WO2012002082A1 - 電気自動車 - Google Patents
電気自動車 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012002082A1 WO2012002082A1 PCT/JP2011/061997 JP2011061997W WO2012002082A1 WO 2012002082 A1 WO2012002082 A1 WO 2012002082A1 JP 2011061997 W JP2011061997 W JP 2011061997W WO 2012002082 A1 WO2012002082 A1 WO 2012002082A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- power
- battery
- electric vehicle
- voltage
- state
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
- B60L58/20—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having different nominal voltages
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P31/00—Arrangements for regulating or controlling electric motors not provided for in groups H02P1/00 - H02P5/00, H02P7/00 or H02P21/00 - H02P29/00
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
- H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electric vehicle including a primary side including a plurality of power supplies whose power supply voltages vary independently, and a secondary side including an inverter and a drive motor connected to the inverter.
- JP 2005-237064A a battery having the lowest remaining capacity is selected from the plurality of batteries and charged (FIG. 4, paragraphs [0042] to [0050]).
- the battery to be used is selected according to the power running and regeneration of the vehicle, but the method of selecting the battery is limited.
- the present invention has been made in consideration of such problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide an electric vehicle which can expand the options for using the power supply.
- An electric vehicle includes a primary side including N (N is an integer of 2 or more) power sources whose power supply voltages fluctuate independently, an inverter, and a drive motor connected to the inverter.
- N is an integer of 2 or more
- First to Nth power systems connecting the N power sources in parallel with one another, the primary side and the secondary side, and the first to Nth power systems
- N control switches each of which is provided in each of the power systems, capable of separately blocking two-way current conduction in the power generation direction and the charge direction, and a control device for controlling the interruption by the N semiconductor switches,
- the control device performs fixed control to fix energization or shutoff of the semiconductor switch at least one switching cycle, first shutoff control that shuts off both a power generation path and a charge path of one power system, and all power systems
- N-1 power systems are performed to perform the first shutoff control Control the conduction or interruption of the semiconductor switch.
- the semiconductor switch in the case of performing only the first shutoff control that shuts off both the power generation path and the charging path of one electric power system, energization of the semiconductor switch is performed such that N-1 electric power systems performing the first shutoff control. Or control the shutoff. Therefore, when only the first shutoff control is performed, the semiconductor switch is energized only for one power system. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of a short circuit state in which current flows from one power source to another through parallel circuits.
- the occurrence of the short circuit state in the case of performing either the first shutoff control or the second shutoff control, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of the short circuit state. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the generation of an excessive current (in particular, at the time of switching of the power supply) due to the voltage difference between the power supplies, and to prevent the power loss accompanying the equalization of the power supplies. .
- the occurrence of the short circuit state can be reliably avoided even without the process using the level of the voltage between the power supplies.
- An electric vehicle includes a primary side including N (N is an integer of 2 or more) power sources whose power supply voltages fluctuate independently, an inverter, and a drive motor connected to the inverter.
- N is an integer of 2 or more
- First to Nth power systems connecting the N power sources in parallel with one another, the primary side and the secondary side, and the first to Nth power systems
- N control switches each of which is provided in each of the power systems, capable of separately blocking two-way current conduction in the power generation direction and the charge direction, and a control device for controlling the interruption by the N semiconductor switches,
- the control device is performing fixed control to fix energization or cutoff of the semiconductor switch at least every one switching period, the voltage is lower than the highest voltage generation path with the highest voltage among the power generation paths to be energized.
- the semiconductor switch may be switched on / off to be in a state.
- the present invention when switching on or off of the semiconductor switch, at least one of the first blocking state and the second blocking state is obtained.
- the first blocking state the charging path which is lower in voltage than the highest voltage power generation path with the highest voltage among the power generation paths to be energized is cut off. For this reason, a short circuit state in which current flows from the highest voltage generation path to any one of the charge paths through the parallel circuit does not occur.
- the second blocking state the power generation path which is a voltage higher than the lowest voltage charging path with the lowest voltage among the charging paths to be energized is blocked. Therefore, a short circuit state in which current flows from the lowest voltage charge path to any of the power generation paths through the parallel circuit does not occur.
- the semiconductor switch can be, for example, a bidirectional switch. This makes it possible to control bi-directional energization and interruption separately.
- a dead time may be inserted in the drive signal of the semiconductor switch. Thereby, a short circuit between the power supplies can be prevented more reliably.
- the control device may control the semiconductor switch to shift the bi-directional conduction state of one power source to the bi-directional conduction state of another power source.
- power generation and charging can be performed while switching the power supply.
- the control device may control the semiconductor switch to shift the bi-directional conduction state of a certain power source to the bi-directional conduction state of another power source when the electric vehicle is in an intermediate state between the power running state and the regeneration state. Good. As a result, it becomes possible to distinguish and use the power source for power generation and the power source for charging.
- the control device may simultaneously turn on two or more power generation switching elements when the electric vehicle is in a power running state.
- power can be supplied from the higher voltage power supply without comparing the voltage difference between the power supplies, so that power can be efficiently supplied at high load.
- it is possible to prevent power generation from a power supply having a low voltage, that is, a low storage capacity.
- the control device may simultaneously turn on two or more charge switching elements when the electric vehicle is in a regeneration state. This makes it possible to positively charge the low-voltage power supply automatically without comparing the voltage difference between the power supplies. That is, since the power source with a small storage capacity is positively charged, overdischarge of the storage device can be prevented.
- the power running state and the regeneration state of the electric vehicle may be determined, and at least two power generation switching elements may be connected in the power running state, and at least two charge switching elements may be connected in the regeneration state.
- power in the power running state, power can be supplied from the higher power source without comparing the voltage difference between the power sources, so that power can be efficiently supplied with high load.
- it is possible to prevent power generation from a power supply having a low voltage, that is, a low storage capacity.
- the low-voltage power supply can be positively charged automatically without comparing the voltage difference between the power supplies. That is, since the power source with a small storage capacity is positively charged, overdischarge of the storage device can be prevented. Therefore, appropriate control according to the state is possible.
- the control device when the electric vehicle is in the intermediate state, the control device enables bi-directional energization of a certain power source to determine the other power source in both directions, by determining the intermediate state between the power running state and the regeneration state.
- the semiconductor switch may be controlled to shut off.
- the intermediate state may be determined based on at least one command value or actual measurement value of input power and input current of the inverter, and torque and load power of the drive motor.
- the intermediate state may be defined by an estimated time until the actual power crosses zero.
- the control device may switch on or off of the semiconductor switch while a three-phase short circuit condition occurs in the inverter. Thereby, a short circuit between the power supplies can be prevented more reliably.
- the power source may include, for example, at least one of a power storage device, a fuel cell, and a generator.
- First to Nth voltage sensors may be provided, and the magnitude of the voltage between the power supplies may be grasped based on the voltage sensors, and control may be performed based on the grasped voltages. Thereby, by performing control based on the grasped voltage, it becomes possible to reliably prevent a short circuit between the power supplies.
- An electric vehicle is connected in series with a primary side including at least two power supplies of a first power supply and a second power supply whose power supply voltage fluctuates, and a three-phase AC brushless motor driving the vehicle.
- a secondary side including an inverter in which a pair of upper arm elements and lower arm elements are connected in parallel in three phases, and a three-phase line of the motor is connected between the upper arm elements and lower arm elements;
- a first power system and a second power system in which the first power source and the second power source are connected in parallel with each other on the secondary side and the secondary side, and the first power source and the second power source as power sources of the motor
- the first power supply as the power supply of the motor and the second power supply are switched in a state where the three-phase short circuit state occurs in the inverter. For this reason, the voltage fluctuation accompanying switching between the first power supply and the second power supply is not transmitted to the motor. Therefore, it is possible to prevent an unintended torque fluctuation of the motor.
- the control device controls on / off of the upper arm switching element and the lower arm switching element of each phase based on the comparison result of the voltage command value of each of the three phases and the carrier signal, and the carrier signal is obtained from the voltage command value of all three phases. It may be detected that the three-phase short circuit state is detected by detecting the case where the carrier signal becomes lower than the voltage command value of all the three phases or when the voltage becomes higher.
- the switch can be switched while preventing unintended torque fluctuation of the motor.
- the control device When the control device receives a switching request to switch between the first power supply and the second power supply, the control device outputs a drive signal to the upper arm switching element or the lower arm switching element of all three phases, forcibly forcing a three phase short circuit state May be generated. As a result, when it is necessary to switch between the first power supply and the second power supply, the switching can be performed at an appropriate timing.
- FIG. 1st Embodiment of this invention It is a schematic block diagram of the electric vehicle concerning 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a figure showing a part of circuit composition of the electric vehicle concerning a 1st embodiment. It is a figure which shows the 1st modification of the two way switch used with the electric vehicle concerning 1st Embodiment. It is a figure which shows the 2nd modification of the bidirectional switch used with the electric vehicle concerning 1st Embodiment. It is a figure which shows the 3rd modification of the bidirectional switch used with the electric vehicle which concerns on 1st Embodiment. It is a figure which shows the 4th modification of the bidirectional switch used with the electric vehicle which concerns on 1st Embodiment.
- FIG. 34 is a functional block diagram of a bidirectional switch logic generation unit used in the power electronic control device of FIG. 33. It is a functional block diagram of the 2nd modification of the power electronic control unit of FIG. It is a functional block diagram of the 3rd modification of the power electronic control unit of FIG. It is a functional block diagram of the 4th modification of the power electronic control unit of FIG.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an electric vehicle 10 according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a view showing part of the circuit configuration of the electric vehicle 10. As shown in FIG.
- the electric vehicle 10 has a motor 12 for traveling, a transmission 14, wheels 16, an integrated electronic control unit 18 (hereinafter referred to as “integrated ECU 18”), and a power system 20.
- integrated ECU 18 integrated electronice control unit 18
- the motor 12 is a three-phase alternating current brushless type, generates a driving force based on the electric power supplied from the power system 20, and rotates the wheel 16 through the transmission 14 by the driving force. In addition, the motor 12 outputs the power (regenerative power Preg) [W] generated by performing regeneration to the power system 20. Regenerative power Preg may be output to an accessory not shown.
- JP2009-240125A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2009-240125
- the integrated ECU 18 controls the control system of the entire electric vehicle 10, and includes an input / output device, an arithmetic device, a storage device, and the like (not shown). In the first embodiment, the integrated ECU 18 selects at least one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b as the battery used for power generation and the battery used for charging, respectively (details will be described later).
- the power system 20 supplies electric power to the motor 12 and also supplies regenerative electric power Preg from the motor 12.
- the power system 20 includes, in addition to the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b, a first bidirectional switch 24a (hereinafter referred to as “first bidirectional SW 24a”) and a second bidirectional switch 24b (hereinafter referred to as “second bidirectional switch 24b”).
- SW 24b the inverter 26, the voltage sensors 28, 30, 32, the current sensors 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, the resolver 48, and the electronic power control unit 50 (hereinafter referred to as the“ power ECU 50 ”). And.).
- First battery 22a and second battery 22b Each of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b is a power storage device (energy storage) capable of outputting a high voltage (several hundred volts in the first embodiment) including a plurality of battery cells, for example, a lithium ion secondary A battery or a capacitor can be used. In the first embodiment, a lithium ion secondary battery is used.
- first battery voltage Vbat1 The output voltage (hereinafter referred to as “first battery voltage Vbat1”) [V] of the first battery 22a is detected by the voltage sensor 28, and the output current of the first battery 22a (hereinafter referred to as “first battery current Ibat1”). [A] is detected by the current sensor 38 and output to the power ECU 50, respectively.
- second battery voltage Vbat2 the output voltage (hereinafter referred to as “second battery voltage Vbat2”) [V] of the second battery 22b is detected by the voltage sensor 30, and the output current of the second battery 22b (hereinafter referred to as “second battery current Ibat2”) [A] is detected by the current sensor 40 and output to the power ECU 50, respectively.
- the positive electrode sides of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b are connected at the connection point 52, and the negative electrode sides of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b are connected at the connection point 54.
- the positive side connection point 52 is connected to the connection point 56 of the inverter 26, and the negative side connection point 54 is connected to the connection point 58 of the inverter 26. Therefore, the power supply path including the first battery 22 a and the power supply path including the second battery 22 b are connected in parallel to the inverter 26 and the motor 12.
- the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b (and the battery 154 in the third and subsequent embodiments are generically referred to as the battery 22), and the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b (and the third and subsequent embodiments)
- the output voltage from the battery 154) is generically referred to as the battery voltage Vbat
- the output current from the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b (as well as the battery 154 in the third embodiment and later) is generically referred to as the battery current Ibat.
