Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/32—Polyhydroxy compounds; Polyamines; Hydroxyamines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/32—Polyhydroxy compounds; Polyamines; Hydroxyamines
  • C08G18/3225—Polyamines
  • C08G18/3237—Polyamines aromatic
  • C08G18/3243—Polyamines aromatic containing two or more aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
  • C08J9/28—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
  • C08J9/28—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
  • C08J9/286—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum the liquid phase being a solvent for the monomers but not for the resulting macromolecular composition, i.e. macroporous or macroreticular polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G2110/00—Foam properties
  • C08G2110/0091—Aerogels; Xerogels
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G2330/00—Thermal insulation material
  • C08G2330/50—Evacuated open-celled polymer material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2201/00—Foams characterised by the foaming process
  • C08J2201/04—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by the elimination of a liquid or solid component, e.g. precipitation, leaching out, evaporation
  • C08J2201/05—Elimination by evaporation or heat degradation of a liquid phase
  • C08J2201/0502—Elimination by evaporation or heat degradation of a liquid phase the liquid phase being organic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2375/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2375/02—Polyureas

Definitions

• the invention relates to a porous material comprising the following components in reacted form:
• the compound according to the general formula I comprises at least two primary amino groups wherein at least one of Q 1 , Q 3 and Q 5 is one e is primary amino group and at least one of Q 1 ',
• Q 3 'and Q 5 ' is a primary amino group
• Q 2 , Q 4 , Q 2 'and Q 4 ' are chosen so that the compound according to the general formula I at least one linear or branched alkyl group which can optionally carry further functional groups, having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in ⁇ -position has at least one bound to the aromatic nucleus primary amino group.
• the invention relates to a process for the preparation of porous materials, the porous materials thus obtainable and the use of the porous materials as insulating material and in vacuum insulation panels.
• Porous materials for example polymer foams, with pores in the size range of a few micrometers or significantly lower and a high porosity of at least 70% are due to theoretical considerations particularly good heat insulators.
• Such porous materials with a small average pore diameter may be present, for example, as organic xerogels.
• xerogel is not consistently used consistently.
• a xerogel is understood to mean a porous material prepared by a sol-gel process wherein the liquid phase is removed from the gel by drying below the critical temperature and below the critical pressure of the liquid phase ("subcritical conditions")
• aerosols are generally referred to as the removal of the liquid phase from the gel under supercritical conditions
• a sol is first prepared based on a reactive organic gel precursor and then the sol gelled by a cross-linking reaction
• a porous material such as a xerogel
• WO-95/02009 discloses isocyanate-based xerogels which are particularly suitable for applications in the field of vacuum insulation.
• the publication also discloses a sol-gel-based process for the preparation of xerogels, known, including aromatic polyisocyanates and an unreactive solvent are used.
• Other compounds having active H atoms include aliphatic or aromatic polyamines or polyols.
• the examples disclosed in the publication include those in which a polyisocyanate is reacted with diaminodiethyltoluene.
• the disclosed xerogels generally have average pore sizes in the range of 50 ⁇ m. In one example, an average pore diameter of 10 ⁇ is called.
• WO-2008/138978 discloses xerogels containing from 30 to 90% by weight of at least one polyfunctional isocyanate and from 10 to 70% by weight of at least one polyfunctional aromatic amine whose volume-weighted average pore diameter is at most 5 micrometers .
• the material properties, in particular the mechanical stability of the known porous materials based on polyurea are not sufficient for all applications.
• the underlying formulations show shrinkage during drying, reducing porosity and increasing density.
• the porous materials should have a reduced density at comparable porosity compared to the prior art.
• the porous materials should have a low thermal conductivity even at pressures above the vacuum range, in particular in a pressure range of about 1 mbar to about 100 mbar. This is desirable because pressure increases over time in vacuum panels.
• the porous material should at the same time have a high porosity, a low density and a sufficiently high mechanical stability.
• porous materials according to the invention and the inventive method for the production of porous materials have been found.
• the polyfunctional isocyanates (a1) are referred to collectively below as component (a1). Accordingly, the polyfunctional amines (a2) are referred to collectively below as component (a2). It is open to the person skilled in the art. visually that said monomer components are present in the porous material in reacted form.
• functionality of a compound is to be understood as meaning the number of reactive groups per molecule.
• the functionality is the number of isocyanate groups per molecule.
• the functionality denotes the number of reactive amino groups per molecule.
• a multifunctional compound has a functionality of at least 2.
• a polyfunctional compound contains at least two of the abovementioned functional groups per molecule.
• the porous materials according to the invention preferably contain from 20 to 80% by weight of component (a1) and from 20 to 80% by weight of component (a2), where the sum of the weight% of components (a1) and (a2 ) always gives 100 wt .-% results.
