WO2011063339A1 - Nitroxyl donors for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension - Google Patents

Nitroxyl donors for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension Download PDF

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WO2011063339A1
WO2011063339A1 PCT/US2010/057640 US2010057640W WO2011063339A1 WO 2011063339 A1 WO2011063339 A1 WO 2011063339A1 US 2010057640 W US2010057640 W US 2010057640W WO 2011063339 A1 WO2011063339 A1 WO 2011063339A1
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alkyl
halo
substituted
compound
benzene sulfonamide
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French (fr)
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Vincent J. Kalish
Reza Mazhari
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Cardioxyl Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Cardioxyl Pharmaceuticals Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • A61K31/18—Sulfonamides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/0078—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy for inhalation via a nebulizer such as a jet nebulizer, ultrasonic nebulizer, e.g. in the form of aqueous drug solutions or dispersions

Definitions

  • Pulmonary hypertension is a generic term for a group of conditions characterized by elevated blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs (pulmonary arteries).
  • characteristic changes occur within the pulmonary circulation. These changes include thickening of the linings and obstruction of the small pulmonary blood vessels.
  • pressure in the pulmonary circulation rises, and resistance in the blood flowing through the vessels increases. This increased resistance puts a strain on the right side of the heart as it must work harder to pump blood to the lungs. This strain can cause the heart to enlarge. Eventually, heart failure can develop.
  • the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of PH 1 includes five groups.
  • WHO Group 1 represents pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
  • PAH is a particularly progressive form of PH characterized by narrowing of the precapillary pulmonary arteries. Obstruction of these precapillary pulmonary arteries leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and potentially right heart failure and premature death.
  • Clinical characteristics of PAH include persistently elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), in combination with normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR).
  • MPAP mean pulmonary arterial pressure
  • PCWP normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
  • PVR elevated pulmonary vascular resistance
  • the diagnosis of PAH may include clinical parameters that extend beyond these hemodynamic
  • WHO Group 2 represents PH owing to left heart disease. Types of left heart disease include systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction and valvular disease.
  • Current therapies for PH include supplemental oxygen, diuretics, oral vasodilators such as calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants, inotropic agents, prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors. While such therapies have met with some success, many PH patients fail to respond to these therapies. Thus, a need remains for additional safe and effective treatments for PH.
  • FIG. 1 shows the intravenous effects of a nitroxyl (HNO) donor on mean and systolic (peak) pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in rats.
  • HNO nitroxyl
  • PAP pulmonary artery pressure
  • FIG. 2 shows the intravenous effects of a nitroxyl (HNO) donor on mean arterial pressure (MPAP) and heart rate in rats.
  • HNO nitroxyl
  • FIG. 3 shows the intravenous effects of a nitroxyl (HNO) donor on mean change in systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP) during hypoxic period relative to normoxic period compared to sildenafil citrate in dogs.
  • HNO nitroxyl
  • A refers to one or more.
  • Acyl refers to and includes the groups -C(0)H, -C(0)alkyl, -C(0)substituted alkyl, -C(0)alkenyl, -C(0)substituted alkenyl, -C(0)alkynyl, -C(0)substituted alkynyl, - C(0)cycloalkyl, -C(0)substituted cycloalkyl, -C(0)aryl, -C(0)substituted aryl, - C(0)heteroaryl, -C(0)substituted heteroaryl, -C(0)heterocyclic, and -C(0)substituted heterocyclic wherein alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, hetero
  • Acylamino refers to the group -C(0)NR a R b wherein each R a and R b group is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heterocyclic, and substituted heterocyclic, or R a and Rb groups can be joined together with the nitrogen atom to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring.
  • An example of an acylamino moiety is -C(0)morpholino.
  • Heterocyclyl or “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl residue in which one to four of the carbons is replaced by a heteroatom such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
  • heterocycles whose radicals are heterocyclyl groups include tetrahydropyran, morpholine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, thiazolidine, oxazole, oxazoline, isoxazole, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran and the like.
  • a specific example of a heterocyclyl residue is
  • Substituted heterocylyl or “substituted heterocylcoalkyl” refers to an heterocyclyl group having from 1 to 5 substituents.
  • a heterocyclyl group substituted with 1 to 5 groups such as halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, aryl, alkoxy, alkyl, acyl, acylamino, amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxyalkyl, thiol, thioalkyl, heterocyclyl, - OS(0)2-alkyl, and the like is a substituted alkyl.
  • a particular example of a substituted heterocylcoalkyl is N-methylpiperazino.
  • Alkyl intends linear hydrocarbon structures having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbon atoms or 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups of fewer carbon atoms are embraced, such as so-called “lower alkyl” groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. “Alkyl” also intends branched or cyclic hydrocarbon structures having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, 3 to 12 carbon atoms and 3 to 8 carbon atoms. For any use of the term “alkyl,” unless clearly indicated otherwise, it is intended to embrace all variations of alkyl groups disclosed herein, as measured by the number of carbon atoms, the same as if each and every alkyl group was explicitly and individually listed for each usage of the term.
  • a group such as R 3 may be an "alkyl,” intended is a C1-C2 0 alkyl or a C C 12 alkyl or a Ci-Cs alkyl or a lower alkyl or a C2-C2 0 alkyl or a C3-C12 alkyl or a C3-C8 alkyl.
  • alkyl intended is a C1-C2 0 alkyl or a C C 12 alkyl or a Ci-Cs alkyl or a lower alkyl or a C2-C2 0 alkyl or a C3-C12 alkyl or a C3-C8 alkyl.
  • the alkyl group When the alkyl group is cyclic, it may also be referred to as a cycloalkyl group and have, for example, 1 to 20 annular carbon atoms, 1 to 12 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 8 annular carbon atoms.
  • an alkyl residue having a specific number of carbons When an alkyl residue having a specific number of carbons is named, all geometric isomers having that number of carbons are intended to be encompassed; thus, for example, “butyl” is meant to include n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl and t-butyl; "propyl” includes n-propyl and iso- propyl.
  • alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, t-butyl, n- heptyl, octyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, norbornyl, and the like.
  • One or more degrees of unsaturation may occur in an alkyl group.
  • an alkyl group also embraces alkenyl and alkynyl residues.
  • Alkenyl refers to a group of 2 or more carbon atoms, such as 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 2 to 6 carbon atoms, having at least 1, in some cases 1 to 2, sites of alkenyl unsaturation.
  • alkynyl refers to a group of 2 or more carbon atoms, such as 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 3 to 6 carbon atoms, having at least 1, in some cases 1 to 2, sites of alkynyl unsaturation, such as the moiety -C ⁇ CH. Alkyl is also used herein to denote an alkyl residue as part of a larger functional group and when so used, is taken together with other atoms to form another functional group.
  • Another example of an alkyl group as part of a larger structure includes the residue - NHC(0)alkylC(0)OH, which, for example, may be NHC(0)CH 2 CH 2 C(0)OH when alkyl
  • Substituted alkyl refers to an alkyl group having from 1 to 5 substituents.
  • an alkyl group substituted with a group such as halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, aryl, alkoxy, acyl, acylamino, amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thiol, thioalkyl, heterocyclyl, -OS(0)2-alkyl, and the like is a substituted alkyl.
  • substituted alkenyl and “substituted alkynyl” refer to alkenyl or alkynyl groups having 1 to 5 substituents.
  • Substituted means that a hydrogen radical on a compound or group (such as, for example, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, substituted heteroaralkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl,
  • heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl is replaced with a group (the "substituent") that does not substantially adversely affect the stability of the compound.
  • the substituents are those which do not adversely affect the activity of a compound.
  • substituted refers to one or more substituents (which may be the same or different), each replacing a hydrogen atom.
  • substituents include, but are not limited to, halo (F, CI, Br, or I), hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, dialkylamino, diarylamino, cyano, nitro, mercapto, oxo, carbonyl, thio, imino, formyl, carbamido, carbamyl, carboxyl, thioureido, thiocyanato, sulfoamido, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylaryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkoxy, mercaptoalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkyloxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, and heterocyclyl are optionally substituted with alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, mercapto, cyano
  • substituents on any group such as, for example, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, substituted aralkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, substituted heteroaralkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted
  • heterocycloalkyl, heterocyclyl and substituted heterocyclyl are at any atom of that group (such as on a carbon atom of the primary carbon chain of a substituted alkyl group or on a substituent already present on a substituted alkyl group), wherein any group that can be substituted (such as, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, cycloalkyl, cyclyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl) can be optionally substituted with one or more substituents (which may be the same or different), each replacing a hydrogen atom.