- First bidirectional switch 24a and second bidirectional switch 24b The first bidirectional SW 24 a and the second bidirectional SW 24 b can separately switch on and off (energize / shut off) the power generation direction and the charge direction of the first battery 22 a and the second battery 22 b according to a command from the power ECU 50. it can.
- the first bidirectional SW 24 a and the second bidirectional SW 24 b of the first embodiment are bidirectional insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). That is, the first bidirectional SW 24 a switches between energization and cutoff in the power generation direction (direction from the power system 20 to the motor 12) (hereinafter referred to as “power generation SW element 60 a” or “SW element 60 a”). And a charge switching element 62a (hereinafter referred to as “charge SW element 62a” or “SW element 62a”) for switching between energization and cutoff in the charge direction (direction from the motor 12 to the power system 20).
- IGBTs bidirectional insulated gate bipolar transistors
- the second bidirectional SW 24b switches between energization and interruption in the charge direction with a power generation switching element 60b (hereinafter referred to as “power generation SW element 60b” or “SW element 60b”) that switches energization and interruption in the power generation direction.
- a charging switching element 62b (hereinafter referred to as “charging SW element 62b” or “SW element 62b”) to be switched.
- each SW element 60a, 60b, 62a, 62b is controlled by drive signals Sh1, Sh2, Sl1, Sl2 from the electric power ECU 50.
- the reverse blocking IGBT 76 can also be used.
- a first smoothing capacitor 78a is disposed between the first battery 22a and the first bidirectional SW 24a, and between the second battery 22b and the second bidirectional SW 24b.
- a second smoothing capacitor 78b is disposed.
- the first bidirectional switch 24a and the second bidirectional switch 24b (and the third bidirectional switch 24c described later in the fourth embodiment and later) will be collectively referred to as a bidirectional switch 24 or a bidirectional switch 24.
- the power generation SW elements 60a and 60b (and the power generation switching element 60c described later in the fourth embodiment and later) are collectively referred to as a power generation switching element 60 or a SW element 60.
- the charging SW elements 62a and 62b (and the charging switching element 62c described later in the fourth embodiment and later) are collectively referred to as the charging switching element 62 or the SW element 62.
- the inverter 26 has a three-phase full-bridge configuration, performs DC / AC conversion, converts DC to three-phase AC and supplies it to the motor 12, and DC after AC / DC conversion associated with the regeneration operation. Is supplied to at least one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b.
- the inverter 26 has three phase arms 82u, 82v, 82w.
- the U-phase arm 82 u is referred to as an upper arm element 84 u having an upper arm switching element 86 u (hereinafter referred to as “upper arm SW element 86 u”) and a diode 88 u, and a lower arm switching element 92 u (hereinafter referred to as “lower arm SW element 92 u”). And a lower arm element 90u having a diode 94u.
- V-phase arm 82v includes upper arm switching element 86v (hereinafter referred to as “upper arm SW element 86v”) and upper arm element 84v having diode 88v, and lower arm switching element 92v (hereinafter referred to as "lower arm SW element 92v And a lower arm element 90v having a diode 94v.
- the W-phase arm 82w is referred to as an upper arm element 84w having an upper arm switching element 86w (hereinafter referred to as “upper arm SW element 86w”) and a diode 88w, and a lower arm switching element 92w (hereinafter referred to as “lower arm SW element 92w”).
- a lower arm element 90w having a diode 94w.
- a MOSFET or an IGBT is adopted for the upper arm SW elements 86 u, 86 v, 86 w and the lower arm SW elements 92 u, 92 v, 92 w.
- each phase arm 82u, 82v, 82w is collectively referred to as a phase arm 82
- each upper arm element 84u, 84v, 84w is collectively referred to as an upper arm element 84
- each lower arm element 90u, 90v, 90w is lower.
- the upper arm SW elements 86u, 86v, 86w are collectively referred to as an upper arm SW element 86
- the lower arm SW elements 92u, 92v, 92w are collectively referred to as a lower arm SW element 92.
- windings 98u, 98v, 98w are collectively referred to as a winding 98.
- Each upper arm SW element 86 and each lower arm SW element 92 are driven by drive signals UH, VH, WH, UL, VL, and WL from the power ECU 50.
- the voltage sensors 28, 30, 32 As described above, the voltage sensor 28 detects the first battery voltage Vbat1 of the first battery 22a and outputs it to the power ECU 50.
- the voltage sensor 30 detects a second battery voltage Vbat2 of the second battery 22b and outputs the second battery voltage Vbat2 to the power ECU 50.
- the voltage sensor 32 is connected between a path connecting the connection points 52 and 56 and a path connecting the connection points 54 and 58, detects an input voltage Vinv [V] of the inverter 26, and outputs the same to the power ECU 50.
- the current sensor 38 detects the first battery current Ibat1 of the first battery 22a and outputs it to the power ECU 50.
- the current sensor 40 detects a second battery current Ibat2 of the second battery 22b and outputs the second battery current Ibat2 to the power ECU 50.
- the current sensor 42 detects the input current Iinv [A] of the inverter 26 on the path connecting the connection points 52 and 56, and outputs it to the power ECU 50.
- the current sensor 44 detects a U-phase current (U-phase current Iu) in the winding 98 u of the motor 12 and outputs the current to the power ECU 50.
- the current sensor 46 detects the W-phase current (W-phase current Iw) in the winding 98 w and outputs it to the power ECU 50.
- the current sensors 44 and 46 may detect currents other than the combination of the U-phase and the W-phase as long as they detect two of the three phases of the motor 12.
- Resolver 48 The resolver 48 (FIG. 1) detects an electrical angle ⁇ which is a rotation angle of an output shaft (not shown) of the motor 12 or the outer rotor (rotation angle in a coordinate system fixed to the stator (not shown) of the motor 12).
- ⁇ is a rotation angle of an output shaft (not shown) of the motor 12 or the outer rotor (rotation angle in a coordinate system fixed to the stator (not shown) of the motor 12).
- the configuration of the resolver 48 for example, the one described in JP2009-240125A can be used.
- Power ECU 50 (A) Overall Configuration
- the power ECU 50 controls the entire power system 20, and includes an input / output device (not shown), an arithmetic device, a storage device, and the like.
- the power ECU 50 in the first embodiment mainly controls the inverter 26 and the bidirectional SW 24.
- the power ECU 50 includes a bidirectional switch logic generation unit 102 (hereinafter referred to as “bidirectional SW logic generation unit 102” or “logic generation unit 102”), an electrical angular velocity calculation unit 104, and three phases.
- -Dq conversion unit 106 current command calculation unit 108, subtractors 110 and 112
- current feedback control unit 114 hereinafter referred to as "current FB control unit 114"
- dq-3 phase conversion unit 116 PWM And a generation unit 118.
- each bidirectional switch 24 is controlled by the logic generation unit 102.
- the logic generation unit 102 causes the inverter 26 to be in a 3-phase short circuit state (details will be described later).
- Control of the inverter 26 is performed by the electric angular velocity calculation unit 104, the three-phase to dq conversion unit 106, the current command calculation unit 108, the subtractors 110 and 112, the current FB control unit 114, and the dq-3 phase conversion unit 116. And the PWM generator 118.
- the logic generation unit 102 includes a bidirectional switch logic determination unit 122 (hereinafter referred to as “bidirectional switch logic determination unit 122” or “logic determination unit 122”), and a bidirectional switch logic update instruction unit. 124 (hereinafter referred to as “bidirectional SW logic update instruction unit 124” or “logic update instruction unit 124”), and bidirectional switch logic output unit 126 (hereinafter referred to as “bidirectional SW logic output unit 126” or “logic output unit 126 And a dead time generation unit 128 and a storage unit 130.
- bidirectional switch logic determination unit 122 hereinafter referred to as “bidirectional switch logic determination unit 122” or “logic determination unit 122”
- bidirectional switch logic update instruction unit 124 hereinafter referred to as “bidirectional SW logic update instruction unit 124” or “logic update instruction unit 124”
- bidirectional switch logic output unit 126 hereinafter referred to as “bidirectional SW logic output unit 126” or “logic output unit 126 And a dead time
- Logic determination unit 122 selects switching element selection signals Ss1 and Ss2 based on power supply designation signals Sd1, Sd2 and Sd3 from integrated ECU 18, input current Iinv of inverter 26, and current thresholds THi1 and THi2 from storage unit 130.
- Ss3 and Ss4 (hereinafter referred to as "SW element selection signals Ss1, Ss2, Ss3 and Ss4") are generated and transmitted to the logic output unit 126.
- the power supply designation signals Sd1, Sd2, and Sd3 designate power supplies (for the first embodiment, the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b) for power generation, power generation / charge switching, and charging. More specifically, power supply designation signal Sd1 designates a power supply for power generation, power designation signal Sd2 designates a power supply for power generation / charge switching, and power designation signal Sd3 is a charge Specify the power supply for the
- the logic determination unit 122 uses the input current Iinv of the inverter 26 and the current thresholds THi1 and THi2 to drive the electric vehicle 10 in a powering state (during power generation of the battery 22), in a regenerative state (charging state of the battery 22), and between them.
- the state (during power generation / charge switching of the battery 22) is determined, and the power supply designation signals Sd1, Sd2, and Sd3 to be used are selected (the details will be described later).
- the SW element selection signals Ss1, Ss2, Ss3 and Ss4 select which one of the SW elements 60a, 60b, 62a and 62b of each bidirectional SW 24 is turned on and which is turned off. More specifically, the SW element selection signal Ss1 turns on the power generation SW element 60a, the SW element selection signal Ss2 turns on the power generation SW element 60b, and the SW element selection signal Ss3 charges The SW element 62a is turned on, and the SW element selection signal Ss4 is used to turn on the charging SW element 62b.
- SW element selection signals of the number obtained by multiplying the number of power supplies by two are output.
- the logic determination unit 122 notifies that effect (that is, the preparation for updating the logic is completed).
- the update preparation completion signal Su is output to the logic update command unit 124.
- the logic update instruction unit 124 is based on the update preparation completion signal Su from the logic determination unit 122 and the bidirectional switch logic switching permission signal Sal from the PWM generation unit 118 (hereinafter referred to as “switching permission signal Sal”).
- the update execution signal Sc is generated and transmitted to the logic output unit 126.
- the switching permission signal Sal is transmitted from the PWM generating unit 118 to the logic update instructing unit 124 when switching of the bidirectional SW 24 is permitted (the details will be described later).
- the logic update instruction unit 124 prepares to update the logic of the SW element selection signals Ss1, Ss2, Ss3 and Ss4 in the logic determination unit 122, and when the bidirectional SW 24 can be switched, the logic update execution signal It outputs Sc to the logic output unit 126.
- the logic output unit 126 is based on the SW element selection signals Ss1, Ss2, Ss3 and Ss4 from the logic determination unit 122 and the logic update execution signal Sc from the logic update command unit 124, to generate the respective SW elements 60a, 60b and 62a. , 62 b are generated and output to the dead time generation unit 128.
- the logic output unit 126 receives the logic update signal from the logic determination unit 122. Even if the logic of the SW element selection signals Ss1, Ss2, Ss3 and Ss4 is changed (even if it is sought to switch on and off the SW elements 60a, 60b, 62a and 62b), the logic before the change is maintained,
- the drive signals Sh1, Sh2, Sl1, and Sl2 are continuously output with the same logic without switching on and off of the switches 60a, 60b, 62a, and 62b. In this case, switching on and off the SW elements 60a, 60b, 62a and 62b may cause a problem such as a short circuit between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b. .
- the logic output unit 126 receives the logic update execution signal Sc from the logic update command unit 124 ⁇ when the logic update execution signal Sc is high (logic 1) ⁇ , the SW element from the logic determination unit 122
- the drive signals Sh1, Sh2, Sl1, and Sl2 are output according to the logic corresponding to the selection signals Ss1, Ss2, Ss3, and Ss4. In this case, even if the on / off of the SW elements 60a, 60b, 62a, 62b is switched at that timing, there is no risk of the occurrence of the above-mentioned problems.
- the dead time generation unit 128 inserts dead time dt into the drive signals Sh1, Sh2, Sl1, and Sl2 from the logic output unit 126, and outputs the dead time dt to each of the SW elements 60a, 60b, 62a, and 62b.
- the dead time dt is inserted to prevent an unintended short circuit.
- control of the inverter 26 is performed by the electric angular velocity calculation unit 104, the three-phase-dq conversion unit 106, the current command calculation unit 108, the subtractors 110 and 112, and the current This is performed using the FB control unit 114, the dq-3 phase conversion unit 116, and the PWM generation unit 118.
- a control system of the inverter 26 basically, the one described in JP2009-240125A can be used, and the constituent elements omitted in the first embodiment can be additionally applied.
