WO2011096386A1 - 有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーを使用したスマートウインドウ、スマートウインドウ製造方法、及びスマートウインドウシステム - Google Patents
有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーを使用したスマートウインドウ、スマートウインドウ製造方法、及びスマートウインドウシステム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011096386A1 WO2011096386A1 PCT/JP2011/052007 JP2011052007W WO2011096386A1 WO 2011096386 A1 WO2011096386 A1 WO 2011096386A1 JP 2011052007 W JP2011052007 W JP 2011052007W WO 2011096386 A1 WO2011096386 A1 WO 2011096386A1
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- smart window
- organic
- hybrid polymer
- metal hybrid
- electrolyte
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring nitrogen atom containing two or more pyridine rings directly linked together, e.g. bipyridyl
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
- E06B—FIXED OR MOVABLE CLOSURES FOR OPENINGS IN BUILDINGS, VEHICLES, FENCES OR LIKE ENCLOSURES IN GENERAL, e.g. DOORS, WINDOWS, BLINDS, GATES
- E06B9/00—Screening or protective devices for wall or similar openings, with or without operating or securing mechanisms; Closures of similar construction
- E06B9/24—Screens or other constructions affording protection against light, especially against sunshine; Similar screens for privacy or appearance; Slat blinds
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/15—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect
- G02F1/1514—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material
- G02F1/1516—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on an electrochromic effect characterised by the electrochromic material, e.g. by the electrodeposited material comprising organic material
- G02F1/15165—Polymers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a so-called smart window (also called smart glass or the like). More specifically, the present invention relates to a glass capable of actively changing a light transmission characteristic by a control signal or the like instead of reacting to the intensity of light applied to the glass as in a normal light control glass.
- Smart window technology is being developed for various purposes. For example, it can be used as a window glass for the purpose of realizing automated curtains and blinds or automatically blocking sunlight from sunlight to save energy consumption for cooling.
- the interior of the building can be used as a blindfold to hide the interior of the room as needed, or it can be used as a projector screen by making the transparent partition opaque only when necessary.
- several products that realize such functions are already on the market.
- conventional smart windows are difficult and expensive to manufacture in large areas.
- the conventional smart window has a problem in terms of power consumption because it is necessary to continuously supply power in order to maintain a desired light transmittance.
- Some conventional smart windows use liquid crystal as a variable light transmittance material, and this type of smart window can reduce power consumption.
- this type of smart window can reduce power consumption.
- the gap between the transparent electrodes when creating a large-area smart window is maintained with high accuracy, high processing accuracy is required, or the material used to withstand stress and aging during installation work is required.
- the selection and the complexity of the structure are required. As a result, the manufacturing cost is very high.
- a smart window in which an organic / metal hybrid polymer and an electrolyte are sandwiched between two conductive transparent plates.
- a polymer represented by the following general formula (I) or (II) can be used as the organic / metal hybrid polymer.
- M represents a metal ion
- X represents a counter anion
- R represents a spacer containing a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, or a spacer directly connecting two terpyridyl groups
- R 1 to R 4 are respectively Independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent
- n is an integer of 2 or more indicating the degree of polymerization.
- R 1 ⁇ R N (N is an integer of 2 or more.) each independently represent a spacer connecting the spacer or two terpyridyl group directly containing carbon and hydrogen atoms, R 1 1 to R 1 N , R 2 1 to R 2 N , R 3 N to R 3 N , R 4 1 to R 4 N (N represents an integer of 2 or more) are each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent N 1 to n N (N represents an integer of 2 or more) are each independently an integer of 2 or more indicating the degree of polymerization.)
- the conductive transparent plate can be a glass plate having a conductive thin film formed on the surface.
- the transparent plate may be ITO glass.
- the organic / metal hybrid polymer sandwiched between the two transparent plates may be applied onto the transparent plate by spin-coating a solution of the organic / metal hybrid polymer on one of the two transparent plates. it can.
- the organic / metal hybrid polymer solution may be a solution in which an organic / metal hybrid polymer is dissolved in a mixed solution of methanol and isopropanol.
- the electrolyte may be a conductive gel.
- the thickness of the electrolyte between the two transparent plates can be 1 mm to 10 mm.
- the electrolyte may contain lithium perchlorate.
- the electrolyte comprises the organic / metal hybrid polymer on the transparent plate and an ITO film on the transparent plate not coated with the organic / metal hybrid polymer of the transparent plate.