  • substituents which may be the same or different
  • substituents include, but not limited to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyclyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloalkyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, aryloxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, oxo, carbonyl, carboxyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, thio, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, arylsulfonyl, amino, aminoalkyl, dialkylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl, or alkoxycarbonylamino; alkylamino, aryla
  • Each R 11 is independently hydrogen, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted with cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, or heteroaryl.
  • Each R 12 is independently hydrogen, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 alkyl substituted with C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl.
  • Each R 13 is independently C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, Ci- C4 alkyl or C1-C4 alkyl substituted with C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl.
  • Each C3-C6 cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl and C1-C4 alkyl in each R 11 , R 12 and R 13 can optionally be substituted with halo, CN, d- C 4 alkyl, OH, C1-C4 alkoxy, COOH, C(0)OCi-C 4 alkyl, NH 2 , C1-C4 alkylamino, or C1-C4 dialkylamino.
  • Substituents can also be "electron-withdrawing groups.”
  • Electrode withdrawing group refers to a group that reduces electron density of the moiety to which it is attached (relative to the density of the moiety without the
  • substituents include, without limitation, F, CI, Br, I, -CN, -CF 3 , -N0 2 , -SH, - C(0)H, -C(0)alkyl, -C(0)Oalkyl, -C(0)OH, -C(0)C1, -S(0) 2 OH, -S(0) 2 NHOH, -NH 3 and the like.
  • Halo refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
  • Alkylsulfonyl refers to a group selected from -S0 2 alkyl and -S0 2 substituted alkyl, which includes the residues -S0 2 cycloalkyl, -S0 2 substituted cycloalkyl, -
  • N-hydroxylsulfonamidyl refers to -S(0) 2 NROH, where R is H or alkyl.
  • Perhaloalkyl refers to an alkyl group where each H of the hydrocarbon is replaced with F. Examples of perhalo groups include -CF 3 and -CF 2 CF 3 .
  • Aryl refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic ring radical.
  • an aryl group is a 5- or 6-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing 0-3 annular heteroatoms selected from O, N and S; a bicyclic 9- or 10- membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system (meaning the ring system has 9 or 10 annular atoms) containing 0-3 annular heteroatoms selected from O, N and S; or a tricyclic 13- or 14-membered aromatic or heteroaromatic ring system (meaning the ring system has 13 or 14 annular atoms) containing 0-3 annular heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S.
  • aryl radicals include, for example, phenyl, naphthalenyl, indanyl, tetralinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, indolyl, thiophenyl, benzopyranonyl, thiazolyl, furanyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl and pyrazolyl.
  • Substituted aryl refers to a group having from 1 to 3 substituents.
  • an aryl group substituted with 1 to 3 groups such as halo, nitro, cyano, oxo, aryl, alkoxy, alkyl, acyl, acylamino, amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thiol, thioalkyl, heterocyclyl, -OS(0) 2 -alkyl and the like, is a substituted aryl.
  • Alkoxy refers to an alkyl group that is connected to the parent structure through an oxygen atom (-O-alkyl).
  • a cycloalkyl group is connected to the parent structure through an oxygen atom, the group may also be referred to as a cycloalkoxy group.
  • perhaloalkoxy intends a perhaloalkyl group attached to the parent structure through an oxygen, such as the residue -O-CF 3 .
  • Aryloxy refers to an aryl group that is connected to the parent structure through an oxygen atom (-O-aryl), which by way of example includes the residues phenoxy, naphthoxy, and the like.
  • Substituted aryloxy refers to a substituted aryl group connected to the parent structure through an oxygen atom (-O-substituted aryl).
  • Alkylsulfanyl refers to an alkyl group that is connected to the parent structure through a sulfur atom (-S-alkyl) and refers to groups -S-alkyl and -S-substituted alkyl, which include the residues -S-cycloalkyl, -S-substituted cycloalkyl, -S-alkenyl, -S- substituted alkenyl, -S-alkynyl, and -S-substituted alkynyl, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl and substituted cycloalkyl are as defined herein.
  • alkylsulfanyl includes -S-CH(CH 3 ), -S-CH 2 CH 3 and the like.
  • Alkylsulfinyl refers to an alkyl group that is connected to the parent structure through a S(O) moiety and refers to groups -S(0)alkyl and -S(0)substituted alkyl, which includes the residues -S(0)cycloalkyl, -S(0)substituted cycloalkyl, -S(0)alkenyl, - S(0)substituted alkenyl, -S(0)alkynyl, -S(0)substituted alkynyl, where alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl and substituted cycloalkyl are as defined herein.
  • alkylsulfinyl includes the residues - S(0)CH(CH 3 ), -S(0)CH 3 , -S(0)cyclopentane and the like.
  • Arylsulfinyl refers to an aryl group that is connected to the parent structure through a S(O) moiety, which by way of example includes the residue -S(0)Ph.
  • Dialkylamino refers to -NR 2 where each R is an alkyl group.
  • dialkylamino groups include -N(CH 3 ) 2 , - (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , and
  • Carboxyl refers to -C(0)OH.
  • Carboxyl ester refers to a group selected from -C(0)0-alkyl, -C(0)0-substitued alkyl, -C(0)0-aryl, -C(0)0-substituted aryl, -C(0)0-alkenyl, -C(0)0-substituted alkenyl, -C(0)0-alkynyl, -C(0)0-substituted alkynyl, -C(0)0-heteroaryl, -C(0)0- substitued heteroaryl, -C(0)0-heterocyclic and -C(0)0-substitued heterocyclic.
  • Sulfonylamino refers to a group selected from -S0 2 NH 2 , -S0 2 NR-alkyl, -S0 2 NR-substituted alkyl, -S0 2 NR-alkenyl, -S0 2 NR-substituted alkenyl, -S0 2 NR- alkynyl, -S0 2 NR-substituted alkynyl, -S0 2 NR-aryl, -S0 2 NR-substituted aryl, -S0 2 NR- heteroaryl, -S0 2 NR-substituted heteroaryl, -S0 2 NR-heterocyclic, and -S0 2 NR-substituted heterocyclic wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl, or -S0 2 NR 2 , wherein the two R groups are taken together and with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocycl
  • Carbonylamino refers to a group selected from -CONH 2 , -CONR-alkyl, -CONR- substituted alkyl, -CONR-alkenyl, -CONR-substituted alkenyl, -CONR-alkynyl, -CONR- substituted alkynyl, -CONR-aryl, -CONR-substituted aryl, -CONR-heteroaryl, -CONR- substituted heteroaryl, -CONR-heterocyclic, and -CONR-substituted heterocyclic wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl, or -CONR 2 , where the two R groups are taken together and with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring.
  • an alkyl that is “optionally substituted” encompasses both an alkyl that is unsubstituted and an alkyl that is substituted.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of a compound described herein, such as a compound of Formula (I), (II), (III) or (IV) or other nitroxyl donors, which salts may be derived from a variety of organic and inorganic counter ions well known in the art and include, by way of example, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; when the molecule contains a basic functionality, salts of organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like.
  • Illustrative salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, besylate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, and p- toluenesulfonate salts.
  • a salt may be prepared from a compound of any one of the formulae disclosed herein having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxylic acid functional group, and a
  • Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy- substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N- methyl,N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2 -hydroxy- lower alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy- tert- butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N,N,-di-lower alkyl-N-(hydroxy lower alkyl)-amines, such as N,N-d
  • a salt may also be prepared from a compound of any one of the formulae disclosed herein having a basic functional group, such as an amino functional group, and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid.
  • Suitable acids include hydrogen sulfate, citric acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid (HQ), hydrogen bromide (HBr), hydrogen iodide (HI), nitric acid, phosphoric acid, lactic acid, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, ascorbic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, besylic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, glucaronic acid, formic acid, benzoic acid, glutamic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those properties and/or substances that are acceptable to the patient from a pharmacological and/or toxicological point of view, and/or to the manufacturing pharmaceutical chemist from a physical and/or chemical point of view regarding composition, formulation, stability, patient acceptance, bioavailability and compatibility with other ingredients.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to any substance, not itself a therapeutic agent, used as a carrier, diluent, adjuvant, binder, and/or vehicle for delivery of a therapeutic agent to a patient, or added to a pharmaceutical composition to improve its handling or storage properties or to permit or facilitate formation of a compound or composition into a unit dosage form for administration.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are well known in the pharmaceutical arts and are described, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa (e.g., 20 th Ed., 2000), and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, American Pharmaceutical
  • pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may provide a variety of functions and may be described as wetting agents, buffering agents, suspending agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, disintegrants, absorbents, preservatives, surfactants, colorants, flavorants, and sweeteners.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include without limitation: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and hydroxypropylcellulose; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (1 1) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffer
  • Unit dosage form refers to a physically discrete unit suitable as a unitary dosage for human or other animal patients.
