WO2012008467A1 - axial-equatorial aryl配向のfurofuran型リグナンを含有する骨形成促進用医薬組成物、その組成物を含有する医薬製剤、その組成物を含む機能性食品及び健康食品 - Google Patents
axial-equatorial aryl配向のfurofuran型リグナンを含有する骨形成促進用医薬組成物、その組成物を含有する医薬製剤、その組成物を含む機能性食品及び健康食品 Download PDFInfo
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- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004809 thin layer chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019166 vitamin D Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011710 vitamin D Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003710 vitamin D derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940046008 vitamin d Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
- CMFRFQODFZBKTI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;4-benzamido-2,5-diethoxybenzenediazonium;tetrachloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].Cl[Zn]Cl.CCOC1=CC([N+]#N)=C(OCC)C=C1NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1.CCOC1=CC([N+]#N)=C(OCC)C=C1NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 CMFRFQODFZBKTI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- A23V2200/306—Foods, ingredients or supplements having a functional effect on health having an effect on bone mass, e.g. osteoporosis prevention
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for promoting bone formation containing a furofuran-type lignan having an axial-equatorial aryl orientation, a pharmaceutical preparation containing the composition, a functional food, and a health food. More specifically, the present invention relates to a bone formation promoting pharmaceutical composition containing fargesin and its derivatives, a pharmaceutical preparation containing the composition as an active ingredient, a functional food and a health food.
- bone diseases of the elderly have increased.
- the “bone disease” includes non-metabolic bone diseases such as fractures and metabolic bone diseases such as osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and osteomalacia.
- Bone diseases may be caused by joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritis, joint infections, etc., and rheumatoid arthritis may cause osteoporosis around the joints.
- Osteoporosis which is a metabolic bone disease, is roughly divided into primary osteoporosis not caused by other diseases and secondary osteoporosis caused by diseases such as malignant tumors and rheumatism, and primary osteoporosis accounts for about 95%.
- primary osteoporosis there are type I, in which the incidence of women is 6 times higher than that of men, and type II, which generally occurs in patients over 60 years of age.
- type I osteoporosis osteoclasts responsible for bone metabolism are activated, and as a result, bone resorption is promoted to reduce bone density.
- ⁇ -estradiol which is a kind of estrogen, is used as a prophylactic and / or therapeutic agent for osteoporosis.
- a fracture that is a non-metabolic bone disease occurs as a result of a large force being applied only once to a bone having normal strength in a healthy person.
- a fracture occurs as a result of applying a force that does not cause a fracture in a healthy person to the bone weakened by cancer, osteoporosis, or the like. This is called a pathological fracture.
- a fracture may occur due to repeated load on the same part due to exercise or the like. This is called fatigue fracture. Fatigue fractures are said to occur more easily in the metatarsal bones, and compared to athletes, female athletes are more likely to cause fatigue fractures than male athletes. The cause is that the prevalence of osteoporosis in female athletes is higher than that in male athletes.
- abnormal blood calcium concentration is used. This is because the amount of calcium released into the blood increases with the onset of osteoporosis.
- active vitamin D 3 which is a derivative of vitamin D that plays an important role in calcium metabolism, calcitonin and its derivatives, ⁇ -Hormonal agents such as estradiol and various calcium preparations have been used clinically.
- vitamin D 3 is known to act on osteoclasts and osteoblasts, or their progenitor and progenitor cells, to promote differentiation or activation of these cells.
- Fargecin is a kind of lignan and is classified into a furofuran type lignan with an axial-equatorial aryl orientation based on its structure (Non-patent Document 2).
- the fargecins described in these documents are those extracted from the magnoliaceae M.gefargesii and Kitakobushi (Magnolia kobus DC. Var. Borealis Sarg.).
- the above-mentioned hormone agents such as ⁇ -estradiol, etc. are used, but such drugs may not be administered due to absorption or metabolism in the body. .
- the predictability of the effect is lacking due to large individual differences in the receptor level. Therefore, there is a need for new therapeutic agents that complement these in prescriptions for the treatment of bone diseases, and there is a need for therapeutic methods that use such therapeutic agents.
- prophylactic agents to stop the progression of osteoporosis.
- a first aspect of the present invention is a furofuran-type lignan compound having an axial-equatorial aryl orientation represented by the following formula (I), or a physiologically acceptable salt, hydrate thereof, And a pharmaceutical composition for promoting osteogenesis, comprising at least one selected from the group consisting of glycosides.
- R 1 and R 4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a hydroxy group, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- R 2 and R 3 are each independently any functional group selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the pharmaceutical composition is at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following formula (II) (fargesin), or a physiologically acceptable salt, hydrate, and glycoside thereof. It is preferable to contain above.
- the pharmaceutical composition comprises osteoporosis, osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, hyper-PTH, bone Paget's disease, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, bone metastasis of breast cancer, osteomalacia, malignant tumors, and nutritional disorders, traumatic It can be suitably used for fractures, fatigue fractures, and the like, and can be particularly suitably used for osteoporosis.
- a pharmaceutical composition for promoting bone formation is provided.
- magnolia any organ selected from the group consisting of flowers, leaves, bark or xylem of the magnoliaceae plant is Tamushiba (Magnolia salicifolia Maximowicz), Kobushi (Magnolia kobus De Candolle, Magnolia biondii Pampanini, Magnolia sprengeri Pampanini), magnolia ( It is preferably obtained from a plant selected from the group consisting of Magnolia heptapeta Dandy (Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux) (Magnoli-aceae)) and Kitakobushi (Magnolia praecocissima var. Borealis).
- magnolia It is preferably obtained from a plant selected from the group consisting of Magnolia heptapeta Dandy (Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux) (Magnoli-aceae)) and Kitakobushi (Magnolia praecocissima var. Borealis).
- a third aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical preparation for promoting bone formation, characterized in that the pharmaceutical composition of the first or second aspect is an active ingredient and is administered at a predetermined dose.
- the predetermined dose is preferably 10 to 350 mg / day, more preferably 20 to 175 mg / day in terms of the compound.
- the pharmaceutical composition is osteoporosis, osteoporosis, hypercalcemia, hyper-PTH, bone Paget's disease, arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, bone metastasis of breast cancer, osteomalacia, malignant tumors and nutritional disorders, traumatic It can be suitably used for fractures, fatigue fractures, etc., and can be particularly suitably used for osteoporosis.
- a fourth aspect of the present invention is a functional food containing the composition of the first and / or second aspect at a predetermined content
- a fifth aspect of the present invention is the first and / or the first aspect.
- a health food containing the composition of the second aspect at a predetermined content More preferably, the food is a functional food or health food for promoting bone formation.
- the predetermined content is preferably 1 to 1,000 mg / 100 g.
- the intake amount of the functional food or health food is preferably 10 to 350 mg / day, more preferably 20 to 175 mg / day in terms of the compound.
- the functional food or health food can be preferably used for osteoporosis and other bone diseases, and can be particularly preferably used for osteoporosis.
- the foods are biscuits, cooked wheat and grains, buckwheat, pasta and other noodles, cheese, yogurt and other dairy products, jam, mayonnaise, soy sauce and other soy products, tea, coffee and cocoa and other non-alcohols.
- Foods selected from the group consisting of confectionery beverages, medicinal liquors and other alcoholic beverages, candy, chocolate and other snack confectionery, rice crackers, mutton and other confectionery made from soybeans.
- a patient in need of promoting the formation of cortical bone or cancellous bone by selecting any one selected from the group consisting of the composition of the first and / or the second aspect and the pharmaceutical preparation.
- it is a therapeutic method for promoting bone formation including a step of orally or parenterally administering.
- the composition or the pharmaceutical preparation is preferably taken orally, and more preferably combined with exercise therapy because the fixation rate of calcium to the bone is improved.
- compositions, preparation or food, or the active ingredient or composition contained in them used in the above-mentioned treatment method has the effect of sufficiently improving bone density or promoting bone growth even in a small amount, and the bone disease Since the effect of preventing and / or treating the above is exhibited, there are few side effects on the human body or living body.
- 1 H NMR spectrum (400MHz, CDCL 3) of Farugeshin is a graph representing the. It is a graph showing the 13 C NMR spectrum (400 MHz, CDCL 3 ) of fargecin. It is a figure which shows the measurement site
- the present invention is described in further detail below.
- the first aspect of the present invention contains as an active ingredient at least one compound selected from the group consisting of an axial-equatorial aryl-oriented furofuran-type lignan compound represented by the following formula (I) and its analogs:
- a pharmaceutical composition for promoting bone formation is described in further detail below.
- R 1 and R 4 are any functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a hydroxy group, and an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms;
- R 2 and R 3 are any functional group selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the compound represented by the above formula (I) is a compound represented by the following formula (II) because it has a high activity of promoting bone density improvement, bone growth, and formation of cortical bone or cancellous bone. Preferably there is.
- the analogs include physiologically acceptable salts, hydrates and glycosides of these compounds, and mixtures thereof.
- physiologically acceptable salts include sodium salts, potassium salts, and hydrochlorides.
- hydrates include monohydrate and dihydrate.
- the compounds represented by the above formulas (I) to (II) and analogs thereof, and salts, hydrates and glycosides, and mixtures thereof are produced and obtained by a known method or a method analogous thereto. You may purchase and use a commercial item.
- the composition of the present invention can be produced as follows.
- any organ selected from the group consisting of flower buds, leaves, bark or xylem is collected from magnoliaceae plants, and these are dried to obtain dried bodies.
- a dried bud of Bow Shunka is prepared.
- the dried flower buds may be obtained by collecting flower buds of such plants and drying them by air drying, or may purchase and use products that are marketed as herbal spicies.
- a leaf, a bark, or a xylem can also be used instead of a flower bud.
- the dried body is weighed in a predetermined amount, and about 1.7 to 7 times the volume of the weight of the weighed dried body is added, and extraction is performed at a predetermined temperature.
- the solid content is filtered off from the extract, the methanol content is distilled off, and the weight of the residue is measured. To this, a water / ethyl acetate mixture of 2 to 5 times the weight of the residue is added, and partition extraction is performed at a predetermined temperature.
- a liquid-liquid extraction device In addition to the separating funnel, a liquid-liquid extraction device, a countercurrent extraction device, or the like can be used for the above-described distributed extraction, and may be appropriately selected according to the amount of dried florets and other dry bodies to be used.
- a solvent system such as water / ethyl acetate, water / acetone, water / butanol can be used.
- water / ethyl acetate because the solvent can be easily distilled off from the organic phase, and the ratio of water / ethyl acetate is 0.5 / 2 to 2 / 0.5. It is preferable from the viewpoint of extraction efficiency, and more preferably 1/1.
- the organic phase is separated from the aqueous phase, and the organic solvent of the obtained organic phase is distilled off using an evaporator or the like to obtain a first concentrated liquid.
