半田ごてを用いて、石英管の開端口を閉じて密閉し、試験試料とした。この試験試料を、作製から10か月間、室内の蛍光灯のあたる机の上(空気中、室温・室湿度)に置き、作製から10か月経過した時点で、連続光レーザー発光#1を照射したところ、室内灯をつけた室内環境下において、作製直後と目視で変わらない、明るい青色のアップコンバージョン発光を確認できた。本試験試料が、作製から10か月経過後に、光アップコンバージョンをしている様子の写真(図21)(イオン液体#1、有機光増感分子#1の濃度5×10-5M、有機発光分子#1の濃度1×10-3M、連続光レーザー発光器#1)を示す。
連続光レーザー発光#1を用いて、実施例13についての量子効率を算出したところ、励起強度密度2W/cm2において、約1.6%のアップコンバージョン量子効率を達成したことが判明した。
アップコンバージョン量子効率決定の手順1
まず、試料およびリファレンスを、アルゴンで満たしたグローブボックス中において、内寸2mm×2mm、外寸3mm×3mm、長さ40mmの片閉じ矩形ガラス管(メーカー:水戸理化ガラス、特注品、図番:EA0066)にその全長の約半分程度注入し、その後すぐ、同じアルゴンで満たしたグローブボックス中において、低融点ハンダ(融点155℃、製品名:セラソルザ・エコ#155、販売元:栄信工業株式会社)と汎用の電子工作用半田ごてを用いて、矩形ガラス管の開端口を閉じて密閉した。
ここで、試料は、「実施例1の手順で作製された表1における実施例1の試料」であり、リファレンスとは、有機発光分子#2のトルエン溶液(モル濃度:1×10-4mol/l)である。
続いて、リファレンスに波長405nmのダイオードレーザー(スポット径:約1mm、メーカー名:World Star Tech社、型番:TECBL-30GC-405)を入射し、その発光スペクトルを、上記と同じ測定条件で測定した。
別途、分光光度計(既出)によって、試料とリファレンスの光吸収スペクトルを測定した。
イオン液体#1(実施例47)、イオン液体#2(実施例48)、イオン液体#3(実施例49)、イオン液体#5(実施例50)において揮発性有機溶媒としてトルエンの代わりに、ベンゼンを使用した以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行ったところ、実施例1と同様な目視上均質かつ透明な一層の溶液および/または分散体が得られた。
以下の表4中に示した実施例51~53中の試料、連続光レーザー発光を用いたほかは、実施例18と同じ条件下で、各試料に連続光レーザーを照射したところ、室内灯をつけた室内環境下において、明るい青色のアップコンバージョン発光を、目視で充分に確認できた。
まず、内寸1.0mm×1.0mm、外寸2.0mm×2.0mmの正方形断面形状を有する石英管(メーカー:VitroCom、品番:QA101)を長さ25mmに切断し、洗浄後、バーナーで片端を閉じ、量子効率測定に用いる片端閉じ石英管を作製する。続いて、前述の手順で作製した試料を、アルゴンガスで満たされたステンレス製真空グローブボックス(メーカー:UNICO、品番:UN-650F)の中で、上記の片端閉じ石英管にその全長の3/4程度試料液体を注入し、上記アップコンバージョン量子効率決定の手順1と同様に、石英ガラス管の開端口を閉じて密閉し測定試料とした。なお、本節(アップコンバージョン量子効率決定の手順2)において、リファレンス液には、有機発光分子#2のトルエン溶液(モル濃度:1×10-5mol/l)を用いた。
試料石英菅の空間位置を精度よく決定・再現するために、手動マイクロメーターにより精密に位置決めがなされるステンレス製XYZステージ(製造メーカー:駿河精機(株)、品番:BSS76-40C)上に保持された特注の試料石英管保持用ステンレス製ホルダーに試料石英管をセットした。サンプルおよびリファレンス液が入った試料石英菅を、それぞれ連続光レーザー発光器#3および#4を用いて照射した。石英管位置におけるビームスポット径は、CCDビームレーザープロファイラーを用いて測定して約0.8mmであった。試料石英管からの発光をレンズにより一旦平行光とした後、別のレンズにより30cm回折格子式分光器(メーカー名:PI Acton、型番:SP2300)のスリットへ再集光した。得られた光発光のスペクトルは、使用した回折格子の波長依存性および電子冷却アレイ型CCD検出器(メーカー名:Princeton Instruments、型番:PIXSIS:100BR)の波長依存性について補正された。これと共に1mm厚の石英光学セル(メーカー名:Starna、型番:Type53/Q/1)中に充填したサンプル液、およびリファレンス液の光吸収スペクトルを、紫外可視近赤外分光光度計を用いて測定した。上記有機発光分子#2のベンゼン溶液を波長400nm付近で励起した場合の発光量子効率の記載箇所において既に述べたように、本リファレンス液の発光量子効率は約85%と既知であることから、これを基にサンプルのアップコンバージョン量子効率の値を計算した。
