WO2011059087A1 - 燃料電池及び燃料電池を備えた車両 - Google Patents
燃料電池及び燃料電池を備えた車両 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011059087A1 WO2011059087A1 PCT/JP2010/070300 JP2010070300W WO2011059087A1 WO 2011059087 A1 WO2011059087 A1 WO 2011059087A1 JP 2010070300 W JP2010070300 W JP 2010070300W WO 2011059087 A1 WO2011059087 A1 WO 2011059087A1
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- fuel cell
- electrode assembly
- membrane electrode
- flow path
- gas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
- H01M8/026—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant characterised by grooves, e.g. their pitch or depth
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/242—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes comprising framed electrodes or intermediary frame-like gaskets
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2483—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by internal manifolds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell and a vehicle equipped with the fuel cell. More particularly, the present invention relates to a fuel cell for miniaturization while maintaining the flooding resistance of the fuel cell, and a vehicle including the fuel cell.
- a fuel cell is a type of power generation device that extracts electrical energy by electrochemically oxidizing a fuel such as hydrogen or methanol, and has recently attracted attention as a clean energy supply source.
- Fuel cells are classified into phosphoric acid type, molten carbonate type, solid oxide type, solid polymer electrolyte type, and the like depending on the type of electrolyte used.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in which electrodes are arranged on both surfaces of an electrolyte membrane. Then, electricity is generated by supplying hydrogen (fuel gas) to one side of the membrane electrode assembly and oxygen (oxidizing gas) to the other side. Since such a PEFC can obtain a volume output density equivalent to that of an internal combustion engine, research on practical use as a power source for an electric vehicle or the like is underway (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- a packaging method of the membrane electrode assembly various types such as a stack type, a pleat type, and a hollow fiber type have been proposed.
- a stack type fuel cell configured by stacking sheet-like membrane electrode assemblies while being separated by a sheet-like separator is widely used.
- a catalyst layer and an electrolyte membrane having a thickness of about 0.1 mm have a power generation function.
- a typical fuel cell has a gas flow path having a height of 0.5 to 2 mm and a thickness of A gas diffusion layer of 0.2 to 0.5 mm is provided. That is, the thickness (cell pitch) of a typical fuel cell single cell is 1 to 5 mm.
- the standard output of the single fuel cell is 0.5 to 1.5 W / cm 2 . Therefore, in a typical automotive fuel cell stack, the volumetric power density in the active area contributing to power generation is 1 to 3 kW / L, and the volumetric power density including manifolds is 0.5 to 1.5 kW / L. is there.
- the long side of the portion that contacts the electrode layer (anode electrode layer, cathode electrode layer) of the separator is set to be not less than 2 times and not more than 6 times the short side. It is disclosed that the width, depth, and the like of the road are in a predetermined range. However, in the case where the long side and the short side of the separator are in this ratio, if the depth of the flow path is reduced to reduce the thickness of the single fuel cell, the pressure loss becomes excessive.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell that can be downsized while maintaining flooding resistance, and a vehicle including the same.
- a fuel cell includes a laminate of a membrane electrode assembly having anode and cathode electrode layers on both surfaces of an electrolyte membrane, and a separator.
- the membrane electrode assembly and the separator have a substantially rectangular shape, the separator includes a smooth or flow path, and the electrode layer includes a gas diffusion layer and a catalyst layer.
- the aspect ratio R which is the ratio of the channel length to the channel width on the cathode side or the anode side of the membrane electrode assembly (channel length / channel width), is 0.01 or more and less than 2.
- the horizontal equivalent diameter D (mm) of the gas diffusion layer or flow path satisfies the formula (1).
- D B ⁇ (R ⁇ Acat) 1/3 Formula (1) (In the formula (1), Acat is a catalyst area (cm 2 ) of the membrane electrode assembly, and B is a constant of 0.005 or more and 0.2 or less.)
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the fuel cell of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 shows a fuel cell single cell constituting the fuel cell of this embodiment, (A) is a plan view of a separator, (B) is a plan view of a membrane electrode assembly, and (C) is a membrane electrode assembly. It is the figure which has arrange
- FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the membrane electrode assembly in the fuel cell of the present embodiment.
- 4A is a plan view showing the membrane electrode assembly when the sealing material is removed, and FIG. 4B is a plan view showing the membrane electrode assembly when the sealing material is attached.
- (C) is a principal part enlarged plan view which shows the wide part formed between the manifold and the catalyst layer.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the fuel cell of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 shows a fuel cell single cell constituting the fuel cell of this embodiment, (A) is a plan view of a separator, (B) is a plan view
- FIG. 5 is a plan view showing a membrane electrode assembly in which the widened portion and the gas diffusion layer are divided in parallel with the channel direction of the membrane electrode assembly.
- 6A and 6B show a separator, in which FIG. 6A is a perspective view of a separator having a gas flow path formed on the surface thereof, and FIG. 6B is an enlarged perspective view of the gas flow path.
- 7A is a diagram showing a separator with a high aspect ratio
- FIG. 7B is a diagram showing a separator with a low aspect ratio
- FIG. 7C is a diagram showing a separator with a low aspect ratio and a low flow path height.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle on which the fuel cell according to the present embodiment is mounted.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle on which the fuel cell according to the present embodiment is mounted.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the results of evaluating the IV characteristics of Example 2 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing the results of evaluating the SR characteristics of Example 2 and Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating the relationship between voltage, output, and resistance with respect to current density in Example 3 and Comparative Example 1.
- the fuel cell 1 of the present embodiment includes a plurality of fuel cell single cells 4 in which a pair of sheet-like separators 2 and sheet-like membrane electrode assemblies 3 are laminated. It is a stack type fuel cell (solid polymer fuel cell) comprising a laminated body.
- the number of stacked fuel cell single cells 4 is not particularly limited. That is, even a single fuel cell unit cell 4 or a fuel cell stack in which a plurality of fuel cell unit cells 4 are stacked are included in the fuel cell according to the present invention.
- the membrane electrode assembly 3 includes a gas diffusion layer (anode side gas diffusion layer) 5a, a catalyst layer (anode catalyst layer) 6a, an electrolyte membrane 7, a catalyst layer (cathode) in order from the back to the front.
- the joined body is composed of five layers, ie, a catalyst layer 6b and a gas diffusion layer (cathode side gas diffusion layer) 5b, and has a substantially rectangular shape in plan view.
- the membrane electrode assembly 3 is combined with the substantially rectangular separator 2 and generates electricity by supplying oxygen (oxidizing gas) and hydrogen (fuel gas).