- Three-phase to dq conversion unit 106 performs three-phase to dq conversion using U-phase current Iu from current sensor 44, W-phase current Iw from current sensor 46, and electrical angle ⁇ from resolver 48, The current of the d-axis armature as a current component in the d-axis direction (hereinafter referred to as "d-axis current Id") and the current of the q-axis armature as a current component in the q-axis direction (hereinafter referred to as "q-axis current Iq" ). Then, the 3-phase-dq conversion unit 106 outputs the d-axis current Id to the subtractor 110 and outputs the q-axis current Iq to the subtractor 112.
- the current command calculation unit 108 calculates a d-axis current command value Id_c which is a command value of the d-axis current Id and a q-axis current command value Iq_c which is a command value of the q-axis current Iq. That is, torque command value T_c supplied from integrated ECU 18 and electric angular velocity ⁇ obtained by electric angular velocity calculation unit 104 are input to current command calculation unit 108. Then, the current command calculation unit 108 calculates the d-axis current command value Id_c and the q-axis current command value Iq_c from these input values on the basis of a preset map.
- the d-axis current command value Id_c and the q-axis current command value Iq_c have meanings as feed-forward command values of the d-axis current and the q-axis current for generating the torque of the torque command value T_c on the output shaft of the motor 12 .
- the torque command value T_c is determined according to, for example, the accelerator operation amount (depression amount of the accelerator pedal) and the traveling speed of the electric vehicle 10 mounted with the motor 12 as a propulsive force generation source. Further, the torque command value T_c includes a command value for powering torque and a command value for regenerative torque, and the command values have different positive and negative polarities.
- the current FB control unit 114 controls the d-axis voltage which is a voltage command value (target value of d-axis voltage) of the d-axis armature according to the d-axis current deviation ⁇ Id and the q-axis current deviation ⁇ Iq from the subtractors 110 and 112.
- a command value Vd_c and a q-axis voltage command value Vq_c which is a voltage command value (target value of q-axis voltage) of the q-axis armature, are calculated and output to the dq-3 phase conversion unit 116.
- the current FB control unit 114 determines the d-axis voltage command value Vd_c by feedback control such as PI control (proportional / integral control) so that the d-axis current deviation ⁇ Id approaches 0 according to the d-axis current deviation ⁇ Id. Similarly, current FB control unit 114 determines q-axis voltage command value Vq_c by feedback control such as PI control so that q-axis current deviation ⁇ Iq approaches zero according to q-axis current deviation ⁇ Iq.
- PI control proportional / integral control
- the d-axis voltage command value Vd_c and the q-axis voltage command value Vq_c are determined, the d-axis voltage command value and the q-axis voltage command value determined by feedback control from the d-axis current deviation ⁇ Id and the q-axis current deviation ⁇ Iq, respectively.
- the d-axis voltage command value Vd_c and the q-axis voltage command value Vq_c are determined by adding a non-interference component for canceling the influence of the speed electromotive force that interferes between the d-axis and the q-axis. .
- the dq-3 phase conversion unit 116 performs dq-3 phase conversion using the d-axis voltage command value Vd_c and the q-axis voltage command value Vq_c from the current FB control unit 114 and the electrical angle ⁇ from the resolver 48.
- the phase voltage command values Vu_c, Vv_c, and Vw_c of the U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase are calculated, and are output to the PWM generation unit 118.
- a combination of the d-axis voltage command value Vd_c and the q-axis voltage command value Vq_c is converted by a conversion matrix according to the electrical angle ⁇ (more specifically, the rotation angle of the output shaft at the electrical angle). This is processing for converting into a set of voltage command values Vu_c, Vv_c, and Vw_c.
- the PWM generation unit 118 applies current to the winding 98 of each phase of the motor 12 through the inverter 26 by pulse width modulation (PWM) control according to the phase voltage command values Vu_c, Vv_c, Vw_c.
- PWM pulse width modulation
- the PWM generation unit 118 controls the on / off of the SW elements 86 and 92 of the inverter 26 to energize the winding 98 of each phase.
- the PWM generation unit 118 includes a duty value calculation unit 132 (hereinafter referred to as “DUT calculation unit 132”), a carrier signal generation unit 134, comparators 136u, 136v, 136w, and three-phase logic forcing.
- DUT calculation unit 132 a duty value calculation unit 132
- carrier signal generation unit 134 comparators 136u, 136v, 136w
- three-phase logic forcing comparators 136u, 136v, 136w
- a conversion unit 138, a three-phase logic determination unit 140, NOT circuits 142u, 142v, 142w, and a dead time generation unit 144 are included.
- DUT operation unit 132 is a three-phase voltage command value THu defining duty value DUT1 [%] of each upper arm SW element 86 according to input voltage Vinv of inverter 26 and phase voltage command values Vu_c, Vv_c, Vw_c. , THv and THw are calculated and output to the comparators 136u, 136v and 136w. That is, voltage command value THu of U phase is output to comparator 136u, voltage command value THv of V phase is output to comparator 136v, and voltage command value THw of W phase is output to comparator 136w.
- the carrier signal generation unit 134 generates a carrier signal Sca, and outputs the carrier signal Sca to the comparators 136u, 136v, and 136w.
- Comparator 136u compares voltage command value THu with carrier signal Sca, and outputs logic 0 when carrier signal Sca is less than voltage command value THu, and outputs logic 0 when carrier signal Sca is greater than voltage command value THu. Output 1 The same is true for the comparators 136v and 136w.
- the outputs from the comparators 136u, 136v, 136w are three-phase logic as they are It is output to the determination unit 140.
- the forced short circuit request Rs from the integrated ECU 18 is received (when the signal line of the forced short circuit request Rs is logic 1), all three phases are forcibly forced regardless of the outputs from the comparators 136u, 136v, 136w.
- a logic 0 is output to the three-phase logic determination unit 140.
- logic 1 may be output for all three phases instead of logic 0.
- Three-phase logic determination unit 140 determines whether all three phases are logic 0 or logic 1, and outputs switch enable signal Sal to logic generation unit 102 if all three phases are logic 0 or logic 1. . Also, the three-phase logic determination unit 140 outputs the logic from the three-phase logic forced conversion unit 138 to the NOT circuits 142 u, 142 v, 142 w and the dead time generation unit 144 as it is.
- the NOT circuits 142 u, 142 v, 142 w calculate the duty value DUT2 [%] of each lower arm SW element 92, invert the logic notified from the three-phase logic determination unit 140 to the dead time generation unit 144. Output.
- the sum of the duty value DUT1 of the upper arm SW element 86 and the duty value DUT2 of the lower arm SW element 92 is 100%.
- the dead time generation unit 144 inserts the dead time dt into the three-phase logic signal notified from the three-phase logic determination unit 140 and outputs the drive signals UH, VH, and WH to the upper arm SW elements 86. Further, the dead time generation unit 144 inserts the dead time dt into the three-phase logic signals notified from the NOT circuits 142 u, 142 v, 142 w, and outputs the drive signals UL, VL, WL to the lower arm SW elements 92. .
- the control system of the inverter 26 described above causes the combined voltage of the d-axis voltage and the q-axis voltage to be generated on the output shaft of the motor 12 while preventing the target value (the radius of the voltage circle) according to the power supply voltage D-axis voltage command value Vd_c and q-axis voltage so that the torque to be output (output torque of motor 12) follows torque command value T_c (d-axis current deviation .DELTA.Id and q-axis current deviation .DELTA.Iq converge to 0)
- T_c d-axis current deviation .DELTA.Id and q-axis current deviation .DELTA.Iq converge to 0
- a set of command values Vq_c is determined. Then, according to the d-axis voltage command value Vd_c and the q-axis voltage command value Vq_c, the conduction current of the winding 98 of each phase of the motor 12 is controlled.
- the PWM generation unit 118 turns on all three-phase lower arm SW elements 92 (see FIG. 10) or turns on all three-phase upper arm SW elements 86 (see FIG. 11).
- the inverter 26 is in a three-phase short circuit state, and power is not supplied to the inverter 26 from any of the first battery 22 a and the second battery 22 b.
- the PWM generation unit 118 generates the above-described three-phase short circuit state based on the phase voltage command values Vu_c, Vv_c, and Vw_c from the dq-3 phase conversion unit 116. Alternatively, the PWM generation unit 118 forcibly generates the three-phase short circuit state based on the forced short circuit request Rs from the integrated ECU 18.
- the PWM generation unit 118 generates drive signals UH, UL, VH, VL, WH, and WL to the phase arms 82 for each switching cycle.
- the duty value DUT in one switching cycle is 100% as described above
- the duty value DUT2 of the lower arm SW element 92 is the sum of 100% minus the duty value DUT1 for the upper arm SW element 86.
- driving signals UH, UL, VH, and VL that are actually output with duty values DUT1 and DUT2 of upper arm SW element 86 and lower arm SW element 92 reflecting dead time dt are actually calculated. It becomes WH and WL.
- the duty value DUT1 of the upper arm SW element 86 of each phase sets voltage command values THu, THv, THw in each phase, and the carrier signal Sca becomes equal to or higher than each voltage command value THu, THv, THw.
- the drive signals UH, VH, WH are set to be output.
- any upper arm SW element 86 is used. Also, the drive signals UH, VH, WH are not output ⁇ the drive signals UH, VH, WH are low (logic 0). ⁇ . Therefore, the drive signals UL, VL, and WL are output to all the lower arm SW elements 92 ⁇ the drive signals UL, VL, and WL become high (logic 1). ⁇ . In this case, since all the lower arm SW elements 92 are turned on, a short circuit condition as shown in FIG. 10 occurs.
- carrier signal Sca is equal to or higher than voltage command value THu from time t2 to time t3
- U-phase upper arm SW element 86u is turned on, but V-phase and W-phase upper arm SW elements 86 are turned off.
- carrier signal Sca becomes equal to or higher than voltage command values THu and THv from time t3 to time t4
- upper arm SW elements 86u and 86v of the U and V phases are turned on, but the upper arm of W phase
- the SW element 86 w is off, and a three-phase short circuit does not occur.
- the carrier signal Sca becomes equal to or higher than all voltage command values THu, THv, THw, and the upper arm SW element 86 of all phases is turned on, so a three-phase shorted state as shown in FIG. Occurs.
- the PWM generation unit 118 turns on all of the drive signals UH, VH, and WH as shown in FIG. 13, for example. (The specific process will be described later.)
- the integrated ECU 18 sets which battery 22 to use without comparing the first battery voltage Vbat1 of the first battery 22a and the second battery voltage Vbat2 of the second battery 22b.
- the integrated ECU 18 appropriately switches and uses the mode shown in FIG. 14, for example. That is, in the first embodiment, the integrated ECU 18 performs “stop”, “one power generation”, “one power charging”, “one power utilization”, “high voltage battery generation” and “low voltage battery charging”. Select and use the mode.
- Switching of these modes is not switching on / off (high / low) in one switching cycle like generation of drive signals UH, UL, VH, VL, WH, and WL for the inverter 26, and the need for switching arises.
- control fixing control
- to fix on / off of each SW element 60, 62 is used (the same applies to the second to fifth embodiments).
- the “at rest” mode is a mode used when the electric vehicle 10 is stopped, and turns off any of the switching elements 60 and 62 of each bidirectional SW 24.
- the “one power generation” mode is a mode in which one of the first battery 22 a and the second battery 22 b is used for power generation.
- the “one power generation” mode is, for example, when it is known that one battery 22 is to be replaced immediately after and when the motor 12 is in a power running state, when one battery 22 has a failure, the user's will Is used when there is a battery 22 that you want to use.
- the “one power charging” mode is a mode in which one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b is used for charging.
- the “one power supply charging” mode for example, when it is known that one battery 22 is to be replaced immediately after and the motor 12 is in a regeneration state, when one battery 22 has a problem, the user's will Is used when there is a battery 22 that you want to use.
- the battery 22 used for power generation and the battery 22 used for charge can be switched by combining the “one power generation” mode and the “one power charging” mode.
- the "one power source utilization” mode is a mode in which one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b is used for power generation and charging, and the other is not used for either power generation or charging.
- the “1 power source utilization” mode for example, when it is known that one battery 22 is to be replaced immediately thereafter, it is difficult to distinguish whether the motor 12 is in the power running state or the regeneration state (ie, intermediate state) When one battery 22 fails, it is used when there is a battery 22 that the user wishes to use.
- the "high voltage battery power generation” mode is a mode in which the power generation SW elements 60a and 60b of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b are turned on, and power is generated from the battery 22 having a relatively high voltage. That is, when the electric vehicle 10 is in the power running state, power is supplied to the motor 12 from at least one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b if both of the power generation SW elements 60a, 60b are on.
- power when there is a voltage difference between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b, power is supplied from the battery 22 having a higher voltage to the motor 12, and power is not supplied from the battery 22 having a lower voltage.