上記のアップコンバージョン量子効率決定の手順2を用いて、濃度1×10-5(mol/l)の有機光増感分子#1,濃度3×10-3(mol/l)の有機発光分子#1、イオン液体#1、#3、#6、#7,#8,#2、#9、#5を用いた測定結果に基づいて、量子効率の値を計算した結果を表5に示す。
室温下で約0.5グラムのイオン液体#1を、石英製の乳鉢に入れた。次に、約0.5ミリグラムの有機光増感分子#1および約1ミリグラムの有機発光分子#2の粉末を振りかけて、約6時間放置した。上記有機光増感分子#1は、暗緑色を呈する粉末状態でイオン液体#1上に浮いたままであり、上記有機発光分子#2は、黄橙色を呈した粉末状態でイオン液体#1上に浮いたままであった。その後室温下で約4時間放置したが、図24に示すように、上記有機光増感分子および有機発光分子の状態に変化は観察されなかった。
比較例1の上記有機光増感分子および有機発光分子を石英製乳棒で約30分間すり潰した。イオン液体が目視上色づき、固体粉末が液面および液内部に浮遊する、不均質な分散体となった。これを光学顕微鏡を用いて、倍率50倍で観察したところ、上記有機光増感分子および有機発光分子の大半が細かな固体粉末のままであることを確認した。
比較例1において、有機光増感分子および有機発光分子を振りかけた後に、約30分間超音波分散器に掛けてさらなる分散を試みたが、目視上イオン液体が若干色づき、液面および液内部に固体粉末の浮遊する、不均質な分散体のままであった。
イオン液体#10(比較例4)、イオン液体#11(比較例5)、イオン液体#12(比較例6)、イオン液体#13(比較例7)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同じ手順を行ったところ、有機発光分子#1(黄色)の一部は、イオン液体側に移動しているようではあったが、有機光増感分子#1(緑色)の大半は、目視では上層のトルエン溶液の方に残ったままであって、依然としてイオン液体と有機分子のトルエン溶液が目視で層分離を起こしており、減圧過程(揮発性有機溶媒除去過程)において、有機光増感分子および有機発光分子の固体析出を伴うことなく、これらの分子をイオン液体中に目視上均質に溶解・分散させることはできないことを確認した。
揮発性有機溶媒として有機発光分子#1および有機光増感分子#1を溶解していないn-ヘキサンを用いた以外は、イオン液体#1,#2,#3,#5,#6に対して、実施例1のステップ1およびステップ2と同じ手順を行ったところ、n-ヘキサンと、非水混和性のイオン液体とで、完全な層分離が生じ、一切混和しなかったことを目視上確認した。このような、無極性溶媒であるn-ヘキサンが目視上全く混和せず、同じ無極性溶媒であってもπ電子を有するベンゼンおよびトルエンは混和するという実験結果により、本発明に係る態様で用いたこれらのイオン液体において、「カチオン-π相互作用」が有意に働いていることが示唆された。
本発明の一態様に係る非水混和性のイオン液体#1、#5、#6、#9と、二種類の無極性溶媒、ベンゼン(C6H6)(比較例14~17)およびシクロヘキサン(C6H12)(比較例18~21)、との混和性を比較する実験を行った。これら4種類のイオン液体と2種類の無極性溶媒との組み合わせを調べるため、シリコンキャップで簡易的に密閉ができるガラス容器(容量:約1.5ml)を8個用意した。これらのうち4個には、まず300μlのイオン液体#1、#5、#6、#9を加え、その上から過剰量(>1ml)のベンゼンを加え、残りの4個には、同様にまず300μlのイオン液体#1、#5、#6、#9を加え、その上から過剰量(>1ml)のシクロヘキサンを加えた。これら8個のガラス容器は、シリコンキャップで簡易的に密閉した後、手で約1分間よく振って撹拌した。撹拌後の、これらのガラス容器の様子を図25および図26に示す。これらの図において、破線矢印は元々のイオン液体の液面位置、実線矢印は撹拌後に観察された二層分離界面の位置を示す。ベンゼンにおいては、撹拌後の二層分離界面位置(実線矢印)が初期のイオン液体液面位置(破線矢印)より高い位置にきており、イオン液体がベンゼンとある一定体積比まで混和したことを示す(図25)ものの、同じ無極性溶媒でもπ電子を持たないシクロヘキサンでは、撹拌後の二層分離界面位置(実線矢印)と初期のイオン液体液面位置(破線矢印)が一致しており、混和が起こらなかったことを示している(図26)。この結果は、これらのイオン液体との相互作用は、極性・無極性の区別ではなく、π電子の有無の区別によって支配されていることを明確に示すものである。このような、同じ無極性分子であってもπ電子を有するベンゼンはイオン液体内部に侵入できるという実験結果により、本発明の一態様に係るこれらのイオン液体において、「カチオン-π相互作用」が有意に働いていることが強く示唆された。