- the catalyst layer 6a, the electrolyte membrane 7 and the catalyst layer 6b are divided into three layers, CCM (catalyst coated membrane), two layers of the catalyst layer 6 and the gas diffusion layer (GDL) 5, and gas diffusion electrodes ( GDE). Further, the gas diffusion electrode may be simply referred to as an electrode.
- the membrane electrode assembly 3 and the separator 2 do not have to be completely rectangular, and may be substantially rectangular as long as a channel length W1 and a channel width (W2) described later can be specified. That is, they may be chamfered at the corners of the rectangle or may be elliptical.
- the gas diffusion layers (GDL) 5a and 5b supply the fuel gas and the oxidizing gas supplied to the fuel cell to the catalyst layers 6a and 6b, and exchange electrons between the catalyst layers 6a and 6b and the separator 2. It has a function.
- the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b may further include other members (layers) on the surface layer, the inside, or both, as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired.
- a carbon particle layer containing carbon particles may be provided on the surface of the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b on the catalyst layers 6a and 6b side.
- the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b are preferably a porous body made of a conductive material, and more preferably a fiber material including paper, nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, knitted fabric, or net.
- a conductive material include a carbon material and a metal material.
- the half-value r of the average interfiber distance on the surface is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. Further, the half-value r of the average interfiber distance is more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 15 ⁇ m or less, particularly preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the half value r of the average interfiber distance defined here means a distance that is half of the average interfiber distance. That is, when the gas diffusion layer is made of a plain woven fiber material composed of vertical lines and horizontal lines, it indicates half of the distance between two adjacent vertical lines or horizontal lines.
- the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b and the catalyst layers 6a and 6b are separate layers. However, the gas diffusion layer and the catalyst layer may be integrated into a single layer.
- a catalyst layer of a fuel cell has a substantially rectangular shape, and has a structure in which fuel gas, oxidizing gas, a cooling medium, and the like are introduced from one of two opposing sides and discharged from the other side.
- the distance between the two opposite sides is defined as the flow path length
- the distance (width) in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the fuel gas, the oxidizing gas, the cooling medium and the like flow is defined as the flow path width.
- each direction may be called a flow-path direction and a width direction.
- the distance in the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows (the direction indicated by the arrow M1) is defined as the flow path length W1, the oxidizing gas.
- the distance in the direction perpendicular to the direction of flow (the direction indicated by the arrow M2) is defined as a flow path width W2.
- the aspect ratio R of the membrane electrode assembly 3 is the ratio of the channel length (W1) to the channel width (W2) of the catalyst layers 6a and 6b provided in the active area where power generation occurs (channel length / Channel width).
- the membrane electrode assembly 3 since the membrane electrode assembly 3 is a concept including the catalyst layers 6a and 6b, it will be expressed as an aspect ratio R of the membrane electrode assembly 3 hereinafter for convenience.
- the distance in the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows is the flow path length W1
- the distance in the direction perpendicular to the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows is the flow path width W2
- the aspect ratio R of the membrane electrode assembly 3 flow It was defined as path length (W1) / flow path width (W2).
- the distance between the flow direction of the fuel gas on the anode side or the flow direction of the cooling medium in the cooling layer is defined as the flow path length W1
- the distance in the direction perpendicular to the flow direction of the fuel gas is defined as the flow path width W2.
- the aspect ratio R of the membrane electrode assembly 3 is 0.01 or more and less than 2.
- the lower limit of the aspect ratio R is preferably 0.05 or more, more preferably 0.1 or more, and still more preferably 0.2 or more.
- the upper limit of the aspect ratio is preferably less than 1.5, more preferably less than 1.2, still more preferably less than 1.0, still more preferably less than 0.6, particularly preferably less than 0.4, 0 .3 is most preferred.
- the aspect ratio R is less than 0.01, the outer shape of the fuel cell becomes too thin, which may cause trouble when considering in-vehicle use.
- the aspect ratio R is 2 or more, the horizontal equivalent diameter, which will be described later, increases, so that the required flow path volume per unit area of the membrane electrode assembly becomes excessive. For this reason, it is difficult to achieve miniaturization of the fuel cell which is the object of the present invention.
- the shape of the separator 2 is rectangular so as to match the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- Shape For example, as shown in FIG. 7A, when the separator 2A has a high aspect ratio (R is 2 or more), the flow path length is also increased, so that the pressure loss increases.
- FIG. 7B when the separator 2B has a low aspect ratio (R is 0.01 or more and less than 2), the flow path length is shortened, so that the pressure loss with respect to the separator 2A is reduced. Decrease.
- the pressure loss can be reduced by reducing the aspect ratio R as in the separator 2B. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 7C, even when the aspect ratio R is reduced and the height of the flow path is reduced, the pressure loss equivalent to that of the separator 2A of FIG. 7A can be maintained. At the same time, the height of the separator itself can be reduced.
- the cross-sectional area of the flow path of the separator 2C of FIG. 7C is smaller than that of the flow path of the separator 2B of FIG. 7B, the flow rate of the reaction gas is higher in the flow path of the separator 2C. Become.
- the configuration such as the separator 2C is preferably applied to the cathode side where the generated water tends to stay, but it contributes to miniaturization of the fuel cell even when applied to the anode side or the cooling medium. be able to.
- the direction in which the fuel gas flows is parallel to the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows.
- the direction in which the fuel gas flows can be perpendicular to the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows (cross flow).
- the direction in which the fuel gas flows and the direction in which the oxidizing gas flows can be either the same direction (coflow) or the reverse direction (counterflow), but the counterflow is preferred.
- the flow direction of the cooling medium is preferably parallel to the flow direction of the oxidizing gas, but can be vertical (cross flow).
- the flow direction of the cooling medium and the flow direction of the oxidizing gas can be either the same direction (coflow) or the reverse direction (counterflow), but coflow is preferable.
- two or more sets of oxidizing gas, fuel gas, and cooling are provided on the outer periphery of two opposite sides of the membrane electrode assembly or outside as a means for supplying fuel gas, oxidizing gas, and cooling medium necessary for the fuel cell.
- a media manifold may be provided.
- FIG. 4 an example in which a plurality of sets each including a fuel gas manifold 9, a cooling water manifold 10, and an oxidizing gas manifold 11 are formed on the outer peripheral portions of two opposite sides (long sides) of the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- the fuel gas manifold 9 and the oxidizing gas manifold 11 are provided with a cooling water manifold 10 interposed therebetween.
- the fuel gas manifold 9, the cooling water manifold 10 and the oxidizing gas manifold 11 are arranged in this order from the left side to the right side in the drawing, and a plurality of these three types of manifolds are repeatedly arranged.
