Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
  • A61K31/4704—2-Quinolinones, e.g. carbostyril
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/42—Oxazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• RA Rheumatoid arthritis
• rheumatoid arthritis According to the American College of Rheumatology (1987), at least four of the following criteria have to be met before a condition is classified as rheumatoid arthritis (Arnett, 1988) : 1) morning stiffness of >1 hour most mornings for at least 6 weeks; 2) arthritis and soft-tissue swelling of >3 of 14 joints/joint groups, present for at least 6 weeks; 3) arthritis of hand joints, present for at least 6 weeks; 4) symmetric arthritis, present for at least 6 weeks,- 5) subcutaneous nodules in specific places; 6) rheumatoid factor at a level above the 95th percentile; and 7) radiological changes suggestive of joint erosion.
• RA rheumatoid arthritis
• Pharmacological treatment of RA includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and salicylates (NSAIDs) , slow- acting drugs, gold compounds, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, combinations of slow-acting drugs , corticosteroids, and cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs.
• NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and salicylates
• Other forms of treatment include rest, nutrition, exercise, physiotherapy and surgery, (The Merck Manual, 7 th Ed. )
• Laquinimod is a novel synthetic compound with high oral bioavailability which has been suggested as an oral formulation for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (Polman, 2005; Sandberg- Wollheim, 2005) .
• MS Multiple Sclerosis
• Laquinimod and its sodium salt form are described, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 6,077,851. The effects of laquinimod in combination with methotrexate on rheumatoid arthritis have not been reported.
• Methotrexate is an antimetabolite drug used in treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases. It acts by inhibiting the metabolism of folic acid via the inhibition of dihydrogolate redutase and blocks DNA synthesis in rapidly proliferate cells. These actions induce immunosuppression.
• MTX is sold under the brand names Rheumatrex'" and TrexallTM.
• Rheumatrex* and TrexallTM are indicated to treat certain kinds of cancer, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Cytotoxic/immunosuppressive drugs including MTX are increasingly used for severe, active RA. These drugs can suppress inflammation and may allow reduction of corticosteroid doses.
• the recommended dosage for severe rheumatoid arthritis in humans is: initial 10 to 15 mg orally once weekly, increased by 5 mg/week every 2 to 3 weeks, up to a maximum of 20 to 30 mg/week.
• the manufacturer's recommended dosage for severe rheumatoid arthritis in humans is: initial 7.5 mg orally once weekly or 2.5 mg orally every 12 hours for 3 doses once weekly, up to a maximum of 20 mg/week. (Physicians' Desk Reference)
• This invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis comprising periodically administering to the subject an amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an amount of methotrexate, wherein the amounts when taken together are effective to treat the subject.
• This invention also provides laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in combination with methotrexate in treating a subject afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis.
• This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an amount of methotrexate for use in treating a subject afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis.
• Figure 1 is a graph of Individual Histopathologic
• the left most bar in each Treatment Group represent inflammation.
• the bar second from the left in each Treatment Group represents pannus .
• the bar third from the left in each Treatment Group represents cartilage damage, and the bar fourth from the left in each Treatment Group (dark grey) represents bone damage .
• Figure 2 is a graph of Six Joint Animal Score: a bar graph showing the total score (sum of scores in individual histopathologic parameters) of the six joints) in the Control and Treatment Groups.
• LAQ indicates Laquinimod
• MTX indicates methotrexate
• the y-axis shows mean+SE Six Joint Animal Score (sum of individual parameters ! .
• This invention provides a method of treating a subject afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis comprising periodically administering to the subject an amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an amount of methotrexate, wherein the amounts when taken together are effective to treat the subject .
• the amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and the amount of methotrexate when taken together is more effective to treat the subject than when each agent is administered alone .
• the amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and the amount of methotrexate when taken together is effective to reduce a clinical symptom of rheumatoid arthritis in the subject.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of laquinimod is laquinimod sodium.
• the periodic administration of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is effected orally.
• the amount of laquinimod administered is 0.0005 - 10 mg/kg/day.
• the amount of laquinimod administered is 0.1-2.0 mg/day.
• the periodic administration of methotrexate is effected orally.
• the amount of methotrexate administered is 0.02 - 1.0 mg/kg/day. In yet another embodiment, the amount of methotrexate administered is 1-3 mg/day.
• the method further comprises administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) , salicylates, slow- acting drugs, gold compounds, hydroxychloroquine, sulfasalazine, combinations of slow-acting drugs, corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs, immunosuppressive drugs and/or antibodies.
• NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• salicylates slow- acting drugs
• gold compounds gold compounds
• hydroxychloroquine hydroxychloroquine
• sulfasalazine combinations of slow-acting drugs
• corticosteroids corticosteroids
• immunosuppressive drugs immunosuppressive drugs and/or antibodies.