2 透明背面電極
3 透明絶縁膜
4 アップコンバージョン膜層
5 光反射膜
6 入射光
Claims (17)
- 三重項-三重項消滅過程を示す組み合わせである有機光増感分子および有機発光分子を、イオン液体中に溶解および/または分散させて成る、目視上均質かつ透明な光変換要素。
- 該イオン液体が、有機光増感分子および有機発光分子とカチオン-π相互作用を有しかつ非水混和性である、請求項1に記載の光変換要素。
- 該イオン液体中のアニオンが、[N(SO2CF3)2]-、[C(SO2CF3)3]-、[PF6]-、[(C2F5)3PF3]-、[BR1R2R3R4]-(R1,R2,R3,R4は、独立して、CH3(CH2)n(ここで、n=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9である)またはアリールである)から成る群から選択された1種または2種以上である、請求項1または2に記載の光変換要素。
- 該イオン液体中のカチオンが、イミダゾリウムカチオン、ピリジニウムカチオン、ピペリジニウムカチオン、ピロリジニウムカチオン、ピラゾリウムカチオン、チアゾリウムカチオン、第四級アンモニウムカチオン、第四級ホスホニウムカチオン、スルホニウムカチオンから成る群から選択された1種または2種以上である請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の光変換要素。
- 該溶液および/または該分散体が、長期間安定である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の光変換要素。
- 300Kにおける粘度が、1Pa・s以下である、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の光変換要素。
- 融点(Tm)、凝固温度(Tf)が、共に0℃以下である、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の光変換要素。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の光変換要素を用いた太陽電池。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の光変換要素を用いた光触媒。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の光変換要素を用いた光触媒型水素・酸素発生装置。
- a)三重項-三重項消滅過程を示す組み合わせである有機光増感分子および有機発光分子を、揮発性有機溶媒中に溶解させた有機溶液を生成させる工程と、
b)イオン液体と、該揮発性有機溶液とを攪拌により混和させて目視上均質かつ透明な溶液および/または分散体を生成させる工程と、
c)該溶液および/または該分散体から減圧下で該揮発性有機溶媒を痕跡量以下まで除去する工程と、
を含んで成る、目視上均質かつ透明な光変換要素の製造方法。 - 該イオン液体が、有機光増感分子および有機発光分子とカチオン-π相互作用を有しかつ非水混和性である、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 該イオン液体中のアニオンが、[N(SO2CF3)2]-、[C(SO2CF3)3]-、[PF6]-、[(C2F5)3PF3]-、[BR1R2R3R4]-(R1,R2,R3,R4は、独立して、CH3(CH2)n(ここで、n=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9である)またはアリールである)から成る群から選択された1種または2種以上である、請求項11または12に記載の方法。