- a method for manufacturing a smart window is provided, wherein the smart window is manufactured by applying both the surfaces and applying the electrolyte-coated surfaces of the two transparent plates.
- a smart window system provided with the smart window and a driving circuit for intermittently applying a driving voltage to the two transparent electrode plates.
- a solar cell that supplies electric power to the driving circuit can be provided.
- the smart window a solar cell connected in a reverse direction and in parallel to each other, and a direct current power source, and an external light sensitive driving unit that supplies a driving signal to the smart window.
- a smart window system is provided that changes the transmittance of the smart window in a direction that cancels out the illuminance change of external light.
- the present invention achieves the above-mentioned problems, provides a smart window with a large area and low power consumption, and can constitute a smart window system that requires no power from a commercial power source in combination with a solar cell.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph showing an ITO glass coated with an organic / metal hybrid polymer film prepared in an example of the present invention. It is a figure which shows the structure of the smart window in one Example of this invention. It is a photograph which shows the state at the time of coloring of the smart window in one Example of this invention. It is a photograph which shows the state at the time of decoloring of the smart window in one Example of this invention. It is a graph which shows the light absorption spectrum of the smart window in one Example of this invention. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the light transmittance of the smart window in one Example of this invention, and the organic / metal hybrid polymer solution density
- Organic / metal hybrid polymers consisting of metal ions and bisterpyridine have unique color change properties based on metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption.
- the present invention applies this property of organic / metal hybrid polymers to smart windows.
- the smart window means a window whose transparency can be electrically switched.
- the organic / metal hybrid polymer is a polymer having a structure in which organic molecules and metal ions are alternately bonded along the main chain by complexing an organic molecule having two terpyridyl groups and a metal ion. is there.
- the organic / metal hybrid polymer is a series of polymers represented by the following general formula (I) or (II).
- M represents a metal ion
- X represents a counter anion
- R represents a spacer containing a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom, or a spacer directly connecting two terpyridyl groups
- R 1 to R 4 are respectively Independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent
- n is an integer of 2 or more indicating the degree of polymerization.
- M 1 to M N each independently represents a metal ion
- X 1 to X N (N represents an integer of 2 or more) are each independent. represent a counter anion
- R 1 ⁇ R N each independently represent a spacer connecting the spacer or two terpyridyl group directly containing carbon and hydrogen atoms
- R 1 1 to R 1 N , R 2 1 to R 2 N , R 3 N to R 3 N , R 4 1 to R 4 N (N represents an integer of 2 or more) are each independently a hydrogen atom or a substituent N 1 to n N (N represents an integer of 2 or more) are each independently an integer of 2 or more indicating the degree of polymerization.)
- the metal ion of the organic / metal hybrid polymer is at least one selected from iron ion, cobalt ion, nickel ion, zinc ion, and ruthenium ion, and further the organic / metal hybrid.
- the counter anion of the polymer is at least one selected from acetate ion, chlorine ion, phosphorus hexafluoride ion, boron tetrafluoride ion, and polyoxometalate.
- the organic / metal hybrid polymer of general formula (I) and general formula (II) used in the present invention is composed of a bis (terpyridine) derivative, a metal ion, and a counter anion.
- the organic / metal hybrid polymer exhibits a color based on charge transfer absorption from a metal to a bis (terpyridine) derivative as a ligand. That is, when the organic / metal hybrid polymer is electrochemically oxidized, the color development disappears. Further, when electrochemically reduced in this decolored state, it returns to the colored state. This phenomenon can occur repeatedly.
- R in the general formula (I) and R 1 to R N in the general formula (II) are spacers for connecting two terpyridyl groups.
- the angle of the pyridyl group of the organic / metal hybrid polymer can be arbitrarily set, and the material design of the organic / metal hybrid polymer becomes possible.
- the spacer may be one in which two terpyridyl groups are directly connected (that is, a single bond), but a divalent organic group containing a carbon atom and a hydrogen atom can be used.
- a divalent organic group include an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an alicyclic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, and a heterocyclic group.
- arylene groups such as a phenylene group and a biphenylene group are preferable.
- These divalent organic groups may have a substituent such as an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group or a hexyl group, an alkoxy group such as a methoxy group or a butoxy group, or a halogen atom such as chlorine or bromine. Good.