• the porous materials according to the invention particularly preferably comprise from 25 to 75% by weight of component (a1) and from 25 to 75% by weight of component (a2), in particular from 35 to 65% by weight of component (a1 ) and from 35 to 65% by weight of component (a2).
• Component (a1) is preferably contain from 20 to 80% by weight of component (a1) and from 20 to 80% by weight of component (a2), where the sum of the weight% of components (a1) and (a2 ) always gives 100 wt .-% results.
• the porous materials according to the invention particularly preferably comprise from 25 to 75% by weight of component (a1) and from 25 to 75% by weight of component (a2), in particular from 35 to 65% by weight of component
• the porous material contains as component (a1) at least one polyfunctional isocyanate in reacted form.
• Suitable polyfunctional isocyanates are aromatic, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and / or araliphatic isocyanates. Such polyfunctional isocyanates are known per se or can be prepared by methods known per se.
• the polyfunctional isocyanates can also be used in particular as mixtures, so that component (a1) in this case contains various polyfunctional isocyanates.
• Suitable polyfunctional isocyanates suitable as monomer building blocks (a1) have two (referred to below as diisocyanates) or more than two isocyanate groups per molecule of the monomer component.
• MDI 2,2'-, 2,4'- and / or 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate
• NDI 5-naphthylene diisocyanate
• TDI 2,4- and / or 2,6-toluene diisocyanate
• PPDI p-phenylene diisocyanate
• PPDI tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta- and / or Octamethylendiisocy- anat, 2-methylpentamethylene-1,5-diisocyanate, 2-ethylbutylene-1,4-diisocyanate, penta-methylene-1,5-diisocyanate, butylene-1,4-diisocyanate, 1-isocyanato-3,3,5- trimethyl-5-
• polyfunctional isocyanates (a1) aromatic isocyanates are preferred.
• the following embodiments are particularly preferred as polyfunctional isocyanates of component (a1): i) polyfunctional isocyanates based on tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), in particular 2,4-TDI or 2,6-TDI or mixtures of 2,4- and 2,6- TDI;
• TDI tolylene diisocyanate
• polyfunctional isocyanates based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), in particular 2,2'-MDI or 2,4'-MDI or 4,4'-MDI or oligomeric MDI, which is also referred to as Polyphenylpolymethylenisocyanat, or mixtures of two or three the aforementioned diphenylmethane diisocyanates, or crude MDI, which is obtained in the preparation of MDI, or mixtures of at least one oligomer of MDI and at least one of the abovementioned low molecular weight MDI derivatives;
• MDI diphenylmethane diisocyanate
• 2,2'-MDI or 2,4'-MDI or 4,4'-MDI or oligomeric MDI which is also referred to as Polyphenylpolymethylenisocyanat, or mixtures of two or three the aforementioned diphenylmethane diisocyanates, or crude MDI, which is obtained in the preparation of MDI, or
• oligomeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate is one or a mixture of several oligomeric condensation products and thus derivatives of diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI).
• the polyfunctional isocyanates may preferably also be synthesized from mixtures of monomeric aromatic diisocyanates and oligomeric MDI.
• Oligomeric MDI contains one or more polynuclear condensation products of MDI having a functionality of more than 2, in particular 3 or 4 or 5. Oligomeric MDI is known and is often referred to as polyphenyl polymethylene isocyanate or else as polymeric MDI. Oligomeric MDI is usually composed of a mixture of MDI-based isocyanates with different functionality. Typically, oligomeric MDI is used in admixture with monomeric MDI.
• the (average) functionality of an isocyanate containing oligomeric MDI may vary in the range of about 2.2 to about 5, especially from 2.4 to 3.5, especially from 2.5 to 3.
• Such a mixture of MDI based multifunctional len isocyanates with different functionalities is in particular the crude MDI obtained in the production of MDI.
• Polyfunctional isocyanates or mixtures of a plurality of polyfunctional isocyanates based on MDI are known and are sold, for example, by Elastogran GmbH under the name Lupranat®.
• component (a1) is preferably at least two, in particular at least 2.2 and more preferably at least 2.5.
• the functionality of component (a1) is preferably from 2.2 to 4 and more preferably from 2.5 to 3.
• the content of isocyanate groups of component (a1) is preferably from 5 to 10 mmol / g, in particular from 6 to 9 mmol / g, particularly preferably from 7 to
• the monomer component (a1) consists of at least one polyfunctional isocyanate selected from diphenylmethane-4,4 ' - diisocyanate, diphenylmethane-2,4'-diisocyanate, diphenylmethane-2,2'-diisocyanate and oligomeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
• component (a1) particularly preferably contains oligomeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate and has a functionality of at least 2.5.
• the porous materials in the context of component (a2) contain at least one polyfunctional substituted aromatic amine (a2-s) according to general formula I.