- 該イオン液体中のカチオンが、イミダゾリウムカチオン、ピリジニウムカチオン、ピペリジニウムカチオン、ピロリジニウムカチオン、ピラゾリウムカチオン、チアゾリウムカチオン、第四級アンモニウムカチオン、第四級ホスホニウムカチオン、スルホニウムカチオンから成る群から選択された1種または2種以上である請求項11~13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 該光変換要素の300Kにおける粘度が、1Pa・s以下である、請求項11~14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 該光変換要素の融点(Tm)、凝固温度(Tf)が、共に0℃以下である、請求項11~15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 該攪拌が、超音波、バブリング、攪拌機、液送ポンプ、粉砕機、ビーズミル、ホモジナイザー、湿式ジェットミル、マイクロ波のいずれか一種またはそれらの組み合わせにより行われる、請求項11~16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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CN201180049271.0A CN103154190B (zh) | 2010-10-13 | 2011-10-12 | 含离子液体的光转换元件及其制造方法以及含光转换元件的装置 |
US13/878,973 US9429681B2 (en) | 2010-10-13 | 2011-10-12 | Light conversion element containing ionic liquid, a process for making same, and an apparatus comprising the light conversion element |
EP11832571.1A EP2628777B1 (en) | 2010-10-13 | 2011-10-12 | Light conversion element containing ion liquid, production method of same, and device containing photovoltaic conversion element |
KR1020137009142A KR20140004071A (ko) | 2010-10-13 | 2011-10-12 | 이온 액체를 포함하는 광변환 요소 및 그 제조방법, 그리고 광변환 요소를 포함하는 장치 |
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JP2014096419A (ja) * | 2012-11-07 | 2014-05-22 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | 光電子デバイス |
WO2015087690A1 (ja) * | 2013-12-13 | 2015-06-18 | 日本化薬株式会社 | イオン液体を含む光波長変換要素およびその光波長変換要素を含む物品 |
JP2015132813A (ja) * | 2013-12-13 | 2015-07-23 | 日本化薬株式会社 | イオン液体を含む光波長変換要素およびその光波長変換要素を含む物品 |
WO2015115556A1 (ja) * | 2014-01-31 | 2015-08-06 | 日本化薬株式会社 | イオン液体を含む光波長変換要素およびその光波長変換要素を含む物品 |
JP2015524161A (ja) * | 2012-05-10 | 2015-08-20 | メルク パテント ゲゼルシャフト ミット ベシュレンクテル ハフツングMerck Patent Gesellschaft mit beschraenkter Haftung | 電子輸送層において使用するためのイオン性有機化合物を含む配合物 |
JP2015163676A (ja) * | 2014-01-31 | 2015-09-10 | 日本化薬株式会社 | イオン液体を含む光波長変換要素およびその光波長変換要素を含む物品 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20130274090A1 (en) | 2013-10-17 |
CN103154190A (zh) | 2013-06-12 |
US9429681B2 (en) | 2016-08-30 |
EP2628777A1 (en) | 2013-08-21 |
JPWO2012050137A1 (ja) | 2014-02-24 |
EP2628777B1 (en) | 2018-08-15 |
JP5750770B2 (ja) | 2015-07-22 |
EP2628777A4 (en) | 2017-04-19 |
KR20140004071A (ko) | 2014-01-10 |
CN103154190B (zh) | 2014-08-20 |
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