- a spacer may further contain an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom. Oxygen atoms and sulfur atoms have a modification ability, which is advantageous for organic / metal hybrid polymer material design.
- divalent arylene groups represented by the following formulas (1) to (11) can be exemplified as preferred spacers.
- Examples of the aliphatic hydrocarbon group constituting the spacer include alkyl groups such as C 1 to C 6 , specifically, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, i-propyl group, n-butyl group, Examples thereof include a group in which one hydrogen atom has been removed from an alkyl group such as a t-butyl group.
- an alkyl group such as a methyl group, an ethyl group or a hexyl group; an alkoxy group such as a methoxy group or a butoxy group; a substituent such as a halogen atom such as chlorine or bromine; You may use what has.
- the spacer is preferably an alkylene group, more preferably a tetramethylene group (— (CH 2 ) 4 —).
- Examples of the metal ions represented by M in the general formula (I) and M 1 to MN in the general formula (II) include iron ions, cobalt ions, nickel ions, zinc ions, ruthenium ions, and the like. Among these, hexacoordinate metal ions are preferable, and iron ions, cobalt ions, and ruthenium ions are more preferable. These metal ions can not only change the valence by a reduction reaction, but also when the organic / metal hybrid polymer represented by the above formula (I) is obtained, the redox potentials that are different from each other for each metal ion. Have
- Examples of the counter anion represented by X in the general formula (I) and X 1 to X N in the general formula (II) include acetate ion, phosphate ion, chlorine ion, phosphorus hexafluoride ion, and tetrafluoride. Examples thereof include boron ions and polyoxometalates. Of these, acetate ions, phosphate ions, and boron tetrafluoride ions are preferable.
- the counter anion compensates for the charge of the metal ion and makes the organic / metal hybrid polymer electrically neutral.
- N in the general formula (I) is preferably 2 to 10,000, more preferably 5 to 2,000.
- N in the general formula (II) is preferably 1 to 10,000, and more preferably 2 to 1,000. N is preferably 2 to 20, and more preferably 2 to 5.
- the organic / metal hybrid polymer can be applied as a solution in water or an organic solvent.
- a solvent include water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Of these, a mixed solution of methanol and isopropanol is preferable.
- the mixing ratio of methanol and isopropanol is preferably 100: 1 to 1: 100, more preferably 10: 1 to 1:10. Thereby, the effect of improving the film forming property of the polymer is obtained.
- the concentration of the organic / metal hybrid polymer solution is preferably from 0.1 to 100 mmol / L, more preferably from 1 to 20 mmol / L. By setting it as the said range, the effect of the film forming property improvement of a polymer is acquired.
- the thickness of the organic / metal hybrid polymer film is preferably 10 to 1000 nm, more preferably 20 to 600 nm. By setting it as the said range, the effect of the film forming property improvement of a polymer is acquired.
- an organic / metal hybrid polymer of the general formula (I) when producing an organic / metal hybrid polymer of the general formula (I), a method of refluxing a bisterpyridine derivative and a metal salt in acetic acid or methanol at 150 ° C. for about 24 hours can be used.
- the reflux conditions vary depending on the selected spacer and metal salt, but those skilled in the art can easily select optimum conditions.
- the mixture obtained by refluxing may be heated to evaporate the solvent and form a powder.
- the powder has, for example, a color such as purple and is in a reduced state. Since such powder is easily dissolved in methanol, it is easy to handle.
- the organic / metal hybrid polymer of the general formula (II) includes, for example, each of the bisterpyridine derivatives corresponding to the first to Nth of the general formula (II) and each of the metal salts corresponding to the first to Nth Are each refluxed in acetic acid and methanol, and a step of mixing the first to Nth reactants (N is an integer of 2 or more) obtained in the above step. it can.
- the organic / metal hybrid polymer itself is a known substance, and is described in detail in, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 10, and further description thereof is omitted.
- Organic / metal hybrid polymer is stable and reliable, easy to process, and can easily form a uniform thin film on the surface of glass. It is much more suitable for smart windows than other organic and inorganic materials.
- the smart window of the present invention has a structure in which an organic / metal hybrid polymer and an electrolyte are sandwiched between two transparent plates having conductivity.
- a polymer gel electrolyte is preferably used as the electrolyte.
- the polymer gel electrolyte used here is a gel electrolyte using an organic solvent and a polymer.