  • Each unit dosage form may contain a predetermined amount of an active substance (e.g., HNO donor) calculated to produce a desired effect.
  • an active substance e.g., HNO donor
  • an "individual” or “patient” refers to an animal, such as a mammal, including but not limited, to a human. Hence, the methods described herein can be useful in human therapy and veterinary applications.
  • the individual or patient is a mammal. In some embodiments, the individual or patient is a human.
  • Effective amount refers to such amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which in combination with its parameters of efficacy and toxicity, as well as based on the knowledge of the practicing specialist should be effective in a given therapeutic form. As is understood in the art, an effective amount may be in one or more doses.
  • Treatment is an approach for obtaining a beneficial or desired result, including clinical results.
  • beneficial or desired results include but are not limited to inhibiting and/or suppressing the onset and/or development of a disease or condition or reducing the severity of such disease or condition, such as reducing the number and/or severity of symptoms associated with the disease or condition, increasing the quality of life of those suffering from the disease or condition, decreasing the dose of other medications required to treat the disease or condition, enhancing the effect of another medication an individual is taking for the disease or condition, and prolonging survival of individuals having the disease or condition.
  • Preventing refers to reducing the probability of developing a disorder or condition in an individual who does not have, but is at risk of developing a disorder or condition.
  • An individual “at risk” may or may not have a detectable disease or condition, and may or may not have displayed a detectable disease or condition prior to the treatment methods described herein.
  • At risk denotes that an individual has one or more so-called risk factors, which are measurable parameters that correlate with development of a disease or condition and are known in the art. An individual having one or more of these risk factors has a higher probability of developing the disease or condition than an individual without these risk factor(s).
  • “Nitroxyl” refers to the species HNO.
  • Nitroxyl donor or “HNO donor” refers to a compound that donates nitroxyl under physiological conditions.
  • nitroxyl donors may alternatively be referred to as “a compound” or “the compound.”
  • the nitroxyl donor is capable of donating an effective amount of nitroxyl in vivo and has a safety profile indicating the compound would be tolerated by an individual in the amount necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to determine the safety of administering particular compounds and dosages to live subjects.
  • One of skill in the art may also determine whether a compound is a nitroxyl donor by evaluating whether it releases HNO under physiological conditions.
  • the compound of interest can be placed in solution, for example in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or phosphate buffered solution at a pH of about 7.4, in a sealed container. After sufficient time for disassociation has elapsed, such as from several minutes to several hours, the headspace gas is withdrawn and analyzed to determine its composition, such as by gas chromatography and/or mass spectroscopy.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • the headspace gas is withdrawn and analyzed to determine its composition, such as by gas chromatography and/or mass spectroscopy.
  • the test is positive for nitroxyl donation and the compound is a nitroxyl donor.
  • the level of nitroxyl donating ability may be expressed as a percentage of a compound's theoretical maximum.
  • a compound that donates a "significant level of nitroxyl" intends a compound that donates 40 % or more or 50 % or more of its theoretical maximum amount of nitroxyl.
  • the compounds for use herein donate 60 % or more of the theoretical maximum amount of nitroxyl.
  • the compounds for use herein donate 70 % or more of the theoretical maximum amount of nitroxyl.
  • the compounds for use herein donate 80% or more of the theoretical maximum amount of nitroxyl.
  • the compounds for use herein donate 90% or more of the theoretical maximum amount of nitroxyl.
  • the compounds for use herein donate between about 70% and about 90% of the theoretical maximum amount of nitroxyl. In some embodiments, the compounds for use herein donate between about 85 % and about 95 % of the theoretical maximum amount of nitroxyl. In some embodiments, the compounds for use herein donate between about 90 % and about 95 % of the theoretical maximum amount of nitroxyl. Compounds that donate less than 40% or less than 50 % of their theoretical amount of nitroxyl are still nitroxyl donors and may be used in the invention disclosed herein.
  • a compound that donates less than 50 % of the theoretical amount of nitroxyl may be used in the methods described, and may require higher dosing levels as compared to compounds that donate a significant level of nitroxyl.
  • Nitroxyl donation also can be detected by exposing the test compound to metmyoglobin (Mb 3+ ).
  • Mb 3+ metmyoglobin
  • Nitroxyl reacts with Mb 3+ to form an Mb 2+ -NO complex, which can be detected by changes in the ultraviolet/visible spectrum or by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR).
  • EPR Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
  • the Mb 2+ -NO complex has an EPR signal centered around a g- value of about 2.
  • Nitric oxide reacts with Mb 3+ to form an Mb 3+ -NO complex that is EPR silent. Accordingly, if the candidate compound reacts with Mb 3+ to form a complex detectable by common methods, such as
  • nitroxyl donors include, without limitation, sodium dioxotrinitrate ("Angeli's salt” or “AS”), N- hydroxybenzenesulfonamide (“Piloty's acid” or “PA”), and the compounds disclosed in US Patent No. 6,936,639, US Patent Publication Nos. 2004/0038947, 2007/0299107 and 2009/0163487, and PCT Publication Nos.
  • AS sodium dioxotrinitrate
  • PA N- hydroxybenzenesulfonamide
  • PH Pulmonary hypertension
  • MPAP mean pulmonary arterial pressure
  • PHY Pulmonary artery hypertension
  • ALK1 endoglin (with or without hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
  • Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and/or pulmonary embosis are also pulmonary emboss.
  • PCH capillary hemangiomatosis
  • Hematologic disorders myeoloproliferative disorders, splenectomy o 5.2.
  • Systemic disorders sarcoidosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: lymphangioleiomyomatosis, neurofibromatosis, vasculitis o 5.3.
  • Metabolic disorders glycogen storage disease, Gaucher disease, thyroid disorders
  • Some embodiments of the invention provide a method of treating, preventing or delaying the onset or development of pulmonary hypertension, comprising administering to an individual in need thereof an HNO donor, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the HNO donor or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • An individual is "in need thereof if that individual has, is suspected of having or is at risk of having or developing pulmonary hypertension. Identifying an individual in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of a physician, clinical staff, emergency response personnel or other health care professional and can be subjective (e.g. opinion) or objective (e.g. measurable by a test or diagnostic method).
  • the individual is a mammal. In some embodiments, the individual is a human.
  • the pulmonary hypertension is selected from the diseases and conditions listed above in Table 1.
  • the pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
  • PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension
  • the pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary hypertension owing to left heart disease.
  • the left heart disease is left heart failure.
  • the left heart failure is systolic heart failure.
  • the left heart failure is diastolic heart failure.
  • the left heart failure is chronic or acutely decompensated.
  • the pulmonary hypertension is chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
  • Some embodiments of the invention provide a method of reducing mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), comprising administering to an individual in need thereof an HNO donor, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the HNO donor or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • MPAP mean pulmonary arterial pressure
  • the MPAP is reduced by up to about 50%.
  • the MPAP is reduced by up to about 25%.
  • the MPAP is reduced by up to 20%.
  • the MPAP is reduced by up to 15%.
  • the MPAP is reduced by up to 10%. In some embodiments, the MPAP is reduced by up to 5%. In some embodiments, the MPAP is reduced to about 12 to 16 mmHg. In some embodiments, the MPAP is reduced to about 15 mmHg.
  • HNO Nitroxyl
  • the HNO donor is selected from Angeli's salt, Piloty's acid, and the compounds disclosed in US Patent No. 6,936,639, US Patent Publication Nos. 2004/0038947, 2007/0299107 and 2009/0163487, and PCT Publication Nos.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (I)
  • R 1 is H
  • R 2 is H, aralkyl or heterocyclyl
  • n are independently an integer from 0 to 2;
  • x and b are independently an integer from 0 to 4.
  • y is an integer from 0 to 3;
  • T is an alkyl or substituted alkyl
  • Z is an electron withdrawing group
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from H, halo, alkylsulfonyl, N- hydroxylsulfonamidyl, perhaloalkyl, nitro, aryl, cyano, alkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, substituted aryloxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted
  • heterocycloalkyl dialkylamino, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl and arylsulfinyl.