• R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen and linear or branched alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and wherein all substituents Q 1 to Q 5 and Q 1 'to Q 5 ' are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, a primary amino group and a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, which alkyl group may carry further functional groups, provided that
• the compound according to the general formula I comprises at least two primary amino groups, where at least one of Q 1 , Q 3 and Q 5 is a primary amino group and at least one of Q 1 ',
• Q 3 'and Q 5 ' is a primary amino group
• Q 2 , Q 4 , Q 2 'and Q 4 ' are chosen so that the compound according to the general formula I at least one linear or branched alkyl group which can optionally carry further functional groups, having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in ⁇ -position has at least one bound to the aromatic nucleus primary amino group.
• Component (a2) thus consists of polyfunctional amines, the polyfunctional aromatic amines (a2-s) according to the general formula I being a constituent.
• Polyfunctional amines are to be understood as those which have at least two isocyanate-reactive amino groups per molecule. Reactive towards isocyanates are primary and secondary amino groups, the reactivity of the primary amino groups generally being significantly higher than that of the secondary ones.
• R 1 and R 2 in the general formula I are the same or different and are independently selected from hydrogen, a primary amino group and a linear or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Q 2 , Q 4 , Q 2 'and Q 4 ' are selected such that the substituted aromatic amine (a 2 -s) comprises at least two primary amino groups, each one or two linear or branched alkyl groups having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the ⁇ -position, which may carry further functional groups.
• Q 2 , Q 4 , Q 2 'and Q 4 ' are chosen so that they correspond to linear or branched alkyl groups having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms which carry further functional groups, then amino groups and / or Hydroxy groups and / or halogen atoms are preferred as such functional groups.
• the alkyl groups in the context of the substituents Q according to the general formula I are preferably selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl.
• the amines (a2-s) are selected from the group consisting of 3,3 ', 5,5'-tetraalkyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 3,3', 5,5'-tetraalkyl-2,2 ' - Diaminodiphenylmethan and 3,3 ', 5,5'-tetraalkyl-2,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, wherein the alkyl groups in 3, 3', 5 and 5 'position may be the same or different and are selected independently of each other from linear or branched alkyl groups having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may carry further functional groups.
• the aforementioned alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl or t-butyl (each unsubstituted).
• one, several or all of the hydrogen atoms of one or more alkyl groups of the substituents Q may be replaced by halogen atoms, in particular chlorine.
• one, several or all of the hydrogen atoms of one or more alkyl groups of the substituents Q may be replaced by NH 2 or OH.
• the alkyl groups in the context of the general formula (I) are composed of carbon and hydrogen.
• component (a2) comprises 3, 3 ', 5,5'-tetraalkyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, wherein the alkyl groups may be the same or different and are independently selected from linear or branched alkyl groups with From 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may optionally bear functional groups.
• the abovementioned alkyl groups are preferably selected from unsubstituted alkyl groups, in particular methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl, particularly preferably from methyl and ethyl.
• Very particular preference is given to tetraethyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane.
• polyfunctional amines of the type (a2-s) are known per se to the person skilled in the art or can be prepared by known methods.
• One of the known methods is the reaction of aniline or of derivatives of aniline with formaldehyde under acid catalysis, in particular the reaction of 2,4- or 2,6-dialkylaniline.
• component (a2) may also comprise further polyfunctional amines.
• Particularly suitable polyfunctional amines include polyfunctional aromatic amines (a2-u), which differ from the amines of the structure (a2-s), and polyfunctional aliphatic amines (a2-a).
• Suitable polyfunctional aromatic amines (a2-u) are, in particular, isomers and derivatives of diamino-diphenylmethane.
• diaminodiphenylmethane preferred isomers and derivatives of diaminodiphenylmethane are in particular 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 2,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 2,2'-diaminodiphenylmethane and oligomeric diaminodiphenylmethane.
• Suitable polyfunctional aromatic amines (a2-u) are also in particular isomers and derivatives of toluenediamine.
• preferred isomers and derivatives of toluenediamine are in particular toluene-2,4-diamine and / or toluene-2,6-diamine and diethyltoluenediamines, in particular 3,5-diethyltoluene-2,4-diamine and / or 3.5 diethyltoluene-2,6-diamine.
• component (a2) consists exclusively of polyfunctional aromatic amines of the type (a2-s).
• component (a2) consists of polyfunctional aromatic amines of the types (a2-s) and (a2-u).
• component (a2) preferably contains at least one polyfunctional aromatic amine (a2-u) of which at least one is selected from isomers and derivatives of diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA).
• Component (a2) in the second preferred embodiment particularly preferably comprises at least one polyfunctional aromatic amine (a2-u) selected from 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 2,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane, 2,2'-diaminodiphenylmethane and oligomeric diaminodiphenylmethane.
• Oligomeric diaminodiphenylmethane contains one or more polynuclear methylene bridged condensation products of aniline and formaldehyde.
• Oligomeric MDA contains at least one, but generally more, oligomers of MDA having a functionality of more than 2, in particular 3 or 4 or 5.