- the high voltage battery 22 is a battery 22 having a high storage capacity (SOC). It is used when you want to output
- the “low voltage battery charging” mode is a mode in which the charging SW elements 62a and 62b of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b are turned on to charge the battery having a relatively low voltage. That is, when the electric vehicle 10 is in the regenerative state, if both of the charging SW elements 62a and 62b are on, the electric power is supplied from the motor 12 to at least one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b.
- the regenerative power Preg from the motor 12 is easily supplied to the battery 22 with a lower voltage, and the battery 22 with a higher voltage is Is difficult to supply.
- the lower voltage battery 22 is substantially preferentially charged.
- a low voltage battery 22 is a low SOC battery 22 and therefore, it is desirable to preferentially charge a low SOC battery 22.
- each SW element 60, 62 is controlled so that the other can not be charged.
- the other SW elements 60 and 62 are controlled so that the other can not generate power.
- ON is obliquely present in each mode (power generation SW element 60 a is ON and charge SW element 62 b is ON, or power generation SW element 60 b is ON and charge SW element 62 a is ON. Not to be Thereby, the occurrence of a short circuit between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b can be prevented.
- the first battery is selected by selecting on / off of each of the SW elements 60a, 60b, 62a, 62b such that at least one of the following first control law and second control law is satisfied. The occurrence of a short circuit between 22a and the second battery 22b is prevented.
- N is an integer of 2 or more
- N-1 bidirectional SW 24 in which both the power generation SW element 60 and the charging SW element 62 are turned off It exists.
- N-1 power systems in which both the power generation path and the charge path are turned off.
- only one of the power generation SW element 60 and the charging SW element 62 may be on for the bidirectional SW 24 of the remaining one power system, and both of the power generation SW element 60 and the charging SW element 62 It may be on.
- the second control law is that all (N) power generation SW elements 60 or charging SW elements 62 of the bidirectional SW 24 are turned off. In other words, the power generation path or charge path of all the power systems is turned off. In this case, a charge path or a power generation path opposite to a power generation path or a charge path which is all on can be partially or entirely turned on.
- the power ECU 50 includes the respective SW elements 60 and 62. Is simply switched to the state shown in FIG. Such switching does not cause a short circuit between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b. However, at the time of switching, the dead time dt is inserted in the dead time generation unit 128.
- the power ECU 50 turns on / off each SW element 60, 62. It switches to the state shown in FIG. 14 as it is. Such switching does not cause a short circuit between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b. However, at the time of switching, the dead time dt is inserted in the dead time generation unit 128.
- Stepwise Switching In the above simple switching, when a short circuit occurs between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b, for example, the following control is used to prevent the short circuit. Can.
- both of the power generation SW element 60a and the charge SW element 62a of the first bidirectional SW 24a are turned off. Thereafter, both the power generation SW element 60b and the charge SW element 62b of the second bidirectional SW 24b are turned on.
- the input current Iinv of the inverter 26 is equal to or higher than the current threshold THi2 and equal to or lower than the current threshold THi1 (for convenience, this state is referred to as "power generation / charge switching state"), this on / off control is continued.
- both the power generation SW element 60b and the charge SW element 62b of the second bidirectional SW 24b are turned off. Thereafter, both the power generation SW element 60a and the charge SW element 62b of the first bidirectional SW 24a are turned on.
- the on / off control is continued.
- both the power generation SW element 60a and the charging SW element 62a of the first bidirectional SW 24a are kept on.
- both the power generation SW element 60b and the charge SW element 62b are kept off.
- the control is performed by the input voltage Vinv of the inverter 26 or the power consumption (regenerative power) of the motor 12. It is also possible.
- the switching time point between the power generation and the charging it is possible to switch on and off the SW elements 60 and 62 according to predetermined time points before and after the switching time point. As a case where the switching time point between the power generation and the charging can be determined, for example, there may be used a predicted time until the actual power crosses zero.
- the case where the input current Iinv of the inverter 26 switches from positive to negative that is, the case where the electric vehicle 10 switches from the power running state to the regenerative state will be described.
- the power generation SW elements 60a and 60b are turned on and the charge SW elements 62a and 62b are turned off.
- the power from the second battery 22b having a higher voltage is supplied to the inverter 26, and the power is not supplied from the first battery 22a having a lower voltage.
- the charging SW elements 62a and 62b are off, a short circuit does not occur between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b, and power from the second battery 22b is supplied to the first battery 22a. There is nothing to do.
- the power generation SW element 60b of the second bidirectional SW 24b is turned off. Thereafter, the charging SW element 62a of the first bidirectional SW 24a is turned on. As a result, the power generation SW elements 60a and 60b are turned off, and the charge SW elements 62a and 62b are turned on. In this case, the regenerative power Preg from the motor 12 is preferentially charged to the first battery 22a having a lower voltage. Further, since the power generation SW elements 60a and 60b are off, no short circuit occurs between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b, and the power from the second battery 22b is supplied to the first battery 22a. There is nothing to do.
- the case where the input current Iinv of the inverter 26 switches from negative to positive that is, the case where the electric vehicle 10 switches from the regenerative state to the power running state
- the power generation SW elements 60a and 60b are turned off, and the charge SW elements 62a and 62b are turned on.
- the regenerative power Preg from the motor 12 is preferentially charged to the first battery 22a having a lower voltage.
- the power generation SW elements 60a and 60b are off, no short circuit occurs between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b, and the power from the second battery 22b is supplied to the first battery 22a. There is nothing to do.
- the charging SW element 62b of the second bidirectional SW 24b is turned off. Thereafter, the power generation SW element 60a of the first bidirectional SW 24a is turned on. As a result, the power generation SW elements 60a and 60b are turned on, and the charge SW elements 62a and 62b are turned off. In this case, the power from the second battery 22b having a higher voltage is supplied to the inverter 26, and the power is not supplied from the first battery 22a having a lower voltage. Further, since the charging SW elements 62a and 62b are off, a short circuit does not occur between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b, and power from the second battery 22b is supplied to the first battery 22a. There is nothing to do.
- the control is performed by the input voltage Vinv of the inverter 26 or the power consumption (regenerative power) of the motor 12. It is also possible.
- the switching time point between the power generation and the charging it is possible to switch on and off the SW elements 60 and 62 according to predetermined time points before and after the switching time point. As a case where the switching time point between the power generation and the charging can be determined, for example, there may be used a predicted time until the actual power crosses zero.
- the SW elements 60a and 62a are turned on. On, the SW elements 60b and 62b are off. Therefore, the input voltage Vinv of the inverter 26 is equal to the first battery voltage Vbat1 of the first battery 22a, and the input current Iinv of the inverter 26 is substantially equal to the first battery current Ibat1 of the first battery 22a.
- the drive signals UH, VH, and WH are all set high (logic 1), and the inverter 26 is forced to generate a 3-phase short circuit state.
- the input voltage Vinv of the inverter 26 is made zero once.
- the drive signals Sh1 and S11 are switched to low (logic 0) and the drive signals Sh2 and S12 are switched to high (logic 1) to turn off the SW elements 60a and 62a and turn on the SW elements 60b and 62b.
- the input voltage Vinv of the inverter 26 is equal to the second battery voltage Vbat2 of the second battery 22b, and the input current Iinv of the inverter 26 is equal to the second battery current Ibat2 of the second battery 22b.
- the second control law (second cutoff control) is not used when the first battery voltage Vbat1 and the second battery voltage Vbat2 are not used.
- the number of power systems performing the first shutoff control is N ⁇ 1. It controls the energization or cutoff of the SW 24 (see FIG. 14). Therefore, when only the first shutoff control is performed, the bidirectional SW 24 is energized only for one power system. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the occurrence of a short circuit state in which current flows from one battery 22 to the other battery 22 through the parallel circuit.
- the bidirectional SW 24 is used as a semiconductor switch capable of separately blocking bidirectional energization. This makes it possible to control bi-directional energization and interruption separately.
- each SW element 60, 62 when switching the on / off of each SW element 60, 62, for example, when switching between the power generation path of one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b and the other charging path, each SW element 60, 62.
- the dead time dt is sandwiched between the drive signals Sh1, Sl1, Sh2, and Sl2.
- the power ECU 50 when switching from the “one power source utilization (first battery)” mode to the “one power source utilization (second battery) mode” or vice versa, the power ECU 50 performs bidirectional control of one battery 22.
- the SW elements 60 and 62 are controlled so as to shift from the energized state to the bidirectionally energized state of the other battery 22. This makes it possible to perform power generation and charging while switching the battery 22.
- the switching from the “one power source utilization (first battery)” mode to the “one power source utilization (second battery) mode” or the reverse switching is performed between the power running state and the regeneration state of the electric vehicle 10 This is performed in the "power generation / charge switching state" (see FIGS. 15 and 16) as the state. Thereby, it becomes possible to distinguish and use battery 22 for electricity generation, and battery 22 for charge.
- the power ECU 50 in the “high voltage battery power generation” mode, when the electric vehicle 10 is in the power running state, the power ECU 50 simultaneously turns on the power generation SW elements 60a and 60b (see FIG. 14). As a result, power can be supplied from the battery 22 having the higher voltage without comparing the first battery voltage Vbat1 and the second battery voltage Vbat2, so that power can be efficiently supplied at high load. Further, power generation from the battery 22 having a low voltage, that is, a low SOC can be prevented.
- the power ECU 50 in the “low voltage battery charge” mode, when the electric vehicle 10 is in the regeneration state, the power ECU 50 simultaneously turns on the charge SW elements 62a and 62b (see FIG. 14). As a result, even if the first battery voltage Vbat1 and the second battery voltage Vbat2 are not compared, it is possible to positively charge the battery 22 with a low voltage automatically. That is, since the battery 22 having a small SOC is positively charged, overdischarge of the battery 22 can be prevented.
- the “high voltage battery power generation” mode can be used in the power running state of the electric vehicle 10, and the “low voltage battery charge” mode can be used in the regenerative state. This enables appropriate control in accordance with the state.
- the power running state (power generation state) of the electric vehicle 10 and“ regenerative state (charge state) ” are intermediate states
- the bidirectional switching of the second battery 22b is enabled by turning on the SW elements 60b and 62b when in the power generation / charge switching state, and the SW elements 60a and 62a are turned off.
- the first battery 22a can be shut off bidirectionally.
- charging / discharging by the single battery 22 is performed.
- the power ECU 50 and the battery 22 can operate stably, and a short circuit between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b can be reliably prevented.
- the power ECU 50 switches on and off of the SW elements 60 and 62 while the three-phase short circuit state occurs in the inverter 26. Thereby, a short circuit between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b can be more reliably prevented.
- switching of the switching elements 60 and 62 that is, switching of the battery 22 is performed in a state in which a three-phase short circuit state occurs in the inverter 26. For this reason, the voltage fluctuation accompanying the switching of the battery 22 is not transmitted to the motor 12. Therefore, it is possible to prevent an unintended torque fluctuation of the motor 12.
- electric power ECU 50 controls on / off of upper arm SW element 86 and lower arm SW element 92 of each phase based on the comparison result of voltage command values THu, THv, THw of three phases and carrier signal Sca.
- Voltage command value for all three phases Detects when carrier signal Sca is higher than voltage command values THu, THv, THw, or when carrier signal Sca is lower than voltage command values THu, THv, THw for all three phases It detects that it is a three phase short circuit state (refer FIG. 12).
- the power ECU 50 when the electric power ECU 50 receives the forced short circuit request Rs for switching the battery 22, the power ECU 50 outputs the drive signals UH, VH, WH to the upper arm SW elements 86 of all three phases or the lower arm SW elements 92.
- Drive signals UL, VL, and WL are output to forcibly generate a three-phase short circuit state.
- the switching can be performed at an appropriate timing.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic block diagram of an electric vehicle 10A according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- the electric vehicle 10A has a configuration similar to that of the electric vehicle 10 according to the first embodiment, but may input the detection values (first battery voltage Vbat1 and second battery voltage Vbat2) of the voltage sensors 28, 30 to the integrated ECU 18.
- This embodiment differs from the first embodiment in the essential point and the selection of the battery 22 by the integrated ECU 18 and the like.
- the integrated ECU 18 compares the first battery voltage Vbat1 of the first battery 22a with the second battery voltage Vbat2 of the second battery 22b to set which battery 22 to use.
- the integrated ECU 18 appropriately switches and uses the mode shown in FIG. 20, for example. That is, in the second embodiment, as in the first embodiment, the integrated ECU 18 performs “stop”, “one power generation”, “one power charging”, “one power utilization”, “high voltage battery generation” Each mode of "low voltage battery charge” can be selected. In addition to this, the integrated ECU 18 selects and uses each mode of “one power generation and one power charging”, “high voltage battery generation and one power charging” and “one power generation and low voltage battery charging”.
- each mode of “one power generation”, “one power charging” and “one power utilization” used in the second embodiment can be set according to the level of the voltage.