  • the ⁇ donor is a compound of formula (I), and: (1) at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is other than H; (2) at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is other than halo;
  • R 5 is other than halo, nitro, cyano, alkyl or alkoxy
  • R 5 is other than alkyl; and (10) when R 3 and R 7 are H and R 4 and R 6 are nitro, R 5 is other than dialkylamino.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (I) and:
  • R 1 is H
  • R 2 is H
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from H, halo, alkylsulfonyl, N- hydroxylsulfonamidyl, perhaloalkyl, nitro, aryl, cyano, alkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, substituted aryloxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted
  • the ⁇ donor is a compound of formula (I) and:
  • R 1 is H
  • R 2 is H
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from H, halo, alkylsulfonyl, N- hydroxylsulfonamidyl, perhaloalkyl, nitro, aryl, cyano, alkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, substituted aryloxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted
  • heterocycloalkyl dialkylamino, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl and arylsulfinyl, provided that:
  • R 3 and R 7 are other than H;
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are other than halo; (3) when one of R 3 or R 7 is halo and the R 3 or R 7 that is not halo is H and one of R 4 or R 6 is halo and the R 4 or R 6 that is not halo is H, R 5 is other than halo or hydrogen;
  • the ⁇ donor is a compound of formula (I) and R 3 is halo, alkylsulfonyl, perhaloalkyl, lower alkyl, nitro or cyano.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (I); R is halo, alkylsu illffoonyl, perhaloalkyl, lower alkyl, nitro or cyano; and at least three of R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and H.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (I);
  • R 3 is halo, alkylsulfonyl, perhaloalkyl, lower alkyl, nitro or cyano; and
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are H.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (I) and R 3 is halo, methylsulfonyl, perfluoromethyl, perfluoromethoxy, isopropyl, nitro or cyano.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (I);
  • R 3 is halo, methylsulfonyl, perfluoromethyl, perfluoromethoxy, isopropyl, nitro or cyano; and at least three of R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are H.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (I);
  • R 3 is halo, methylsulfonyl, perfluoromethyl, perfluoromethoxy, isopropyl, nitro or cyano; and
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are H.
  • Representative compounds of formula (I) include, but are not limited to, the compounds listed in Table 2.
  • the HNO donor is selected from: 2,6-Dichloro-N-hydroxy benzene sulfonamide;
  • the ⁇ donor is 2-Iodo-N-hydroxy benzene sulfonamide.
  • the ⁇ donor is N-Hydroxy-2 -methanesulfonyl benzene sulfonamide.
  • the ⁇ donor is 2-Fluoro-N-hydroxybenzenesulfonamide.
  • the ⁇ donor is 2-Chloro-N- hydroxybenzenesulfonamide.
  • the ⁇ donor is 2-Bromo-N- hydroxybenzenesulfonamide.
  • the ⁇ donor is 2-(Trifluoromethyl)-N- hydroxybenzenesulfonamide.
  • the ⁇ donor is a compound of formula (II)
  • R 1 is H
  • R 2 is H, aralkyl or heterocyclyl; m and n are independently an integer from 0 to 1 ; x is an integer from 0 to 4; y is an integer from 0 to 3 ; A is a cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing ring moieties Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 and Q 4 , which are taken together with the carbons at positions a and a' to form ring A; B is a cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing ring moieties Q 5 , Q 6 , Q 7 and Q 8 , which are taken together with the carbons at positions a and a' to form ring B; Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 4 , Q 5 , Q 6 , Q 7 and Q 8 are independently selected from C, CH 2 , CH, N, NR 10 , O and S.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (II);
  • R 8 and R 9 is independently selected from CI, F, I, Br, S0 2 CH 3 , S0 2 NHOH, CF 3 , CH 3 , N0 2 , phenyl, CN, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , t- u, C Pr, 4-nitrophenyloxy (OPh4-N0 2 ), propane-2-thiyl
  • R 10 is H, alkyl, acyl or sulfonyl, provided that when rings A and B form naphthalene, x is an integer from 1 to 3 or y is an integer from 2 to 4.
  • R 1 is H; and R 2 is H, benzyl or tetrahydropyran-2-yl.
  • a and B form a benzofuran
  • a and B form a benzofuran. In some embodiments, A and B form a benzofuran; and x and y are 0. In some
  • a and B form a benzothiophene. In some embodiments, A and B form a benzothiophene; y is 0; and x is 1. In some embodiments, A and B form naphthyl; x is 0; y is 1; and R 8 is halo. In some embodiments, ring A is phenyl; and ring B is a heteroaryl group, such as when rings A and B form quinoline and ring B is the nitrogen containing ring. In some embodiments, y is 0; x is 1; and R 9 is halo, alkyl or perhaloalkyl. In some embodiments, y is 0; and x is 2. Representative compounds of formula (II) include, but are not limited to, the compounds listed in Table 3.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (III)
  • R 1 is H
  • R 2 is H, aralkyl or heterocyclyl
  • C is a heteroaromatic ring containing ring moieties Q 9 , Q 10 , Q 11 , Q 12 , Q 13 and Q 14 that are independently selected from C, CH 2 , CH, N, NR 10 , O and S, provided that at least one of Q 9 , Q 10 , Q 11 , Q 12 , Q 13 and Q 14 is N, NR 10 , O or S; each R 8 is independently selected from halo, alkylsulfonyl, N- hydroxylsulfonamidyl, perhaloalkyl, nitro, aryl, cyano, alkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, substituted aryloxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted
  • heterocycloalkyl dialkylamino, NH 2 , OH, C(0)OH, C(0)Oalkyl, NHC(0)alkylC(0)OH, C(0)NH 2 , NHC(0)alkylC(0)alkyl, NHC(0)alkenylC(0)OH, NHC(0)NH 2 ,
  • R is H, alkyl, acyl or sulfonyl.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (III); and each R 2 is H.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (III); and each R 8 is independently selected from CI, F, I, Br, S0 2 CH 3 , S0 2 NHOH, CF 3 , CH 3 , N0 2 , phenyl, CN, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , t- u, 0-fl > r, 4-nitrophenyloxy (OPh4-N0 2 ), propane-2-thiyl
  • SCH(CH 3 ) 2 propane-2-sulfinyl (S(0)CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), morpholino, N-methyl-piperazino, dimethylamino, piperidino, cyclohexyloxy, cyclopentylsulfanyl, phenylsulfanyl and phenylsulfinyl.
  • the ⁇ donor is a compound of formula (III); and each R 8 is independently selected from F, Br, CI, CF 3 , phenyl, methyl, -S0 2 NHOH, morpholino, piperidino, and 4-methyl-piperazino.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (III); R 1 is H; and R 2 is H, benzyl or tetrahydropyran-2-yl.
  • n is 0; and C is a thiophene, isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, imidazole, furan, thiazole, triazole, N-methylimidazole or thiadiazole.
  • n is 0; and C is a thiophene, isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, imidazole, furan, thiazole, triazole, N- methylimidazole or thiadiazole; and either (1) b is 1 and R 8 is either a halo (such as CI or Br), nitro, alkyl (such as methyl), cyano or (2) b is 2 and each R 8 is independently a halo.
  • n is 1 ; and C is a pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridine.
  • n is 1; C is a pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridine; b is either 0 or 1; and R 8 is halo or heterocyclyl if b is 1.
  • n is 1 ; and C is a pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridine; b is 1 ; and R 8 is chloro, morpholino, piperidino or N- methylpiperizino.
  • C is thiophene; and b is 1.
  • C is thiophene; b is 1; and R 8 is halo. In some embodiments, C is thiophene and b is 0. In some embodiments, C is thiophene; b is 1; R 8 is F, Br, CI, CF 3 , phenyl, methyl, -SO 2 CH 3 , -SO 2 NHOH, morpholino, piperidino, and 4-methyl-piperazino.
  • Representative compounds of formula (III) include, but are not limited to, the compounds listed in Table 4.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (IV)
  • R 2 is H, aralkyl or heterocyclyl
  • T is alkyl or substituted alkyl (which includes a cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl);
  • T is Ci to Ce branched alkyl, such as isopropyl, t-butyl or sec -butyl. In some embodiments, T is Ci to Ce branched alkyl, such as isopropyl, t-butyl or sec-butyl; and Z is F, CI, Br, I, -CN, -CF 3 , -N0 2 , -SH, -C(0)H, -C(0)alkyl, - C(0)Oalkyl, -C(0)OH, -C(0)C1, -S(0) 2 OH, -S(0) 2 NHOH or -NH 3 . Included in any of the embodiments of formula (IV) described above are the following embodiments. In some embodiments, R 1 is H; and R 2 is H, benzyl or tetrahydropyran-2-yl.