- the same organic solvent is newly added to the aqueous phase after separating the organic phase, and this procedure is repeated. As a result, a larger amount of the target compound can be extracted, and the target compound can be obtained in a high yield.
- a second partition extraction is performed on the first concentrated solution using a different solvent system. Specifically, a mixed solution of about 2 to 5 times the volume of the first concentrated liquid is added, and the second partition extraction is performed at a predetermined temperature.
- a solvent system containing n-hexane / water, n-hexane / methanol and the like.
- hydrous methanol containing about 10% of water as methanol.
- the 90% methanol phase obtained is separated in the same manner as above and concentrated to obtain a second concentrated liquid.
- methanol can be removed from the first or second concentrated liquid according to a conventional method, or crystallized by a method described later, whereby the composition for preventing and / or treating a bone disease of the present invention can be obtained.
- the 90% MeOH fraction is further purified by column chromatography to obtain fargesine, which is one of the target compounds.
- an open column made of glass having a diameter of 5 to 20 cm and a length of 12.5 to 75 cm is prepared, 200 to 800 g of silica gel is added, and the first elution solvent is added to swell the gel. After swelling of the gel, the second concentrated solution is applied onto the gel and fractionated by a step gradient method to obtain a first fraction.
- the volume of each fraction can be determined as appropriate, but is preferably 0.75 to 1.5 L from the viewpoint of operation efficiency.
- the content of the target component in each fraction can be confirmed by thin layer chromatography or the like.
- the mixing ratio of the elution solvent with the best yield varies depending on the amount and nature of the dried florets, the amount of extraction solvent used in the subsequent extraction operation, the extraction temperature, and the like. For this reason, it is preferable to confirm the yield of each fraction by thin film chromatography etc. as mentioned above.
- crystallization may precipitate. In that case, the precipitated crystals are separated by filtration and recrystallized according to a conventional method, whereby high purity crystals can be obtained.
- the other fractions described above can also be treated in the same manner as in the case of the concentrated liquid described above to obtain the pharmaceutical composition for promoting bone formation of the present invention.
- These first fractions can be concentrated in the same manner as described above, and further purified by preparative chromatography according to the following procedure.
- the concentrated solution of the first fraction is subjected to reverse phase column chromatography using, for example, an octadecyl silica column (C 18 -ODS) having an inner diameter of 2 cm and a length of 20 cm, followed by preparative chromatography.
- the elution solvent for example, water / methanol whose mixing ratio is changed in increments of 20% can be used.
- rough purification can be performed by a step gradient method.
- Fractions are collected for each elution solvent of each composition and concentrated while confirming the content of the target component in the same manner as described above. If the target component is present in a large amount in the 80% methanol fraction and the precipitate forms as crystals upon concentration, the concentrated fraction is crystallized by, for example, filtration using grade No. 2 filter paper. Can be obtained. The obtained crystals are dissolved in a predetermined solvent and subjected to mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance analysis (NMR), etc. to obtain each spectrum data, and these are compared with literature values to obtain the obtained compounds, etc. Can be identified. By using the compound or composition (crudely purified fraction) thus obtained, a pharmaceutical preparation for promoting osteogenesis, functional food and health food described later can be produced.
- MS mass spectrometry
- NMR nuclear magnetic resonance analysis
- the optimum dose when administering the compound or composition to humans is about 50 times the dose to mice.
- 20 mg / kg body weight / day administered to a 20 g body weight mouse and 100 mg / kg body weight per day to a 35 g body weight mouse, 20 mg / day and 175 mg / day, respectively, in humans. Is converted.
- the second embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical preparation for promoting bone formation, containing the composition described above as an active ingredient. Examples of such pharmaceutical preparations include injections, suppositories, aerosols, other parenteral preparations, tablets, powders, capsules, pills, troches, liquids and other dosage forms. .
- the tablets include sugar-coated tablets, coated tablets, and buccal tablets
- the capsules include both hard capsules and soft capsules.
- Granules also include coated granules.
- the above liquid preparations include suspensions, emulsions, syrups, elixirs and the like, and syrups also include dry syrups.
- compositions include preparations obtained by liquefying the above composition or gel preparations obtained by impregnating the above liquid preparation into agarose beads or other gels.
- Each of the above-mentioned preparations includes both those that have not been sustained-released and those that have been sustained-released.
- Such a preparation is usually prepared using a carrier, an excipient, a disintegrant, a lubricant, a coloring agent, etc. described in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia that are pharmacologically acceptable in the preparation of the preparation in accordance with a known pharmaceutical manufacturing method. Can be manufactured according to the law.
- Examples of carriers and excipients used in the above preparations include lactose, glucose, sucrose, mannitol, potato starch, corn starch, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, crystalline cellulose, licorice powder, and gentian powder. Can do.
- Examples of the binder include starch, tragacanth gum, gelatin, syrup, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and the like.
- disintegrants examples include starch, agar, gelatin powder, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, calcium carboxymethylcellulose, crystalline cellulose, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium alginate.
- lubricants include magnesium stearate, talc, and hydrogenation.
- Vegetable oil, macrogol, etc. can be used.
- the colorant can be used as long as it is allowed to be added to pharmaceuticals, and is not particularly limited. In addition to these, flavoring agents, flavoring agents, and the like can be appropriately used as necessary.
- sucrose, gelatin, hydroxypropylcellulose, purified shellac, gelatin, glycerin, sorbitol, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose phthalate acetate It may be coated with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid polymer, or the like, and may be coated with a plurality of layers.
- granules and powders can be packed into capsules such as ethyl cellulose and gelatin to form capsules.
- the dose varies depending on various conditions such as the severity of the patient's symptoms, age, weight, and health status.
- 1 mg / kg to 2,000 mg / kg, preferably 1 mg / kg to 1,000 mg / kg per day for an adult is administered orally or parenterally once or more times a day. do it.
- it is preferably 10 to 350 mg / day, more preferably 20 to 175 mg / day, per day for an adult in terms of the compound.
- the frequency and amount of administration may be increased or decreased as appropriate according to the above conditions.
- the extract obtained in the production process is concentrated and dried using a method such as freeze drying, spray drying, vacuum drying, sample mill, blender,
- the dried solid may be pulverized with a mixer or the like.
- the powder obtained as described above may be appropriately added with the above-described binder and compressed into tablets.
- the above-described coating agents such as sucrose or gelatin may be used to form sugar-coated tablets, or other coating agents may be used to make enteric solvents and the like.
- the powder obtained as described above can be made into granules according to a conventional method to produce granules. Moreover, it can also be set as a capsule by filling the above-mentioned capsule with the above-mentioned powder and granule in an appropriate amount.
- composition of the present invention includes, for example, bread, cookies and biscuits, cooked wheat and millet, udon, buckwheat, pasta and other noodles, milk, milk substitutes, cream, butter, buttermilk, cheese, whey, Yogurt and other dairy products, margarine, shortening, jam, mayonnaise, miso, soy sauce and other soy products, tea, coffee and cocoa, soft drinks, fruit drinks and other non-alcoholic drinks, medicinal liquors and other alcoholic drinks, candy, It can be added to a sugar confectionery or confectionery made from chocolate or other snack confectionery, chewing gum, ice confectionery, ice cream, rice cracker, sheep candy or other soybeans as a raw material to prepare a functional food.
- a dissolution aid or a stabilizer may be added as appropriate. it can.
- the composition of this invention can be set as a health food by using the composition of this invention individually or in mixture of 2 or more types, and setting it as a powder agent, a granule, a tablet, and a capsule according to a conventional method.
- a patient with bone disease or the like takes the above-mentioned foods for a predetermined period, a predetermined number of times, and a predetermined amount, the formation of cancellous bone is promoted, and osteoporosis and other bone diseases can be effectively treated. it can.
- a potential patient such as a bone disease
- the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples. However, the present invention is not limited to these examples.
- Example 1 Examination of changes in bone mass and the like in type I osteoporosis model animals (1) Test animals Ovariectomy was performed on 4-week-old female Slc; ddY strain mice (Japan SLC Co., Ltd.). It was used as an osteoporosis model animal. Moreover, in order to exclude the influence of the invasion by surgery, a group (Sham group) that performed only surgery (sham surgery) without removing the ovaries was placed. These animals are model animals for aging osteoporosis. The breeding room was maintained in a light / dark circulation for 12 hours, maintained at a temperature of 23 ⁇ 3 ° C.
- test substance (2-1) Crude purification of compound derived from cucumbers 10 kg of cucumbers (derived from M. praecocissima) from Shaanxi province, China were immersed in 35 L of methanol and extracted at 4 ° C. for 7 days. . The solid was separated by filtration to obtain a filtrate, and then the whole amount of the filtrate was concentrated using an evaporator to obtain a crude extract. Next, this crude extract was placed in a 5 L separatory funnel, and 2 L of water / ethyl acetate (1/1) was added and shaken to perform partition extraction.
- the obtained ethyl acetate phase was concentrated with an evaporator, put into another 5 L separatory funnel, 2 L of water-containing methanol (water content 10%) / hexane was added, and partition extraction was performed again.
- HPLC apparatus LC-8020 (manufactured by Tosoh Corporation) Detector: UV-8011 Column: Cholester waters ⁇ 4.6 x 250 mm (manufactured by Nacalai Tesque) Elution solvent: 50% acetonitrile / 50% water Solute temperature: Room temperature Solute concentration: 1 mg / mL Injection volume: 2 ⁇ L Flow rate: 1 mL / min Detection wavelength: UV 215 nm
- NMR conditions are as follows. NMR system: JNM-AL-400: FT NMR (400 MHz, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) Solvent: Deuterated chloroform (CDCL 3 ) The result of 1 H NMR spectrum is shown in FIG. 1, and the result of 13 C NMR spectrum is shown in FIG. Since the above NMR spectrum data and optical rotation data completely matched the previously reported spectrum data of fargecin (Non-Patent Document 2), the obtained compound was determined to be fargesin. The purity was 98%.
- Test method-Administration of test substance (3-1) Preparation of test substance
- the dose of fargesine to the test animal is 20 mg / kg body weight / day, or 100 mg / kg body weight / day. It was dissolved in 30 mL of an aqueous solution (hereinafter referred to as “TD solution”) containing 4% dimethyl sulfoxide (hereinafter referred to as DMSO) and 4% TWEEN80 (both manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) to obtain a fargecin solution.
- TD solution an aqueous solution
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- TWEEN80 both manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- a ⁇ -estradiol solution was prepared by dissolving in 30 mL of an aqueous solution containing 2% DMSO so that the dose of ⁇ -estradiol (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was 100 ⁇ g / kg body weight / day.
- mice were acclimatized for 5 days after the operation, and then divided into a Sham group, a negative control group, a positive control group, and a test substance administration group (6 mice per group).
- the above-mentioned ovariectomized mice were used for the negative control group, the positive control group, and the test substance administration group.
- an aqueous solution containing 4% DMSO was orally administered to the sham-operated mice every day for 3 months.