- the electrolyte used for the polymer gel electrolyte is preferably a compound such as a lithium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, or an ammonium salt that is soluble in an organic solvent and has a sufficient electric conductivity (0.2 S / m or more).
- lithium salts are preferable, and lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, and lithium hexafluorophosphate are more preferable.
- an organic solvent having a boiling point in the range of 120 to 300 ° C. that can remain in the electrolyte without causing volatilization after the electrolyte is formed can be used.
- examples of such an organic solvent include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyl lactone, tetramethyl urea, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dimethyl-2- Imidazolidinone, 2- (N-methyl) -2-pyrrolidinone, hexamethylphosphortriamide, N-methylpropionamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N monomethylacetamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl Formamide, butyronitrile, propionitrile, acetonitrile, acetylacetone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-butanol,
- cyclic carboxylic acid ester compounds such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, butylene carbonate, and ⁇ -butyl lactone are preferably used.
- the polymer for dispersing the electrolyte is preferably a highly transparent polymer that dissolves or swells (gelates) when the above organic solvent is added.
- a highly transparent polymer that dissolves or swells (gelates) when the above organic solvent is added.
- polymethacrylic acid esters preferred are preferred are polymethyl methacrylate and polyethyl methacrylate.
- Smart windows made using organic / metal hybrid polymers can maintain the current color and light transmittance for a while even after the drive signal is turned off. That is, the smart window may have a property that is not found in the conventionally proposed smart window, in which the recovery time is long until the smart window returns to a stable color or light transmittance after the drive signal is turned off. it can.
- the return time varies dramatically depending on the amount of electrolyte used and the method of application. Specifically, it will be described in detail in the section of the embodiment.
- the power consumption of the smart window can be further reduced using this property. That is, instead of always supplying driving power while changing the light transmittance of the smart window, there is a period in which the change in light transmittance can be ignored for practical use, for example, for several seconds to several tens of minutes. Then, intermittent drive control can be performed in which the cycle of stopping the supply of drive power and then supplying drive power for a short time is repeated.
- the smart window can be driven by a solar cell instead of a commercial power supply by utilizing the low power consumption of the smart window proposed here. Since the power consumption of the smart window is small, it can be driven even by a relatively small area solar cell. Thereby, since it is not necessary to occupy the large area of the outer wall of a building with a solar cell panel, the handling on the external appearance design of a building becomes easy. Moreover, since it has low power consumption, it can be used in places where it is not exposed to direct sunlight, such as indoors. Furthermore, even if it is a fixture etc. from which a power supply line becomes obstructive because of the possibility of moving, a smart window can be driven using the electric power which a solar cell generates by room lighting. Of course, other power sources such as secondary batteries can be prepared in preparation for nighttime when power generation is not possible.
- the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to examples.
- an Fe (II) -organic / metal hybrid polymer is synthesized and used as a variable light transmittance material.
- the synthesis is performed as follows.
- the operation program of the spin coating apparatus was set as follows. 1. Accelerate from rest to 100 rpm within 5 seconds Maintain 2.100 rpm for 20 seconds 3. Accelerate to 130 rpm within 5 seconds 4. Maintain 130 rpm for 30 seconds 5. Accelerate to 150 rpm within 5 seconds 6. Maintain 150 rpm for 90 seconds
- ITO glass having a size of 20 cm ⁇ 20 cm was used as two transparent plates.
- ITO glass is fixed to a plate of a spin coating apparatus, 10 mL of the organic / metal hybrid polymer solution is supplied to the surface of the ITO film in the ITO glass so that the entire surface of the ITO film in the ITO glass is covered with the solution, and then Spin coating was performed according to the program. Then, it was dried at room temperature for 5 minutes. In this way, ITO glass in which the organic / metal hybrid polymer was applied to the ITO film side was produced.
- the organic / metal hybrid polymer film was formed by applying the organic / metal hybrid polymer as described above. A gel electrolyte was applied on the organic / metal hybrid polymer film formed on ITO glass. Furthermore, the gel electrolyte was similarly applied to the ITO film side of another untreated ITO glass.
- the gel electrolyte was prepared as described above, this total amount is not necessarily applied to two 20 cm ⁇ 20 cm glasses.
- the ratio between the components is more important than the absolute amount of the gel electrolyte to be prepared.