• Oligomeric MDA is known or can be prepared by methods known per se. Usually, oligomeric MDA is used in the form of mixtures with monomeric MDA.
• the (average) functionality of a polyfunctional amine (a2-u) containing oligomeric MDA can vary in the range of about 2.3 to about 5, more preferably 2.3 to 3.5, and especially 2.3 to 3.
• a mixture of MDA-based polyfunctional amines with different functionalities is in particular the crude MDA, which is formed in particular during the condensation of aniline with formaldehyde, usually catalyzed by hydrochloric acid, as an intermediate of the preparation of crude MDI.
• component (a2) contains oligomeric diaminodiphenylmethane as compound (a2-u) and has an overall functionality of at least 2.1.
• polyfunctional aliphatic amines (a2-a) as further constituent of component (a2), ie in addition to the amines of the first or second preferred embodiment
• the polyfunctional aliphatic amines (a2-a) preferably contain at least one primary amino group, in particular at least two primary amino groups.
• the suitable polyfunctional aliphatic amines can be used individually or in mixtures.
• Corresponding polyfunctional aliphatic amines are known per se and described in International Publication WO-2009/027310, page 7, line 28 to page 11, line 32, to which reference is hereby expressly made.
• polyalkylenepolyamines Particularly preferred as the amine (a2-a) are polyalkylenepolyamines.
• polyalkylenepolyamine is to be understood as meaning aliphatic amines which contain at least 3 amino groups (primary, secondary or tertiary) and which have a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of at least 500 g / mol.
• Mw weight-average molecular weight
• Suitable polyalkylenepolyamines are described in WO-2009/027310 on page 87, line 23 to page 11, line 23.
• polyethyleneimines are particularly preferred.
• polyethyleneimines are understood as meaning both oligomers and homopolymers and copolymers which form the grouping
• polyethyleneimines used are those which are essentially composed of ethyleneimine, in particular homopolymers of ethyleneimine.
• the polyethylenimines particularly preferred as amines of type (a2-a) are composed of units selected from terminal ethylenimine units of the structure - (CH 2 -CH 2 -NH 2), linear ethyleneimine units of the structure - (CH 2 -CH 2 - NH) - and branched Ethyleniminhimen the structure N- (CH2CH2-) 3.
• the polyethyleneimines are preferably used in anhydrous form, where anhydrous means that the water content of 0 to 1, 5 wt .-% according to DIN 53715 by Karl Fischer, preferably from 0 to 1 wt .-%, particularly preferably from 0 to 0, 5 wt .-% is.
• the polyethyleneimines are highly branched.
• hyperbranched polyethylenimines are understood as meaning uncrosslinked macromolecules having --NH groups which are non-uniform in terms of their structural structure, in particular with regard to the length and sequence of the sections between branching points. They can be constructed either from a central molecule analogous to dendrimers, but with uneven chain length of the branches. However, they can also be constructed linearly with functional side groups or, as a combination of the two extremes, have linear and branched molecular moieties.
• the degree of branching (DB + Z) / (T + Z + L), where T is the number of terminal monomer units, Z is the number of branched monomer units, and L is the number of linear monomer units , means and is usually given in%. These numbers are determined by 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra as primary (gives T), tertiary (gives Z) and secondary (gives L) amino groups. For the definition of the degree of branching see also H. Frey et al., Acta Polym. 1997, 48, 30.
• the degree of branching DB of the highly branched polyethyleneimines particularly preferred in the context of the third preferred embodiment is from 40 to 100%, preferably from 50 to 80% and in particular from 55 to 70%.
• Suitable polyethyleneimines are commercially available, for example as Lupasol® from BASF. Highly branched polyethyleneimines having from 2 to 6, in particular from 2 to 4 primary amino groups and a number average molecular weight of 400 to about 10,000 g / mol, preferably from 800 to about 6000 g / mol and a degree of branching DB of 40 to 100%, preferably from 50 to 80% and in particular from 55 to 70%, are particularly suitable as the amine (a2-a).
• the proportion of the amines of the type (a2-s) according to the general formula I in the total weight of all polyfunctional amines of component (a2), which thus give a total of 100 wt .-%, is preferably from 1 to 100 wt .-%, in particular of 10 to 100 wt .-%, most preferably from 30 to 100 wt .-%.
• the proportion of polyfunctional aliphatic amines (a2-a) in the total weight of all polyfunctional amines of component (a2) is preferably from 0 to 90 wt .-%, in particular from 0 to 50 wt .-%, particularly preferably from 0 to 20 wt. -%.
• the proportion of polyfunctional aromatic amines (a2-u) other than amines of type (a2-s) in the total weight of all polyfunctional amines Component (a2) is preferably from 0 to 90 wt .-%, in particular from 0 to 80 wt .-%, particularly preferably from 0 to 60 wt .-%.