  • Representative compounds of formula (IV) include, but are not limited to, the compounds listed in Table 5.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of the formula (la)
  • R 1 is H
  • R 2 is H, aralkyl or heterocyclyl
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from H, halo, alkylsulfonyl, N- hydroxylsulfonamidyl, perhaloalkyl, nitro, aryl, cyano, alkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, substituted aryloxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted
  • heterocycloalkyl dialkylamino, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl, arylsulfinyl, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, acylamino and sulfonylamino, provided that at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is carboxyl, carboxyl ester, acylamino or sulfonylamino.
  • the ⁇ donor is a compound of formula (la), wherein:
  • R 1 is H;
  • R 2 is H, aralkyl or heterocyclyl;
  • R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are independently H, halo, alkylsulfonyl, N-hydroxylsulfonamidyl, perhaloalkyl, nitro, aryl, cyano, alkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, substituted aryloxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, dialkylamino, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl, arylsulfinyl, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, acylamino or sulfonylamino; at least one of R 3 and R 7 is an electron withdrawing group or a group that sterically hinders the sulfonyl moiety; provided that at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is carboxyl, carboxyl ester
  • the ⁇ donor is a compound of formula (la), wherein both R 3 and R 7 are electron withdrawing groups.
  • the ⁇ donor is a compound of formula (la), wherein at least one of R 3 and R 7 is a group that sterically hinders the sulfonyl moiety of compound (la).
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (la), wherein at least one of R 3 and R 7 is a branched alkyl group, such as -propyl or /-butyl.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (la), wherein both R 3 and R 7 are alkyl groups, provided that at least one of the alkyl groups is a branched alkyl group, such as when both groups are isopropyl or when one group is ethyl and the other is sec -butyl.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (la), wherein: one of R 3 and R 7 is an electron withdrawing group; and the R 3 or R 7 that is not an electron withdrawing group is an alkyl group, which may be a branched alkyl group such as isopropyl.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (la), wherein:
  • R 1 is H
  • R 2 is H, benzyl or tetrahydropyran-2-yl
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from H, CI, F, I, Br, S0 2 CH 3 , S0 2 NHOH, CF 3 , N0 2 , phenyl, CN, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , /-Bu, 0-/Pr, 4-nitrophenyloxy (OPh4- N0 2 ), propane-2-thiyl (SCH(CH 3 ) 2 ), propane-2-sulfinyl (S(0)CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), morpholino, N- methyl-piperazino, dimethylamino, piperidino, cyclohexyloxy, cyclopentylsulfanyl, phenylsulfanyl, phenylsulfinyl, carboxyl, carboxyl ester, acylamino and sulfonylamino, provided that at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R
  • R 1 is H and R 2 is H, benzyl or tetrahydropyran-2-yl.
  • at least two of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are halo, such as the compound of formula (I) wherein R 5 is halo (such as F or Br) and one of R 3 and R 7 is halo (such as Br or CI), or wherein both R 3 and R 7 or both R 3 and R 4 are halo (such as when both are CI or both are F or one is CI and one is F), and the remaining substituents are as described in the embodiments above.
  • At least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is - S(0) 2 alkyl, such as when R 3 or R 7 is -S(0) 2 CH 3 .
  • at least one of R 3 , R 5 and R 7 is a perhaloalkyl, such as when R 3 is CF 3 or when R 3 and R 5 are CF 3 .
  • R 5 is CF 3
  • at least one of R 3 and R 7 is other than H, such as when R 5 is CF 3 and R 3 is N0 2 or CI.
  • at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is aryl, such as when at least one of R 3 and R 7 is aryl, such as phenyl.
  • At least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is heterocyclyl, such as when at least one of R 3 , R 5 and R 7 is heterocyclyl or substituted heterocylcyl, such as morpholino, N- methyl, piperizino and piperidino.
  • at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is cycloalkoxy or cycloalkylsulfanyl, such as when at least one of R 3 , R 5 and R 7 is cyclohexyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexylsulfanyl or cyclopentylsulfanyl.
  • At least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is arylsulfanyl or arylsulfinyl, such as when at least one of R 3 , R 5 and R 7 is phenylsulfanyl or phenylsulfinyl.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is carboxyl.
  • R 4 is carboxyl
  • R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H
  • R 7 is H or halo.
  • R is carboxyl
  • R , R and R are H
  • R is H or halo and R and R are H.
  • at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is -COO-alkyl.
  • R 3 is -COO-alkyl and R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are H.
  • R 3 is -COO-alkyl
  • R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are H and R 1 and R 2 are H.
  • R 4 is - COO-alkyl
  • one of R 6 and R 7 is -SR.
  • R 4 is -COO-alkyl
  • one of R 6 and R 7 is -SR 11 , aryl, -OR 11 , nitro, cyano, acyl, -S(0) 2 NHOH, sulfonylamino, d- C 2 perfluoroalkyl, lower alkyl or amino
  • the R 6 or R 7 that is not -SR 11 , aryl, -OR 11 , nitro, cyano, acyl, -S(0) 2 NHOH, sulfonamino, Ci-C 2 perfluoroalkyl, lower alkyl or amino is hydrogen
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 5 are hydrogen.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is -COO-substituted alkyl.
  • R 4 is -COO-substituted alkyl
  • R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H
  • R 7 is halo.
  • R 4 is -COO-substituted alkyl
  • R 7 is halo
  • R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H
  • R 1 and R 2 are H.
  • at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is -C(0)NH 2 .
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is -C(0)NR a Rb, wherein R a is hydrogen and Rb is alkyl.
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb, wherein Ra is hydrogen, Rb is lower alkyl, R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H, and R 7 is halo.
  • R 4 is
  • R a is hydrogen, Rb is lower alkyl, R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H, R 7 is halo, and R 1 and R 2 are H.
  • Rb is a C2-C4 alkyl, such as ethyl, propyl or butyl.
  • Rb is a branched lower alkyl, e.g., isopropyl or isobutyl.
  • at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is -C(0)NR a R b wherein
  • Ra is alkyl, substituted alkyl or hydrogen, and Rb is substituted alkyl.
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb wherein R a is alkyl, substituted alkyl or hydrogen, Rb is substituted alkyl, R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H, and R 7 is halo.
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb wherein R a is alkyl, substituted alkyl or hydrogen, Rb is substituted alkyl, R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H, R 7 is halo, and R 1 and R 2 are H.
  • R 4 is
  • R a is lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl or hydrogen
  • R b is substituted lower alkyl
  • R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H
  • R 7 is halo.
  • Rb is a substituted lower alkyl group
  • it is a lower alkyl substituted with hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino or alkoxy.
  • the invention embraces compounds wherein R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb wherein R a is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or a lower alkyl substituted with hydroxyl or alkoxy, Rb is a lower alkyl substituted with hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino or alkoxy, R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H, and R 7 is halo; in further embodiments, R 1 and R 2 are H.
  • at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is -C(0)NR a R b wherein R a and R b are independently alkyl.
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb wherein R a and Rb are independently alkyl, R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H, and R 7 is halo.
  • R 4 is
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a R b wherein R a and Rb are independently alkyl, R 3 and R 5 are hydrogen and one of R 6 and R 7 is -SR 11 , aryl, -OR 11 , nitro, cyano, acyl, -S(0) 2 NHOH, sulfonamino, d- C2perfluoroalkyl, lower alkyl or amino, and the R 6 or R 7 that is not -SR 11 , aryl, -OR 11 , nitro, cyano, acyl, -S(0)2NHOH, sulfonamino, Ci-C2perfluoroalkyl, lower alkyl or amino is hydrogen.
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a R b wherein R a and R b are
  • R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H
  • R 7 is halo
  • R 1 and R 2 are H.
  • R a and R b may be the same or different, e.g., R a and R b may be both methyl or ethyl, or one is methyl and the other is ethyl.
  • at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb wherein R a and Rb are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring.
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb wherein R a and Rb are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring.
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb wherein R a and Rb are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring, R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H and R is halo.