- the two glasses coated with the gel electrolyte were allowed to stand for 10 minutes, and then the surfaces covered with the gel electrolyte were combined and dried at room temperature to obtain the solid device shown in FIG.
- one corner of these ITO glasses is cut out in a triangular shape because these glasses are aligned as shown in FIG. This is because the electrodes are attached to these two triangular portions so that one of the two corners is not covered by the other glass. With these electrodes, a driving voltage is applied to the organic / metal hybrid polymer and the gel electrolyte sandwiched between two glasses.
- FIG. 3 The photograph of the state of the smart window thus produced when colored is shown in FIG. 3, and the state when decolored is shown in FIG.
- a large smart window of 40 cm ⁇ 40 cm is constructed by combining four smart windows of 20 cm ⁇ 20 cm produced as described above vertically and horizontally.
- a paper with characters and the like is placed on the back of the smart window.
- the smart window is colored purple. From these figures, it can be seen that in the smart window of the present invention, the color (transmittance) changes very greatly by the application of voltage.
- FIG. 5 shows ultraviolet / visible absorption spectra of these solid-state devices. There is a substantially linear relationship between the ultraviolet / visible absorption at 581 nm (specific absorbance of the Fe-organic / metal hybrid polymer) and the concentration of the organic / metal hybrid polymer solution used in the solid device fabrication. For the sake of clarity, the relationship between them is shown in FIG.
- the UV / visible absorption spectrum in this case can reflect the thickness of the film. Therefore, under the same creation program, the relative thickness of the organic / metal hybrid polymer film is linearly related to the concentration of the organic / metal hybrid polymer solution.
- the thickness of the film produced at an organic / metal hybrid polymer solution concentration of 1.0 to 10.0 mmol / L was approximately 20 nm to 300 nm.
- FIG. 7 shows changes in the ultraviolet / visible absorption spectrum with voltage.
- the curve drawn with a solid line represents the spectrum when the applied voltage is 0 volts
- the wavy line represents the spectrum when the applied voltage is 3 volts.
- the light transmittance at 581 nm fluctuates in opposite directions when the applied voltage is 0 volts and when it is 3 volts. That is, in the case of 0 volts, the transmittance is colored low, and in the case of 3 volts, the transmittance is high and decolored.
- the smart window of the present invention utilizes this color change characteristic.
- the color change response time of the produced solid state device was measured.
- the driving voltage supplied from the battery was changed in two stages of -3 volts and 3 volts while the solid device was irradiated with light having a wavelength of 581 nm.
- the graph shown in FIG. 8 shows that the applied voltage is -3 volts for the period of 0 to 1 second, +3 volts for the period of 1 to 5 seconds, and finally -3 volts for the period of 5 to 6 seconds.
- permeability when returning is shown.
- FIG. 10 shows the result of measuring the time change of the transmittance of the solid state device with 581 nm light after applying a driving voltage to the solid state device to change it to colorless once and setting the applied voltage to 0 volt at 0 second. It is a graph of. As can be seen from this graph, it takes 20 to 30 minutes or more for the light transmittance of the solid state device to stabilize after the drive voltage is turned off.
- FIG. 11 is a graph of the results measured by the same method as in FIG. 10, and shows that the transmittance reduction rate changes when these conditions are changed as the measurement target.
- a 20 cm ⁇ 20 cm device was manufactured by using a method similar to the method for manufacturing the solid device described above.
- the curve in FIG. 11 represents the decrease rate of the light transmittance in the following solid state device.
- Curve A Solid device in which 300 ⁇ L of gel electrolyte is applied to both ITO glass on which an organic / metal hybrid polymer film is formed and another raw ITO glass; Curve A: Solid device in which 130 ⁇ L of gel electrolyte is applied to both ITO glass on which an organic / metal hybrid polymer film is formed and another raw ITO glass; Curve C: Solid device in which 150 ⁇ L of gel electrolyte is applied only on the ITO film of raw ITO glass; Curve D: Solid device in which 150 ⁇ L of gel electrolyte is applied only on an organic / metal hybrid polymer film formed on ITO glass.
- curve A since the decrease in transmittance immediately after the application of the drive voltage is stopped is slow, it is convenient for use in a window or the like. That is, in curve A, it takes 5 minutes or more until the transmittance decreases by 10% after the application of the driving voltage is stopped. Since human beings generally do not notice even if the overall brightness is gradually reduced by about 10%, it is not necessary to supply a driving voltage to the smart window during this period. Therefore, when there is little decrease in the transmittance immediately after the drive voltage is applied as shown by the curve A, the intermittent drive with a long cycle time can be performed, so that the power required for the drive can be greatly reduced.