- a ⁇ -estradiol solution was intraperitoneally administered daily for 3 months to the ovariectomized mice at 100 ⁇ g / kg body weight / day (hereinafter referred to as “B100 group”).
- the fargesin solution was removed at 20 mg / kg body weight / day (hereinafter referred to as “F20 group”) or 100 mg / kg body weight / day (hereinafter referred to as “F100 group”).
- Mice were orally administered daily for 3 months.
- FIG. 3A A schematic diagram of bone is shown in FIG. 3A.
- Long bones tubular bones
- have thick and rounded ends bone ends
- thin and long central portions diaphragms.
- a region 1 mm proximal from the distal growth plate (the epiphysis) was used as the measurement site.
- Bone density and the like were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT, XCT Research SA +, manufactured by Stratec Medizintechnik GmbH, Merck Corporation) (FIG. 3B).
- the measurement was performed under the conditions of diameter 90 mm, voxel size 0.12 mm, CT speed 10 mm / sec, and block number 1.
- the bone mineral content (mg / mm), bone density (mg / cm 3 ), and bone cross-sectional area (mm 2 ) of the entire tomographic image (whole bone region) were obtained.
- bone mass is the sum of the bone mineral content and the protein base mass.
- the value obtained by dividing the bone mineral content by the cross-sectional area of the bone is the bone mineral content (bone density) per unit volume.
- the cancellous bone region was extracted (peel mode 20), and the bone mineral content (mg / mm), the bone cross-sectional area (mm 2 ), and the bone density (mg / cm 3 ) were obtained.
- bone mineral density (mg / mm), bone density (mg / cm 3 ), bone cross-sectional area (mm 2 ), bone thickness (mm), cortical epicardial perimeter (mm), cortical bone intima Perimeter length (mm) was determined.
- SSI 4-3) Measurement of bone strength SSI was calculated based on the bone diameter and bone density measured using the pQCT.
- SSI consists of Polar SSI (polar torsional strength), X-axis SSI (X-axis strength, bending strength at three points) and Y-axis SSI (Y-axis strength, lateral bending strength at three points). Is done.
- SSI Z x CBD / ND
- Z is a section modulus (mm 3 )
- CBD cortical bone density (mg / cm 3 )
- ND physiological bone density (1200 mg / cm 3 ).
- the section modulus Z is represented by the following general formula.
- the average body weight of the mice in each group was 19.8-21.2 g at the age of 4 weeks, averaged 29.2-31.5 g at the age of 8 weeks, and almost mature at the age of 12 weeks.
- the average was 32.1 to 36.4 g.
- the average weight of the B100 group was lower than that of the NC group during the growth period, but the average weight of the F20 group and the F100 group was the same as that of the NC group during the growth period.
- the bone mineral density of the NC group was significantly lower than that of the Sham group, and the bone mineral density was also reduced compared to the Sham group (3.270 ⁇ 0.234 mg / mm) (2.252 ⁇ 0.239 mg). / mm). Although no significant difference in Honedan area had become about 10% less from 5.100 ⁇ 0.266mm 2 in Sham group to 4.558 ⁇ 0.169mm 2. From this, it was shown that the hysterectomized mouse can be a model animal of type I osteoporosis.
- the bone mineral density and bone density were significantly increased compared to the Sham group (bone mineral content 3.325 ⁇ 0.203 mg / mm), and an osteoporosis preventive effect was observed (Table 1 and Figure 1). 4-5).
- the F20 group there was a significant increase not only in bone mineral content (3.638 ⁇ 0.164 mg / mm) and bone density but also in bone cross-sectional area (5.643 ⁇ 0.152 mm 2 ).
- the F100 group not only bone mineral density (3.660 ⁇ 0.326mg / mm) and bone density but also bone cross-sectional area (5.550 ⁇ 0.351mm 2 ) were significantly increased, promoting bone growth. It was shown that.
- the bone mineral content of the B100 group was 0.725 ⁇ 0.110 mg / mm, and the bone density was 399.050 ⁇ 53.851 mg / cm 3 , which was on the increase compared with the NC group, but no significant difference was observed.
- the bone mineral density is 0.855 ⁇ 0.067 mg / mm
- the bone density is 431.283 ⁇ 30.506 mg / cm 3
- the bone mineral density is 0.920 ⁇ 0.102 mg / mm
- the bone density is 460.500 ⁇ 36.222 mg / mm.
- Bone density and bone cross-sectional area values are significantly increased compared to the cm 3 and NC groups (Table 2 and Figures 4-5), and cancellous bone, where fargecin may be reduced by ovariectomy It has been shown to maintain salt content and increase bone density.
- the bone mineral density is 2.192 ⁇ 0.180 mg / mm
- the bone cross-sectional area is 2.477 ⁇ 0.182 mm 2
- the bone density is 882.083 ⁇ 12.665 mg / cm 3
- the bone thickness is 0.361. ⁇ 0.023 mm.
- the bone mineral density is 1.150 ⁇ 0.246 mg / mm
- the bone cross-sectional area is 1.390 ⁇ 0.277 mm 2
- the bone density is 826.540 ⁇ 11.518 mg / cm 3
- the bone thickness is 0.206 ⁇ 0.040 mm. The value of was also significantly reduced.
- bone mineral content was 2.163 ⁇ 0.230 mg / mm
- the bone cross-sectional area was 2.4825 ⁇ 0.230 mm 2
- the bone density was 867.475 ⁇ 13.724 mg / cm 3
- the bone thickness was 0.365 ⁇ 0.038 mm, the NC group.
- the bone mineral density is 2.087 ⁇ 0.160 mg / mm
- the bone cross-sectional area is 2.427 ⁇ 0.185 mm 2
- the bone density is 859.483 ⁇ 2.479 mg / cm 3
- the bone thickness is 0.329 ⁇ 0.026.
- the values of bone mineral density, bone density, and bone cross-sectional area were significantly increased.
- the bone mineral density is 2.240 ⁇ 0.320 mg / mm
- the bone cross-sectional area is 2.640 ⁇ 0.361 mm 2
- the bone density is 843.55 ⁇ 8.714 mg / cm 3
- the bone thickness is 0.370 ⁇ 0.051
- fargecin has the effect of preventing cortical bone weakening to the same extent as ⁇ -estradiol.
- fargesine was more effective than ⁇ -estradiol for cortical epicardial perimeter and cortical periosteal perimeter (Table 2).
- Organ culture test Bone organ culture 1% penicillin / streptomycin (Life Technologies Japan) (Gibco) in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM, Life Technologies Japan (Invitrogen)) ), 0.25% fetal bovine serum (Sigma Aldrich Japan Co., Ltd.), 50 ⁇ g / ml ascorbic acid (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), 1 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate (Sigma Aldrich Japan Co., Ltd.), and 1 ⁇ g / ml calcein ( A medium supplemented with Sigma Aldrich Japan Co., Ltd.) was prepared and used as an organ culture medium.
- Example 3 Effect of co-culture on osteoblast differentiation and osteoclast differentiation (1) Preparation of test cells 4 weeks old male ddY mice (Japan SLC, Inc.) were sacrificed by cervical dislocation The left and right leg long bones were removed together with the muscles. All the muscles attached to the extracted bone were removed to obtain the femur and tibia. Both ends of the obtained femur and tibia were cut off little by little, and cells in the bone marrow were extruded into the medium described later using a 2.5 ml syringe with a needle (22G ⁇ 1 1/4; Terumo Corp.). .
- 0.1 mg / ml Naphthol AS-MX phosphate, 0.02% (v / v) N, N-dimethylformamide, 0.6 mg / ml Fast blue BB salt (sigma F-3378, manufactured by Sigma Aldrich Japan Co., Ltd.), 2 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.5) containing mM MgCl 2 was prepared and used as an ALP staining solution. The ALP staining solution was added and reacted at room temperature until the cells of the negative control group turned blue-purple, and then washed. The intensity of staining was visually discriminated to determine ALP activation.
- Example 4 Examination of effects on osteoblast activation (1) Test cells and culture conditions MC3T3-E1 cells, an osteoblast-like cell line derived from mouse fetal skull cells (obtained from RIKEN) was seeded in a 96-well plate at 4,000 cells / well. A medium obtained by adding fargesine prepared in Example 1 to the basic medium prepared in Example 3 above at a final concentration of 2 to 80 ⁇ M was used. Pre-culture was performed using only the basic medium for 2 days under conditions of 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C. Thereafter, the medium supplemented with fargesine and the old medium were exchanged and cultured for 3 days under conditions of 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C.
- the old medium was replaced with a new medium added with fargesine, and the cells were further cultured for 3 days under conditions of 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C. After completion of the culture, the following MTT test, ALP activity measurement and staining were performed.
- MTT test was prepared by dissolving 50 mg of 3- (4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide in 10 ml of PBS ( ⁇ ). After completion of the culture, a part of the medium containing fargecin was removed from each well, and the volume of the medium was adjusted to 100 ⁇ L. To this, 10 ⁇ l of MTT reagent was added and allowed to react until it turned blue-violet in a CO 2 incubator.
- Test results The ALP activity and cell viability are shown in Table 8 as relative values when the negative control is 100. There was no significant difference in cell viability in the 2-80 ⁇ M fargesine addition group compared to the negative control group (Table 5 and FIG. 9A). On the other hand, the cell viability tended to decrease in the 60 to 80 ⁇ M fargesin addition group compared to the negative control group. Conversely, ALP activity was significantly increased (Table 5 and FIG. 9A). When 60-80 ⁇ M fargesine was added, a large number of osteoblasts stained blue were observed (FIG. 9B).
- fargecin activates osteoblast-like cells and promotes osteoblast function even at a concentration that does not affect the survival of osteoblast-like cells. This indicates that fargecin can promote the function of osteoblasts without causing side effects on the living body, and that fargesin is useful as an osteogenesis promoter.
- Example 5 Examination of effects on osteoblast calcification (1) Test cells and culture conditions The same MC3T3-E1 cells as in Example 4 were used. In addition, a medium obtained by adding 50 ⁇ g / ml L-ascorbic acid and 10 mM ⁇ -Glycerophosphate (both manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Japan Co., Ltd.) to the basic medium of Example 3 above was used. To the test group, fargesin prepared in Example 1 was added at 2 to 80 ⁇ M. MC3T3-E1 was seeded in each well of a 96-well plate at 4,000 cells / well, and pre-cultured with only basic medium for 2 days under conditions of 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C.
- the medium was replaced with a medium containing 50 ⁇ g / ml L-ascorbic acid, 10 mM ⁇ -Glycerophosphate, and fargecin, and the cells were cultured under conditions of 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C. for 5 days. Thereafter, the medium was replaced with a new medium containing fargesine, and further cultured for 5 days under conditions of 5% CO 2 and 37 ° C. After completion of the culture, ALP activity was measured and differentiated cells were observed in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the osteoclast staining was omitted. Mineral deposition was observed as bone mineralization by staining with 1% alizarin red (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) according to a conventional method.