- the fuel gas manifolds 9 and the oxidizing gas manifolds 11 are alternately arranged on the outer periphery of the membrane electrode assembly 3 with the cooling water manifold 10 interposed therebetween.
- a plurality of fuel gas manifolds 9, a cooling water manifold 10, and an oxidizing gas manifold 11 are provided on the outer peripheral portions of two opposite sides (long sides) of the electrolyte membrane 7 constituting the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- the manifold is not necessarily provided on the electrolyte membrane.
- a resin carrier sheet provided with the manifold is disposed along the outer edge of the electrolyte membrane having the same planar shape as the catalyst layer. Then, the outer edge of the electrolyte membrane and the inner edge of the carrier sheet are tightly adhered. Thereby, the same function as the membrane electrode assembly 3 of FIG. 3 can be expressed.
- seal materials 12 are provided on the outer peripheral edges of the surfaces on the cathode side and the anode side of the membrane electrode assembly 3, respectively. Yes. Specifically, a sealing material 12 is provided on the outer peripheral edge of the surface on the cathode side of the electrolyte membrane 7 so as to surround the entire outer periphery and to surround the fuel gas manifold 9 and the cooling water manifold 10. However, the sealing material 12 is not provided around the oxidizing gas manifold 11.
- a sealing material 12 is provided so as to surround the entire outer periphery and to surround the oxidizing gas manifold 11 and the cooling water manifold 10. ing. However, the sealing material 12 is not provided around the fuel gas manifold 9.
- the sealing material 12 has a switching function for selecting which fluid (fuel gas, oxidizing gas, cooling medium) is allowed to flow through the active area of the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- fluid fuel gas, oxidizing gas, cooling medium
- FIG. 4B it can be seen that the cathode 12 of the membrane electrode assembly 3 is shown because the sealing material 12 is open on the front surface of the oxidizing gas manifold 11.
- the sum AOx of the cross-sectional area of the oxidizing gas manifold 11 is preferably 1% or more and 50% or less of the catalyst area Acat of the cathode catalyst layer 6b. That is, in the membrane electrode assembly 3 shown in FIG. 4A, the total flow area AOx of the plurality of oxidizing gas manifolds 11 is 1% to 50% of the catalyst area Acat of the cathode catalyst layer 6b. preferable. Further, the sum AOx of the sectional area of the oxidizing gas manifold 11 is more preferably 10% or more and 40% or less, and further preferably 20% or more and 30% or less of the catalyst area Acat.
- AOx When AOx is less than 1%, the oxidant gas distribution property in the width direction M2 of the membrane electrode assembly 3 is lowered, and the ventilation pressure loss in the manifold may be increased. Conversely, when AOx exceeds 50%, the volume of the fuel cell increases, which is not preferable.
- the sum ARe of the cross-sectional area of the fuel gas manifold 9 is 1% or more and 30% or less of the catalyst area Acat of the anode catalyst layer 6a.
- the sum ARe of the cross-sectional area of the fuel gas manifold 9 is more preferably 5% or more and 20% or less, and further preferably 10% or more and 15% or less of the catalyst area Acat of the anode catalyst layer 6a.
- ARe is less than 1%, the oxidant gas distribution property in the width direction M2 of the membrane electrode assembly 3 may decrease, and the ventilation pressure loss in the manifold may increase.
- ARe exceeds 30% the volume of the fuel cell increases, which is not preferable.
- the number of the oxidizing gas manifolds 11 is divided into a plurality of active areas (regions where the catalyst layers 6a and 6b exist).
- the manifold division number NOx of the oxidizing gas is preferably 2 or more and 100 or less, and more preferably 5 or more and 20 or less.
- the oxidizing gas manifold 11 is divided into four on one of the long sides of the membrane electrode assembly 3. That is, in this embodiment, it is preferable that the oxidizing gas manifold 11 is divided into NOx pieces on one side of the membrane electrode assembly 3 on the flow path width (W2) side.
- NOx When the NOx is less than 2, it may be difficult to easily and uniformly introduce the reaction gas and the cooling water into the membrane electrode assembly 3. Further, when NOx exceeds 100, there is little trouble when the fuel cell is very large, but the area of the sealing material required for each manifold increases. Therefore, it may be difficult to achieve the downsizing that is the purpose of this application.
- the number of fuel gas manifolds 9 is preferably divided into a plurality of parts for one active area.
- the fuel gas manifold division number NRe is preferably 2 or more and 100 or less, and more preferably 5 or more and 20 or less.
- the fuel gas manifold 9 is divided into four on one of the long sides of the membrane electrode assembly 3. That is, in the present embodiment, it is preferable that the fuel gas manifold 9 is divided into NRe pieces on one side of the membrane electrode assembly 3 on the channel width (W2) side.
- W2 channel width
- NRe is less than 2
- NRe exceeds 100, there is little trouble when the fuel cell is very large, but the area of the sealing material required for each manifold increases. Therefore, it may be difficult to achieve the downsizing that is the purpose of this application.
- the widened portion 8 in the oxidizing gas is specifically provided on the sealing material 12 and the catalyst layers 6a and 6b (actually, on the catalyst layers 6a and 6b surrounding the periphery of the fuel gas manifold 9 and the cooling water manifold 10). It corresponds to a portion between the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b).
- the oxidizing gas flowing out from the oxidizing gas manifold 11 diffuses in the width direction M2 of the membrane electrode assembly 3 through the widened portion 8. Thereafter, the diffused oxidizing gas is supplied to the gas diffusion layer 5b and the catalyst layer 6b. Therefore, it is possible to efficiently generate power in the entire MEA active area.
- the length L of the widened portion 8 is 1% or more and 30% or less of the flow path length L ′ in the gas flow direction M1 of the catalyst layers 6a and 6b (including the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b).
- the length L of the widened portion 8 is more preferably 5% or more and 20% or less, and further preferably 10% or more and 15% or less.
- the length L of the widened portion 8 is less than 1% of the flow path length L ′, the pressure loss for supplying the oxidizing gas or the fuel gas to the front surfaces of the adjacent manifolds 9 and 11 is not preferable. Further, when the length L of the widened portion 8 exceeds 30% of the flow path length L ′, it is difficult to reduce the size of the fuel cell, which is not preferable.
- the separator 2 has a function of collecting the electrons taken out from the catalyst layer 6a on the anode side to the gas diffusion layer 5a and sending them out to an external load circuit. Further, the separator 2 has a function of distributing electrons returned from the external load circuit to the cathode-side gas diffusion layer 5b and transmitting the electrons to the cathode-side catalyst layer 6b. Further, when the separator 2 does not have a gas blocking function on the surface of the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b opposite to the catalyst layers 6a and 6b, the separator 2 has a gas blocking function by being in close contact with the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b. Furthermore, the separator 2 has a temperature adjustment function (cooling function) of the fuel cell by forming a cooling layer (cooling medium flow path) as necessary.