• polyalkylenepolyamines as a polyfunctional aliphatic amine (a2-a) in combination with the amines (a2-s) to porous materials with a particularly high mechanical stability with high porosity, high pore volume and low density.
• component (a2) in a particularly preferred embodiment comprises a total of from 50 to 99.5% by weight of polyfunctional aromatic amines (a2-s) according to general formula I and, if appropriate, different aromatic amines (a2-u) and also from 0.5 to 50 wt .-% of polyfunctional aliphatic amines (a2-a), wherein the sum of the wt .-% of all polyfunctional amines 100 wt .-% results.
• component (a2) contains from 80 to 99.5% by weight of polyfunctional aromatic amines (a2-s) according to general formula I and from 0.5 to 20% by weight of polyfunctional aliphatic amines (a2-a).
• a preferred method for producing the porous materials according to the invention comprises the following steps:
• the components (a1) and (a2) are initially provided separately from one another, in particular separately from one another in the solvent (C).
• the component (a1) is provided in a first container and the components component (a2) in a second container in each case in a solvent (C) and finally combined at the beginning of step (b).
• a preferred process for the preparation of the porous materials according to the invention therefore comprises the following steps:
• step (a-1) providing the component (a1) and separately from the component (a2) each in a solvent (C); (a-2) providing a gel precursor (A) containing the components (a1) and (a2) in a solvent (C) by combining the components provided in step (a-1);
• the component (a1) and the component (a2) are each provided in a solvent (C) in step (a).
• Gel precursor (A) is obtained by mixing components (a1) and (a2).
• the gel precursor (A) thus contains the monomer units (a1) and (a2) described above in the proportions likewise described above.
• the ratio (equivalence ratio) of NCO groups of component (a1) to amino groups of component (a2) is preferably from 1:01 to 1 to 1.5 to 1. Particularly preferably, the equivalent ratio of NCO groups of component ( a1) to amino groups of component (a2) of 1, 1 to 1 to 1, 4 to 1, in particular from 1, 1 to 1 to 1, 3 to 1. An excess of NCO groups results in less shrinkage of the porous material, especially xerogel, in the removal of the solvent.
• the monomer units (a1) and (a2) are present in the gel precursor (A) in monomeric form or have been previously converted by partial or non-equimolar reaction of isocyanate and amino groups into a prepolymer, which is optionally mixed with further monomer units (A).
• a1) and (a2) forms the gel precursor (A).
• the gel precursor (A) is thus gellable, that is, it can be converted into a gel, a crosslinked polymer, by crosslinking in the course of step (b).
• the proportions of the components (a1) and (a2) in the porous material in which they are in a polymeric form correspond to the proportions of the components (a1) and (a2) in the gel precursor (A) in which they are in unreacted form.
• the viscosity of the component (a1) used can vary within a wide range.
• the component (a1) used in step (a) of the process according to the invention preferably has a viscosity of from 100 to 3000 mPa.s, particularly preferably from 200 to 2500 mPa.s.
• a mixture containing the gel precursor (A) in a liquid diluent is provided.
• solvent (C) in the context of the present invention comprises liquid diluents, that is to say both solvents in the strict sense and dispersants.
• the mixture may be a true solution, a colloidal solution or a dispersion, eg an emulsion or suspension.
• the mixture is a true solution.
• the solvent (C) is a compound which is liquid under the conditions of step (a), preferably an organic solvent.
• Suitable solvents (C) are, in principle, an organic compound or a mixture of several compounds, the solvent (C) being liquid under the conditions of temperature and pressure under which the mixture is provided in step (a) (in short: solution conditions) is.
• the composition of the solvent (C) is chosen so that it is able to dissolve or disperse the organic gel precursor, preferably to dissolve.
• Preferred solvents (C) are those which are a solvent for the organic gel precursor (A), ie those which completely dissolve the organic gel precursor (A) under reaction conditions.
• the reaction product of step (b) is a gel, i. H. a viscoelastic chemical network swollen by the solvent (C).
• a solvent (C) which is a good swelling agent for the network formed in step (b), usually results in a network with fine pores and a small average pore diameter, whereas a solvent (C) which is a poor swelling agent for the Step (b) represents resulting gel, usually resulting in a coarse-pore network with a large average pore diameter.
• the choice of the solvent (C) thus influences the desired pore size distribution and the desired porosity.
• the choice of the solvent (C) is generally also such that precipitation or flocculation by formation of a precipitated reaction product during or after step (b) of the process according to the invention does not occur as far as possible.
• the proportion of precipitated reaction product is usually less than 1 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the mixture.
• the amount of precipitated product formed in a given solvent (C) can be determined gravimetrically by filtering the reaction mixture before the gel point over a suitable filter.
• Suitable solvents (C) are the solvents known from the prior art for isocyanate-based polymers.