- the ALP activity is shown in Table 6 as relative values when the negative control group is taken as 100. Compared to the negative control group, the ALP activity was significantly increased in the group to which 60-80 ⁇ M fargesine was added (Table 6 and FIG. 10A). When 60-80 ⁇ M fargesine was added, many blue stained osteoblasts were observed and ALP activity was also high (FIG. 10B). Furthermore, when 60 to 80 ⁇ M fargesine was added, an increase in the deposit site of mineral stained red, that is, a calcification site was also observed (FIG. 10C).
- Example 6 Evaluation of Fargesin bone formation using ovariectomized mice (OVX mice) (1) Test animals Four-week-old female Slc; ddY strain mice (Japan SLC Co., Ltd.) were purchased and bred. Divided into 8 groups (6 mice per group), anesthetized by intraperitoneal administration of somnopentyl (pentobarbital sodium) at 50 mg / kg, and ovariectomy (hereinafter referred to as “OVX”) under anesthesia. Or, a sham operation (hereinafter referred to as “Sham”) was performed. The acclimation breeding was not performed in order to prevent an operation error due to an increase in the amount of white adipose tissue accompanying the growth of the animal.
- Sham sham operation
- Test method-Test substance administration Each group starts 2 days after ovariectomy (or sham operation), 2 months as a period to induce bone resorption, 12 hours light and dark, room temperature 23 ⁇ 3 degrees, humidity Breeding was performed under conditions of 55 ⁇ 5%. The flooring was changed twice a week and an all-fresh flooring was always used. The feed was CRF-1 (Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.), and drinking water was freely ingested with ion-exchanged water. Each sample was administered every day in the amount shown in Table 7 below for each group for 3 months after the lapse of 2 months (induction period) from the start of the test.
- Example 1 The 90% MeOH fraction (Shinyi) and fargesin (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “Far”) obtained in Example 1 were dissolved in the TD solution so as to have the concentrations shown in Table 7 below and administered orally. .
- Human PTH (1-34) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “hPTH (1-34)”) was dissolved in distilled water at 80 ⁇ g / kg / day and administered subcutaneously.
- both the total bone density and the cancellous bone density were higher than those in the Control OVX group, and a significant recovery in bone mass was observed.
- the cancellous bone density was greatly increased.
- the concentration-dependent increase in cancellous bone density was observed in the fargesine administration group, which was significantly increased as compared with the Control OVX group.
- the bone density of cancellous bone in the 90% MeOH fraction administration group was higher than that in the Far2 group, suggesting the possibility of a synergistic effect with compounds other than Fargesin contained in this fraction.
- Bone strength (polar coordinate strength) Bone strength was significantly reduced in the Control OVX group compared to the Sham OVX group. In the PTH administration group and the Fargesin administration group (2 mg and 40 mg administration groups), the bone strength was significantly increased compared to the Control OVX group. However, the 90% MeOH fraction administration group was higher than the Control OVX group, but no significant difference was observed (see FIG. 12).
- Bone metabolism marker Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase which is a marker of bone metabolism, includes TRACP 5a and TRACP 5b, TRACP 5a from inflammatory macrophages, TRACP 5b from osteoclasts, respectively. It is known to be induced.
- the hPTH administration group showed no significant change in the value of TRACP-5b, but showed a correlation with the cortical intima perimeter.
- the value of TRACP-5b in the 90% MeOH fraction administration group was higher than that in the Far2 group, it showed a correlation with the cortical endosteal perimeter.
- Serum TRACP5b decreased in a concentration-dependent manner in the fargesine administration group and significantly decreased in the 40 mg administration group. From this, it was shown that fargecin suppresses the activity and number of osteoclasts as in the case of using RAW264.7 (see FIG. 13).
- fargecin increases the bone density of whole bone and cancellous bone.
- Fargesin suppresses the activity and number of osteoclasts, thereby reducing bone resorption capacity, It was suggested that the bone formation effect was exhibited.
- Example 7 Evaluation of the efficacy of fargecin on sRANKL-administered osteopenia mice
- Test animals C57BL / 6NCrlCrlj (6 weeks old, female) was purchased from Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd. The animals were acclimated for 12 hours under conditions of room temperature 23 ⁇ 3 degrees and humidity 55 ⁇ 5%. Two animals / cage were used, and the flooring was changed twice a week, and an all-fresh flooring was always used.
- the feed was CRF-1 (Oriental Yeast Industry Co., Ltd.) and the drinking water was ion-exchanged water.
- mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (8 per group), which were designated as sRANKL administration group and Fargesin group, respectively.
- the Fargesin administration group includes a 0.2 mg / kg / day administration group (hereinafter referred to as “Far 0.2”), a 2 mg / kg / day administration group (hereinafter referred to as “Far 2”), a 20 mg / kg / day administration group ( Hereinafter referred to as “Far 20”). All mice were given sRANKL (1 mg / kg / day, ip) on the first and second days of the study to experimentally induce bone loss. From the 4th to 13th day from the start of the test, distilled water or a test compound shown in Table 10 below was administered to each group every day.