- the drive voltage of the next cycle is supplied from the drive circuit after a predetermined pause period has elapsed, if the drive is performed at the rated voltage from the beginning, the transmittance of the smart window is short (about 0.1 second). The value drops to the first value. For this reason, the change in the transmittance may be visible depending on the use state and the setting of the cycle of the driving cycle. In such a case, the drive voltage may be controlled to increase to the rated value with a time constant of several seconds to several tens of seconds. When this time constant is excessively short, a human can visually recognize the change in transmittance. However, when the time constant is excessively long, the driving power increases.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a change with time in the transmittance of the solid-state device.
- the solid device is a curve in FIG. 11 except that the gel electrolyte is applied to both ITO glasses so that the thickness of the gel electrolyte sandwiched between the two ITO glasses is 6 mm. It is created in the same manner as the smart window corresponding to A. In the time range shown in FIG. 12, the decreasing trend of the transmittance continues at the right end of the graph, but the transmittance finally decreased to 38%.
- the time constant of the solid state device exceeds 3 hours (100800 seconds).
- the reason why the memory effect is increased by thickening the gel electrolyte layer in this way is that electrons move in the gel electrolyte to return the metal ions (here, Fe (III) ions) that contribute to color development to a reduced state. This is thought to be because the distance that has to be increased becomes longer and the difficulty of reduction increases.
- the thickness of the gel electrolyte layer is preferably in the range of 1 mm to 10 mm.
- FIG. 13 is a conceptual diagram of a smart window system in which the smart window of the present invention is applied to a building window or the like.
- a smart window is attached to a window frame (not shown) such as a building. Further, in order to supply driving power for the smart window, a solar cell is attached to an outer wall (not shown) of the building. The power obtained from the solar battery is charged in the secondary battery, and when the smart window control circuit is operating, the power is supplied from the secondary battery or from both the secondary battery and the solar battery.
- Solar cells can be installed anywhere as long as they are convenient for installation and provide sufficient lighting to supply the necessary power. Moreover, it can also be set as a structure integral with a smart window, such as embedding in a part of window frame instead of providing a solar cell as a different body.
- the smart window system will also be equipped with operating devices. Using the operation device, the user can make various settings such as increasing or decreasing the light transmittance of the smart window.
- the drive signal generation circuit in the smart window control circuit supplies a control signal indicating a voltage to be applied to the smart window to the time constant circuit based on the periodic signal from the drive cycle generation circuit.
- This drive cycle generation circuit is a circuit that generates a periodic timing signal for generating an intermittent drive signal by utilizing the memory effect of the smart window already described. As a result, the light transmittance of the smart window can be maintained almost constant as viewed from the human, and the power consumption can be reduced.
- the time constant circuit functions as a smart window driver.
- the above-described problem occurs when the driving voltage of the smart window is immediately increased from the hibernation state to the rated value.
- control for slowly increasing the drive voltage with a time constant of about several seconds to several tens of seconds is also performed.
- the smart window system shown in FIG. 13 does not require power from a commercial power source, and further, it is not necessary to route a power line from the commercial power source when installing the smart window.
- FIG. 14 and 15 show conceptual diagrams of another embodiment of the smart window system of the present invention using solar cells.
- the transmittance of the smart window is lowered by extremely simple control when it is exposed to direct sunlight, and conversely, if the direct sunlight is lost due to the sun obscuring in the clouds, the transmittance is quickly increased. be able to. Thereby, the influence which the change of the outdoor sunlight has on the indoor brightness can be reduced as much as possible.
- a driving signal is supplied from an external light sensitive driving unit to the smart window having the above structure in which an organic / metal hybrid polymer film and a gel electrolyte are sandwiched between two ITO glasses.
- the external light sensitive driving unit is provided with a solar cell and an opposite battery connected in reverse parallel to the solar battery, that is, in parallel but connected in the opposite direction.
- the solar cell outputs a voltage of 3.4 V when it is exposed to strong light such as direct sunlight, but only outputs about 0.8 V (lower voltage depending on the brightness) when it enters the shade.
- the counter battery supplies a voltage of 3 V in the direction opposite to the electromotive force of the solar battery.