- the "one power generation" mode is a mode in which one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b is used for power generation as in the first embodiment, but in the second embodiment, it is relatively used.
- a mode using a high voltage battery (the first battery 22a in FIG. 20) and a mode using a relatively low voltage battery (the second battery 22b in FIG. 20) can be selected.
- the “one power charging” mode is a mode in which one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b is used for charging as in the first embodiment, but in the second embodiment, a battery having a relatively high voltage ( In FIG. 20, it is possible to select the mode using the first battery 22a) and the mode using the battery having a relatively low voltage (the second battery 22b in FIG. 20).
- one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b is used for power generation and charging, and the other is not used for either power generation or charging.
- the second embodiment there is a mode using a battery with a relatively high voltage (the first battery 22a in FIG. 20) and a mode using a battery with a relatively low voltage (the second battery 22b in FIG. 20). You can choose
- the level of the voltage is determined by the first battery voltage Vbat1 from the voltage sensor 28 and the second voltage from the voltage sensor 30.
- the integrated ECU 18 makes the determination using the battery voltage Vbat2. The same applies to other modes requiring voltage determination.
- the "one power generation and one power charging” mode performs the "one power generation” mode for the lower one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b, and the “one power charging” mode for the higher one. It is.
- the “one power generation and one power charging” mode for example, when it is known that one battery 22 is to be replaced immediately after, it is in a state where it can not be determined whether the motor 12 is powering or regeneration. It can be used when output from the battery 22 is desired.
- the method described in the first embodiment can be used to switch between the “one power generation” mode and the “one power charging” mode.
- the “high voltage battery power generation and one power charging” mode performs the "high voltage battery power generation” mode when the electric vehicle 10 is in the power running state, and the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b when the electric vehicle 10 is in the regenerative state. In the mode in which the “one power charging” mode is performed for the higher one of the two.
- the “high voltage battery power generation and one power supply charging” mode is, for example, a state where it is known that the motor 12 is in power running mode or regeneration mode when it is known that one battery 22 will be replaced immediately thereafter. It can be used when it is desired to output from the scheduled battery 22.
- the method described in the first embodiment can be used to switch between the “high voltage battery power generation” mode and the “one power supply charge” mode.
- the “one power generation and low voltage battery charging” mode performs the “one power generation” mode for the lower voltage of the first battery 22 a and the second battery 22 b when the electric vehicle 10 is in the power running state. Is a mode in which the "low voltage battery charging” mode is performed when the regeneration state is.
- the "one power generation and low voltage battery charging” mode for example, it is determined that one of the batteries 22 is to be replaced immediately after, and it is not possible to determine whether the motor 12 is in power running or regeneration. It can be used when it is desired to charge the uncharged battery 22.
- the method described in the first embodiment can be used to switch between the “one power generation” mode and the “low voltage battery charging” mode.
- the SW elements 60 and 62 are controlled such that when one of the batteries 22 is generating power, the other can not be charged, and when one of the batteries 22 is charging, the other is power generation
- the SW elements 60 and 62 are controlled so as not to be able to do so.
- ON is obliquely present in each mode (power generation SW element 60 a is ON and charge SW element 62 b is ON, or power generation SW element 60 b is ON and charge SW element 62 a is ON. Not to be Thereby, the occurrence of a short circuit between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b can be prevented.
- the “one power generation and one power charging”, “high voltage battery generation and one power charging” and “one power generation and low voltage battery charging” modes added in the second embodiment have the above-described rules (ie, , And the first control law and the second control law in the first embodiment.
- the occurrence of a short circuit is prevented using the following first control law and second control law using the first battery voltage Vbat1 and the second battery voltage Vbat2.
- a battery having a battery voltage Vbat that is the highest among the batteries 22 in which the corresponding power generation SW element 60 is turned on (hereinafter referred to as “maximum voltage battery”) is lower.
- the charging SW element 62 corresponding to the voltage battery 22 is turned off.
- the charging path with a lower voltage than the power generation path with the highest voltage (hereinafter referred to as “maximum voltage power generation path”) among the power generation paths to be energized is shut off.
- the corresponding charging SW element 62 may be turned on or off.
- the charging path of the voltage higher than the highest voltage power generation path may be either on or off.
- the charging SW element 62b corresponding to the second battery 22b is turned off. Ru.
- the power from the first battery 22a is not supplied to the second battery 22b, and a short circuit between the two batteries 22 can be prevented.
- the corresponding power generation SW element 60 is turned off.
- the power generation path higher in voltage than the charge path with the lowest voltage (hereinafter referred to as “minimum voltage charge path”) among the charge paths to be energized is shut off.
- the corresponding power generation SW element 60 may be turned on or off for the battery 22 having a voltage equal to or lower than the lowest voltage battery.
- the power generation path with a voltage lower than the lowest voltage charge path may be either on or off.
- the power generation SW element 60a corresponding to the first battery 22a is turned off. Ru.
- the power from the first battery 22a is not supplied to the second battery 22b, and a short circuit between the two batteries 22 can be prevented.
- a short circuit between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b can be prevented by using the first control law and the second control law of the second embodiment as described above.
- the SW elements 60 and 62 are controlled based on the first control law and the second control law in the case of using the first battery voltage Vbat1 and the second battery voltage Vbat2.
- the first control law first shut-off state
- the charge SW element 62 corresponding to the battery 22 having a voltage lower than the highest voltage battery is turned off.
- the charge path which is lower in voltage than the highest voltage power generation path with the highest voltage among the power generation paths to be energized is cut off. Therefore, a short circuit state in which current flows from the highest voltage battery (highest voltage power generation path) to any one of the batteries 22 (charge path) through the parallel circuit does not occur.
- voltage sensors 28, 30 for the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b are provided, the magnitude of the voltage between the batteries 22 is grasped based on the voltage sensors 28, 30, and control is performed based on the grasped voltage Do. Thereby, by performing control based on the grasped voltage, a short circuit between the batteries 22 can be reliably prevented.
- FIG. 21 is a schematic configuration diagram of an electric vehicle 10B according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a part of the circuit configuration of the electric vehicle 10B.
- the electric vehicle 10B includes the motor 12 for traveling, the transmission 14, the wheels 16, the integrated ECU 18, and the power system 20b, as in the above embodiments.
- the power system 20 b supplies electric power to the motor 12 and also supplies regenerative electric power Preg from the motor 12.
- the power system 20 b includes a fuel cell 152 (hereinafter referred to as “FC 152”), a battery 154, a DC / DC converter 156, a first bidirectional SW 24 a, a second bidirectional SW 24 b, an inverter 26, and a voltage sensor 32. 158, 160, current sensors 42, 44, 46, 162, 164, a resolver 48, and a power ECU 50. Since the power system 20b includes the FC 152, the electric vehicle 10B is a fuel cell vehicle.
- the FC 152 has, for example, a stack structure in which cells formed by sandwiching a solid polymer electrolyte membrane between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode from both sides are stacked.
- a reaction gas supply unit (not shown) is connected to the FC 152 through a pipe.
- the reaction gas supply unit includes a hydrogen tank storing hydrogen (fuel gas) which is one reaction gas, and a compressor which compresses air (an oxidant gas) which is the other reaction gas.
- a generated current generated by an electrochemical reaction in the FC 152 of hydrogen and air supplied from the reaction gas supply unit to the FC 152 is supplied to the motor 12 and the battery 154.
- the battery 154 is the same as the first battery 22a or the second battery 22b of the first embodiment.
- the DC / DC converter 156 is a chopper type voltage conversion device in which one side (primary side) is connected to the battery 154 and the other side (primary side) is connected to the connection point 52 of the FC 152 and the inverter 26. .
- the DC / DC converter 156 converts (boosts) the voltage on the primary side (hereinafter referred to as “primary voltage V1”) into the voltage on the secondary side (hereinafter referred to as “secondary voltage V2”). It is a step-up / step-down type voltage conversion device (V1 ⁇ V2) that performs voltage conversion (step-down conversion) of the secondary voltage V2 to the primary voltage V1.
- the voltage sensor 158 detects the output voltage (hereinafter referred to as “FC voltage Vfc”) [V] of the FC 152.
- Voltage sensor 160 detects an output voltage (hereinafter referred to as “battery voltage Vbat”) [V] of battery 154.
- the current sensor 162 detects an output current of the FC 152 (hereinafter referred to as “FC current Ifc”) [A].
- FC current Ifc an output current of the FC 152
- DC current Icon an output current on the secondary side of the DC / DC converter 156
- the FC 152 only generates power and can not be charged. Based on this point, the integrated ECU 18 controls each bi-directional switch 24 as follows.
- the integrated ECU 18 appropriately switches and uses the mode shown in FIG. 23, for example. That is, in the third embodiment, as in the first embodiment, the integrated ECU 18 selects and uses each mode of “stop”, “one power generation”, “one power charging” and “one power utilization”. Among them, in the “1 power generation (FC)” mode, the power generation switching element 60b corresponding to the battery 154 is also turned on, but this boosts the battery voltage Vbat by the DC / DC converter 156 and outputs the FC 152 To adjust the In addition, the “one power charging” mode targets only the battery 154. Furthermore, as for FC 152, “1 power generation” and “1 power utilization” are substantially the same, so “1 power utilization (FC)” is not displayed in FIG. Furthermore, in the “one power generation and one power charging” mode, the FC 152 generates power and charges the battery 154.
- the FC voltage Vfc and the battery voltage Vbat are not compared.
- the power ECU 50 includes the respective SW elements 60 and 62. Is simply switched to the state shown in FIG. Such switching does not cause a short circuit between the FC 152 and the battery 154. However, at the time of switching, the dead time dt is inserted by the dead time generation unit 128 (FIG. 8).
- the power ECU 50 turns on and off the respective SW elements 60 and 62 as shown in FIG. Switch. Such switching does not cause a short circuit between the FC 152 and the battery 154. However, at the time of switching, the dead time dt is inserted by the dead time generation unit 128.
- Stepwise Switching In the simple switching as described above, when a short circuit occurs between the FC 152 and the battery 154, for example, in the power running state of the electric vehicle 10, the “one power generation (FC)” mode is executed.
- the battery 152 When the battery 152 is generated by generating power from the FC 152 and executing the “one power source utilization (battery)” mode in the regenerative state to charge the battery 154, the following control can be used to prevent a short circuit.
- the case where the input current Iinv of the inverter 26 switches from positive to negative that is, the case where the electric vehicle 10 switches from the power running state to the regenerative state will be described.
- the power generation SW element 60a is turned on and the charge SW element 62a is turned off in the first bidirectional SW 24a.
- the power generation SW element 60b of the second bidirectional SW 24b is turned on, and the charge SW element 62b is turned off.
- both the power generation SW element 60a and the charging SW element 62a of the first bidirectional SW 24a are kept off.
- both the power generation SW element 60b and the charge SW element 62b are kept on.
- the power generation SW element of the first bidirectional SW 24a is also selected when the input current Iinv of the inverter 26 is equal to or higher than the current threshold THi2 and smaller than the current threshold THi1. Both 60a and the charge SW element 62a are kept off. On the other hand, both the power generation SW element 60b and the charge SW element 62b of the second bidirectional SW 24b are kept on.
- both the power generation SW element 60b and the charge SW element 62b of the second bidirectional SW 24b are turned off. Thereafter, the power generation SW element 60a of the first bidirectional SW 24a is turned on.
- the control is performed by the input voltage Vinv of the inverter 26 or the power consumption (regenerative power) of the motor 12. It is also possible.
- the switching time point between the power generation and the charging it is possible to switch on and off the SW elements 60 and 62 according to predetermined time points before and after the switching time point. As a case where the switching time point between the power generation and the charging can be determined, for example, there may be used a predicted time until the actual power crosses zero.
- the SW elements 60 and 62 can be appropriately controlled also in the power system 20 b having the FC 152. It becomes possible.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic configuration diagram of an electric vehicle 10C according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram showing a part of the circuit configuration of the electric vehicle 10C.
- the electric vehicle 10C has the traveling motor 12, the transmission 14, the wheels 16, the integrated ECU 18, and the power system 20c, as in the above embodiments.
- the power system 20 c supplies electric power to the motor 12 and also supplies regenerative electric power Preg from the motor 12.
- the power system 20c includes the FC 152, the first battery 22a, the second battery 22b, the first DC / DC converter 172, the second DC / DC converter 174, the first bidirectional SW 24a, and the second bidirectional SW 24b.
- Third bidirectional switch 24c (hereinafter referred to as "third bidirectional SW 24c"), inverter 26, voltage sensors 28, 30, 32, 158, current sensors 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 162, A resolver 48 and a power ECU 50 are provided. Since the power system 20c includes the FC 152, the electric vehicle 10C is a fuel cell vehicle.