• the periodic administration of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and methotrexate substantially eliminates a symptom associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
• the periodic administration of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and methotrexate reduces the severity of a symptom associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
• the periodic administration of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and methotrexate reduces the number of joints affected by a symptom associated with rheumatoid arthritis .
• the symptom is inflammation. In another embodiment, the symptom is formation of pannus tissue. In another embodiment, the symptom is cartilage damage. In another embodiment, the symptom is bone resorption.
• the periodic administration of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and methotrexate reduces proteinuria in the subject.
• the proteinuria reduction is measured by 24 hour urine protein, 24 hour protein to creatinine ratio, spot protein to creatinine ratio, 24 hour urine albumin, 24 hour albumin to creatinine ratio, spot albumin to creatinine ratio, or by a urinary dipstick.
• the periodic administration of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and methotrexate eliminates urinary sediments.
• each of the amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof when taken alone, and the amount of methotrexate when taken alone is effective to treat the subject.
• either the amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof when taken alone, the amount of methotrexate when taken alone, or each such amount when taken alone is not effective to treat the subject.
• the subject is receiving methotrexate therapy prior to initiating laquinimod therapy. In another embodiment, the subject initiates periodic methotrexate administration prior to initiating periodic laquinimod administration.
• the administration of the laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof substantially precedes the administration of methotrexate. In another embodiment, the administration of methotrexate substantially precedes the administration of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof .
• the subject is a mammal. In another embodiment, the mammal is human.
• This invention provides a method of treating rheumatoid arthritis in a subject afflicted therewith comprising periodically administering to the subject an amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an amount of methotrexate, wherein the amounts when taken together are effective to treat the rheumatoid arthritis in the subject.
• This invention also provides laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in combination with methotrexate in treating a subject afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis.
• This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of laquinimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and an amount of methotrexate for use in treating a subject afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis.
• each embodiment disclosed herein is contemplated as being applicable to each of the other disclosed embodiment .
• 0.2-5 mg/kg/day includes 0.2 mg/kg/day, 0.3 mg/kg/day, 0.4 mg/kg/day, 0.5 mg/kg/day, 0.6 mg/kg/day etc. up to 5.0 mg/kg/day.
• administration of laquinimod with methotrexate is particularly effective in combination to treat a subject afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis.
• laquinimod means laquinimod acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a subject afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis means a subject who was been affirmatively diagnosed to have rheumatoid arthritis .
• an “amount” or “dose” of laquinimod as measured in milligrams refers to the milligrams of laquinimod acid present in a preparation, regardless of the form of the preparation.
• an amount of laquinimod and/or methotrexate refers to the quantity of laquinimod and/or methotrexate that is sufficient to yield a desired therapeutic response without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, or allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio when used in the manner of this invention.
• substantially eliminates a symptom associated with rheumatoid arthritis means decreasing the occurrence of that symptom by at least 96%.
• treating encompasses, e.g., inducing inhibition, regression, or stasis of a disorder, or lessening, suppressing, inhibiting, reducing the severity of, eliminating, or ameliorating a symptom of the disorder.
• inhibiting of disease progression or disease complication in a subject means preventing or reducing the disease progression and/or disease complication in the subject.
• a "symptom" associated with rheumatoid arthritis includes any clinical or laboratory manifestation associated with rheumatoid arthritis and is not limited to what the subject can feel or observe. Inflammation is a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis .
• an "adverse event” or “AE” means any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical trial subject administered a medicinal product and which does not have a causal relationship with the treatment.
• An adverse event can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign including an abnormal laboratory finding, symptom, or diseases temporally associated with the use of an investigational medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the investigational medicinal product.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a carrier or excipient that is suitable for use with humans and/or animals without undue adverse side effects (such as toxicity, irritation, and allergic response) commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. It can be a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or vehicle, for delivering the instant compounds to the subject.
• the designation “BID” indicates that the dose is administered twice daily.
• the designation “QD” indicates that the dose is administered once daily.
• laguinimod for rheumatoid arthritis had been previously suggested in, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 6,077,851.
• MTX methotrexate
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of laguinimod as used in this application includes lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, copper, zinc, aluminum and iron. Salt formulations of laguinimod and the process for preparing the same are described, e.g., in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0192315 and PCT
• ft dosage unit may comprise a single compound or mixtures of compounds thereof.
• a dosage unit can be prepared for oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, pills , powders, and granules .
• Laquinimod can be administered in admixture with suitable pharmaceutical diluents, extenders, excipients, or carriers (collectively referred to herein as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier) suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration and as consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices.
• the unit is preferably in a form suitable for oral administration.