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb wherein Ra and Rb are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring, R 3 , R 5 and R 6 are H, R 7 is halo, and R 1 and R 2 are H. In some embodiments, R a and Rb are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring, such as morpholino.
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb, and R a and R b are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring selected from piperazinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl and morpholinyl.
  • R 4 is -C(0)NR a Rb, and R a and Rb are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring substituted with 1 or 2 moieties selected from lower alkyl, carboxylester, acyl, halo, amino, hydroxyl, substituted lower alkyl, oxo and alkoxy.
  • Ra and Rb are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a substituted heterocyclic ring selected from 2,6-dimethylpiperaz-4- yl, l-isopropylpiperaz-4-yl, l-(piperazin-4-yl)ethanone, tert-butyl piperaz-4-yl-l- carboxylate, 4-fluoropiperidyl, 4,4-difluoropiperidyl, 4-aminopiperidyl, 4- hydroxypiperidyl, 4-oxopiperidinyl, 4-methoxypiperidyl, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidyl, 2- (piperid-4-yl)-ethoxyethanol, 3-hydroxy-azetidinyl, 2-oxo-piperazin-4-yl and l-methyl-2- oxo-piperazin-4-yl.
  • at least one of R 3 is selected from 2,6-dimethylpiperaz-4- yl, l-isopropy
  • At least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is -S0 2 NR-alkyl wherein R is hydrogen. In some embodiments, at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is -S0 2 NR-alkyl wherein R is alkyl. In some embodiments, R 4 is -S0 2 NR-alkyl wherein R is alkyl and R 3 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is -S0 2 N(lower alkyl) 2 and R 3 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are hydrogen, wherein the lower alkyl substituents may be the same or different, e.g., R 4 may be -S0 2 N(Et) 2 or -S0 2 N(Et)(Me).
  • At least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is -S0 2 NR 2 , wherein the two R groups are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring.
  • R 3 is -S0 2 NR 2 , wherein the two R groups are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring.
  • R 3 is -S0 2 NR 2 , wherein the two R groups are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring, and R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are H.
  • R 3 is -SO 2 NR 2 , wherein the two R groups are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring, R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are H, and R 1 and R 2 are H. In some embodiments, at least one of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is -S0 2 NR 2 , wherein the two R groups are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring, such as a morpholino ring.
  • Representative compounds of the formula (la) include, but are not limited to, the compounds listed in Table 6. Table 6. Representative Compounds of Formula (la):
  • the HNO donor is a compound of the formula (Ila):
  • R 1 is H
  • R 2 is H, aralkyl or heterocyclyl
  • m and n are independently an integer from 0 to 1
  • x is an integer from 0 to 4
  • y is an integer from 0 to 3, provided that at least one of x and y is greater than 0
  • A is a cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing ring moieties Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 and Q 4 , which are taken together with the carbons at positions a and a' to form ring A;
  • B is a cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aromatic or heteroaromatic ring containing ring moieties Q 5 , Q 6 , Q 7 and Q 8 , which are taken together with the carbons at positions a and a' to form ring B;
  • Q 1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , Q 4 , Q 5 , Q 6 , Q 7 and Q 8 are independently selected from C, CH 2 , CH, N, NR 10 , O and S; each R 8 and R 9 is independently selected from halo, alkylsulfonyl, N- hydroxylsulfonamidyl, perhaloalkyl, nitro, aryl, cyano, alkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, substituted aryloxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted
  • heterocycloalkyl dialkylamino, NH 2 , OH, C(0)OH, C(0)Oalkyl, NHC(0)alkylC(0)OH, C(0)NH 2 , NHC(0)alkylC(0)alkyl, NHC(0)alkenylC(0)OH, NHC(0)NH 2 ,
  • OalkylC(0)Oalkyl, NHC(0)alkyl, C( N-OH)NH 2 , cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl, arylsulfinyl, carbonylamino and sulfonylamino, provided that at least one R 8 is carbonylamino or sulfonylamino;
  • R 10 is H, alkyl, acyl, or sulfonyl.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of (Ila), wherein: each R 8 and R 9 is independently selected from CI, F, I, Br, S0 2 CH 3 , S0 2 NHOH, CF 3 , CH 3 , N0 2 , phenyl, CN, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , t-Bu, 0-i?r, 4-nitrophenyloxy (OPh4-N0 2 ), propane-2-thiyl (SCH(CH 3 ) 2 ), propane-2-sulfinyl (S(0)CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), morpholino, N- methyl-piperazino, dimethylamino, piperidino, cyclohexyloxy, cyclopentylsulfanyl, phenylsulfanyl, phenylsulfinyl, carbonylamino and sulfonylamino, provided that at least one R 8 is carbonylamino or sulfonyla
  • R 10 is H, alkyl, acyl or sulfonyl, provided that when rings A and B form naphthalene, x is an integer from 1 to 3 or y is an integer from 2 to 4.
  • R 1 is H and R 2 is H, benzyl or tetrahydropyran-2-yl.
  • a and B form a benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoimidazole, N- alkylbenzoimidazole (such as N-methylbenzoimidazole), N-acylbenzoimidazole (such as N-C(0)CH3benzoimidazole), benzothiazole or benzooxazole.
  • a and B are other than napthyl or quinoline.
  • a and B are napthyl or quinoline.
  • a and B form benzofuran.
  • a and B form a benzofuran. In some embodiments, A and B form benzothiophene. In some embodiments, A and B form benzothiophene, y is 0 and x is 1. In some embodiments, A and B form naphthyl, x is 0 and y is 1. In some embodiments, ring A is phenyl and ring B is heteroaryl, such as when rings A and B form quinoline and ring B is the nitrogen containing ring.
  • the invention also embraces compounds according to any of the embodiments of formula (Ila) wherein y is 0, x is 1 and R 9 is halo, alkyl or perhaloalkyl. The invention also embraces compounds according to any of the embodiments of formula (Ila) wherein x is 2 and y is 0.
  • At least one of R 8 and R 9 is -CONH-alkyl. In some embodiments, at least one of R 8 and R 9 is -CONR-alkyl wherein R is alkyl. In some embodiments, at least one of R 8 and R 9 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is independently alkyl. In some embodiments, y is 0, x is 1 and R 9 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is independently alkyl. In some embodiments, y is 0, x is 1 and R 9 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is independently lower alkyl, wherein each lower alkyl can be the same (e.g., -CON(Me) 2 ) or different.
  • At least one of R 8 and R 9 is -CONR 2 wherein each R taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a heterocylic or substituted heterocyclic ring. In some embodiments, at least one of R 8 and R 9 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is independently alkyl. In some embodiments, at least one of R 8 and R 9 is - NR S0 2 NR-alkyl wherein R and R are independently hydrogen or alkyl. In some embodiments, at least one of R 8 and R 9 is -SO 2 NH 2. In some embodiments, at least one of R 8 and R 9 is -S0 2 NH 2.
  • At least one of R 8 and R 9 is -S0 2 NR-alkyl, wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl. In some embodiments, at least one of R 8 and R 9 is -SO 2 NR 2 , wherein the two R groups are taken together and with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic. In some embodiments, y is 0, x is 1 and R 9 1S-SO 2 NR 2 , wherein the two R groups are taken together and with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic ring.
  • y is 0, x is 1 and R 9 1S-SO 2 NR 2 , wherein the two R groups are taken together and with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a morpholino group.
  • Representative compounds of the formula (Ila) include, but are not limited to, the compounds listed in Table 7.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (Ilia)
  • R 2 is H, aralkyl or heterocyclyl; n is an integer from 0 to 1 ; b is an integer froml to 4;
  • C is a heteroaromatic ring containing ring moieties Q 9 , Q 10 , Q 11 , Q 12 , Q 13 and Q 14 that are independently selected from C, CH 2 , CH, N, NR 10 , O and S, provided that at least one of Q 9 , Q 10 , Q 11 , Q 12 , Q 13 and Q 14 is N, NR 10 , O or S; each R 8 is independently selected from halo, alkylsulfonyl, N- hydroxylsulfonamidyl, perhaloalkyl, nitro, aryl, cyano, alkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, alkyl, substituted aryloxy, alkylsulfanyl, alkylsulfinyl, heterocycloalkyl, substituted
  • heterocycloalkyl dialkylamino, NH 2 , OH, C(0)OH, C(0)Oalkyl, NHC(0)alkylC(0)OH, C(0)NH 2 , NHC(0)alkylC(0)alkyl, NHC(0)alkenylC(0)OH, NHC(0)NH 2 ,
  • OalkylC(0)Oalkyl, NHC(0)alkyl, C( N-OH)NH 2 , cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylsulfanyl, arylsulfanyl, arylsulfinyl, carbonylamino and sulfonylamino, provided that at least one R 8 is carbonylamino or sulfonylamino;
  • R 10 is H, alkyl, acyl or sulfonyl.