- composition example Examples of food formulations using the composition of the present invention containing fargecin or 90% MeOH fraction are shown below. Each blending example can be either a functional food or a health food.
- Formulation Example 1 Chewing gum
- composition 1 is a mixture of fargecin or 90% MeOH fraction and lactose in a ratio of 1: 1.
- the composition 1 used in Preparation Examples 3 to 6 is the same as described above. (Formulation example 3 soft capsule)
- the present invention is useful in the field of production and development of pharmaceuticals for promoting bone formation, functional foods, health foods and the like.
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Abstract
Description
I型骨粗鬆症では、骨代謝を担う破骨細胞が活性化され、その結果、骨吸収が促進されることで骨密度が低下する。これは、卵巣からのエストロゲンの分泌の低下によりサイトカインの濃度が上昇することに起因するため、エストロゲンの一種であるβ-エストラジオールが骨粗鬆症の予防及び/又は治療薬として使用されている。
また、運動などによって繰り返し同じ箇所に負荷がかかって骨折が起こることもある。これを疲労骨折という。疲労骨折は中足骨に起きやすいといわれ、運動選手の男女別で比較すると、女子の運動選手の方が男子選手よりも疲労骨折を起こしすい。その原因は、女子選手の骨粗鬆症の罹患率が男子選手よりも高いことが挙げられる。
上記のような代謝性の骨疾患の指標としては、血中カルシウム濃度異常が用いられる。骨粗鬆症の発症に伴って、血液中へのカルシウム放出量が増加することによる。
このため、骨疾患治療のための処方においてこれらを補完する新たな治療剤が求められており、また、そのような治療剤を使用する治療法が求められている。また、骨粗鬆症の進行を止めるための予防剤も必要とされている。
骨折の中でも運動による疲労骨折の予防には、適切な食事管理と、トレーニング及び休養の計画的な実施が必要である。これらを補完する機能性食品・健康食品を摂取することが上記疲労骨折の予防に効果的である。そのような食品類においても上記同様副作用の起きないことが重要であるから、微量でも十分に予防効果を発揮する組成物であることが望まれる。
したがって、効果の予見性の高い骨形成促進用医薬組成物、特に海綿骨形成促進作用の高い医薬組成物に対する強い社会的要請があった。さらに、予防医学の観点からは、こうした組成物を含有する食品に対する強い社会的要請があった。
本発明の第2の態様は、前記式(II)で表わされる化合物を含有する、モクレン科植物の花蕾、葉、樹皮又は木部からなる群から選ばれるいずれかの器官からの抽出画分を含む、骨形成促進用医薬組成物である。
前記モクレン科植物の花蕾、葉、樹皮又は木部からなる群から選ばれるいずれかの器官は、タムシバ(Magnolia salicifolia Maximowicz)、コブシ(Magnolia kobus De Candolle,Magnolia biondii Pampanini,Magnolia sprengeri Pampanini)、ハクモクレン(Magnolia heptapeta Dandy (Magnolia denudata Desrousseaux) (Magnoli-aceae))、及びキタコブシ(Magnolia praecocissima var. borealis)からなる群から選ばれる植物から得られるものであることが好ましく、コブシの花蕾を用いると、得られた画分中のファルゲシン含有量が高いという利点がある。
前記食品は、骨形成促進のための機能性食品又は健康食品であることがより好ましい。前記所定の含有量は、1~1,000mg/100gであることが好ましい。前記機能性食品又は健康食品の摂取量は、前記化合物に換算して10~350mg/日であることが好ましく、20~175mg/日であることがより好ましい。前記機能性食品又は健康食品は、骨粗鬆症その他の骨疾患に対して好適に使用することができ、骨粗鬆症に対し特に好適に使用できる。
ここで、前記食品は、ビスケット、米飯添加用麦及び雑穀、そば、パスタその他の麺類、チーズ、ヨーグルトその他の乳製品、ジャム、マヨネーズ、醤油その他の大豆製品、茶、コーヒー及びココアその他の非アルコール性飲料、薬用酒その他のアルコール性飲料、キャンディー、チョコレートその他のスナック菓子、せんべい、羊羹その他の大豆を原料とする菓子からなる群から選ばれる食品とすることができる。
ここで、前記組成物又は医薬製剤は、経口的に摂取されることが好ましく、運動療法と組み合わせることが、カルシウムの骨への定着率が向上することからさらに好ましい。
上記組成物、製剤又は食品、又は上記治療方法に使用されるそれらに含有される有効成分又は組成物は微量でも十分に骨密度の向上又は骨成長を促進する作用を有し、かつ前記骨疾患等を予防及び/又は治療する効果を発揮するため、人体又は生体に対する副作用が少ない。
本発明の第1の態様は、下記式(I)で表されるaxial-equatorial aryl配向のfurofuran型リグナン化合物及びその類縁体からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の化合物を有効成分として含有する、骨形成促進用医薬組成物である。
また、上記式(I)で表される化合物は、骨密度の向上、骨の成長、皮質骨又は海綿骨の形成を促進する活性が高いことから、下記式(II)で表される化合物であることが好ましい。
上述した式(I)~(II)で表される化合物及びそれらの類縁体、並びに塩、水和物及び配糖体、並びにこれらの混合物は、公知の方法又はそれに準ずる方法によって製造し、入手してもよく、市販品を購入して使用してもよい。
例えば、本発明の組成物は、以下のようにして製造することができる。
具体的には、例えば、ボウシュンカの乾燥花蕾を準備する。乾燥花蕾は、こうした植物の花蕾を採取し、風乾によって乾燥させたものでもよく、生薬の辛夷として市販されている品を購入して使用してもよい。また、花蕾のかわりに、葉、樹皮又は木部を用いることもできる。
この乾燥体を所定の量で秤量し、秤量した乾燥体の重量の約1.7~7倍容のメタノールを加えて、所定の温度で抽出を行う。抽出液から固形分を濾別し、メタノール分を留去し、残渣の重量を測定する。ここに、残渣重量の2~5倍容の水/酢酸エチル混液を加えて所定の温度で分配抽出を行う。
得られた抽出液をブフナーロート等の装置を用いて、固形分を濾別する。ついで、ロータリーエバポレータ、フラッシュエバポレータ等を用いて、溶媒を留去する。
残渣の量を測定して、例えば、約2~5倍容の水/と有機溶媒との混液を加えて分液ロートに移し、室温で分配抽出を行う。
分配抽出後に有機相を水相から分離し、得られた有機相の有機溶媒を、エバポレーター等を用いて留去し、第一濃縮液とする。有機相に抽出される成分が多い場合には、有機相を分離した後の水相に、同じ有機溶媒を等容新たに加えて、この手順を繰り返す。これによって、目的とする化合物をより多く抽出することができ、高い収率で目的の化合物を得ることができる。
なお、上記第一又は第二濃縮液から、常法に従ってメタノールを除去し、又は後述する方法により結晶化し、本発明の骨疾患の予防及び/又は治療のための組成物とすることもできる。
最初に、例えば、直径5~20cm×長さ12.5~75cmのガラス製のオープンカラムを用意し、200~800gのシリカゲルを入れ、最初の溶出溶媒を加えてゲルを膨潤させる。ゲルの膨潤後、第二濃縮液をゲル上にアプライし、ステップグラジエント法によって分画し、第一回目の画分を得る。各画分の容量は適宜定めることができるが、0.75~1.5Lとすることが操作効率の面から好ましい。
ここで使用するステップグラジエント法では、例えば、溶出溶媒を、酢酸エチル:n-ヘキサン=1:9から10:0まで順次変化させて、最後に、100%メタノールを用いてシリカゲルに吸着した成分を溶出するようにすることができる。各画分中の目的とする成分の含有量は、薄層クロマトグラフィー等で確認することができる。
なお、目的化合物の含有量が多い場合には、結晶が沈殿することもある。その場合には、沈殿した結晶を濾別し、常法に従って再結晶させると、純度の高い結晶とすることができる。
上記第一回目の画分の濃縮液を、例えば、内径2cm×長さ20cmのオクタデシル・シリカカラム(C18-ODS)を用いた逆相カラムクロマトグラフィーにかけ、分取クロマトグラフィーを行って分画する。溶出溶媒としては、例えば、混合比率を20%刻みで変えた水/メタノールを使用することができる。この場合には、オープンカラムと同様に、ステップグラジエント法によって粗精製を行うことができる。
得られた結晶を所定の溶媒に溶解し、質量分析(MS)、核磁気共鳴分析(NMR)等に供して各スペクトルデータを得、これらを文献値と比較することにより、得られた化合物等の構造を同定することができる。
こうして得られた化合物又は組成物(粗精製画分)を用いて、後述する骨形成促進用医薬製剤、機能性食品及び健康食品を製造することができる。
本発明の第2の実施態様は、上述した組成物を有効成分として含有する、骨形成促進用医薬製剤である。こうした医薬製剤としては、注射剤、坐剤、エアゾール剤、経皮吸収剤その他の非経口剤、錠剤、散剤、カプセル剤、丸剤、トローチ剤、液剤その他の剤形の製剤を挙げることができる。ここで、上記の錠剤には、糖衣錠、コーティング錠、バッカル錠が含まれ、カプセル剤には、硬カプセル剤、軟カプセル剤の双方が含まれる。また、顆粒剤には、コーティングされた顆粒剤も含まれる。さらに、上記の液剤には、懸濁剤、乳剤、シロップ剤、エリキシル剤等が含まれ、シロップ剤にはドライシロップも含まれる。
こうした製剤は、公知の製剤学的製法に従い、製剤の製造に際して薬理学的に許容され得る日本薬局方に記載の担体、賦形剤、崩壊剤、滑沢剤、着色剤等を用いて、常法に従って製造することができる。
結合剤としては、例えば、デンプン、トラガントゴム、ゼラチン、シロップ、ポリビニルアルコール、ポリビニルエーテル、ポリビニルピロリドン、ヒドロキシプロピルセルロース、メチルセルロース、エチルセルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース等を挙げることができる。
着色剤は、医薬品に添加することが許容されているものであれば使用することができ、特に限定されない。また、これら以外に、矯味剤、矯臭剤等も、必要に応じて適宜使用することができる。
さらに、顆粒剤や粉剤をエチルセルロースやゼラチンのようなカプセルに詰めてカプセル剤とすることもできる。
上記の化合物、又はそれらの生理学的に許容される塩、若しくは水和物を用いて、注射剤を調製する場合は、必要に応じて、pH調整剤、緩衝剤、安定化剤、可溶化剤などを添加することもできる。
有効成分である上記式(I)で表わされる化合物等の含有量が下限値未満では骨吸形成促進作用が十分に発揮されず、逆に上限値を越えて添加しても、添加量に見合う効果が発揮されない。(また、上限値を越えると、生体に対して望ましくない副作用を惹起するおそれがあることによる。)
また、上記のようにして得た粉末に、適宜、上述した結合剤を加えて打錠し、錠剤とすることもできる。錠剤とした後に、上述した白糖又はゼラチン等のコーティング剤を用いて、糖衣錠としてもよく、他のコーティング剤を用いて腸溶剤等にすることもできる。
さらに、上述のようにして得た粉末を常法に従って顆粒とし、顆粒剤を製造することもできる。また、上記の粉末や顆粒を上述したカプセルに適当量充填することによって、カプセル剤とすることもできる。
なお、上記のヨーグルト、醤油、飲料等に添加する場合には、これらの中で本発明の組成物が結晶化して沈殿しないようにするために、溶解助剤や安定化剤を適宜加えることもできる。
骨疾患等の患者が上記それぞれの食品を、所定の期間、所定の回数、所定の分量を摂取することで、海綿骨の形成が促進され、骨粗鬆症その他の骨疾患を効果的に治療することができる。骨疾患等の潜在的な患者に上記同様に実施することで骨粗鬆症その他の骨疾患等の発症の予防を行うことができる。
以下に、実施例を挙げて本発明をより詳細に説明するが、本発明は、これらに限定されるものではない。