- the third bidirectional SW 24 c has the same configuration as the first bidirectional SW 24 a and the second bidirectional SW 24 b.
- the first DC / DC converter 172 and the second DC / DC converter 174 are similar to the DC / DC converter 156 of the third embodiment. In FIG. 25, the first DC / DC converter 172 and the second DC / DC converter 174 are omitted.
- an FC 152, a first battery 22a, and a second battery 22b exist as power supplies, and when selecting each power supply, voltages (FC voltage Vfc, first battery voltage Vbat1 and second battery voltage Vbat2) of each power supply are selected. Since it is not used, basically, the control of the first embodiment (FIG. 14) and the control of the third embodiment (FIG. 23) are used in combination.
- the integrated ECU 18 appropriately switches and uses the mode shown in FIG. 26, for example. That is, in the fourth embodiment, the integrated ECU 18 performs each of “stop”, “one power generation”, “one power charging”, “one power utilization”, “high voltage battery generation” and “low voltage battery charging”. Select and use the mode.
- the power ECU 50 includes the respective SW elements 60 and 62. Is simply switched to the state shown in FIG. Even by such switching, a short circuit does not occur between the FC 152, the first battery 22a, and the second battery 22b. However, at the time of switching, the dead time dt is inserted in the dead time generation unit 128 (FIG. 8).
- Stepwise Switching In the simple switching as described above, when a short circuit occurs between the FC 152, the first battery 22a, and the second battery 22b, for example, during powering of the electric vehicle 10, “one power generation (FC, When the first battery 22) or the second battery 22b is charged in the “low battery charge” mode during the “first battery)” mode, the following control can be used to prevent a short circuit.
- the case where the input current Iinv of the inverter 26 switches from positive to negative that is, the case where the electric vehicle 10 switches from the power running state to the regenerative state will be described.
- the power generation SW element 60a of the first bidirectional SW 24a is turned on and the charging SW element 62a is turned off.
- the second bidirectional SW 24 b the power generation SW element 60 b is turned on, and the charge SW element 62 b is turned off.
- the third bidirectional SW 24 c both the power generation SW element 60 c and the charge SW element 62 c are turned off.
- Such setting is made in advance that the power generation SW element 60b and the charging SW element 62b of the second bidirectional SW 24b are turned on instead of the power generation SW element 60c and the charging SW element 62c of the third bidirectional SW 24c. Because it was Alternatively, the power generation SW element 60c and the charge SW element 62c of the third bidirectional SW 24c may be turned on.
- both the power generation SW element 60a and the charging SW element 62a of the first bidirectional SW 24a are kept off. Further, the power generation SW element 60b of the second bidirectional SW 24b is turned off. Thereafter, the charging SW element 62c of the third bidirectional SW 24c is turned on. As a result, the charging SW element 62b of the second bidirectional SW 24b and the charging SW element 62c of the third bidirectional SW 24c are turned on, and the other SW elements are turned off.
- the regenerative electric power Preg from the motor 12 is preferentially charged to one of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b which has a lower voltage. Further, since the power generation SW elements 60a, 60b, and 60c are off, no short circuit occurs between the FC 152, the first battery 22a, and the second battery 22b.
- the charging SW element 62c of the third bidirectional SW 24c is turned off. Thereafter, the power generation SW element 60b of the second bidirectional SW 24b is turned on. As a result, the first battery 22a can be charged and discharged without a short circuit between the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b.
- the on / off control is continued.
- the charging SW element 62b of the second bidirectional SW 24b is turned off. Thereafter, the power generation SW element 60a of the first bidirectional SW 24a is turned on. The power generation SW element 60b of the second bidirectional SW 24b is kept on. Thereby, power generation by the FC 152 can be switched without a short circuit between the FC 152 and the first battery 22 a.
- the control is performed by the input voltage Vinv of the inverter 26 or the power consumption (regenerative power) of the motor 12. It is also possible.
- the switching time point between the power generation and the charging it is possible to switch on and off the SW elements 60 and 62 according to predetermined time points before and after the switching time point. As a case where the switching time point between the power generation and the charging can be determined, for example, there may be used a predicted time until the actual power crosses zero.
- the SW elements 60 and 62 can be appropriately used without using the voltage value of each power supply. It becomes possible to control.
- FIG. 27 is a schematic configuration diagram of an electric vehicle 10D according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. Similar to the electric vehicle 10C of the fourth embodiment, the electric vehicle 10D has a motor 12 for traveling, a transmission 14, wheels 16, an integrated ECU 18, and a power system 20d. The configuration is the same as that of the electric vehicle 10C of the fourth embodiment, but the detection values (FC voltage Vfc, first battery voltage Vbat1 and second battery voltage Vbat2) of the voltage sensors 158, 28, 30 are input to the integrated ECU 18. The second embodiment differs from the fourth embodiment in that the integrated ECU 18 selects the FC 152 and the battery 22.
- an FC 152, a first battery 22a and a second battery 22b exist as power supplies, and the output of the FC 152 is controlled using the output of the first battery 22a or the second battery 22b, and the voltage of each power supply
- Each power source is selected using (FC voltage Vfc, first battery voltage Vbat1 and second battery voltage Vbat2). Therefore, basically, the control of the first embodiment (FIG. 14), the control of the second embodiment (FIG. 20), the control of the third embodiment (FIG. 23) and the control of the fourth embodiment (FIG. 26) In combination.
- the integrated ECU 18 appropriately switches and uses the mode shown in FIG. That is, in the fifth embodiment, the integrated ECU 18 is “when stopped”, “one power generation”, “one power charging”, “one power utilization”, “high voltage battery generation”, “low voltage battery charging”, The modes of (1) power generation and (1) power charging, (1) “high voltage battery power generation and (1) power source charging” and “1 power generation and low voltage battery charging” can be selected and used.
- the SW elements 60 and 62 are appropriately controlled using the voltage value of each power supply It is possible to
- the power systems 20, 20a, 20b have two power supplies (a combination of the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b, and a combination of the FC 152 and the battery 154)
- the power systems 20c and 20d have three power supplies (combination of the FC 152, the first battery 22a, and the second battery 22b), but the number of power supplies is not limited thereto, and four or more It may be
- the first control law in the case where the power supply voltage is not used is that both of the power generation SW element 60 and the charging SW element 62 are turned off when there are N bidirectional SW 24 (N is an integer of 2 or more). There are N-1 pieces of SW24. In other words, there are N-1 power systems in which both the power generation path and the charge path are turned off. In this case, only one of the power generation SW element 60 and the charge SW element 62 may be on for the remaining one bidirectional SW 24, and both the power generation SW element 60 and the charge SW element 62 may be on. May be
- the power generation SW element 60 power generation path of the fourth power source
- the charge SW corresponding to the fourth power source The element 62 (charging path of the fourth power source) may be on or off, but the other charging paths need to be turned off.
- all (N) power generation SW elements 60 or charge SW elements 62 of the bidirectional SW 24 are turned off.
- the power generation path or charge path of all the power systems is turned off.
- a charge path or a power generation path opposite to a power generation path or a charge path which is all on can be partially or entirely turned on.
- each charge path may be on or off.
- switching of each bidirectional SW 24 is switched using power supply voltages (first battery voltage Vbat1, second battery voltage Vbat2, FC voltage Vfc, battery voltage Vbat). went.
- both of the first and second control laws are satisfied using the battery voltage without causing a short circuit between the power supplies if at least one of the following first control law and second control law is satisfied.
- the on / off of the direction switch 24 can be selected.
- the first control law in the case of using the power supply voltage is the power supply voltage lower than the highest power supply voltage (hereinafter referred to as “maximum voltage power supply”) among the power supplies for which the corresponding power generation SW element 60 is turned on.
- the charging SW element 62 corresponding to the power supply of the is turned off.
- the charging path with a lower voltage than the power generation path with the highest voltage (hereinafter referred to as “maximum voltage power generation path”) among the power generation paths to be energized is shut off.
- the corresponding charging SW element 62 may be turned on or off for a power supply having a voltage equal to or higher than the highest voltage power supply.
- the charging path of the voltage higher than the highest voltage power generation path may be either on or off.
- the corresponding power generation SW element 60 (power generation path) is turned on and the voltage is highest at the fourth power source.
- the charging paths of the fifth to nth power sources whose voltage is lower than that of the fourth power source may be off, and the charging paths of the first to fourth power sources may be on or off.
- the second control law in the case of using a power supply voltage corresponds to a power supply of a voltage higher than that of the lowest power supply (hereinafter referred to as the “minimum voltage power supply”) among the power supplies for which the corresponding charging SW element 60 is turned on.
- Power generation SW element 60 is turned off.
- the power generation path higher in voltage than the charge path with the lowest voltage hereinafter referred to as “minimum voltage charge path” among the charge paths to be energized is shut off.
- the corresponding power generation SW element 60 may be turned on or off for a power supply having a voltage equal to or lower than the lowest voltage power supply.
- the power generation path with a voltage lower than the lowest voltage charge path may be either on or off.
- the sixth power source among the first power source to the nth power source arranged in descending order of voltage, it is the sixth power source that the charging path is turned on and the voltage is the lowest.
- the power generation paths of the first to fifth power sources whose voltage is higher than that of the sixth power source may be off, and the power generation paths of the sixth to nth power sources may be on or off.
- the first battery 22a and the second battery 22b are used, and in the third embodiment, the FC 152 and the battery 154 are used.
- the power ECU 50 having the configuration shown in FIG. 7 is used (see FIG. 1, FIG. 19, FIG. 21, FIG. 24, and FIG. 27), but the configuration of the power ECU 50 is not limited to this.
- the following modification can be used.
- the bidirectional switch logic determination unit 122a (hereinafter referred to as “bidirectional SW logic determination unit 122a" or “logic determination unit 122a") of the logic generation unit 102a is configured to receive the power supply designation signals Sd1, Sd2 and Sd3 from the integrated ECU 18, and the load.
- SW element selection signals Ss1, Ss2, Ss3 and Ss4 are output based on the load power P1 from the power calculation unit 180 and the power thresholds THp1 and THp2 (THp1> THp2) from the storage unit 130a.
- load power P1 is compared with power thresholds THp1 and THp2, and when load power P1 is greater than power threshold THp1, it is determined that the "power generation state", and load power P1 is power threshold THp2 or more, power threshold When the load power P1 is less than the power threshold THp2, it is determined that it is in the "charge state” (see FIGS. 15 and 16).
- Second Modified Example A power electronic control device 50b (hereinafter referred to as "power ECU 50b") shown in FIG. 35 differs from the power ECU 50 of FIG. 7 in that it has a load power calculation unit 180a.
- Logic generation unit 102b is the same as logic generation unit 102a in the first modification, and power supply designation signals Sd1, Sd2 and Sd3 from integrated ECU 18, load power P2 from load power calculation unit 180a, and storage unit SW element selection signals Ss1, Ss2, Ss3 and Ss4 are output based on the power thresholds THp1 and THp2 (THp1> THp2) from 130a.
- load power P2 is compared with power thresholds THp1 and THp2, and when load power P2 is larger than power threshold THp1, it is determined as "power generation state", and load power P2 is power threshold THp2 or more, power threshold When the load power P2 is less than the power threshold THp2, it is determined that it is in the "charge state” (see FIGS. 15 and 16).
- Power ECU 50c power electronic control device 50c (hereinafter referred to as "power ECU 50c") shown in FIG. 36 differs from the power ECU 50 of FIG. 7 in that it has a load power calculation unit 180b.
- Logic generation unit 102c is the same as logic generation unit 102a in the first modification, and power supply designation signals Sd1, Sd2 and Sd3 from integrated ECU 18, load power P3 from load power calculation unit 180b, and storage unit SW element selection signals Ss1, Ss2, Ss3 and Ss4 are output based on the power thresholds THp1 and THp2 (THp1> THp2) from 130a.
- load power P3 is compared with power threshold values THp1 and THp2, and when load power P3 is larger than power threshold THp1, it is determined that "power generation state", and load power P3 is power threshold THp2 or more, power threshold When the load power P3 is less than the power threshold THp2, it is determined that it is in the "charge state” (see FIGS. 15 and 16).
- a power electronic control device 50d (hereinafter referred to as “power ECU 50d”) shown in FIG. 37 has a torque command value T_c that is a bidirectional switch logic generation unit 102d (hereinafter referred to as “bidirectional SW logic generation unit 102d” or “logic This is different from the electric power ECU 50 of FIG. 7 in that it is input to the generation unit 102 d.
- the logic generation unit 102d performs SW based on the power supply designation signals Sd1, Sd2 and Sd3 from the integrated ECU 18, the torque command value T_c from the integrated ECU 18, and the torque thresholds THt1 and THt2 (THt1> THt2) from the storage unit 130a.
- the element selection signals Ss1, Ss2, Ss3 and Ss4 are output.