• Preferred solvents are those which are a solvent for the components (a1) and (a2), ie those which are largely the constituents of the components (a1) and (a2) under reaction conditions completely dissolve, so that the content of the organic gel precursor (A) in the entire mixture provided in step (a) including the solvent (C) is preferably at least 5 wt .-%.
• the solvent (C) is preferably inert to component (a1), ie not reactive.
• Suitable solvents (C) are, for example, ketones, aldehydes, alkylalkanoates, amides such as formamide and N-methylpyrollidone, sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide, aliphatic and cycloaliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic compounds and fluorine-containing ethers. Also suitable are mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned compounds.
• dialkyl ethers are, in particular, those having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, in particular methyl ethyl ether, diethyl ether, methyl propyl ether, methyl isopropyl ether, propyl ethyl ether, ethyl isopropyl ether, dipropyl ether, propyl isopropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl butyl ether, Methyl isobutyl ether, methyl t-butyl ether, ethyl n-butyl ether, ethyl isobutyl ether and ethyl t-butyl ether.
• Preferred cyclic ethers are, in particular diethoxymethane, dimethoxymethane and 1,3-dioxolane.
• Aldehydes and / or ketones are particularly preferred as solvent (C).
• Aldehydes or ketones suitable as solvent (C) are, in particular, those corresponding to the general formula R 2 - (CO) -R 1 , where R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen or alkyl groups having 1, 2, 3 or 4 carbon atoms.
• Suitable aldehydes or ketones are in particular acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, isopentaldehyde, 2-methylpentaldehyde, 2-ethylhexaldehydes, acrolein, methacrolein, crotonaldehyde, furfural, acrolein dimer, methacroelindimer, 1, 2, 3,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde, 6-methyl-3-cyclohexene aldehyde, cyanoacetaldehyde, ethyl glyoxate, benzaldehyde, acetone, methyl isobutyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl
• aldehydes and ketones can also be used in the form of mixtures.
• Ketones and aldehydes having alkyl groups of up to 3 carbon atoms per substituent are preferred as solvent (C). Particularly preferred is acetone.
• particularly suitable solvents (C) result by using two or more completely miscible compounds selected from the abovementioned solvents in the form of a mixture.
• a polyfunctional aliphatic amine (a2-a) is used as component of component (a2), then it is advantageous to use the primary amino groups of the aliphatic amines protected at the beginning of step (b), so that the primary amino groups substantially not in free form as -NH2.
• the protected primary amino groups of the aliphatic amines have a reduced reactivity towards isocyanates.
• the primary amino groups of the aliphatic amines in step (b) are particularly preferably in the form of a ketimine and / or an aldimine.
• such aldimines and / or ketimines are prepared by preliminary removal of the amine (a2-a) in one of the abovementioned adhesions and / or ketones to form a corresponding aldimine and / or ketimine.
• the proportion of gel precursor (A) In order to obtain in step (b) a sufficiently stable gel which does not shrink strongly during the drying in step (c), the proportion of gel precursor (A) must be allowed to the total mixture provided in step (a) of the process according to the invention in general not less than 5% by weight.
• the proportion of gel precursor (A) in the total mixture provided in step (a) of the process according to the invention, including the solvent (C), is preferably at least 6% by weight, more preferably at least 8% by weight, especially at least 10% by weight. -%.
• the concentration of the gel precursor (A) in the mixture provided must not be set too high, since otherwise no porous material with favorable properties is obtained.
• the proportion of gel precursor (A) in the total mixture provided in step (a) of the process according to the invention is at most 40% by weight.
• the proportion of gel precursor (A) in the total mixture provided in step (a) of the process according to the invention, including the solvent (C), is preferably at most 35% by weight, more preferably at most 25% by weight, in particular at most 20 wt .-%.
• the mixture provided in step (a) may also contain conventional auxiliaries known to those skilled in the art as further constituents. Mention may be made, for example, of surface-active substances, flame retardants, nucleating agents, oxidation stabilizers, lubricants and mold release agents, dyes and pigments, stabilizers, for example against hydrolysis, light, heat or discoloration, inorganic and / or organic fillers, reinforcing agents and biocides. Further details about the auxiliaries and additives mentioned above can be found in the specialist literature, eg from Plastics Additive Handbook, 5th edition, H. Zweifel, ed. Hanser Publishers, Kunststoff, 2001.
• step (a) of the process according to the invention can be carried out in a customary manner.
• a stirrer or other mixing device is used to achieve a thorough mixing.
• the other mixing conditions are generally not critical, for example, you can at 0 to 100 ° C and 0.1 to 10 bar (absolute), especially at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, mix.
• the mixture provided in step (a) may also be referred to as sol. It should be understood by a sol, both a colloidal solution in which the organic gel precursor (A) finely divided in a solvent dispersed as a dispersion medium, or a true solution of the organic gel precursor (A) in a solvent.
• a sol both a colloidal solution in which the organic gel precursor (A) finely divided in a solvent dispersed as a dispersion medium, or a true solution of the organic gel precursor (A) in a solvent.