• Laquinimod can be administered alone but is generally mixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and co-administered in the form of a tablet or capsule, liposome, or as an agglomerated powder.
• suitable solid carriers include lactose, sucrose, gelatin and agar. Capsule or tablets can be easily formulated and can be made easy to swallow or chew; other solid forms include granules, and bulk powders.
• Tablets may contain suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, coloring agents, flavoring agents, flow- inducing agents, and melting agents.
• the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable, inert carrier such as lactose, gelatin, agar, starch, sucrose, glucose, methyl cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, mannitol, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose and the like.
• Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn starch, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth, or sodium alginate, povidone, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes, and the like.
• Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumarate, talc and the like.
• Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum, croscarmellose sodium, sodium starch glycolate and the like.
• EXAMPLE 1 Assessment Of The Effects 0£ Anti-Inflammatory Agents Administered Orally (PO) and Daily (QD) in 35 Day DBA/lOlahsd Mouse Semi-Established Type II Collagen Arthritis (MTTC/TV-9)
• mice !DBA/llacJ, 1J or B10R111 reliably develop polyarthritis when immunized against bovine type II collagen (Trentham, 1977) using a variety of methodologies including day 0, day 15, 16 or 21 immunizations with and without concurrent boosting with endotoxin or recombinant IL-1 (Bendele, 2001) .
• the disease that occurs is usually not symmetrical and any combination of paws/joints may be affected. Since caliper measurement of small mouse ankles is challenging, subjective clinical scoring systems are often used in conjunction with histological scoring methods.
• Treatments can be prophylactic (generally starting on days 16-21) or therapeutic (after observation of lesions) and depending on the immunization protocol used and extent of destruction desired, can extend from 10 days to several weeks. Lesions in affected joints resemble those occurring in rat collagen arthritis biologic agents such as Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-lra) and the soluble TNF receptors (Wooley, 1993; Bakker, 1997; Joosten, 1994; Joosten, 1996; Geiger, 1993) . Enhancement of disease incidence and severity has been demonstrated in mice immunized with type II collagen and concurrently given cytokines such as IL-1 (Horn, 1991; Horn, 1988).
• IL-1 receptor antagonist IL-1 receptor antagonist
• This study is designed to determine the efficacy of potential antiinflammatory agents (Laquinimod 0.2, 1, or 5 mg/kg) administered (po, qd) either alone or in combination with methotrexate (MTX) as potential anti-inflammatory agent in inhibiting the inflammation, cartilage destruction and bone resorption associated with semi- established type II collagen arthritis in mice.
• Potential antiinflammatory agents Laquinimod 0.2, 1, or 5 mg/kg
• MTX methotrexate
• mice with semi-established type II collagen arthritis were dosed orally (PO) daily (QD) on study days 18-33 with vehicle, Laquinimod (0.2, 1 , or 5 mg/kg) , methotrexate (0.5 mg/kg, MTX) , or Laquinimod (0.2 or 1 mg/kg) in combination with MTX (0.5 mg/kg).
• Mice were terminated on day 34.
• Efficacy evaluable was based on animal body weights, daily clinical arthritis scores, arthritis scores expressed as area under the curve (AUC) , and histopathology (groups 1-3, 5 and 8 only) on fore paws, hind paws, and knees from mice. Histopathology results were expressed as 4 paws, knees only, or 6 joint (knees included) . Evaluation of serum anti-type II collagen antibody levels were also performed (groups 1-3, 6 and 8 only). All animals survived to study termination.
• mice were anesthetized with Isoflurane and given 150 ⁇ 1 of Bovine Type II collagen in Freund's complete adjuvant injections (Sigma) containing bovine type II collagen (Elastin Products, Owensville, MO) (2 mg/ml) at the base of the tail (DO and day 21) .
• mice were randomized by body weight into treatment groups on study day 18.
• MTX was provided by Bolder BioPATH, inc. as a 1 mg/ml stock solution purchased from MWI and was prepared as a 0.05 mg/ml solution in 1% CMC for dosing at 10 ml/kg. 5. All dose solutions were prepared to deliver at 10 ml/kg (0.3ml/30g) mouse.
• Treatment is initiated on study day 18 and continued once daily, every day (po, qd) according to Table 1.
• mice from all groups were bled via cardiac puncture for serum and terminated via cervical dislocation.
• Fore paws, hind paws and knees were removed and placed in 10% NBF.
• Whole blood was allowed to clot at room temperature for approximately 2 hours before being spun at 13,000 rpm for 8 minutes .
• Morphologic Pathology Methods Histopathology was performed on groups 1-3, 5 and 8 only. After 1-2 days in fixative and 4-5 days in 5% formic acid for decalcification, tissues were trimmed, processed for paraffin embedding, sectioned at 8 pm and stained with toluidine blue (T blue). Hind paws, fore paws, and knees were embedded and sectioned in the frontal plane. Six joints from each animal were processed for histopathology elevation .