- the solar cell generates 3.4 V, which is a voltage higher than 3 V of the counter battery, so that the reverse voltage of the counter battery is canceled out, and further, 0 to the smart window. Apply a voltage of 4V in the direction of the arrow.
- the smart window is colored as described above to reduce the intensity of direct sunlight entering the building.
- the counter battery may be any type of battery as long as it can sufficiently drive the smart window.
- any power source that operates as a DC constant voltage source can be used, so a power circuit that operates with power supplied from an external power source, etc. It may be.
- a charging circuit for avoiding consumption of the counter battery or a switching circuit for switching to another battery may be provided.
- the solar cell be installed in the vicinity of the smart window or at the edge of the smart window so that the sunlight received by the solar cell is at the same level as that received by the smart window.
- the solar cells are installed together in one place, but a plurality of solar cells are dispersed in a plurality of places such as the periphery and edge of the smart window, for example, direct sunlight only on the upper half of the window Even in a situation where no solar light is irradiated, the direct light can be applied to any of the solar cells, so that the accuracy of the transmittance control of the smart window can be improved.
- the smart window of the present invention can easily produce a large-area product compared to the conventionally proposed smart window, and also uses a solar cell in combination with its memory effect. Therefore, industrial applicability can be greatly expected.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2010年2月8日に、日本に出願された特願2010-025058号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
前記導電性を有する透明板は、表面に導電性薄膜を形成したガラス板とすることができる。また、前記透明板はITOガラスとすることができる。また、前記2枚の透明板の間に挟まれる有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーは、有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーの溶液を前記2枚の透明板の一方にスピンコートすることによって、前記透明板上に塗布することができる。また、前記有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーの溶液は有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーをメタノールとイソプロパノールの混合液に溶解した溶液とすることができる。また、前記電解質は導電性ゲルとすることができる。また、前記2枚の透明板の間の前記電解質の厚さは1mm~10mmとすることができる。また、前記電解質は過塩素酸リチウムを含むようにすることができる。
本明細書において、スマートウインドウとは、その透過性を電気的に切り替えることができるウィンドウを意味する。
また、有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーとは、ターピリジル基を二つ有する有機分子と金属イオンを錯形成させることにより、有機分子と金属イオンが主鎖に沿って交互に結合した構造を有するポリマーのことである。
一般式(I)のnは、2~10000が好ましく、5~2000がより好ましい。
一般式(II)のnは、1~10000が好ましく、2~1000がより好ましい。Nは、2~20が好ましく、2~5がより好ましい。
また、有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマー膜の厚さは、10~1000nmが好ましく、20~600nmがより好ましい。上記範囲とすることにより、ポリマーの製膜性の向上という効果が得られる。
以下、実施例によって本発明を更に具体的に説明する。
これに限定されるものではないが、本実施例ではFe(II)-有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーを合成して、可変光透過率材料として使用する。
なお、図5、図7~図10のグラフでは、これらの濃度の有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーを使用して作製されたスマートウインドウに対応する曲線を、以下の番号で表す。
1:1.0mmol/L;
2:2.0mmol/L;
3:3.0mmol/L;
4:4.0mmol/L;
5:5.0mmol/L;
6:6.0mmol/L;
7:7.1mmol/L;
10:10.0mmol/L。
1.静止状態から100rpmへ5秒以内で加速
2.100rpmを20秒間維持
3.130rpmへ5秒以内で加速
4.130rpmを30秒間維持
5.150rpmへ5秒以内で加速
6.150rpmを90秒間維持
PMMA(ポリメチルメタクリレート) 2.1g
プロピレンカーボネート 6mL
過塩素酸リチウム 0.9g
アセトニトリル 27mL