- a non-porous body having conductivity inside is preferable.
- a metal foil such as an aluminum foil, a gold foil, a nickel foil, a copper foil, and a stainless steel foil, or a carbon foil composed of a carbon material such as natural graphite is preferable.
- a plurality of manifolds are provided on the outer peripheral portions of two opposing sides of the separator 2, but the manifolds are not necessarily provided in the separator.
- a resin carrier sheet provided with a manifold is disposed along the outer edge of a separator having the same planar shape as the catalyst layers 6a and 6b. Then, the outer edge of the separator and the inner edge of the carrier sheet are hermetically adhered. Thereby, it is possible to develop the same function as the separator of FIG.
- the function of the manifold of the separator 2 is equivalent to the function of the manifold of the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- the separator 2 can be formed with a flow path 13 for flowing an oxidizing gas or a fuel gas on the surface thereof. Moreover, the separator 2 can be formed with a flow path (not shown) for circulating a cooling medium therein as required.
- the cross-sectional shape of the flow path provided in the separator 2 is composed of convex portions called ribs and concave portions called channels. Among these, electrons generated in the catalyst layer are collected by the ribs coming into contact with the gas diffusion layer.
- ribs convex portions
- channels concave portions
- the horizontal shape of the flow path 13 is preferably formed by a straight line connecting two opposing sides of a substantially rectangular catalyst layer at the shortest distance.
- the oxidizing gas when the oxidizing gas is supplied from the oxidizing gas manifold 11 provided on the upper side, the oxidizing gas diffuses in the width direction M2 through the widened portion 8 on the upper side. Then, it flows downward through the flow path 13 that is parallel to the gas flow direction M1. Then, the gas is discharged from the oxidizing gas manifold 11 provided on the lower side through the widened portion 8 on the lower side. Therefore, the oxidizing gas can be efficiently dispersed in the gas diffusion layer 5b and the cathode catalyst layer 6b.
- the flow path 13 can be a straight line or a curved line having a length equal to or longer than the shortest distance as long as the object of the present invention is not impaired.
- the entire surface of the catalyst layer can be covered.
- a conventionally known means such as press working or cutting can be used.
- the flow path 13 through which the reaction gas flows can be formed by the ribs and channels provided on the surface of the separator 2 as described above.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and when the equivalent diameter in the flow path direction in the porous structure constituting the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b has a specific equivalent diameter as described later, the same function as the flow path 13 is provided. Is possible. In this case, since it is not necessary to form the flow path 13 composed of the rib and the channel on the surface of the separator 2, the separator can be made smooth. Moreover, you may make it provide the said flow path in both the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b and the separator 2. FIG.
- the fuel cell has a low aspect structure, and at the same time, the horizontal equivalent diameter of the flow path provided in at least one of the gas diffusion layer and the separator is limited to a specific range, thereby maintaining flood resistance.
- the overall size of the fuel cell stack including the manifold volume can be reduced.
- the horizontal equivalent diameter means that when a fluid (reaction gas, cooling medium) flows in a fixed or irregular flow path and a pressure loss occurs, assuming a circular tube that generates the same pressure loss, The inner diameter of the flow path of the circular pipe.
- the present embodiment is characterized in that the horizontal equivalent diameter D of the flow path 13 formed in at least one of the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b and the separator 2 satisfies the following expression (1).
- D B ⁇ (R ⁇ Acat) 1/3 Formula (1)
- Acat is a catalyst area (cm 2 ) of the membrane electrode assembly
- B is a constant of 0.005 or more and 0.2 or less.
- the equivalent diameter (also referred to as the representative length) is the same as that of a circular pipe that generates the same pressure loss when a fluid flows through an irregular channel and a pressure loss occurs. It corresponds to the inner diameter of the flow path.
- D 4ab / (2a + 2b).
- a is the length of the short side of the channel and b is the length of the long side of the channel.
- the horizontal equivalent diameter D of the gas diffusion layers 5a, 5b or the flow path 13 in this specification is defined as follows. 1) When the flow path 13 is formed in the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b, it is an equivalent diameter in the flow path direction in the porous structure constituting the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b. 2) When the flow path 13 is formed on the separator surface, it is the larger of the equivalent diameter of the flow path 13 and the equivalent diameter in the flow path direction in the porous structure constituting the gas diffusion layer.
- B described in the above formula (1) is a constant of 0.005 or more and 0.2 or less.
- the lower limit of the B value is preferably 0.01, more preferably 0.02 or more, and particularly preferably 0.05 or more.
- the upper limit of B is preferably 0.1 or less, more preferably 0.09 or less, and particularly preferably 0.08 or less. If B is less than 0.005, the pressure loss becomes excessive, which is not preferable. If B is larger than 0.2, the height of the flow path or the gas diffusion layer becomes excessive, which is not preferable.
- De 4ab / (2a + 2b).
- the b / a ratio is preferably 1.2 or more, more preferably 1.3 or more, still more preferably 1.4 or more, and even more preferably 1.5 or more.
- the electrolyte membrane 7 is a kind of selectively permeable membrane having a function of transporting protons and insulating electrons.
- the electrolyte membrane 7 is roughly classified into a fluorine-based electrolyte membrane and a hydrocarbon-based electrolyte membrane depending on the type of ion exchange resin that is a constituent material.
- the fluorine-based electrolyte membrane has excellent heat resistance and chemical stability because it has a C—F bond.
- a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane known under the trade name of Nafion (registered trademark, manufactured by DuPont) can be used as the electrolyte membrane 7, a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane known under the trade name of Nafion (registered trademark, manufactured by DuPont) can be used.
- the catalyst layer (cathode catalyst layer) 6b provided on the cathode side is a layer containing an electrode catalyst and an ionomer on which a catalyst component is supported.
- the electrode catalyst has a function of promoting a reaction (oxygen reduction reaction) that generates water from protons, electrons, and oxygen.
- the electrode catalyst has, for example, a structure in which a catalyst component such as platinum is supported on the surface of a conductive carrier made of carbon or the like.
- the catalyst layer (anode catalyst layer) 6a provided on the anode side is a layer containing an electrode catalyst and an ionomer on which a catalyst component is supported.
- the electrode catalyst has a function of promoting a reaction (hydrogen oxidation reaction) for dissociating hydrogen into protons and electrons.
- the electrode catalyst has, for example, a structure in which a catalyst component such as platinum is supported on the surface of a conductive carrier made of carbon or the like.
- the widened portion 8 may be divided according to the number of divisions of the manifolds 9, 10, 11.