• Clinical data for paw scores were analyzed by determining the area under the dosing curve (AUC) for study days 18- 34.
• AUC area under the dosing curve
• the daily mean scores for each mouse were entered into Microsoft Excel and the area between the treatment days after the onset of disease to the final day was computed. Means for each group were determined and the percent inhibition from arthritis controls was calculated by comparing values for treated and normal animals .
• Statistical analysis of clinical and histopathology data was performed using a Student's t-test with significance set at p ⁇ 0.05.
• Percent inhibition of clinical parameters and AUC is calculated using the following formula:
• Body weight loss due to arthritis was significantly inhibited by treatment with 1 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX (62% inhibition) as compared to vehicle treated disease controls. Body weight loss for this group was also significantly (69%) inhibited as compared MTX treated mice. Body weight loss for all other treatment groups did not differ significantly from vehicle controls.
• Vehicle treated disease control mice had 100% disease incidence by study day 27.
• Mice treated with 0.2 mg/kg Laquinimod had 100% disease incidence by study day 28.
• Animals treated with MTX, 1 mg/kg Laquinimod, or 0.2 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX had reduced disease incidence of 90% at study termination. Reduced disease incidence was also seen in mice treated with 5 mg/kg Laquinimod (70% incidence) or 1 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX (60%).
• mice treated with MTX were significantly reduced for mice treated with MTX ( *significant days 27-34), 0.2 mg/kg Laquinimod (M28-34), 1 mg/kg Laquinimod (*d25-34), 5 mg/kg Laquinimod (M24-34) , 0.2 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX ( *d24-34 ) or 1 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX ( *d24-34) as compared to vehicle controls.
• Daily clinical scores were also significantly reduced by treatment with 0.2 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX (*d29-34) or 1 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX (*d26-34) as compared to mice treated with MTX only.
• Clinical arthritis scores expressed as area under the curve were significantly reduced for mice treated with MTX (50% reduction), 0.2 mg/kg Laquinimod (32%), 1 mg/kg Laquinimod (52%), 5 mg/kg Laquinimod (69%), 0.2 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX (82%), or 1 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX (95%) as compared to vehicle controls.
• Clinical arthritis scores AUC were also significantly reduced by treatment with 0.2 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX (65%) or 1 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX (90%) as compared to MTX treated mice.
• Serum analysis for anti-TTC levels was performed on mice from groups 1-3, 6, and 8 only. Serum analysis revealed that vehicle control mice had anti-TTC levels of 27,062.50 units/ml. Serum Anti-TTC level were not significantly affected by treatment with 5 mg/kg Laquinimod, 1 mg/kg Laquinimod + MTX, or MTX as compared to vehicle controls.
• mice had histopathology changes, consistent with those seen in type II collagen induced arthritis, in most joints, with scores ranging from minimal to severe.
• Microscopic alteration included infiltration of synovium and periarticular tissue with neutrophils and mononuclear inflammatory cells (inflammation) , marginal zone pannus and bone resorption and cartilage damage (proteoglycan loss, chondrocyte death and collagen matrix destruction) .
• the administration of laquinimod in combination with methotrexate significantly reduced the severity of various symptoms associated with rheumatoid arthritis, including inflammation, pannus, cartilage damage and bone resorption on the six joints of the DBA/lOlaHsd mouse (four paws and two knees) as compared to the control group, the methotrexate only treatment group, and the laquinimod only treatment group.
• Figure 1 shows that the administration of laquinimod in combination with methotrexate substantially eliminated pannus and bone damage in the six joints of the test subjects, reducing their mean scores to nearly zero.
• Figure 2 shows that the administration of laquinimod in combination with methotrexate substantially eliminated the overall symptoms associates with rheumatoid arthritis in the test subjects, reducing their cumulative score by 96%.
• PNU-215045, PNU-215062 Effects on cytochrome P450 enzymes in female Sprague Dawley rats. Lund Research Center AB, Active Biotech Group, Sweden. Final Report, November 1998.
• PNU-215062 Effects on cytochrome P450 enzymes in female Sprague Dawley rats. Lund Research Center AB, Active Biotech Group, Sweden. Final Report, November 1998.
• TQT-LAQ-122 A Double-Blind, Randomized, Parallel Group, Thorough QT/QTc Trial in Healthy Men and Women to Assess the Effect of Laquinimod on Cardiac Repolarization Using a Clinical and a Supratherapeutic Dose Compared to Placebo, with Moxifloxacin as a Positive Control. PRACS Institute Cetero Research, ND, USA. Final Report, June 2009.

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