このようにして得られた固体デバイスの特性を測定するに当たって、測定の都合上、38mm×10mmの小サイズのデバイスを上の方法で作成した。有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマー膜の厚さを変化させるため、上述した各種の濃度の有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマー溶液を使用し、他の条件は同じにして測定用の固体デバイスを作製した。また、測定に当たっては、2枚のITOガラス間に、電池を電源として3Vの電圧を印加した。以下はその測定結果である。
図11中の曲線は、以下の固体デバイスにおける光透過率の減少速度を表す。
曲線A:有機/金属バイブリッドポリマー膜が形成されたITOガラスと、もう1枚の未加工のITOガラスとの両方に、ゲル状電解質を300μL塗布した固体デバイス;
曲線A:有機/金属バイブリッドポリマー膜が形成されたITOガラスと、もう1枚の未加工のITOガラスとの両方に、ゲル状電解質を130μL塗布した固体デバイス;
曲線C:未加工のITOガラスのITO膜上にのみ、ゲル状電解質を150μL塗布した固体デバイス;
曲線D:ITOガラス上に形成された有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマー膜上にのみ、ゲル状電解質を150μL塗布した固体デバイス。
図13には本発明のスマートウインドウを建築物の窓などに適用したスマートウインドウシステムの概念図を示す。
12 ゲル状電解質層
13 OMHPフィルム
13a 着色時のOMHPフィルム
13b 消色時のOMHPフィルム
20 対向電池
21 太陽電池
30 電極取付け部
100 外光感応駆動部
Claims (13)
- 導電性を有する2枚の透明板の間に、有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーと電解質を挟んだスマートウインドウ。
- 前記有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーは、以下の一般式(I)または(II)で表されるポリマーである、請求項1に記載のスマートウィンドウ。
- 前記導電性を有する透明板は、表面に導電性薄膜を形成したガラス板である、請求項1または請求項2に記載のスマートウインドウ。
- 前記透明板はITOガラスである、請求項1から請求項3の何れか一項に記載のスマートウインドウ。
- 前記2枚の透明板の間に挟まれる有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーは、有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーの溶液を前記2枚の透明板の一方にスピンコートすることによって前記透明板上に塗布される、請求項1から請求項4の何れか一項に記載のスマートウインドウ。
- 前記有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーの溶液は、有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーをメタノールとイソプロパノールの混合液に溶解した溶液である、請求項5に記載のスマートウインドウ。
- 前記電解質は導電性ゲルである、請求項1から請求項6の何れか一項に記載のスマートウインドウ。
- 前記2枚の透明板の間の前記電解質の厚さが1mm~10mmである、請求項1から請求項7の何れか一項に記載のスマートウインドウ。
- 前記電解質は過塩素酸リチウムを含む、請求項1から請求項8の何れか一項に記載のスマートウインドウ。
- 前記電解質を、前記透明板上の前記有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーと、
前記透明板のうちの前記有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーを塗布していない透明板のITO膜と
の両方に塗布し、
前記2枚の透明板のそれぞれ前記電解質を塗布した面を合わせることによりスマートウインドウを作製する、請求項5から請求項8の何れか一項に記載のスマートウインドウを製造する方法。 - 請求項1から請求項9の何れか一項に記載のスマートウインドウと、
前記2枚の透明電極板に駆動電圧を間欠的に印加する駆動回路と
を設けた、スマートウインドウシステム。 - 前記駆動回路に電力を供給する太陽電池を設けた、請求項11に記載のスマートウインドウシステム。
- 請求項1から請求項9の何れか一項に記載のスマートウインドウと、
互いに逆向きかつ並列に接続された太陽電池と直流電源を有し、駆動信号を前記スマートウインドウに供給する外光感応駆動部と
を設け、
外光の照度変化を打ち消す方向に前記スマートウインドウの透過率を変化させるスマートウインドウシステム。
Priority Applications (3)
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US13/577,598 US20120307341A1 (en) | 2010-02-08 | 2011-02-01 | Smart Window Using Organic-Metallic Hybrid Polymer, Method of Producing Smart Window, and Smart Window System |
EP11739734A EP2535767A1 (en) | 2010-02-08 | 2011-02-01 | Smart window employing organic/metallic hybrid polymer, method for manufacturing smart window, and smart window system |
JP2011552777A JPWO2011096386A1 (ja) | 2010-02-08 | 2011-02-01 | 有機/金属ハイブリッドポリマーを使用したスマートウインドウ、スマートウインドウ製造方法、及びスマートウインドウシステム |
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JP2010025058 | 2010-02-08 | ||
JP2010-025058 | 2010-02-08 |
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EP (1) | EP2535767A1 (ja) |
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WO2016150921A1 (de) | 2015-03-24 | 2016-09-29 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Elektrochromes element mit verbesserter elektrolytschicht |
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US20120307341A1 (en) | 2012-12-06 |
EP2535767A1 (en) | 2012-12-19 |
JPWO2011096386A1 (ja) | 2013-06-10 |
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