(1)被験動物
4週齢のメスSlc;ddY系統マウス(日本エスエルシー(株))の卵巣摘出手術を行い、I型骨粗鬆症モデル動物として使用した。また、手術による侵襲の影響を除外するために、卵巣を摘出しない手術(偽手術)のみを行う群(Sham群)を置いた。これらの動物は加齢による骨粗鬆症のモデル動物である。
飼育室を12時間明暗循環とし、温度23±3℃、湿度55±5%で維持し、飼育ゲージはTP-102(東洋理工(株)製)を用い、4匹/1ケージとして飼育した。床敷きの交換は週2回行い、常にオールフレッシュの床敷きを用いた。飼料としてCRF-1(オリエンタル酵母工業(株)製)使用し、飲水はイオン交換水を自由摂取させた。実験期間中、週に2回体重を測定した。
(2-1)辛夷由来化合物の粗精製
中国陝西省産辛夷(コブシ(M. praecocissima)由来)10kgにメタノール35Lを加えて浸漬し、4℃にて7日間抽出した。固形物を濾別して濾液を得たのち、エバポレーターを用いてこの濾液を全量濃縮し、粗抽出液を得た。
次いで、この粗抽出液を5Lの分液ロートに入れ、ここに2Lの水/酢酸エチル(1/1)を加えて振蘯し、分配抽出を行った。得られた酢酸エチル相をエバポレーターにて濃縮し、別の5Lの分液ロートに入れて2Lの含水メタノール(含水率10%)/ヘキサンを加え、再度、分配抽出を行った。
ここで得られた含水メタノール相を、エバポレーターにて濃縮し、以下の条件でカラムクロマトグラフィーを行った。溶出は下記の溶離液を用いたステップグラジエント法で行い、それぞれの組成の溶離液に対応する画分を得た(1画分=2,000mL)。ここで得られた30%及び50%酢酸エチル画分を辛夷粗精製物とした。
溶離液:酢酸エチル/ヘキサン(10/90, 20/80, 30/70, 50/50, 70/30)
酢酸エチル/ヘキサン=30/70及び50/50溶出画分に沈殿物(結晶)が析出したので、結晶を濾別した。得られた沈殿物の重量は24.5gであった。
(2-2)析出した結晶の分析
上記のようにして得られた沈殿物をLC-NMRで公知の方法により分析した。HPLCの条件は以下の通りである。また、化合物の構造決定のために、1H NMR及び13C NMRのスペクトルデータを測定した。また、旋光度を測定し、構造解析を行った。
検出器 :UV-8011
カラム :Cholester waters φ4.6 x 250 mm(ナカライテスク(株)製)
溶出溶媒 :50% アセトニトリル/50% 水
溶質温度 :室温
溶質濃度 :1mg/mL
注入体積 :2μL
流速 :1mL/分
検出波長 :UV 215 nm
NMR装置 :JNM-AL-400:FT NMR(400MHz、日本電子(株)製)
溶媒 :重クロロホルム(CDCL3)
1H NMRスペクトルの結果を図1に、13C NMRスペクトルの結果を図2にそれぞれ示した。上記のNMRスペクトルデータ及び旋光度データが、既報のファルゲシンのスペクトルデータと完全に一致したため(非特許文献2)、得られた化合物をファルゲシンであると決定した。純度は98%であった。
(3-1)被験物質の調製
ファルゲシンの被験動物への投与量が、20 mg/kg体重/日、または100 mg/kg体重/日となるように、4%ジメチルスルホキシド(以下、DMSOという。)及び4%TWEEN80(いずれも和光純薬工業(株)製)を含む水溶液(以下、「TD溶液」という。)30mLに溶解し、ファルゲシン溶液とした。
β‐エストラジオール(和光純薬工業(株)製)の投与量が100μg/kg体重/日となるよう、2%DMSOを含む水溶液30mLに溶解し、β‐エストラジオール溶液とした。
前記手術後5日間馴化飼育し、その後、Sham群、陰性対照群、陽性対照群及び被験物質投与群に分けた(一群6匹)。陰性対照群、陽性対照群及び被験物質投与群には、上述した卵巣摘出マウスを使用した。
Sham群及び陰性対照群(以下、NC群という。)には、4%DMSOを含む水溶液を上記偽手術マウスに、3ヶ月間、連日経口投与した。陽性対照群には、β‐エストラジオール溶液を、100μg/kg体重/日(以下、「B100群」という。)で、上記卵巣摘出マウスに3ヶ月間、連日腹腔内投与した。被験群には、ファルゲシン溶液を、20 mg/kg体重/日(以下、「F20群」という。)、または100 mg/kg体重/日(以下、「F100群」という。)で、上記卵巣摘出マウスに3ヶ月間、連日経口投与した。
(4-1)骨試料の調製
ファルゲシンの骨への影響を検討するために、もっとも大きな長骨である大腿骨を使用することとした。
各群のマウスをジエチルエーテル麻酔下で頚椎脱臼法により屠殺し、右大腿骨を筋肉ごと摘出した。摘出後に、大腿骨から筋肉を剥がした。摘出した各群のマウスの骨長を測定し、70% エタノールに浸して固定した。
骨の模式図を図3Aに示す。長骨(管状骨)は、太く丸まった両端部(骨端)と、細く長くなった中央部(骨幹)とを有する。骨は、骨端と骨幹との間にある板状の骨端軟骨(成長板)の成長につれて、長軸方向に伸長する。遠位成長板から、1mm近位側の領域(骨端)を測定部位とした。
peripheral quantitative computed tomography(pQCT、XCT Reserch SA+、Stratec Medizintechnik GmbH製、(株)メルクコーポレーション)を用いて、骨密度等を測定した(図3B)。測定は、diameter 90 mm、voxel size 0.12 mm、CT speed 10 mm/sec、block数1の条件下で行った。断層画像全体(全骨領域)の骨塩量(mg/mm)、骨密度(mg/cm3)、骨断面積(mm2)を求めた。
次に、海綿骨領域を抽出(peel mode 20)し、骨塩量(mg/mm)、骨断面積(mm2)、骨密度(mg/cm3)を求めた。皮質骨については骨塩量(mg/mm)、骨密度(mg/cm3)、骨断面積(mm2)、骨厚(mm)、皮質骨外膜周囲長(mm)、皮質骨内膜周囲長(mm)を求めた。
上記pQCTを用いて測定した骨の径及び骨密度を元に、SSIを算出した。SSIはPolar SSI(極座標ねじり強度)、X-axis SSI(X軸強度、三点上曲げ強度)及びY-axis SSI(Y軸強度、三点横曲げ強度)からなり、下記の一般式で表される。
SSI = Z x CBD / ND
ここで、Zは断面係数(mm3)、CBDは皮質骨密度(mg/cm3)、NDは生理的骨密度(1200 mg/cm3)である。また、断面係数Zは下記の一般式で表される。
Z = (router 4 - rinner 4 )/router x π/4
router;外径(mm)、rinner;内径(mm)
測定部位は上記同様である。近位骨端から遠位骨端に至る方向を極座標(Polar)方向、体軸から遠ざかる水平方向をX軸方向、鉛直下向き方向をY軸方向とした(図3A及びB)。極座標ねじり強度、X軸強度及びY軸強度をそれぞれ算出した。得られた測定データの解析には、Makejob(Stratec Medizintechnik GmbH., Germany)を用いた。
(5-1)体重の変化
各群のマウスの体重は、4週齢時で平均19.8~21.2g、8週齢時で平均29.2~31.5g、12週齢時にはほぼ成熟して平均32.1~36.4gであった。B100群の平均体重は成育期間中、NC群に比べて低い値を示したが、F20群及びF100群の平均体重は成育期間中、NC群と同等であった。
全骨、海綿骨、皮質骨(緻密骨)に分けて、骨塩量、骨断面積及び骨密度の変化を検討した。結果を表1~2及び図4~5に示す。表中、下段の数字は、Sham群を100としたときの相対値である。Dunnetの両側t検定でデータの統計処理を行い、有意差の有無を判定した。表中の各値は、平均値±標準誤差(SE)で示した。表3以降も同様とした。
全骨で比較すると、Sham群に比べてNC群の骨密度が有意に低下しており、骨塩量もSham群(3.270±0.234mg/mm)と比べて低下していた(2.252±0.239mg/mm)。また、骨断面積では有意差は認められなかったが、Sham群の5.100±0.266mm2から4.558±0.169mm2へと約10%小さくなっていた。このことから、子宮摘出マウスがI型骨粗鬆症のモデル動物となり得ることが示された。
F20群では、骨塩量(3.638±0.164mg/mm)及び骨密度ばかりでなく、骨断面積(5.643±0.152mm2)でも有意な増加が見られた。F100群でも同様に、骨塩量(3.660±0.326mg/mm)及び骨密度ばかりでなく、骨断面積(5.550±0.351mm2)でも有意な増加が見られ、骨の成長を促進していることが示された。
(5-3)海綿骨領域に対する影響
Sham群(骨塩量0.633±0.077mg/mm、骨断面積1.787±0.091mm2、骨密度350.750±24.892mg/cm3)と比べると、NC群では、骨塩量が0.354±0.057mg/mm、骨断面積1.606±0.058mm2及び骨密度が216.080±24.892mg/cm3となっており、全骨と同じ傾向を示した。B100群の骨塩量は0.725±0.110mg/mm、骨密度が399.050±53.851mg/cm3とNC群と比べて増加傾向にあったが、有意差は認められなかった。
これに対しF20群では骨塩量は0.855±0.067mg/mm、骨密度が431.283±30.506mg/cm3、F100群では骨塩量は0.920±0.102mg/mm、骨密度が460.500±36.222mg/cm3と、NC群に比べて、骨密度及び骨断面積の値が有意に上昇しており(表2及び図4~5)、ファルゲシンが卵巣の摘出によって減少するであろう海綿骨の骨塩量を維持し、骨密度を上げることが示された。
Sham群では、骨塩量が2.192±0.180mg/mm、骨断面積が2.477±0.182mm2、骨密度が882.083±12.665mg/cm3、骨厚が0.361±0.023mmであった。これに対し、NC群では、骨塩量が1.150±0.246mg/mm、骨断面積が1.390±0.277mm2、骨密度が826.540±11.518mg/cm3、骨厚が0.206±0.040mmと、いずれの値も有意に低下していた。特に、骨塩量、骨断面積及び骨厚が大きく低下しており、皮質骨が薄く、脆くなっていることが示された。
これに対し、B100群では、骨塩量が2.163±0.230mg/mm、骨断面積が2.4825±0.230mm2、骨密度が867.475±13.724mg/cm3、骨厚が0.365±0.038mmとNC群に比べて、いずれの値も有意に上昇しており、β-エストラジオールは皮質骨の脆弱化の予防効果が高いことが示された。
一方、F20群では、骨塩量が2.087±0.160mg/mm、骨断面積が2.427±0.185mm2、骨密度が859.483±2.479mg/cm3、骨厚が0.329±0.026であり、NC群に比べて、骨塩量、骨密度及び骨断面積の値が有意に上昇していた。また、F100群でも、骨塩量が2.240±0.320mg/mm、骨断面積が2.640±0.361mm2、骨密度が843.55±8.714mg/cm3、骨厚が0.370±0.051であり、NC群に比べて、骨塩量、骨密度及び骨断面積の値が有意に上昇していた。
このことから、ファルゲシンがβ-エストラジオールと同程度の皮質骨の脆弱化の予防効果を有することが明らかになった。さらに、皮質骨外膜周囲長及び皮質骨内膜周囲長に対しては、β-エストラジオールよりもファルゲシンの効果が高いという傾向が認められた(表2)。
Sham群では、極軸強度(極座標強度)が1.599±0.143mm3であったのに対し、NC群では1.145±0.129mm3であり、骨強度指数が低下していた。一方、B100群では1.376±0.088mm3であり、NC群よりも低い傾向があったが有意差は認められなかった。
これに対し、F20群では1.615±0.090mm3、F100群では1.666±0.087mm3であり、NC群に対して骨強度指数の値が有意に上昇していた(表3)。
以上より、ファルゲシンは、β-エストラジオールよりも、骨強度指数を大きく増加させることが示された。このことは、卵巣摘出によって生じる骨の脆弱化を、ファルゲシンが効果的に予防することを示すものである。
(1)骨の器官培養
イーグルの最小必須培地(MEM、ライフテクノロジーズジャパン(株)(インビトロジェン))に、1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(ライフテクノロジーズジャパン(株)(ギブコ))、0.25%ウシ胎児血清(シグマアルドリッチジャパン(株))、50μg/mlアスコルビン酸(和光純薬工業(株))、1mMβ-グリセロリン酸(シグマアルドリッチジャパン(株))、及び1μg/mlカルセイン(シグマアルドリッチジャパン(株))を添加した培地を調製し、器官培養用培地とした。この器官培養用培地に、被験物質として、0.3μMのファルゲシン、又は対照としてDMSO(和光純薬工業(株))を終濃度が0.3%となるように添加した。ファルゲシンは実施例1で調製したものを使用しており、終濃度として0.3%のDMSOを含んでいる。