- the widened portion 8 is parallel to the flow channel direction M1 of the membrane electrode assembly 3 by the widened portion dividing portion 14 in which a part of the sealing material 12 is protruded toward the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b. It is divided.
- the number of divisions of the widened portion 8 is preferably matched with the manifold division number NOx. In FIG. 5, the number of divisions of the widened portion is set to 4, including the manifold division number of the oxidizing gas.
- Such division of the widened portion 8 makes it possible to limit the supply of fluid from each manifold to a specific flow path width. As a result, even when the supply of fluid is more than expected, the fluid can be supplied evenly in the width direction M2 of the membrane electrode assembly 3.
- the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b may also be divided according to the number of divisions of the manifolds 9, 10, and 11.
- a gas-impermeable material slit
- the number of divisions of the gas diffusion layers 5a and 5b is preferably matched with the manifold division number NOx. In FIG. 5, the number of divisions of the gas diffusion layer is set to 4 together with the number of manifold divisions of the oxidizing gas.
- the mechanism of the polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) 1 according to this embodiment is as follows. That is, protons and electrons are generated from the hydrogen supplied to the anode catalyst layer 6a. Protons generated at the anode move through the electrolyte membrane 7 and reach the cathode catalyst layer 6b. On the other hand, the electrons generated at the anode are taken out from the fuel cell through a conducting wire (conductor). The electrons consume electric energy in the external load circuit, and then return to the cathode through the conducting wire (conductor) and react with oxygen supplied to the cathode catalyst layer 6b to generate water.
- a conducting wire conductor
- the fuel cell is operated by supplying hydrogen to one electrode (anode) and supplying oxygen or air to the other electrode (cathode).
- the operating temperature is usually 50 ° C. to 100 ° C., in which moisture management is easy.
- FIG. 8 An example of the vehicle carrying the fuel cell of this embodiment is shown.
- a vehicle 18 shown in FIG. 8 has the fuel cell 1 of this embodiment as a drive source mounted below the floor. Since the vehicle 18 equipped with such a fuel cell 1 is a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) or a stack type fuel cell having a very excellent output performance, it exhibits a high output.
- PEFC polymer electrolyte fuel cell
- the membrane electrode assembly and the separator have a low aspect structure with an aspect ratio of less than 2, and the flow path is derived from the aspect ratio and the area of the catalyst layer.
- the horizontal equivalent diameter is in a predetermined range.
- a plurality of oxidizing gases are provided on the outer peripheral portions on the opposite sides of the membrane electrode assembly or outside.
- the fuel gas manifolds are alternately arranged. Therefore, each gas and fluid can be evenly supplied in the width direction of the catalyst layer (active area) of the membrane electrode assembly even in the low aspect structure wide in the width direction.
- each gas and fluid is further separated in the width direction of the catalyst layer (active area) of the membrane electrode assembly. Can be supplied evenly.
- the length of the widened portion is in a specific range (1% or more and 30% or less) with respect to the flow path length. Therefore, the volume of the widened portion can be reduced without causing excessive pressure loss.
- the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the oxidizing gas and fuel gas manifolds is in a specific range (1% or more and 30% or less) with respect to the area of the catalyst layer. Therefore, the volume of the manifold can be reduced without causing excessive pressure loss.
- each manifold of oxidizing gas and fuel gas takes a specific number of divisions (range of 3 to 100). Therefore, good flow distribution can be realized without causing excessive pressure loss.
- the widened portion is divided in parallel with the flow channel direction of the membrane electrode assembly to obtain a specific division number.
- the gas diffusion layer is divided in parallel with the flow path direction of the membrane electrode assembly to obtain a specific number of divisions. Thereby, the influence between adjacent manifolds can be cut off, and a good flow distribution of each gas with respect to the catalyst layer can be realized.
- the vehicle according to the present embodiment includes a fuel cell that is downsized while maintaining flooding resistance as described above, the vehicle is excellent in in-vehicle performance and productivity preliminary cost.
- Example 1 First, 5 parts of acetylene black manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. (carbon average particle size: about 3 ⁇ m) and 1 part of Polyflon D-1E manufactured by Daikin Industries were mixed to prepare an ink slurry. Next, the above-mentioned ink slurry was applied to carbon paper TGP-H-060 manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc., and then fired at 350 ° C. to prepare a GDL having a carbon particle layer on the surface. The thickness of the obtained GDL was 0.2 mm, and the shape of the GDL was a rectangle having a width of 595 mm and a length of 52 mm.
- a catalyst layer containing platinum-supported carbon was applied to both surfaces of the electrolyte membrane (polymer electrolyte membrane Nafion 211 manufactured by DuPont Co., Ltd.) to prepare a CCM.
- the shape of the CCM was a rectangle having a width of 606 mm and a length of 88 mm.
- the shape of the catalyst layer was a rectangle having a width of 593 mm and a length of 50 mm. That is, the aspect ratio R was 0.084.
- a metal separator provided with a plurality of flow paths was prepared.
- the shape of the separator was a rectangle having a width of 606 mm and a length of 88 mm.
- 1706 channels having a rectangular cross section with a channel height of 0.1 mm, a rib width of 0.15 mm, a channel width of 0.20 mm, and a rib pitch of 0.35 mm are formed. That is, it is formed parallel to the short side of the separator.
- the horizontal equivalent diameter D in the present embodiment can be determined as 0.029 mm to 0.29 mm from the above-described equation (1), and the equivalent diameter is within this range.
- the end plate was provided with two pipe-like external manifolds on the outer periphery of the long side opposite to the surface in contact with the current collector plate, that is, on the same line as the separator manifold row.
- the external manifold is a pipe-like structure having a function of supplying gas to the manifold row, and is provided with a hole having an inner diameter of 25 mm.
- the two external manifolds are for air supply and exhaust.
- a sealant made of silicone rubber was disposed around each manifold and the outer periphery of the fuel cell. Further, copper was used for the current collector, and the shape thereof was a rectangle having a width of 598 mm and a length of 52 mm.
- the ribbon heater was wound around the said fuel cell single cell, and temperature control was carried out at 80 degreeC. Further, air having a pressure of 200 kPa_a and a dew point of 54 ° C. was supplied to one end plate, and hydrogen having a pressure of 200 kPa_a and a dew point of 54 ° C. was supplied to the other end plate at a flow rate of 10 NL / min and 4 NL / min, respectively. And it was operated at a current density of 1.2 a / cm 2 . As a result, stable operation was possible with a cathode pressure loss of 23 kPa and an anode pressure loss of 7 kPa.
- Example 2 Comparative Example 1
- the fuel cell according to the present invention is characterized in that the shape of the membrane electrode assembly has an aspect ratio of less than 2.