- torque command value T_c and torque threshold values THt1 and THt2 are compared, and when torque command value T_c is larger than torque threshold value THt1, it is determined that "power generation state", and torque command value T_c is equal to or greater than torque threshold value THt2. When the torque command value T_c is less than the torque threshold value THt2, it is determined that it is in the "charged state” (see FIGS. 15 and 16). .
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Abstract
Description
A.構成の説明
1.電気自動車10全体
図1は、この発明の第1実施形態に係る電気自動車10の概略構成図である。図2は、電気自動車10の回路構成の一部を示す図である。電気自動車10は、走行用のモータ12と、トランスミッション14と、車輪16と、統合電子制御装置18(以下「統合ECU18」という。)と、電力系20とを有する。
モータ12は、3相交流ブラシレス式であり、電力系20から供給される電力に基づいて駆動力を生成し、当該駆動力によりトランスミッション14を通じて車輪16を回転する。また、モータ12は、回生を行うことで生成した電力(回生電力Preg)[W]を電力系20に出力する。回生電力Pregは、図示しない補機に対して出力してもよい。
統合ECU18は、電気自動車10全体の制御系を制御するものであり、図示しない入出力装置、演算装置、記憶装置等を有する。第1実施形態において、統合ECU18は、発電に使用するバッテリ及び充電に使用するバッテリそれぞれとして第1バッテリ22a及び第2バッテリ22bの少なくとも一方を選択する(詳細は後述する。)。
(1)電力系20の全体構成
電力系20は、モータ12に電力を供給すると共に、モータ12からの回生電力Pregが供給されるものである。電力系20は、第1バッテリ22a及び第2バッテリ22bに加え、第1双方向スイッチ24a(以下「第1双方向SW24a」という。)と、第2双方向スイッチ24b(以下「第2双方向SW24b」という。)と、インバータ26と、電圧センサ28、30、32と、電流センサ38、40、42、44、46と、レゾルバ48と、電力電子制御装置50(以下「電力ECU50」と称する。)とを有する。
第1バッテリ22a及び第2バッテリ22bのそれぞれは、複数のバッテリセルを含み、高電圧(第1実施形態では数百ボルト)を出力可能な蓄電装置(エネルギストレージ)であり、例えばリチウムイオン2次電池又はキャパシタ等を利用することができる。第1実施形態ではリチウムイオン2次電池を利用している。
第1双方向SW24a及び第2双方向SW24bは、電力ECU50からの指令に応じて、第1バッテリ22a及び第2バッテリ22bの発電方向と充電方向のオンオフ(通電/遮断)を別々に切り替えることができる。
インバータ26は、3相フルブリッジ型の構成とされて、直流/交流変換を行い、直流を3相の交流に変換してモータ12に供給する一方、回生動作に伴う交流/直流変換後の直流を第1バッテリ22a及び第2バッテリ22bの少なくとも一方に供給する。
上述のように、電圧センサ28は、第1バッテリ22aの第1バッテリ電圧Vbat1を検出し、電力ECU50に出力する。電圧センサ30は、第2バッテリ22bの第2バッテリ電圧Vbat2を検出し、電力ECU50に出力する。
上述のように、電流センサ38は、第1バッテリ22aの第1バッテリ電流Ibat1を検出し、電力ECU50に出力する。電流センサ40は、第2バッテリ22bの第2バッテリ電流Ibat2を検出し、電力ECU50に出力する。
レゾルバ48(図1)は、モータ12の図示しない出力軸又は外ロータの回転角度(モータ12の図示しないステータに対して固定された座標系での回転角度)である電気角θを検出する。レゾルバ48の構成としては、例えば、JP2009-240125Aに記載のものを用いることができる。
(a)全体構成
電力ECU50は、電力系20全体を制御するものであり、図示しない入出力装置、演算装置、記憶装置等を有する。第1実施形態における電力ECU50は、主として、インバータ26の制御と双方向SW24の制御とを行う。
上記のように、各双方向SW24のオンオフは、論理生成部102により制御される。
上記のように、インバータ26の制御は、電気角速度算出部104と、3相-dq変換部106と、電流指令算出部108と、減算器110、112と、電流FB制御部114と、dq-3相変換部116と、PWM生成部118とを用いて行われる。なお、インバータ26の制御系としては、基本的に、JP2009-240125Aに記載のものを用いることが可能であり、第1実施形態において省略されている構成要素についても付加的に適用可能である。
1.インバータ26の短絡制御
上記のように、各双方向SW24のオンオフの際は、PWM生成部118によりインバータ26が3相短絡状態にされる。
次に、各双方向SW24のオンオフ制御について説明する。
次に、各モードを切り替える際の各SW素子60、62の制御について説明する。上記のように、各モードを切り替える際は、インバータ26では、各下アームSW素子92の3相短絡状態(図10)又は各上アームSW素子86の3相短絡状態(図11)を発生させる。
「停止時」モードとその他のモードとを切り替える場合(例えば、「停止時」から「1電源発電」への切替え又はその逆)、電力ECU50は、各SW素子60、62のオンオフを図14に示した状態に単純に切り替える。このような切替えによっても、第1バッテリ22aと第2バッテリ22bとの間で短絡は発生しない。但し、切替え時にはデッドタイム生成部128においてデッドタイムdtを挿入する。
上記のような単純な切替えでは、第1バッテリ22aと第2バッテリ22bとの間で短絡が発生する場合、例えば、次のような制御を用いて短絡を防止することができる。
例えば、電気自動車10の力行状態では「1電源利用(第1バッテリ)」モードを実行して第1バッテリ22aから発電し、回生状態では「1電源利用(第2バッテリ)」モードを実行して第2バッテリ22bに充電する場合、次のように、各SW素子60、62を切り替える。
「高電圧バッテリ発電」モードと「低電圧バッテリ充電」モードを組み合わせて用いる場合、次のように、各SW素子60、62を切り替える。なお、以下では、第1バッテリ電圧Vbat1よりも第2バッテリ電圧Vbat2の方が高いものとする(Vbat1<Vbat2)。
図17には、第1実施形態の電気自動車10における強制短絡要求Rs、各SW素子60a、60b、62a、62bへの駆動信号Sh1、Sh2、Sl1、Sl2、第1バッテリ電圧Vbat1、第2バッテリ電圧Vbat2、インバータ26の出力電圧Vinv、第1バッテリ電流Ibat1、第2バッテリ電流Ibat2、インバータ26の出力電流Iinv、U相電流Iu、V相電流Iv、W相電流Iwの出力波形の一例が示されている。図18には、図17の時点t31周辺を拡大した出力波形が示されている。
以上のように、第1実施形態によれば、第1バッテリ電圧Vbat1及び第2バッテリ電圧Vbat2を用いない場合の第2制御法則(第2遮断制御)を用いず、第1制御法則のみを用いる場合、すなわち、1電力系統の発電経路と充電経路が遮断する第1遮断制御のみを行う場合、第1遮断制御を行う電力系統がN-1個となるように双方向SW24の通電又は遮断を制御する(図14参照)。このため、第1遮断制御のみを行う場合、双方向SW24を通電させるのは、1電力系統のみである。従って、並列回路を通じて一方のバッテリ22から他方のバッテリ22に電流が流れ込む短絡状態の発生を防止することが可能となる。
A.構成の説明(第1実施形態との相違)
図19は、この発明の第2実施形態に係る電気自動車10Aの概略構成図である。電気自動車10Aは、第1実施形態の電気自動車10と同様の構成を有するが、電圧センサ28、30の検出値(第1バッテリ電圧Vbat1及び第2バッテリ電圧Vbat2)を統合ECU18に入力することが必須である点や統合ECU18によるバッテリ22の選択等で、第1実施形態と異なる。
次に、各双方向SW24のオンオフ制御について説明する。
以上のように、第2実施形態によれば、第1実施形態の効果に加え、下記の効果を奏することができる。
A.構成の説明(上記各実施形態との相違)
図21は、この発明の第3実施形態に係る電気自動車10Bの概略構成図である。図22は、電気自動車10Bの回路構成の一部を示す図である。電気自動車10Bは、上記各実施形態と同様、走行用のモータ12と、トランスミッション14と、車輪16と、統合ECU18と、電力系20bとを有する。
1.双方向SW24のオンオフ制御
次に、各双方向SW24のオンオフ制御について説明する。
次に、各モードを切り替える際の各SW素子60、62の制御について説明する。上記のように、各モードを切り替える際は、インバータ26では、各上アームSW素子86の3相短絡状態又は各下アームSW素子92の3相短絡状態を発生させる。また、第1双方向SW24aの充電SW素子62aは常にオフのままである。このため、第1双方向SW24aの代わりに、発電SW素子60aのみを設けてもよい。
「停止時」モードとその他のモードとを切り替える場合(例えば、「停止時」から「1電源発電」への切替え又はその逆)、電力ECU50は、各SW素子60、62のオンオフを図23に示した状態に単純に切り替える。このような切替えによっても、FC152とバッテリ154との間で短絡は発生しない。但し、切替え時にはデッドタイム生成部128(図8)によりデッドタイムdtを挿入する。
上記のような単純切替えでは、FC152とバッテリ154との間で短絡が発生する場合、例えば、電気自動車10の力行状態では「1電源発電(FC)」モードを実行してFC152から発電し、回生状態では「1電源利用(バッテリ)」モードを実行してバッテリ154を充電する場合、次のような制御を用いて短絡を防止することができる。
以上のように、第3実施形態によれば、上記各実施形態の効果に加え、FC152を有する電力系20bにおいても、各SW素子60、62を適切に制御することが可能となる。
A.構成の説明(上記各実施形態との相違)
図24は、この発明の第4実施形態に係る電気自動車10Cの概略構成図である。図25は、電気自動車10Cの回路構成の一部を示す図である。電気自動車10Cは、上記各実施形態と同様、走行用のモータ12と、トランスミッション14と、車輪16と、統合ECU18と、電力系20cとを有する。
1.双方向SW24のオンオフ制御
次に、各双方向SW24のオンオフ制御について説明する。
次に、各モードを切り替える際の各SW素子60、62の制御について説明する。上記のように、各モードを切り替える際は、インバータ26では、各上アームSW素子86の3相短絡状態又は各下アームSW素子92の3相短絡状態を発生させる。また、第1双方向SW24aの充電SW素子62aは常にオフのままである。このため、第1双方向SW24aの代わりに、発電SW素子60aのみを設けてもよい。
「停止時」モードとその他のモードとを切り替える場合(例えば、「停止時」から「1電源発電」への切替え又はその逆)、電力ECU50は、各SW素子60、62のオンオフを図26に示した状態に単純に切り替える。このような切替えによっても、FC152、第1バッテリ22a及び第2バッテリ22bの間で短絡は発生しない。但し、切替え時にはデッドタイム生成部128(図8)においてデッドタイムdtを挿入する。
上記のような単純切替えでは、FC152、第1バッテリ22a及び第2バッテリ22bの間で短絡が発生する場合、例えば、電気自動車10の力行時には「1電源発電(FC、第1バッテリ)」モードを実行し、回生時には「低電圧バッテリ充電」モードで第1バッテリ22a又は第2バッテリ22bを充電する場合、次のような制御を用いて短絡を防止することができる。
以上のように、第4実施形態によれば、上記各実施形態の効果に加え、次の効果を奏することが可能となる。
A.構成の説明(第4実施形態との相違)
図27は、この発明の第5実施形態に係る電気自動車10Dの概略構成図である。電気自動車10Dは、第4実施形態の電気自動車10Cと同様、走行用のモータ12と、トランスミッション14と、車輪16と、統合ECU18と、電力系20dとを有する。第4実施形態の電気自動車10Cと同様の構成を有するが、電圧センサ158、28、30の検出値(FC電圧Vfc、第1バッテリ電圧Vbat1及び第2バッテリ電圧Vbat2)を統合ECU18に入力することが必須である点や統合ECU18によるFC152及びバッテリ22の選択等で、第4実施形態と異なる。
次に、各双方向SW24のオンオフ制御について説明する。
以上のように、第5実施形態によれば、上記各実施形態の効果に加え、次の効果を奏することが可能となる。
なお、この発明は、上記各実施形態に限らず、この明細書の記載内容に基づき、種々の構成を採り得ることはもちろんである。例えば、以下の構成を採用することができる。
第1~第3実施形態では、電力系20、20a、20bは、2つの電源(第1バッテリ22aと第2バッテリ22bの組合せ、及びFC152とバッテリ154の組合せ)を有し、第4及び第5実施形態では、電力系20c、20dは、3つの電源(FC152と第1バッテリ22aと第2バッテリ22bの組合せ)を有したが、電源の数はこれに限らず、4つ以上であってもよい。
1.電源電圧を用いない場合
第1、第3及び第5実施形態では、電源電圧(第1バッテリ電圧Vbat1、第2バッテリ電圧Vbat2、FC電圧Vfc、バッテリ電圧Vbat)が不明であっても、各双方向SW24のオンオフの切替えを行った。同様に、電源が4つ以上である場合、電源電圧を用いなくても、第1実施形態で述べたような第1制御法則及び第2制御法則の少なくとも一方が成立すれば、短絡を発生させることなしに、双方向SW24のオンオフを選択することができる。
第2及び第4実施形態では、電源電圧(第1バッテリ電圧Vbat1、第2バッテリ電圧Vbat2、FC電圧Vfc、バッテリ電圧Vbat)を用いて、各双方向SW24のオンオフの切替えを行った。同様に、電源が4つ以上である場合、バッテリの電圧を用いて、次の第1制御法則及び第2制御法則の少なくとも一方が成立すれば、電源間に短絡を発生させることなしに、双方向SW24のオンオフを選択することができる。
上記各第1実施形態及び第2実施形態では、第1バッテリ22a及び第2バッテリ22bを用い、第3実施形態では、FC152及びバッテリ154を用い、第4実施形態及び第5実施形態では、FC152、第1バッテリ22a及び第2バッテリ22bを用いたが、利用可能な電源は、これに限らない。例えば、エンジンとオルタネータを組み合わせたものを電源とすることもできる。
上記各実施形態では、双方向SW24の切替え時の制御として、いくつかの単純な切替えやいくつかの段階的な切替えについて言及したが、モード切替え時の制御はこれに限らない。例えば、モードを切り替える際、一旦、全てのスイッチング素子60、62をオフにした後、新たなモードに切り替えることもできる。
上記各実施形態では、図7に示す構成の電力ECU50を用いたが(図1、図19、図21、図24及び図27参照)、電力ECU50の構成はこれに限らない。例えば、以下に示す変形例を用いることができる。
図33に示す電力電子制御装置50a(以下「電力ECU50a」という。)は、負荷電力演算部180を有する点等で、図7の電力ECU50と異なる。負荷電力演算部180は、インバータ26の入力電圧Vinvと入力電流Iinvを乗算して負荷電力P1を演算し、双方向スイッチ論理生成部102a(以下「双方向SW論理生成部102a」又は「論理生成部102a」という。)に出力する(P1=Vinv*Iinv)。
図35に示す電力電子制御装置50b(以下「電力ECU50b」という。)は、負荷電力演算部180aを有する点で、図7の電力ECU50と異なる。負荷電力演算部180aは、電気角速度ωとトルク指令値T_cを乗算したものをモータ12の極対数で除算して負荷電力P2を演算し、双方向スイッチ論理生成部102b(以下「双方向SW論理生成部102b」又は「論理生成部102b」という。)に出力する(P2=ω*T/極対数)。
図36に示す電力電子制御装置50c(以下「電力ECU50c」という。)は、負荷電力演算部180bを有する点で、図7の電力ECU50と異なる。負荷電力演算部180bは、d軸電圧指令値Vd_cとd軸電流Idの積とq軸電圧指令値Vq_cとq軸電流Iqの積とを加算して負荷電力P3を演算し、双方向スイッチ論理生成部102c(以下「双方向SW論理生成部102c」又は「論理生成部102c」という。)に出力する(P3=Vd_c*Id+Vq_c*Iq)。
図37に示す電力電子制御装置50d(以下「電力ECU50d」という。)は、トルク指令値T_cが双方向スイッチ論理生成部102d(以下「双方向SW論理生成部102d」又は「論理生成部102d」という。)に入力される点で、図7の電力ECU50と異なる。
Claims (34)
- それぞれ独立して電源電圧が変動するN個(Nは2以上の整数)の電源(22a、22b、152、154)を含む1次側と、
インバータ(26)と該インバータ(26)に接続される駆動モータ(12)とを含む2次側と、