• step (b) the reaction of the components (a1) and (a2) in the presence of the solvent (C) to form a gel.
• step (b) of the process according to the invention the organic gel precursor (A) is thus converted into a gel in a gelling reaction.
• the gelation reaction is a polyaddition reaction, in particular a polyaddition of isocyanate groups and amino groups.
• a gel is to be understood as meaning a crosslinked system based on a polymer which is in contact with a liquid (so-called solvogel or lyogel, or with water as liquid: aquagel or hydrogel).
• solvogel or lyogel or with water as liquid: aquagel or hydrogel.
• the polymer phase forms a continuous spatial network.
• the gel is usually produced by resting, e.g. by simply leaving the container, reaction vessel or reactor in which the mixture is located (hereinafter called gelling device).
• gelling device e.g. by simply leaving the container, reaction vessel or reactor in which the mixture is located.
• the mixture is not agitated or mixed, as this could hinder the formation of the gel. It has proved to be advantageous to cover the mixture during gelling or to close the gelling device.
• the gel obtained in the previous step is dried in step (c).
• drying under supercritical conditions comes into consideration, preferably after replacement of the solvent by CO2 or other solvents suitable for supercritical drying.
• Supercritical conditions indicate a temperature and pressure at which the fluid phase to be removed is in the supercritical state. This minimizes the shrinkage of the gel body when the solvent is removed.
• it is preferable to dry the obtained gels by converting the liquid contained in the gel to the gaseous state at a temperature and a pressure below the critical temperature and the critical pressure of the liquid contained in the gel.
• Drying of the gel obtained is preferably carried out by converting the solvent (C) into the gaseous state at a temperature and a pressure below the critical temperature and the critical pressure of the solvent (C). Accordingly, drying is preferably performed by removal of the solvent (C) present in the reaction without prior replacement with another solvent.
• the porous material of the invention is a xerogel.
• a xerogel is understood as meaning a porous material having a porosity of at least 70% by volume and a volume-average mean pore diameter of at most 50 micrometers, which was produced by a sol-gel process, the liquid phase being dried by drying below the critical temperature and below the critical pressure of the liquid phase (“subcritical conditions") was removed from the gel.
• the mean pore diameter is determined by means of mercury intrusion measurement according to DIN 66133 and is in the context of the present invention basically a volume-weighted average.
• the mercury intrusion measurement according to DIN 66133 is a porosimetric method and is carried out in a porosimeter. In this case, mercury is pressed into a sample of the porous material. Small pores require a higher pressure to be filled with mercury than large pores, and From the corresponding pressure / volume diagram, one can determine a pore size distribution and the volume-weighted average pore diameter.
• the volume-weighted mean pore diameter of the porous material is at most 5 microns. More preferably, the volume-weighted mean pore diameter of the porous material is at most 4 micrometers, more preferably at most 3 micrometers, and most preferably at most 2.5 micrometers. Although the smallest possible pore size with high porosity from the perspective of low thermal conductivity is desirable. However, in order to obtain a mechanically sufficiently stable porous material, there is a practical lower limit to the volume weighted mean pore diameter. In general, the volume-weighted average pore diameter is at least 200 nm, preferably at least 400 nm. In many cases, the volume-weighted average pore diameter is at least 500 nm, in particular at least 1 micron.
• the porous material according to the invention preferably has a porosity of at least 70% by volume, in particular from 70 to 99% by volume, more preferably at least
• the porosity in% by volume means that the said proportion of the total volume of the porous material consists of pores. Although the highest possible porosity is usually desired from the point of view of minimum thermal conductivity, the porosity is limited by the mechanical properties and the processability of the porous material.
• the components (a1) and (a2) are present in the porous material in reacted (polymeric) form. Due to the composition according to the invention, the monomer units (a1) and (a2) are predominantly in the porous material
• Bound urea linkages before. Another possible linkage in the porous material is isocyanurate linkages, which are formed by trimerization of isocyanate groups of the monomer building blocks (a1). If the porous material contains further components, further possible linkages are, for example, urethane groups, which are formed by reaction of isocyanate groups with alcohols or phenols.
• the components (a1) and (a2) in the porous material are preferably at least 50 mol% linked by urea groups -NH-CO-NH-.
• the components (a1) to (a3) in the porous material are preferably from 50 to 100 mol% linked by urea groups, in particular from 60 to 100 mol%, very particularly preferably from 70 to 100 mol%, especially 80 to 100 mol%, for example from 90 to 100 mol%.
• the 100% mol% missing mol% are present as further linkages, in particular as isocyanurate linkages.
• the further linkages may also be present in the form of other linkages of isocyanate polymers known to the person skilled in the art. Examples include ester, urea, biuret, allophanate, carbodiimide, isocyanurate, uretdione and / or urethane groups.