- the fluid is divided into a plurality of subscale fuel cells in parallel with the flow path direction while maintaining a preferable horizontal equivalent diameter, and various fluids proportional to the catalyst layer area are supplied, one subscale fuel cell Is considered to have the same power generation characteristics per unit area as a full-size fuel cell.
- it is preferable to use such a subscale fuel cell because the power generation characteristics of a full-size fuel cell can be easily predicted with a small experimental facility. Therefore, in order to investigate in detail the power generation characteristics (and drainage) of Example 1 using a subscale fuel cell, the following fuel cells of Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 were prepared.
- Example 1 First, the membrane electrode assembly of Example 1 was cut out with a width of 50 mm and a length of 50 mm. Next, a separator provided with a “serpentine channel” having a rectangular cross-sectional channel with a channel height of 1 mm, a rib width of 1 mm, a channel width of 1 mm, a rib pitch of 2 mm, a channel direction of 50 mm, and a width direction of 50 mm was prepared. Using these, a subscale fuel cell of Comparative Example 1 was prepared.
- Example 2 Power generation evaluation of Example 2 and Comparative Example 1
- the results of evaluating IV characteristics using the fuel cells of Example 2 and Comparative Example 1 are shown in FIG.
- the IV characteristic is an abbreviation for current-voltage characteristics, and the higher the voltage at the same current density, the better.
- the fuel cell of Example 2 is surprisingly 1A more than the fuel cell of Comparative Example 1 despite the fact that the channel height is reduced to 1/10 that of Comparative Example 1.
- Excellent power generation characteristics were exhibited at a current density of / cm 2 or more.
- the SR characteristic is an abbreviation for stoichiometric ratio-voltage characteristics.
- the stoichiometric ratio 1 means that the flow rate of the oxidizing gas or the fuel gas is supplied in an amount necessary to generate a certain current density.
- the fuel cell of Example 2 surprisingly exhibited power generation characteristics superior to the fuel cell of Comparative Example 1 despite the fact that the flow path height was reduced to 1/10 that of Comparative Example 1.
- Comparative Example 1 it was assumed that the high aspect ratio fuel cell was divided into a plurality of subscale fuel cells in parallel with the flow path direction. Since each sub-scale fuel cell exhibits different power generation characteristics depending on the cutting position, it is not easy to predict the power generation characteristics of a full-size fuel cell.
- Example 3 Using the fuel cell of Example 2, the power generation evaluation of Example 3 was performed under the following operating conditions. That is, the stoichiometric ratio was 1.6 (anode) and 1.5 (cathode), the inlet relative humidity was non-humidified (anode), 20% RH (cathode), and the operating pressure was 200 kPa (absolute pressure). Furthermore, the thicknesses of the carbon paper and the electrolyte membrane as the gas diffusion layer were 80 ⁇ m and 15 ⁇ m, respectively. Otherwise, the power generation characteristics were evaluated in the same manner as in Example 2.
- Example 3 The results of evaluating the IV characteristics of Example 3 and Comparative Example 1 are shown in FIG.
- the fuel cell of Example 3 exhibited excellent power generation characteristics of 0.681 V at 1.486 A / cm 2 and 0.601 V at 2.383 A / cm 2 .
- the fuel cell of Comparative Example 1 was 0.598 V at 1.200 A / cm 2 , and the fuel cell of Example 3 was able to obtain a current density of 1.98 times at the same voltage.
- the pressure loss in Example 3 at 2.383 A / cm 2 was a cathode of 4.2 kPa and an anode of 12 kPa.
- Example 2 and Example 3 showed excellent power generation characteristics with respect to Comparative Example 1 is not yet clear, but the following reason is presumed.
- the pressure loss is equivalent to that of the prior art (and therefore the load of the fluid supply device is also equivalent).
- the pressure loss “gradient” is stronger than that of the prior art, and as a result, the generated water can be surely removed despite the miniaturization and miniaturization of the flow path height.
- the membrane electrode assembly and the separator are substantially rectangular, and the ratio of the channel length to the channel width on the cathode side or anode side in the membrane electrode assembly (channel length / The aspect ratio R, which is the channel width, is 0.01 or more and less than 2.
- at least one of the gas diffusion layer and the separator has a flow path, and the horizontal equivalent diameter D (mm) of the flow path satisfies the formula (1).
- the fuel cell according to the present invention is characterized in that the membrane electrode assembly and the separator have a low aspect structure, and the horizontal equivalent diameter of the flow path derived from the aspect ratio and the area of the catalyst layer is within a predetermined range. .
- the same active area area the same pressure loss, and the same gas flow rate as conventional fuel cells, fuel gas, oxidizing gas, cooling medium, water vapor and generated water accompanying power generation, etc. are transported at a smaller channel height, that is, cell pitch. It becomes possible to do. Therefore, according to the fuel cell of the present invention, the anti-flooding performance can be maintained and the fuel cell can be miniaturized.
- a plurality of manifolds are provided on the outer peripheral portions or outside of the two opposite sides of the membrane electrode assembly.