  • the HNO donor is a compound of formula (Ilia) and each R 8 is independently selected from CI, F, I, Br, S0 2 CH 3 , S0 2 NHOH, CF 3 , CH 3 , N0 2 , phenyl, CN, OCH 3 , OCF 3 , t- u, 0-fl > r, 4-nitrophenyloxy (OPh4-N0 2 ), propane-2-thiyl (SCH(CH 3 ) 2 ), propane-2-sulfinyl (S(0)CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), morpholino, N-methyl-piperazino, dimethylamino, piperidino, cyclohexyloxy, cyclopentylsulfanyl, phenylsulfanyl, phenylsulfinyl, carbonylamino and sulfonylamino, provided that at least one R 8 is carbonylamino or sulfonyla
  • the UNO donor is a compound of the formula (Ilia) and each R 8 is independently selected from F, Br, CI, CF 3 , phenyl, methyl, S0 2 NHOH, morpholino, piperidino, 4-methyl-piperazino, carbonylamino and sulfonylamino, provided that at least one R 8 is carbonylamino or sulfonylamino.
  • R 1 is H and R 2 is H, benzyl or tetrahydropyran-2-yl.
  • n is 0 and C is a thiophene, isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, imidazole, furan, thiazole, triazole, N-methylimidazole or thiadiazole.
  • C is other than thienyl.
  • n is 0 and C is a thiophene, isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, imidazole, furan, thiazole, triazole, N-methylimidazole or thiadiazole.
  • n is 1 and C is pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridine. In some embodiments, n is 1, C is pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridine, and b is 1. In some embodiments, n is 1, C is pyrimidine, pyrazine or pyridine, b is 1, and at least one R 8 is chloro, morpholino, piperidino or N-methylpiperizino. In some embodiments, C is thiophene and b is 1. In some embodiments, C is thiophene, b is 1 and at least one R 8 is halo. In some embodiments,
  • C is thiophene
  • At least one R 8 is -CONH 2 .
  • C is thiophene substituted with -CONH 2 , and optionally substituted with an additional R 8 , such as amino.
  • at least one R 8 is -CONH-alkyl.
  • R 8 is -CONH-lower alkyl (e.g., isopropyl).
  • at least one R 8 is -CONH-substituted alkyl.
  • aC is thiophene, R 1 and R 2 are both H, and at least one R 8 is -CONH-substituted alkyl.
  • At least one R 8 is -CONR-alkyl wherein R is alkyl. In some embodiments, at least one R 8 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is independently alkyl, such as -CON(Me) 2 . In some embodiments, C is thiophene, b is 2, one of R 8 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is independently alkyl (such as - CON(Me) 2 ) and the other R 8 is -S(0) 2 alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or -S-alkyl. In some embodiments, at least one R 8 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is independently a substituted alkyl, such as -CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 .
  • At least one R 8 is -CONR 2 wherein each R taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a heterocylic or substituted heterocyclic ring.
  • C is thiophene
  • R 1 and R 2 are both H and at least one R 8 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a heterocylic or substituted heterocyclic ring, such as morpholino.
  • C is thiophene
  • R 1 and R 2 are both H
  • b is 1 or 2
  • at least one R 8 is - CONR 2 wherein each R is taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a heterocylic ring selected from piperidinyl and morpholinyl, and when b is 2, the R 8 that is other than -CONR 2 is selected from halo, nitro and -OR 11 , such as -Oalkyl (e.g., methoxy).
  • C is thiophene
  • R 1 and R 2 are both H
  • b is 1 or 2
  • at least one R 8 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a heterocyclic ring substituted with 1 or 2 moieties selected from lower alkyl, carboxylester, acyl, halo, amino, hydroxyl, substituted lower alkyl, oxo and alkoxy.
  • R 8 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is taken together with the nitrogen to which it is attached to form a substituted heterocyclic ring selected from 1 -methyl- piperaz-4-yl, 4-fluoropiperidyl and 4-hydroxypiperidyl.
  • C when C is thiophene substituted with R 8 and R is -CONR 2 , C may also be substituted with a moiety selected from halo, amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy, nitro and cyano.
  • at least one R 8 is -CONR 2 wherein each R is independently alkyl.
  • at least one R 8 is - NR S0 2 NR-alkyl wherein R and R are independently hydrogen or alkyl.
  • at least one R 8 is -SO 2 NH 2 .
  • at least one R 8 is -SO 2 NH 2 .
  • At least one R 8 is -SC ⁇ NR-alkyl, wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl. In some embodiments, at least one R 8 is -SO 2 NR 2 , wherein the two R groups are taken together and with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached to form a heterocyclic or substituted heterocyclic ring.
  • Representative compounds of formula (Ilia) include, but are not limited to, the compounds listed in Table 8.
  • compositions that are useful in the methods described herein may comprise an effective amount of one or more nitroxyl donors or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • compositions may be formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral administration, for example, drenches (for example, aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets (for example, those targeted for buccal, sublingual and systemic absorption), caplets, boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue, hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules, mouth sprays, troches, lozenges, pellets, syrups, suspensions, elixirs, liquids, emulsions and microemulsions; (2) parenteral administration, for example, by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension; (3) topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment, patch, pad or spray applied to the skin; (4) intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a pessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingually; (6)
  • compositions are formulated for sustained release. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for controlled release.In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for oral administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for intravenous administration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated for administration by inhalation.
  • HNO donor compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or pharmaceutical composition comprising the HNO donor compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be via any accepted mode known to one skilled in the art, for example, orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally, intraoccularly, intrapulmonarily, or via an implanted reservoir.
  • parenterally includes without limitation subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, intrathecally, intraventricularly, intrasternally, intracranially, by intraosseous injection and by infusion techniques.
  • the compound or pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously.
  • the compound or pharmaceutical composition is administered orally.
  • the HNO donor compound or composition may be administered 1, 2, 3 or 4 times daily, by a single dose, multiple discrete doses or continuous infusion.
  • the administration regimen may include pretreatment and/or co-administration with at least one additional therapeutic agent.
  • the compound or composition and at least one additional therapeutic agent may be administered simultaneously, separately, or sequentially.
  • administration regimens include without limitation:
  • each compound, composition, and therapeutic agent in a substantially simultaneous manner (e.g., as in a single unit dosage form) or in multiple, separate unit dosage forms for each compound, composition, and/or therapeutic agent.
  • the "effective amount” or “dose level” will depend on various factors such as the particular administration mode, administration regimen, compound, and composition selected, and the particular disease and patient being treated.
  • the appropriate dose level may vary depending upon the activity, rate of excretion and possible toxicity of the specific compound or composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, gender and diet of the patient being treated; the frequency of administration; the other therapeutic agent(s) being coadministered; and the type and severity of the disease.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be administered at any suitable dose level, including dose levels on the order of about 0.001 to about 10,000 mg/kg/d.
  • the dose level is about 0.01 to about 1,000 mg/kg/d.
  • the dose level is about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg/d.
  • the dose level is about 0.01 to about 10 mg/kg/d.
  • the dose level is about 0.1 to about 1 mg/kg/d.
  • the dose level is less than about 1 g/kg/d.
  • Example 1 In Vivo Animal Studies (Acute Treatment, Intravenous Infusion) This example demonstrates the efficacy of HNO donors to lower pulmonary artery pressure in rats with monocrotaline-induced PH.
  • Rats (200-250 g) are anesthetized via an intra-muscular (i.m.) injection of ketamine/xylazine (80/10 mg/kg). A half dose (40 mg/kg ketamine/5 mg/kg xylazine) is given as supplemental anesthesia as needed. Animals are placed on a heating pad set to maintain body temperature at approximately 37°C. Body temperature is monitored throughout the experiment. Once consciousness is lost, a pressure transducer is inserted into a femoral artery to measure arterial blood pressure. A fluid filled catheter is inserted through the right jugular vein into the pulmonary artery to measure pulmonary artery pressure via a pressure transducer. A cannula is placed into the left jugular vein for dosing.
  • Monocrotaline is administered via a single subcutaneous injection (60 mg/kg) approximately 3 weeks prior to the terminal procedure.