妊娠15日目のメスのICRマウス(日本エスエルシー(株)より購入)から、帝王切開によって、胎児を取り出した(E15.5)。取り出した胎児の左右の中足骨を摘出して上記の器官培養用培地に入れた。5%CO2、温度37℃の条件下で7日間の器官培養を行って、骨の長軸方向の伸張に対する影響を観察した。
骨の長軸は、骨端と骨幹との間にある板状の骨端軟骨の成長につれて伸長する。そして、骨端軟骨の成長が停止すると、軟骨細胞の周囲の基質にカルシウム塩が沈着し、軟骨中の骨元基にある骨化中心から石灰化が起こる(骨化)。この石灰化部位を、カルセインで蛍光染色し、顕微鏡下で観察した。観察像を図7に表す。
中足骨が、上記の培地中で骨の長軸方向に伸長していることが、カルセインの蛍光により、石灰化部位の増加として観察された。ファルゲシン無添加の陰性対照(0.3%DMSO添加)に比べ、0.3μMのファルゲシンを添加した場合、中足骨は縦向きにより長く伸長していた。以上の結果より、ファルゲシンは、組織中濃度で0.3μM程度あれば骨伸長を促すのに十分であることが分かった。
(1)被験細胞の調製
4週齢のオスのddYマウス(日本エスエルシー(株))を頚椎脱臼により屠殺後、左右の下肢長骨を筋肉ごと摘出した。摘出した骨に付着していた筋肉を全て除去し、大腿骨及び脛骨を得た。得られた大腿骨及び脛骨の両骨端を少しずつ切り落とし、針付きの2.5 mlシリンジ(22G×1 1/4;テルモ(株))を用いて骨髄中の細胞を後述する培地中に押し出した。その後、フィルター(70μm Nylon Cell Strainer;日本ベクトン・ディッキンソン(株))を通して爽雑物を除去し、2 x 108 cells以上のBMCsを得た。
骨芽様細胞であるUAMS-32細胞は、理化学研究所(日本国)より購入した。
10.2gのα-MEM(粉末、ライフテクノロジーズジャパン(株)(GIBCO)製)を1Lの精製水に溶解し、炭酸水素ナトリウム2.2 g/l (w/v)を加え、孔径0.22μmの滅菌フィルター(日本ミリポア(株))を用いて濾過した。さらに、10%(v/v)のウシ胎児血清(FBS) (Sigma、56℃で30分間加熱非動化済)を加え、これを基本培地とした。
本実施例では上記培地に、さらに1μMのPGE2及び10 nMのビタミンD3(いずれも和光純薬工業(株)製)加え、共存培養用培地を調製した。共存培養用培地を用いて、上記のようにして得たBMCsとUAMS-32の懸濁液を調製した。被験群には、2~80μMのファルゲシンを、陰性対照群には、終濃度0.3%となるようにDMSOを加えた。
BMCsは2 x 106 cells/well、UAMS-32細胞は1 x 105 cells/wellで、96ウェルプレートの各ウェルに播種し、上記の共存培養用培地にて、CO2濃度5%、温度37℃の条件下で5日間共存培養した。培地交換は培養3日目に行った。下記のように、細胞を固定した後、骨芽細胞の分化の指標としてアルカリフォスファターゼ(ALP; Alkaline phosphatase)の活性を測定し、破骨細胞の分化の指標として酒石酸抵抗性酸性ホスファターゼ(TRAP; Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)の活性を測定した。
上記の条件で細胞を培養し、各ウェルに、10 %ホルマリン水溶液を加えて10分間、次いでエタノールを添加して1分間静置し、細胞を固定した。TRAP活性を測定するために、1.36 mg/ml p-ニトロフェニルリン酸二ナトリウム(シグマアルドリッチジャパン(株)製)を含む、10 mM酒石酸ナトリウム/50 mMクエン酸緩衝液 (pH 4.6)をTRAP基質溶液として調製した。
上記のTRAP基質溶液を、100μl/ウェルで加え、15~20分間、室温で反応させた。あらかじめ、100μl/ウェルで0.1N NaOHを加えておいた別の96ウェルプレートに反応液を移して反応を止め、405nmの吸光度を測定した。
上記の条件で細胞を培養した後、-20℃のメタノールを100μL/ウェルで加え、1分間静置して細胞を固定した。2.47 mg/ml 4-ニトロフェニルリン酸二ナトリウム塩六水和物(シグマアルドリッチジャパン(株)製)、2mM MgCl2、0.1M Tris-HCl (pH8.5)を含むALP基質溶液を調製した。
ALP基質溶液を、100μL/ウェルで加え、15~20分、室温にて反応させた。次に、100μL/ウェルで0.1N NaOHを加えておいた別の96ウェルプレートに反応液を移して反応を止め、405nmで測定した吸光度をALP活性の指標とした。
このALP染色液を加え、室温で、陰性対照群の細胞が青紫色を呈色するまで反応させた後、洗浄を行った。染色の強度を目視で判別し、ALPの活性化の判定を行った。
すべてのデータは、SPSS(登録商標) Statistics 17.0 +Amos 17.0(エス・ピー・エス・エス(株)製)を使用して統計解析し、平均値±標準誤差(SEM)で表記した。検定にはDunnetの両側t検定を用い、危険率は、被験群と陰性対照群との比較で、**:p<0.005、*:p<0.05とした。各群の測定数は3以上であった。
(7)結果
(7-1)ALP活性及びTRAP活性
上記のようにして得た吸光度を、陰性対照を100%としたときの活性比で示した。
陰性対照群に対し、2~80μMのファルゲシンを加えた群では、ファルゲシン濃度に依存してALP活性は上昇したが、TRAP活性は逆に低下した(表4及び図8A)。特に、60~80μMのファルゲシンを添加した群ではALP活性の有意な上昇と、TRAP活性の有意な低下とが見られた(表4及び図8A)。このことは、骨芽細胞の分化の促進と、破骨細胞の分化の抑制とが起きていることを示す。
陰性対照群では赤く染まった細胞(破骨細胞)及び青く染まった細胞(骨芽細胞)のいずれもが観察されたのに対し、60~80μMのファルゲシンを添加した群では、破骨細胞分化した細胞はほとんど見られなかった(図8B)。
以上の観察結果より、ファルゲシンは、骨芽細胞を活性化する一方で、骨芽細胞による破骨前駆細胞から破骨細胞への分化の促進を抑制することが示された。これらの事実は、骨吸収の増加と骨形成の減少のいずれも効果的に抑制し、骨の再構成のバランスを改善するという、ファルゲシンの優れた機能を表すものである。
(1)被験細胞及び培養条件
マウス胎児頭蓋骨細胞由来の骨芽細胞様細胞株であるMC3T3-E1細胞((独)理化学研究所より入手)を、4,000 cells/wellで96ウェルプレートに播種した。上記実施例3で調製した基本培地に、実施例1で調製したファルゲシンを、終濃度として2~80μMで添加した培地を使用した。5%CO2、37℃の条件下で2日間、基本培地のみを使用して前培養を行った。その後、ファルゲシン添加培地と古い培地とを交換し、5%CO2、37℃の条件下で3日間培養を行った。培養4日目に、新たなファルゲシン添加培地に古い培地を交換し、5%CO2、37℃の条件下でさらに3日間培養した。培養終了後、下記に示すMTT試験及びALP活性測定及び染色を行った。
細胞生存率はMTT試験により測定した。MTT試薬は50mgの3-(4,5-dimethyl‐thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromideを10mlのPBS(-)で溶解して作成した。培養終了後、ファルゲシンを含有する培地の一部を各ウェルから除去して、培地の液量を100μLに合わせた。ここに10μlのMTT試薬を加え、CO2インキュベーター中で青紫色に呈色するまで反応させた。
反応終了後、各ウェルから培地を全て除去し、溶解溶液としてDMSOを各ウェルに100μlずつ加え、570nmの吸光度を測定し生細胞の生存率を調べた。
ALP活性の測定及びデータの統計処理、並びに分化した細胞の観察は、破骨細胞の染色を省略した点を除き、実施例3と同様に行った。
ALP活性及び細胞生存率は、いずれも陰性対照を100としたときの相対値として、表8に示した。
陰性対照群に対し、2~80μMのファルゲシン添加群では、細胞生存率に有意な差は見られなかった(表5及び図9A)。一方、60~80μMのファルゲシン添加群では、陰性対照群に対し、細胞生存率が低下する傾向が見られた。逆に、ALP活性は有意に上昇していた(表5及び図9A)。また、60~80μMのファルゲシンを添加した場合、青く染まった骨芽細胞が多数観察された(図9B)。
(1)被験細胞及び培養条件
実施例4と同じMC3T3-E1細胞を使用した。また、上記実施例3の基本培地に、50μg/mlのL-アスコルビン酸及び10mMのβ-Glycerophosphate (いずれも、シグマアルドリッチジャパン(株)製)を加えたものを使用した。被験群には、実施例1で調製したファルゲシンを2~80μMで添加した。
MC3T3-E1を、4,000 cells/wellで96ウェルプレートの各ウェルに播種し、5%CO2、37℃の条件下で2日間、基本培地のみで前培養を行った。その後、上記の50μg/mlのL-アスコルビン酸、10mMのβ-Glycerophosphate、及びファルゲシンを含む培地と交換し、5%CO2、37℃の条件下で5日間培養した。その後、新たなファルゲシン添加培地に交換し、5%CO2、37℃の条件下でさらに5日間培養した。培養終了後、破骨細胞の染色を省略した点を除いて、実施例3と同様にして、ALP活性の測定及び分化した細胞の観察を行った。
また、ミネラル沈着は、常法に従って、1%アリザリンレッド(和光純薬工業(株))による染色を行い、骨の石灰化として観察した。
ALP活性は、陰性対照群を100としたときの相対値として表6に示した。
陰性対照群に対し、60~80μMのファルゲシンを添加した群では有意にALP活性が上昇していた(表6及び図10A)。60~80μMのファルゲシンを添加した場合、青く染まった骨芽細胞が多数観察され、ALP活性も高かった(図10B)。さらに、60~80μMのファルゲシンを添加した場合、赤く染まったミネラルの沈着部位、すなわち石灰化部位の増加も観察された(図10C)。
(1)被験動物
4週齢のメスSlc;ddY系統マウス(日本エスエルシー(株))を購入し、馴化飼育を行うことなく8群に分け(1群6匹)、ソムノペンチル(ペントバルビタールナトリウム)を50mg/kgで腹腔内投与して麻酔し、麻酔下にて卵巣摘出手術(以下、「OVX」という。)、または偽手術(以下、「Sham」という。)を行った。
馴化飼育を行わなかったのは、動物の成長に伴う白色脂肪組織量増加による施術ミスを防ぐためである。
各群は卵巣摘出手術(または偽手術)の2日後から、骨吸収を誘導するための期間として2ヶ月間、明暗12時間、室温23±3度、湿度55±5%の条件で飼育を行った。床敷きの交換は週2回行い、常にオールフレッシュの床敷きを用いた。飼料はCRF-1(オリエンタル酵母工業(株))とし、飲水はイオン交換水を、それぞれ自由に摂取させた。
試験開始2ヶ月(誘導期間)経過後から3ヶ月間、各群ごとに下記表7に示す量で各試料を、連日投与した。
実施例1で得られた90%MeOH画分(シンイ)及びファルゲシン(以下、「Far」と略すことがある。)をTD溶液に下記表7に示す濃度となるように溶解し、経口投与した。
ヒトPTH(1-34)(以下、「hPTH(1-34)」と記載することがある。)は、蒸留水に80μg/kg/dayとなるように溶解し、皮下投与した。
(3-1)骨試料の調製
投与3ヶ月目に全群のマウスの体重測定を行い、ジエチルエーテル麻酔下に心臓採血を行い、致死させた。その後、子宮、白色脂肪組織(WAT)、褐色脂肪組織(BAT)、肝臓、脾臓、及び左右の下肢を摘出した。左右の下肢は、大腿骨と脛骨に分離し、70%EtOH中に入れて室温で保存した。
(3-2)骨密度等の測定、組織重量の測定
得られた大腿骨(右)から筋を切除し、その後、実施例1で使用したpQCTを用いて、以下の条件で骨密度等の測定を行った。
Voxel size (mm):0.07
輪郭の認識(CONTMODE):2(ROIの自動検索)
PEELMODE:20
海綿骨の認識方法:面積・エリア
全断面積に対する海面骨面積の割合:35%
CORTBDに使用したCORTMODE:1*
CORTBDに使用したTH値:690
* 皮質骨及び海綿骨を区別する基準値(スレッシュフォールド:threshold)以下のVoxelを除いた。
また、それぞれの組織重量を測定した。
解剖時、ジエチルエーテル麻酔下に心臓採血で得た全血を、24時間4℃で保存し、その後、3,000rpm(4,000×g)にて15分間、冷却遠心して血清を得た。
MouseTRAPTM Assay(Immunodiagnostic Systems Ltd、イギリス)のプロトコルに従い、得られた血清中のTRACP5bを定量した。
pQCTで得られた海綿骨の骨密度の全データから、最も高い測定値及び最も低い測定値を削除し、中央値(Median)を得た。他の全てのパラメーターもこれに従い、N=6でグラフを作成した。また、Dunnetの両側t検定により、統計分析を行った。
(4-1)体重及び組織重量に対する影響