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Abstract
Description
D=B×(R×Acat)1/3 ・・・式(1)
(式(1)中、Acatは上記膜電極接合体の触媒面積(cm2)、Bは0.005以上0.2以下の定数である。)
膜電極接合体3は、図3に示すように、順次奥から手前に向かってガス拡散層(アノード側ガス拡散層)5a、触媒層(アノード触媒層)6a、電解質膜7、触媒層(カソード触媒層)6b、ガス拡散層(カソード側ガス拡散層)5bの5層からなる接合体であり、平面視略矩形状とされている。上記膜電極接合体3は、同じく略矩形状のセパレータ2と組み合わせ、酸素(酸化ガス)及び水素(燃料ガス)を供給することによって発電する。なお、本明細書において、触媒層6aと電解質膜7と触媒層6bの3層を、CCM(catalyst coated membrane)、触媒層6とガス拡散層(GDL)5の2層を、ガス拡散電極(GDE)と呼ぶことがある。また、ガス拡散電極を単に電極と呼ぶことがある。
ガス拡散層(GDL)5a,5bは、燃料電池に供給される燃料ガス及び酸化ガスを触媒層6a,6bへ供給する機能、及び触媒層6a,6bとセパレータ2との間で電子を授受する機能を有する。ガス拡散層5a,5bは、本発明の目的を損なわない範囲で、表層若しくは内部又はその両方に他の部材(層)をさらに含んでも良い。他の部材とは、例えばガス拡散層5a,5bの触媒層6a,6b側の面に、カーボン粒子を含むカーボン粒子層を設けても良い。
一般的に燃料電池の触媒層は略矩形をなし、対向する二辺の一方から燃料ガス、酸化ガス及び冷却媒体等を導入し、他の一辺から排出する構造を有する。本明細書においては、上記対向する二辺間の距離を流路長、燃料ガス、酸化ガス及び冷却媒体等が流れる方向と垂直な方向の距離(幅)を流路幅と定義する。また、それぞれの方向を流路方向及び幅方向ということがある。
本実施形態においては、燃料電池に必要な燃料ガス、酸化ガス及び冷却媒体の供給手段として、膜電極接合体の対向する二辺の外周部又は外部に二組以上の酸化ガス、燃料ガス及び冷却媒体のマニホールドを設けることができる。二組以上のマニホールドを設けることにより、幅方向に広い本実施形態の燃料電池においても、ガス及び冷却媒体を幅方向に均等に供給することが容易となる。
酸化ガスに対して燃料ガス又は冷却媒体を平行に流す場合、膜電極接合体の幅方向に対して全てのガス又は冷却媒体を均等に供給することが好ましい。そのため、上記各マニホールド9,10,11と触媒層6a,6bとの間には、図4(B)及び(C)に示すように、酸化ガス又は燃料ガスを該触媒層6a,6bに供給する流路となる拡幅部8を形成することができる。拡幅部8は、膜電極接合体における各マニホールド9,10,11と触媒層6a,6bとの間に一定の隙間(距離)Lを設けることにより形成される。たとえば、酸化ガスにおける拡幅部8は、具体的には燃料ガスマニホールド9及び冷却水マニホールド10の周囲を取り囲むシール材12と触媒層6a,6b(実際には、触媒層6a,6b上に設けられたガス拡散層5a,5b)との間の部位に相当する。
上記セパレータ2は、アノード側の触媒層6aからガス拡散層5aへ取り出された電子を集電して外部負荷回路へ送り出す機能を有する。さらに、セパレータ2は、外部負荷回路から戻ってきた電子をカソード側のガス拡散層5bへ配電して、カソード側の触媒層6bへ伝える機能を有する。また、セパレータ2は、ガス拡散層5a,5bにおける触媒層6a,6bと反対側の面にガス遮断機能がない場合に、ガス拡散層5a,5bと密着することによってガス遮断機能を担う。さらに、セパレータ2は、必要に応じて冷却層(冷却媒体流路)を構成することによって、燃料電池の温度調整機能(冷却機能)を担う。
上記セパレータ2には、図6(A)に示すように、その表面に酸化ガス又は燃料ガスを流通させるための流路13を形成することができる。また、上記セパレータ2には、必要に応じて、その内部に冷却媒体を流通させるための流路(図示せず)を形成することができる。
本実施形態においては、燃料電池を低アスペクト構造とすると同時に、ガス拡散層及びセパレータの少なくとも一方に設けられた流路の水平方向等価直径を特定の範囲に限定することにより、耐フラッディング性を維持しつつマニホールド容積も含めた燃料電池スタックの総合的な小型化が可能である。ここで、水平方向等価直径とは、定形もしくは不定形流路に流体(反応ガス,冷却媒体)が流れて圧力損失が発生するとき、これと同じ圧力損失を発生する円管を仮想した場合、その円管の流路の内径をいう。
D=B×(R×Acat)1/3 ・・・式(1)
なお、式(1)中、Acatは上記膜電極接合体の触媒面積(cm2)、Bは0.005以上0.2以下の定数である。
電解質膜7は、プロトンを輸送し電子を絶縁する機能を有する一種の選択透過膜である。かかる電解質膜7は、構成材料であるイオン交換樹脂の種類によって、フッ素系電解質膜と炭化水素系電解質膜とに大別される。これらのうち、フッ素系電解質膜は、C-F結合を有しているために耐熱性や化学的安定性に優れる。例えば、電解質膜7には、Nafion(登録商標、デュポン株式会社製)の商品名で知られるパーフルオロスルホン酸膜を使用することができる。
カソード側に設けられる触媒層(カソード触媒層)6bは、触媒成分が担持されてなる電極触媒及びアイオノマを含む層である。電極触媒は、プロトンと電子と酸素とから水を生成する反応(酸素還元反応)を促進する機能を有する。電極触媒は、例えば、カーボンなどからなる導電性担体の表面に、白金などの触媒成分が担持されてなる構造を有する。
本実施形態においては、上記拡幅部8はマニホールド9,10,11の分割数に応じて分割されるようにしても良い。例えば、図5において、拡幅部8は、シール材12の一部をガス拡散層5a,5bに向けて突出させた拡幅部分割部14によって、膜電極接合体3の流路方向M1と平行に分割されている。この拡幅部8の分割数は、上記マニホールド分割数NOxと合わせることが好ましい。そして、図5では、拡幅部の分割数を、酸化ガスのマニホールド分割数と合わせ、4としている。このような拡幅部8の分割によって、個々のマニホールドからの流体の供給を特定の流路幅に制限することが可能となる。その結果、流体の供給に予想以上の変動があった場合でも、膜電極接合体3の幅方向M2に対して均等に流体を供給することができる。
本実施形態に係る固体高分子形燃料電池(PEFC)1のメカニズムは以下の通りである。すなわち、アノード触媒層6aに供給された水素からプロトンと電子が生成される。アノードで生成されたプロトンは、電解質膜7内部を移動してカソード触媒層6bに達する。一方、アノードで生成された電子は、導線(導体)を伝って燃料電池から取り出される。そして、上記電子は、外部負荷回路で電気エネルギーを消費した後、導線(導体)を伝ってカソードに戻り、カソード触媒層6bに供給された酸素と反応して水を生成する。
燃料電池の作動は、一方の電極(アノード)に水素を、他方の電極(カソード)に酸素又は空気を供給することによって行われる。燃料電池の作動温度は、高温であるほど触媒活性が上がるために好ましいが、通常は水分管理が容易な50℃~100℃で作動させることが多い。
図8には、本実施形態の燃料電池を搭載した車両の一例を示す。図8に示す車両18は、駆動源としての本実施形態の燃料電池1をフロア下に搭載している。かかる燃料電池1を搭載した車両18は、出力性能に非常に優れた固体高分子形燃料電池(PEFC)やスタック型燃料電池であるため、高出力を発揮する。