前記1次側と前記2次側を前記N個の電源(22a、22b、152、154)が互いに並列になるように接続する第1番目から第N番目までの電力系統と、
前記第1番目から第N番目までの電力系統それぞれに設けられ、発電方向及び充電方向からなる双方向の通電を別々に遮断可能なN個の半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)と、
前記N個の半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)による遮断を制御する制御装置(50、50a~50d)と
を含み、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、
少なくとも1スイッチング周期毎に前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)の通電又は遮断を固定する固定制御を行うとき、1電力系統の発電経路と充電経路の両方を遮断する第1遮断制御と、全電力系統の発電経路又は充電経路全てを遮断する第2遮断制御との少なくともいずれか一方を行うと共に、
前記第1遮断制御のみを行う場合、前記第1遮断制御を行う電力系統がN-1個となるように前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)の通電又は遮断を制御する
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記半導体スイッチは、双方向スイッチ(24a~24c、72、74、76)である
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
ある電源(22a、22b、152、154)の発電経路と他の電源(22a、22b、152、154)の充電経路とを切り替える際、前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)の駆動信号にデッドタイムを挟む
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、ある電源(22a、22b、154)の双方向通電状態から他の電源(22a、22b、154)の双方向通電状態に移行させるように前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)を制御する
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、前記電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)が力行状態及び回生状態の中間状態にあるとき、ある電源(22a、22b、154)の双方向通電状態から他の電源(22a、22b、154)の双方向通電状態に移行させるように前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)を制御する
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、前記電気自動車(10、10A~10D)が力行状態であるとき、2つ以上の発電スイッチング素子(60a~60c)を同時にオンさせる
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、前記電気自動車(10、10A~10D)が回生状態であるとき、2つ以上の充電スイッチング素子(62a~62c)を同時にオンさせる
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)において、
前記電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)の力行状態と回生状態を判断し、
力行状態のときに少なくとも2つ以上の発電スイッチング素子(60a~60c)を接続し、
回生状態のときに少なくとも2つ以上の充電スイッチング素子(62a~62c)を接続する
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)。 - 請求項8記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
さらに、前記力行状態と前記回生状態の中間状態を判定し、
前記電気自動車(10、10A~10D)が前記中間状態にあるとき、前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、ある電源(22a、22b、154)の双方向の通電を可能とし、他の電源(22a、22b、152、154)を双方向に遮断するように前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)を制御する
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項5又は9記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記中間状態は、前記インバータ(26)の入力電力及び入力電流並びに前記駆動モータ(12)のトルク及び負荷電力の少なくとも1つの指令値又は実測値に基づいて判定される
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項5又は9記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記中間状態は実電力がゼロを跨ぐまでの予測時間によって定められる
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、前記インバータ(26)において3相短絡状態が発生している間に前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)の通電又は遮断の切替えを行う
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記電源は、蓄電装置(22a、22b、154)を含む
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10B~10D)において、
前記電源は、燃料電池(152)及び蓄電装置(22a、22b、154)を含む
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10B~10D)。 - 請求項1記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記電源は、発電機及び蓄電装置(22a、22b、154)を含む
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - それぞれ独立して電源電圧が変動するN個(Nは2以上の整数)の電源(22a、22b、152、154)を含む1次側と、
インバータ(26)と該インバータ(26)に接続される駆動モータ(12)とを含む2次側と、
前記1次側と前記2次側を前記N個の電源(22a、22b、152、154)が互いに並列になるように接続する第1番目から第N番目までの電力系統と、
前記第1番目から第N番目までの電力系統それぞれに設けられ、発電方向及び充電方向からなる双方向の通電を別々に遮断可能なN個の半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)と、
前記N個の半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)による遮断を制御する制御装置(50、50a~50d)と
を含み、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、少なくとも1スイッチング周期毎に前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)の通電又は遮断を固定する固定制御を行っているとき、通電する発電経路の中で最も電圧の高い最高電圧発電経路より低い電圧である充電経路が遮断となる第1遮断状態、又は、通電する充電経路の中で最も電圧の低い最低電圧充電経路より高い電圧である発電経路が遮断となる第2遮断状態の少なくともいずれか一方の状態になるように前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)の通電又は遮断を切り替える
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記半導体スイッチは、双方向スイッチ(24a~24c、72、74、76)である
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10A、10D)において、
第1番目から第N番目までの電圧センサ(28、30、158、160)を備え、前記電圧センサ(28、30、158、160)に基づき前記電源(22a、22b、152、154)間の電圧の大小を把握し、把握した電圧に基づき制御を行う
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10A、10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
ある電源(22a、22b、152、154)の発電経路と他の電源(22a、22b、152、154)の充電経路とを切り替える際、前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)の駆動信号にデッドタイムを挟む
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、ある電源(22a、22b、154)の双方向通電状態から他の電源(22a、22b、154)の双方向通電状態に移行させるように前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)を制御する
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、前記電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)が力行状態及び回生状態の中間状態にあるとき、ある電源(22a、22b、154)の双方向通電状態から他の電源(22a、22b、154)の双方向通電状態に移行させるように前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)を制御する
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、前記電気自動車(10、10A~10D)が力行状態であるとき、2つ以上の発電スイッチング素子(60a~60c)を同時にオンさせる
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、前記電気自動車(10、10A~10D)が回生状態であるとき、2つ以上の充電スイッチング素子(62a~62c)を同時にオンさせる
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記電気自動車(10、10A~10D)の力行状態と回生状態を判断し、
力行状態のときに少なくとも2つ以上の発電スイッチング素子(60a~60c)を接続し、
回生状態のときに少なくとも2つ以上の充電スイッチング素子(62a~62c)を接続する
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項24記載の電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)において、
さらに、前記力行状態と前記回生状態の中間状態を判定し、
前記電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)が前記中間状態にあるとき、前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、ある電源(22a、22b、154)の双方向の通電を可能とし、他の電源(22a、22b、152、154)を双方向に遮断するように前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)を制御する
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A、10C、10D)。 - 請求項21又は25記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記中間状態は、前記インバータ(26)の入力電力及び入力電流並びに前記駆動モータ(12)のトルク及び負荷電力の少なくとも1つの指令値又は実測値に基づいて判定される
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項21又は25記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記中間状態は実電力がゼロを跨ぐまでの予測時間によって定められる
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、前記インバータ(26)において3相短絡状態が発生している間に前記半導体スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)の通電又は遮断の切替えを行う
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記電源は、蓄電装置(22a、22b、154)を含む
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10B~10D)において、
前記電源は、燃料電池(152)及び蓄電装置(22a、22b、154)を含む
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10B~10D)。 - 請求項16記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記電源は、発電機及び蓄電装置(22a、22b、154)を含む
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 電源電圧が変動する第1電源及び第2電源の少なくとも2つの電源(22a、22b、152、154)を含む1次側と、
車両を駆動する3相交流ブラシレス式のモータ(12)と、直列に接続された一対の上アーム素子(84u、84v、84w)と下アーム素子(90u、90v、90w)が3相並列に接続され、前記上アーム素子(84u、84v、84w)と下アーム素子(90u、90v、90w)の中間に前記モータ(12)の3相線がそれぞれ接続されたインバータ(26)とを含む2次側と、
前記1次側と前記2次側を前記第1電源と前記第2電源が互いに並列になるように接続する第1電力系統及び第2電力系統と、
前記モータ(12)の電源として前記第1電源と前記第2電源のいずれを使用するかを切り替えるスイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)と、
前記インバータ(26)の上アーム素子(84u、84v、84w)が全てオンであり且つ下アーム素子(90u、90v、90w)が全てオフである、又は前記上アーム素子(84u、84v、84w)が全てオフであり且つ前記下アーム素子(90u、90v、90w)が全てオンである3相短絡状態において、前記スイッチ(24a~24c、70、72、74、76)を切り替える制御装置(50、50a~50d)と
を有する電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項32記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、
3相それぞれの電圧指令値とキャリア信号の比較結果に基づき各相の上アームスイッチング素子(86u、86v、86w)及び下アームスイッチング素子(92u、92v、92w)のオンオフを制御し、
3相全ての前記電圧指令値よりキャリア信号が高くなった場合、又は3相全ての前記電圧指令値よりキャリア信号が低くなった場合を検知して3相短絡状態であると検知する
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。 - 請求項32記載の電気自動車(10、10A~10D)において、
前記制御装置(50、50a~50d)は、前記第1電源と前記第2電源とを切り替える切替え要求を受けると、3相全ての上アームスイッチング素子(86u、86v、86w)又は下アームスイッチング素子(92u、92v、92w)に駆動信号を出力し、強制的に3相短絡状態を発生させる
ことを特徴とする電気自動車(10、10A~10D)。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102958745A (zh) | 2013-03-06 |
DE112011102229T5 (de) | 2013-06-06 |
CN102958745B (zh) | 2015-07-08 |
US20130110337A1 (en) | 2013-05-02 |
JPWO2012002082A1 (ja) | 2013-08-22 |
US9493092B2 (en) | 2016-11-15 |
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