各群の体重、子宮、BAT、WAT、肝臓及び脾臓の各重量を測定した結果、群による偏りは見られなかった。また、PTH投与群及びFargesin投与群での子宮重量の増加(委縮の抑制)は見られなかったことから、これらの化合物には、エストロゲン様作用はないと考えられた。飼料摂取量(重量)も、Sham群が、OVX群と比較してやや多くなっていたが、大きな差は見られなかった。
骨の成長板から-1mmの位置で、全骨塩量、全骨密度、皮質骨塩量を測定した。結果を表8及び図11A及び11Bに示す。実験開始5ヶ月後の時点で、Control OVX群では、Sham OVX群と比較して、顕著に全骨塩量及び全骨密度が減少していた。
図11Bに示すように、ファルゲシン投与群では、濃度依存的な海綿骨の骨密度の上昇が見られ、Control OVX群と比べると、有意に増加していた。また、90%MeOH画分投与群の海綿骨の骨密度はFar2群よりも高く、この画分に含まれるFargesin以外の化合物との相乗効果の可能性が示唆された。
皮質骨塩量及び皮質骨密度も、全骨及び海綿骨の場合と同様に、Sham OVX群と比較してControl OVX群で有意な減少が見られ、皮質骨塩量の減少が顕著であった。全骨及び海綿骨の場合とは異なって、PTHを投与しても骨量の回復は見られなかった。また、ファルゲシン投与及び90%MeOH画分の投与によっても、有意な骨量の回復は見られなかった(表9参照)。
骨成長は主に骨外膜側で盛んに行われており、皮質骨量の減少はハバース管の拡張(皮質骨の多孔化)として現れる。このため、皮質骨外膜周囲長は骨形成を反映しており(生体医工学 vol. 44, No. 4: 517-521, 2006、同 vol. 44, No. 4: 496-502, 2006)、皮質骨内膜周囲長の増加は骨吸収を反映している。したがって、OVX手術を行った群では骨吸収が増加し、骨形成が減少する状態であることが示された。これに対し、PTH投与群では、骨形成及び骨吸収が共に増加する傾向が見られたが、骨形成が優位であるために、骨量が増加したものと考えられた。ファルゲシン投与群でも、同様に、骨形成及び骨吸収が、共に濃度依存的に増加する傾向が見られた。
一方、表9に示すように、90%MeOH画分投与群では、海綿骨密度は大きく上昇していたものの、骨形成及び骨吸収の増加は見られなかった。
骨強度は、Sham OVX群と比較して、Control OVX群で顕著に減少していた。PTH投与群及びFargesin投与群(2mg及び40mg投与群)では、Control OVX群と比較して骨強度が有意に増加していた。しかし、90%MeOH画分投与群では、Control OVX群よりも高いが、有意差は見られなかった(図12参照)。
骨代謝のマーカーとなる酒石酸塩耐性酸性ホスファターゼ(TRACP)には、TRACP 5a及びTRACP 5bがあり、TRACP 5aは炎症性マクロファージから、TRACP 5bは破骨細胞から、それぞれ誘導されることが知られている。血清中のTRACP 5bの日周期性変動は低く、そのレベルは栄養補給による影響を受けないため、分泌されたTRACP 5bは、その活性よりむしろ破骨細胞の数を表すことが報告されている(文献名:Alatalo SL, et al, Clin Chem, 46:1751-1754(2000)., Alatalo SL, et al, J Bone Miner Res, 18:134-139(2003)., Chu P, et al, Am J Kidney Dis, 41:1052-1059(2003)., Alatalo SL, et al, Clin Chem, 50:883-890(2004).)。
血清中TRACP 5bは、Sham OVX群と比較して、Control OVX群で顕著に高い数値を示したため、Control OVX群では破骨細胞活性が高く、破骨細胞の数も多いと考えられた(図13参照)。
(1)被験動物
オリエンタル酵母工業(株)より、C57BL/6NCrlCrlj(6週齢、雌)を購入し、7日間、明暗12時間、室温23±3度、湿度55±5%の条件で馴化飼育を行った。2匹/ケージとし、床敷きの交換は週2回行い、常にオールフレッシュの床敷きを用いた。飼料はCRF-1(オリエンタル酵母工業(株))、飲水はイオン交換水を、それぞれ自由に摂取させた。
(2)試験方法-被験物質の投与
馴化飼育終了後、これらのマウスをランダムに4群(1群8匹)に分け、それぞれ、sRANKL投与群及びFargesin群とした。Fargesin投与群は、0.2mg/kg/day投与群(以下、「Far 0.2」という。)、2mg/kg/day投与群(以下、「Far 2」という。)、20mg/kg/day投与群(以下、「Far 20」という。)とした。
すべてのマウスに、試験開始1日目及び2日目に、sRANKL(1mg/kg/day, i.p.)を投与して、骨量減少症を実験的に惹起させた。
試験開始4日目~13日目まで、蒸留水または下記表10に示す被験化合物を、各群に連日投与した。
(3-1)骨試料の調製
投与期間終了後、試験後、実施例6と同様にして大腿骨を摘出し、骨密度を評価した。試験動物は投与期間中、週に2度、体重測定および飼料摂取重量の測定を行った。
実施例6の場合と同様に行い、得られた大腿骨のうち、右の大腿骨を骨密度等の測定に使用した。
各群の体重を測定した結果、群による偏りは見られなかった。
骨の成長板から、-0.6mmの位置で、全骨密度、海綿骨密度、皮質骨密度、皮質骨外膜周囲長、皮質骨内膜周囲長、及び骨強度の測定を行った(図3A参照)。
図14A及び14Bに示すように、ファルゲシンの濃度依存的に全骨密度が有意に上昇していた。また、海綿骨密度では、ファルゲシンの濃度に依存して有意に密度が上昇していた。
骨強度は極座標強度(SSI)で評価した。図15に示すように、上述した骨密度と同様に、ファルゲシンの濃度に依存して強度の向上が見られ、上述した骨密度と同様に、ファルゲシンの濃度依存的に強度が上昇する傾向が見られた。
以上のように、ファルゲシンは、RANKL投与による若年動物の骨量の減少に対しても濃度依存的に骨密度を上げることで効果を発揮することが示された。
ファルゲシン又は90%MeOH画分を含有する本発明の組成物を用いた食品の配合例を以下に示す。各配合例は、機能性食品、健康食品のいずれとすることもできる。
配合例1:チューインガム
次に、本発明の組成物を含有する製剤例を示すが、本発明はこれらに限定されるものではない。
(製剤例1 錠剤)
(製剤例2 硬カプセル剤)
(製剤例3 軟カプセル剤)
(製剤例4 顆粒剤)
(製剤例5 シロップ剤)
(製剤例6 顆粒剤)
Claims (12)
- 前記式(II)で表される化合物を含有する、モクレン科植物の花蕾、葉、樹皮又は木部からなる群から選ばれるいずれかの器官からの抽出画分を含む、骨形成促進用医薬組成物。
- 前記モクレン科植物の花蕾、葉、樹皮又は木部からなる群から選ばれるいずれかの器官は、タムシバ、コブシ、ハクモクレン、及びキタコブシからなる群から選ばれる植物から得られるものである、請求項3に記載の骨形成促進用医薬組成物。
- 請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物を有効成分とし、所定の用量で投与されることを特徴とする骨形成促進用医薬製剤。
- 前記所定の用量は、前記化合物に換算して10~350mg/日であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の医薬製剤
- 請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の組成物を含有する機能性食品。
- 前記組成物の含有量が1~1,000mg/100gである、請求項7に記載の機能性食品。
- 前記機能性食品は、ビスケット、米飯添加用麦及び雑穀、そば、パスタその他の麺類、チーズ、ヨーグルトその他の乳製品、ジャム、マヨネーズ、醤油その他の大豆製品、茶、コーヒー及びココアその他の非アルコール性飲料、薬用酒その他のアルコール性飲料、キャンディー、チョコレートその他のスナック菓子、せんべい、羊羹その他の大豆を原料とする菓子からなる群から選ばれるものである、請求項7又は8に記載の機能性食品。
- 請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の組成物を含有する健康食品。
- 前記組成物の含有量が1~1,000mg/100gである、請求項10に記載の健康食品。
- 前記健康食品は、ビスケット、米飯添加用麦及び雑穀、そば、パスタその他の麺類、チーズ、ヨーグルトその他の乳製品、ジャム、マヨネーズ、醤油その他の大豆製品、茶、コーヒー及びココアその他の非アルコール性飲料、薬用酒その他のアルコール性飲料、キャンディー、チョコレートその他のスナック菓子、せんべい、羊羹その他の大豆を原料とする菓子からなる群から選ばれるものである、請求項10又は11に記載の健康食品。
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JP2012524565A JP6272646B2 (ja) | 2010-07-12 | 2011-07-12 | axial−equatorial aryl配向のfurofuran型リグナンを含有する骨形成促進用医薬組成物、その組成物を含有する医薬製剤、その組成物を含む機能性食品及び健康食品 |
US13/739,340 US20130253048A1 (en) | 2010-07-12 | 2013-01-11 | Pharmaceutical Composition for Promoting Osteogenesis Containing Axial-equatorial Aryl-oriented Furofuran-type Lignan, and Pharmaceutical Preparation, Functional Food Product, and Health Food Product Comprising Composition |
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CN103040805A (zh) * | 2012-12-28 | 2013-04-17 | 上海中医药大学 | 辛夷脂素的医药用途 |
CN110051661A (zh) * | 2019-05-07 | 2019-07-26 | 中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所 | 辛夷脂素在抑制水产动物无乳链球菌感染中的应用 |
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KR101826229B1 (ko) * | 2015-10-07 | 2018-02-06 | 최봉근 | 신이 추출물, 이의 분획물 또는 이로부터 분리한 화합물을 유효성분으로 함유하는 치주조직 성장 촉진, 및 치주염 예방 및 치료용 약학적 조성물 |
TWI668008B (zh) * | 2017-09-07 | 2019-08-11 | 財團法人生物技術開發中心 | 木蘭萃取物、其製備方法及其用途 |
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HONE SAI ET AL.: "Hakotsu Saibo Bunka ni Taisuru Fargesin no Sogai Sayo", JAPAN SOCIETY FOR BIOSCIENCE, BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND AGROCHEMISTRY TAIKAI KOEN YOSHISHU, vol. 2009, 2009, pages 16 * |
NAOMI MASE ET AL.: "Hakotsu Saibo Bunka o Sogai suru Kobushi Yurai no Kagobutsu", THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF PHARMACOGNOSY NENKAI KOEN YOSHISHU, vol. 55, 2008, pages 212 * |
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CN103040805A (zh) * | 2012-12-28 | 2013-04-17 | 上海中医药大学 | 辛夷脂素的医药用途 |
CN110051661A (zh) * | 2019-05-07 | 2019-07-26 | 中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所 | 辛夷脂素在抑制水产动物无乳链球菌感染中的应用 |
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KR20130050967A (ko) | 2013-05-16 |
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