上述のように、本実施形態の燃料電池は、膜電極接合体及びセパレータが、アスペクト比が2未満の低アスペクト構造をとり、かつ、上記アスペクト比と触媒層の面積とから導かれる流路の水平方向等価直径が所定範囲であるという特徴をする。これにより、従来の燃料電池と同じ圧力損失、同じガス流量を維持しながら、より小さなセルピッチ(流路高)で燃料ガス、酸化ガス、水蒸気及び生成水等を輸送することができる。したがって、耐フラッディング性の発現に必要な圧力損失を維持しつつ小型化が可能な燃料電池を提供することができる。言い換えると、より出力密度が高い燃料電池を実現することができる。
まず、電気化学工業株式会社製アセチレンブラック5部(カーボン平均粒径:約3μm)と、ダイキン工業製Polyflon D-1E1部とを混合し、インクスラリーを調製した。次に、東レ株式会社製カーボンペーパーTGP-H-060に、上記インクスラリーを塗工したあと350℃で焼成し、表面にカーボン粒子層を有するGDLを作成した。得られたGDLの厚さは0.2mm、GDLの形状は、幅595mm×長さ52mmの矩形であった。
本発明に係る燃料電池は、膜電極接合体の形状がアスペクト比2未満であることに特徴がある。しかし、好ましい水平方向等価直径を維持したまま流路方向と平行に複数のサブスケール燃料電池に分割し、当該触媒層面積に比例した各種流体を供給することを想定すると、一つのサブスケール燃料電池はフルサイズ燃料電池と単位面積あたり同じ発電特性を有していると考えられる。実際に、このようなサブスケール燃料電池を用いると、フルサイズ燃料電池の発電特性を小さな実験設備で容易に予測することができるため好ましい。そこで、実施例1の発電特性(及び排水性)をサブスケール燃料電池で詳細に調べるため、次のような実施例2及び比較例1の燃料電池を作成した。
まず、実施例1の膜電極接合体を幅50mm、長さ50mmで切り出した。さらに実施例1のセパレータを用い、燃料ガス及び酸化ガスの流量も実施例1の50(mm)/593(mm)倍とした。このようにして、実施例2のサブスケール燃料電池(アスペクト比R=1)を作成した。
まず、実施例1の膜電極接合体を幅50mm、長さ50mmで切り出した。次に、流路高1mm、リブ幅1mm、チャネル幅1mm、リブピッチ2mm、流路方向50mm、幅方向50mmの矩形断面流路を有する「サーペンタイン流路」を備えたセパレータを準備した。これらを用いて、比較例1のサブスケール燃料電池を作成した。
上記実施例2及び比較例1の燃料電池を用いて、IV特性を評価した結果を図9に示す。IV特性とは電流-電圧特性の略称であり、同じ電流密度で電圧が高いほど優れている。図9に示すように、実施例2の燃料電池は、流路高が比較例1の1/10と小型化されているにもかかわらず、驚くべきことに比較例1の燃料電池よりも1A/cm2以上の電流密度で優れた発電特性を示した。
実施例2の燃料電池を用い、運転条件を次のようにして、実施例3の発電評価を行った。つまり、ストイキ比を1.6(アノード),1.5(カソード)にし、入口相対湿度を無加湿(アノード)、20%RH(カソード)とし、運転圧を200kPa(絶対圧)とした。さらに、ガス拡散層たるカーボンペーパー及び電解質膜の厚さをそれぞれ80μm及び15μmとした。それ以外は実施例2と同様の方法で発電特性を評価した。
2 セパレータ
3 膜電極接合体
4 燃料電池単セル
5 ガス拡散層
6 触媒層
7 電解質膜
8 拡幅部
9 燃料ガスマニホールド
10 冷却水マニホールド
11 酸化ガスマニホールド
12 シール材
13 流路
14 拡幅部分割部
15 ガス拡散層分割部
18 車両
Claims (10)
- 電解質膜の両面にアノードおよびカソードの電極層を備える膜電極接合体と、セパレータとの積層体からなる燃料電池であって、
前記膜電極接合体と前記セパレータは略矩形をなし、
当該セパレータは平滑若しくは流路を備え、
前記電極層はガス拡散層及び触媒層からなり、
前記膜電極接合体のカソード側又はアノード側の流路幅に対する流路長の比(流路長/流路幅)であるアスペクト比Rが0.01以上2未満であり、
前記ガス拡散層若しくは流路の水平方向等価直径D(mm)が式(1)を満たすことを特徴とする燃料電池。
D=B×(R×Acat)1/3 ・・・式(1)
(式(1)中、Acatは前記膜電極接合体の触媒面積(cm2)、Bは0.005以上0.2以下の定数である。) - 前記膜電極接合体における対向する二辺の外周部又はその外部に、二組以上の酸化ガスマニホールド又は燃料ガスマニホールドが配置され、
前記酸化ガスマニホールド又は燃料ガスマニホールドと前記触媒層との間に、酸化ガス又は燃料ガスを前記触媒層に供給する流路となる拡幅部を備えることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の燃料電池。 - 前記膜電極接合体における対向する二辺の外周部又はその外部に、二組以上の酸化ガスマニホールド及び燃料ガスマニホールドがそれぞれ交互に配置され、
前記酸化ガスマニホールド及び燃料ガスマニホールドと前記触媒層との間に、酸化ガス又は燃料ガスを前記触媒層に供給する流路となる拡幅部を備えることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の燃料電池。 - 前記拡幅部の長さLが、前記膜電極接合体の流路長の1%以上30%以下であることを特徴とする請求項2又は3に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記酸化ガスマニホールドの断面積の和AOxが触媒面積Acatの1%以上30%以下であり、前記燃料ガスマニホールドの断面積の和AReが触媒面積Acatの1%以上30%以下であることを特徴とする請求項2乃至4のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記酸化ガスマニホールドの分割数NOxが2以上100以下であり、前記燃料ガスマニホールドの分割数NReが2以上100以下であることを特徴とする請求項2乃至5のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記拡幅部が前記膜電極接合体の流路方向と平行に分割されており、拡幅部の分割数がNOxであることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の燃料電池。
- 前記ガス拡散層が前記膜電極接合体の流路方向と平行に分割されており、ガス拡散層分割数がNOxであることを特徴とする請求項6又は7に記載の燃料電池。
- 請求項1乃至8のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池が、固体高分子形燃料電池であることを特徴とする燃料電池。
- 請求項1乃至9のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池を備えた車両。
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EP10830043.5A EP2500970B1 (en) | 2009-11-13 | 2010-11-15 | Fuel cell and vehicle equipped with fuel cell |
CA2781095A CA2781095C (en) | 2009-11-13 | 2010-11-15 | Fuel cell capable of miniaturization |
US13/509,136 US9281534B2 (en) | 2009-11-13 | 2010-11-15 | Fuel cell and vehicle including the fuel cell |
CN201080051308.9A CN102714321B (zh) | 2009-11-13 | 2010-11-15 | 燃料电池及具有燃料电池的车辆 |
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