  • a baseline pulmonary artery pressure of >30 mmHg is required to initiate study of the compounds described herein.
  • An HNO donor is administered intravenously in a dose-escalation manner in 20 minute intervals from doses of 10 to 300 ⁇ g/kg/min.
  • Hemodynamic indices including MAP (mean arterial pressure), SAP (systolic arterial pressure), DAP (diastolic arterial pressure), HP (heart rate), MPAP (mean pulmonary arterial pressure), SPAP (systolic pulmonary arterial pressure), DPAP (diastolic pulmonary arterial pressure), are measured. The results are illustrated in FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.
  • HNO donor solutions are infused via jugular vein catheter.
  • rats are euthanized under anesthesia via pentobarbital overdose.
  • Example 2 In Vivo Animal Studies (Acute Treatment, Intravenous Infusion or
  • This example demonstrates the efficacy of HNO donors to lower pulmonary artery pressure in dogs with hypoxia-induced PH.
  • HNO donor is administered intravenously administered during the 30 minute hypoxic condition; no drug is infused during the subsequent normoxia until the next dose is given.
  • HNO donors are given intravenously in the range of 1 to 100 ⁇ g/kg/min and various hemodynamic indices are recorded.
  • HNO donors are administered using an inhalation nebulizer at dose levels of 0.1-1 g/kg in 5-10 time period during each hypoxia period.
  • This example demonstrates the efficacy of HNO donors to retard the progression of disease in rats with monocrotaline-induced PH.
  • Rats (200-250g) are surgically implanted with a pressure transducer equipped telemetry transmitter.
  • the transmitter assembly is secured internally; the fluid-filled catheter is placed into the jugular vein with the tip of the pressure transducer positioned in the right ventricle for collection of right ventricular pressure (RVP) data.
  • RVP right ventricular pressure
  • all animals with the exception of the sham group, are implanted with femoral vein cannulas for the purposes of dosing.
  • Monocrotaline is administered to vehicle-control animals by subcutaneous injection.
  • the vehicle -control animals are administered saline or a low or high dose of an HNO donor by continuous intravenous infusion for two weeks.
  • the test and vehicle control article are administered by external pump. Weekly clinical observations are performed on animals.
  • RVP data is collected with animals allowed free movement in the home cage. The animals are monitored for at least 24 hours prior to MCT administration. RVP is also monitored at 24 hours following the end of the two week infusion, and occurs for at least 24 hours. All animals are necropsied at the end of the study. Weights of lungs and pulmonary artery, heart and each individual chamber are evaluated. The weights of the heart, LV, RV, and ratio to body weight are reported. The small pulmonary arteries from each animal are evaluated for medial thickness, neointima, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
  • This example demonstrates the efficacy of HNO donors to retard the progression of disease in rats with monocrotaline-induced PH.
  • Example 3 The general methods for this experiment is similar to that of Example 3 above.
  • One difference is that the route of administration is oral, with a dosing regimen of once to four times daily at dose levels of 0.1-1 g/kg.
  • This example demonstrates the efficacy of HNO donors to reverse the progression of disease in rats with monocrotaline-induced PH.
  • rats (200-250g) rats are surgically implanted with a pressure transducer equipped telemetry transmitter.
  • the transmitter assembly is secured internally; the fluid-filled catheter is placed into the jugular vein with the tip of the pressure transducer positioned in the right ventricle for collection of right ventricular pressure (RVP) data.
  • RVP right ventricular pressure
  • all animals with exception of sham group, are implanted with femoral vein cannulas for the purposes of dosing.
  • the vehicle and control article Monocrotaline (MCT) are administered by subcutaneous injection. Three weeks following the MCT injection, animals are administered saline or a low or high dose of an HNO donor by continuous intravenous infusion for three weeks. The HNO donor and vehicle control article are administered by external pump. Weekly clinical observations are performed on the animals.
  • MCT Monocrotaline
  • RVP data is collected with animals allowed free movement in the home cage. The animals are monitored for at least 24 hours prior to MCT administration. RVP is also monitored for at least 24 hours following the end of the two week infusion. All animals are necropsied at the end of the study. Weights of lungs and pulmonary artery, heart and each individual chamber are evaluated. The weights of the heart, LV, RV, and ratio to body weight are reported. The small pulmonary arteries from each animal are evaluated for medial thickness, neointima, and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
  • This example demonstrates the efficacy of HNO donors to reverse the progression of disease in rats with monocrotaline-induced PH.
  • Example 5 The general methodology is similar to that of Example 5, with the exception that the route of administration is oral, with a dosing regimen of one to four times daily at dose levels of 0.1-1 g/kg.
  • This example demonstrates the efficacy of HNO donors to retard progression of disease in rats with monocrotaline-induced PH.
  • the general methodology is similar to that of Example 3 above, with the exception that the route of administration is via inhalation, with a dosing regimen of one to four times daily at dose levels of 0.1-1 g/kg.
  • This example demonstrates the efficacy of HNO donors to reverse the progression of disease in rats with monocrotaline-induced PH.
  • Example 9 In Vivo Animal Studies (Acute Treatment, Intravenous Infusion and Inhaled Administration)
  • This example demonstrates the efficacy of HNO donors to lower pulmonary artery pressure in dogs with thromboxane-induced PH.
  • Experimental PH is induced by continuous infusion of a thromboxane A2 receptor agonist analog (for example U46619, Tocris Bioscience).
  • the thromboxane A2 receptor agonist analog infusion rate (0.1-1 mg/kg/min) is adjusted to maintain a systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) at 40 mmHg in anesthetized and mechanically ventilated dogs.
  • PAP systolic pulmonary artery pressure
  • the left femoral vein and artery are cannulated for dose administration and arterial blood pressure recording.
  • the right jugular vein is cannulated with a pulmonary artery pressure catheter (Swan Ganz catheter), to measure both pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and pulmonary wedge pressure (PWP).
  • PAP pulmonary arterial pressure
  • PWP pulmonary wedge pressure
  • This catheter is also used for measurement of cardiac output via thermodilution techniques following rapid injection of cold 5 mL saline. Electrocardiograms are monitored throughout the experiment. Once a stable steady-state in hemodynamic is achieved, various doses of HNO donors are given intravenously at dose rates in the range of 1 to 100 ⁇ g/kg/min and various hemodynamic indices are recorded. Alternatively, in this experiment HNO donors are administered using an inhalation nebulizer at dose levels of 0.1-1 g/kg in 5-10 minute time period.
  • Example 10 In Vivo Human Studies (Acute Treatment, Intravenous Infusion and
  • This example demonstrates the efficacy of HNO donors to lower pulmonary artery pressure in human subjects with various causes of pulmonary hypertension.
  • Patients (either gender) with various causes of pulmonary hypertension are selected for this study.
  • Baseline hemodynamic characteristics of the patients are assessed by collected various hemodynamic indices utilizing right heart catheterization (e.g. right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, cardiac index), and blood gas profiling. Cardiac rhythm is monitored using continuous electrocardiography, and arterial pressure is monitored using a pressure cuff. Patients are tested for reversibility of pulmonary hypertension using nitric oxide (NO) by inhalation. Hemodynamic indices are then reassessed.
  • NO nitric oxide
  • HNO donors are given intravenously at dose rates in the range of 1 to 100 ⁇ g/kg/min (either continuous dose or in a dose-escalation fashion) and various hemodynamic indices are recorded.
  • HNO donors are administered using an inhalation nebulizer at dose levels of 0.1-1 g/kg in 5-10 minute time period. Hemodynamic indices are assessed at various time points during the infusion period. A few patients receive placebo instead of HNO donor in a double- blind randomized fashion. From the data collected during various periods of the trial, the pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances are calculated. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific embodiments of the invention may be directed to one, some or all of the above- and below-indicated embodiments in any combination.

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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WO2014113700A1 (en) * 2013-01-18 2014-07-24 Cardioxyl Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising nitroxyl donors
US9018411B2 (en) 2009-12-07 2015-04-28 Cardioxyl Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bis-acylated hydroxylamine derivatives
US9181213B2 (en) 2011-10-17 2015-11-10 The Johns Hopkins University Meldrum's acid, barbituric acid and pyrazolone derivatives substituted with hydroxylamine as HNO donors
US20160115158A1 (en) * 2013-05-14 2016-04-28 Active Biotech Ab N-(heteroaryl)-sulfonamide derivatives useful as s100-inhibitors
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