• the determination of the mol% of the linkages of the monomer in the porous material by means of NMR spectroscopy (nuclear magnetic resonance) in the solid state or swollen state. Suitable determination methods are known to the person skilled in the art.
• the density of the organic porous materials obtainable by the process according to the invention is usually 20 to 600 g / l, preferably 50 to 500 g / l and particularly preferably 100 to 300 g / l.
• the process of the invention gives a coherent porous material and not just a polymer powder or particles.
• the spatial shape of the resulting porous material is determined by the shape of the gel, which in turn is determined by the shape of the gelling device.
• a cylindrical gelling vessel usually yields an approximately cylindrical gel that is then dried into a porous cylindrical material.
• the porous materials according to the invention and the porous materials obtainable by the process according to the invention have a low thermal conductivity, a high porosity and a low density with simultaneously high mechanical stability.
• the porous materials also have a low average pore size.
• the combination of the aforementioned properties allows the use as an insulating material in the field of thermal insulation, in particular for applications in the vacuum sector, where the smallest possible thickness of vacuum plates is preferred, for example in refrigerators or in buildings.
• the use in vacuum insulation panels, in particular as core material for vacuum insulation panels is preferred.
• the use of the porous materials according to the invention as an insulating material.
• porous materials according to the invention due to the low thermal conductivity of the porous materials according to the invention, applications at pressures of 1 to 100 mbar and in particular of 10 mbar to 100 mbar are possible.
• the property profile of the porous materials according to the invention opens in particular applications in which a long service life of the vacuum panels is desired and which also occurs with an increase in pressure. even after many years, for example at a pressure of 100 mbar, have a low thermal conductivity of about 2 mbar per year.
• the porous materials according to the invention and the porous materials obtainable by the process according to the invention have favorable thermal properties on the one hand and favorable material properties such as ease of processing and high mechanical stability, for example low brittleness, on the other hand.
• the pore volume in ml per g sample and the mean pore size of the materials were determined by means of mercury porosimetry according to DIN 66133 (1993) at room temperature.
• the average pore size is in the context of this invention equated with the average pore diameter.
• the determination of the volume-weighted mean pore diameter is done mathematically from the pore size distribution determined in accordance with the above-mentioned standard.
• the following compounds were used: a1 -1: oligomeric MDI (Lupranat® M200) with an NCO content of 30.9 g per 100 g according to ASTM D-5155-96 A, a functionality in the range of three and a viscosity of 2100 mPa.s at 25 ° C according to DIN 53018.
• a1 -2 oligomeric MDI (Lupranat® M50) with an NCO content of 31, 5 g per 100 g according to ASTM D-5155-96 A, a functionality in the range of 2 , 8 to 2.9 and a viscosity of 550 mPa.s at 25 ° C according to DIN 53018.
• a2-1 tetraethyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethan
• 1, 6 g of the compound a1 -1 were dissolved with stirring at 20 ° C in 10.5 g of acetone in a beaker.
• 1, 6 g of tetraethyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (a2-1) were in 1 1 g Acetone dissolved in a second beaker.
• the two solutions from step (a) were mixed. A clear, low-viscosity mixture was obtained.
• the mixture was allowed to cure at room temperature for 24 hours.
• the gel was then removed from the beaker and the liquid (acetone) was removed by drying at 20 ° C for 7 days.
• the material obtained had an average pore diameter of 4 ⁇ m.
• the porosity was 89% by volume with a corresponding density of 135 g / l.
• 1, 6 g of the compound a1 -2 were dissolved with stirring at 20 ° C in 10.5 g of acetone in a beaker.
• 1, 6 g of 3,3'-diisopropyl-5,5'-dimethyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (a2-3) were dissolved in 1 1 g of acetone in a second beaker.
• the two solutions from step (a) were mixed. A clear, low-viscosity mixture was obtained.
• the mixture was allowed to cure at room temperature for 24 hours.
• the gel was then removed from the beaker and the liquid (acetone) was removed by drying at 20 ° C for 7 days.
• the material obtained had a pore volume of 5.6 ml / g and an average pore diameter of 3 ⁇ m.
• the porosity was 89% by volume with a corresponding density of 155 g / l.
• the material obtained had a pore volume of 6.3 ml / g and an average pore diameter of 2 ⁇ m.
• the porosity was 85% by volume with a corresponding density of 143 g / l.
• the material obtained had a pore volume of 5.5 ml / g and an average pore diameter of 1.5 ⁇ .
• the porosity was 85% by volume with a corresponding density of 160 g / l.
• the material obtained had a pore volume of 5.1 ml / g and an average pore diameter of 2.9 ⁇ m.
• the porosity was 87% by volume with a corresponding density of 170 g / l.
• the material obtained had a pore volume of 3.1 ml / g and an average pore diameter of 1, 5 ⁇ .
• the porosity was 81% by volume with a corresponding density of 260 g / l.

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