WO2010143449A1 - 可変焦点レンズおよび顕微鏡 - Google Patents
可変焦点レンズおよび顕微鏡 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2010143449A1 WO2010143449A1 PCT/JP2010/003908 JP2010003908W WO2010143449A1 WO 2010143449 A1 WO2010143449 A1 WO 2010143449A1 JP 2010003908 W JP2010003908 W JP 2010003908W WO 2010143449 A1 WO2010143449 A1 WO 2010143449A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- anode
- cathode
- electro
- optic material
- light
- Prior art date
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B13/00—Optical objectives specially designed for the purposes specified below
- G02B13/001—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras
- G02B13/0055—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras employing a special optical element
- G02B13/0075—Miniaturised objectives for electronic devices, e.g. portable telephones, webcams, PDAs, small digital cameras employing a special optical element having an element with variable optical properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/02—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of crystals, e.g. rock-salt, semi-conductors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/10—Bifocal lenses; Multifocal lenses
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
- G02B3/12—Fluid-filled or evacuated lenses
- G02B3/14—Fluid-filled or evacuated lenses of variable focal length
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/294—Variable focal length devices
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a variable focus lens and a microscope, and more particularly to a variable focus lens whose focal length can be changed by using an optical material having an electro-optic effect, and a microscope including the same.
- optical components such as optical lenses and prisms are optical devices such as cameras, microscopes, and telescopes, electrophotographic recording devices such as printers and copiers, optical recording devices such as DVDs, optical devices for communication, industrial use, etc. It is used for.
- a normal optical lens has a fixed focal length.
- a lens that can adjust the focal length according to the situation a so-called variable focus lens may be used in the above-described devices and apparatuses.
- the conventional variable focus lens mechanically adjusts the focal length by combining a plurality of lenses.
- such a mechanical variable focus lens has a limit in extending the application range from the viewpoint of response speed, manufacturing cost, miniaturization, power consumption, and the like.
- variable focus lens in which a material capable of changing the refractive index is applied to the transparent medium constituting the optical lens, a variable focus lens that mechanically deforms the shape of the optical lens, instead of moving the position of the optical lens, etc. It was issued.
- a variable focus lens using liquid crystal as an optical lens As the former variable focus lens, a variable focus lens using liquid crystal as an optical lens has been proposed.
- This variable focus lens contains liquid crystal in a container made of a transparent material, for example, a glass plate. The inside of this container is processed on a spherical surface, and the liquid crystal is formed into a lens shape. Further, a transparent electrode is provided inside the container, and the electric field applied to the liquid crystal can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the electrode. Accordingly, the refractive index of the liquid crystal can be controlled by voltage, and the focal length can be variably controlled (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- variable focus lens liquid is often used as the material of the deformable lens.
- the variable focus lens described in Non-Patent Document 1 has a structure in which a liquid such as silicon oil is enclosed in a space sandwiched between glass plates. The glass plate is thinly processed. By applying pressure to the glass plate from the outside with a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezo actuator, the lens composed of the oil and the entire glass plate is deformed, and the focal position is adjusted. Control.
- PZT lead zirconate titanate
- the microscope is a device that can be expected to be applied practically by introducing a variable focus lens. Since the microscope uses an objective lens with a high NA (numerical aperture), the depth of field is very shallow. Therefore, when a three-dimensional object is observed as a measurement target, only a partial region of the three-dimensional object that matches the focal height can be observed simultaneously. In order to obtain an overall image of the three-dimensional object, it is necessary to observe the lens system or the stage on which the measurement object is placed while moving it up and down little by little. In addition, a technique has been established in which an image is captured at a certain height while moving the stage, a plurality of captured images are processed, and a stereoscopic image is synthesized.
- the range of use of confocal microscopes has expanded among microscopes.
- the principle of the confocal microscope will be described with reference to FIG.
- the light emitted from the measuring object 1 is converted into parallel rays by a lens 3 (usually called an objective lens), and further condensed by a lens 4.
- a pinhole 5 having a diameter approximately equal to the spot diameter is placed at the position of the condensed point, and the power of the transmitted light is measured by the photodetector 6.
- the measurement object 2 is directly below the measurement object 1.
- the light emitted from the measuring object 2 is condensed below the position of the pinhole 5 after passing through the lenses 3 and 4 as shown by the broken line in FIG.
- the light emitted from the measuring object 2 spreads again when it reaches the height of the pinhole, and the light component transmitted through the pinhole 5 is remarkably reduced. That is, in this system, only an optical signal emitted from the position of the measuring object 1 can be detected.
- variable focus lens a variable focus lens that mechanically adjusts the focal length
- a variable focus lens that controls the refractive index by applying an electric field to liquid crystal a variable focus lens that controls the refractive index by applying an electric field to liquid crystal
- a variable focus lens that deforms the lens by a PZT piezo actuator are used as a variable focus lens.
- the response speed required to change the focal length is limited, and cannot be applied to a high-speed response of 1 ms or less, and it is difficult to capture a high-speed phenomenon.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a variable focus lens that can change the focal length at high speed, and thereby provide a microscope that can measure a three-dimensional object including information in the height direction at high speed. There is to do.
- an embodiment of a variable focus lens according to the present invention is formed on an electro-optic material made of a single crystal having inversion symmetry and a first surface of the electro-optic material.
- the first anode, the first cathode formed on the second surface facing the first surface, and formed on the first surface at a position facing the first anode, and formed on the first surface
- a second electrode consisting of the second anode and the second cathode after passing between one electrode pair
- the optical axis is set so that light is emitted from the fourth surface opposite to the third surface.
- the focal point of the light emitted from the fourth surface of the electro-optic material is variable.
- One embodiment of the microscope according to the present invention is a microscope including a variable focus lens in an optical system, and the variable focus lens includes a first basic unit element, a half-wave plate, and a second basic unit element.
- the first basic unit element and the second basic unit element Arranged in series along the optical axis direction, the first basic unit element and the second basic unit element apply an electric field perpendicular to the optical axis, and the application directions of the electric fields are 90 degrees to each other.
- the half-wave plate is disposed at an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the direction of application of the electric field of the first basic unit element and the second basic unit element, and the half-wave plate is disposed at an angle of 45 degrees.
- Each of the first and second basic unit elements includes an electro-optic material made of a single crystal having inversion symmetry, a first anode formed on a first surface of the electro-optic material, and the first Formed on a second surface opposite to the first surface and facing the first anode A first cathode formed on the first surface; a second cathode spaced apart from the first anode; and formed on the second surface; A second anode formed at a position facing the second cathode and spaced from the first cathode, and allows light to enter from a third surface orthogonal to the first surface; Between the first electrode pair consisting of the first anode and the first cathode, and then passing between the second electrode pair consisting of the second anode and the second cathode. The optical axis is set such that light is transmitted from the fourth surface opposite to the third surface, and the applied voltage between the first and second electrode pairs is changed, whereby the electric The focal point of the light emitted from the fourth surface of the optical material
- an electro-optic material made of a single crystal having inversion symmetry and 2N electrodes formed on the surface of the electro-optic material are provided.
- a variable focus lens capable of changing the focal length at high speed can be realized.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining the principle of a conventional confocal microscope
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a configuration of a variable focus lens according to the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the principle of the variable focus lens according to the first embodiment
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of optical path length modulation of the variable focus lens according to the first embodiment
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the electrode spacing dependency of the focal length of the variable focus lens according to the first embodiment
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a configuration of a variable focus lens according to a second embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a configuration of a variable focus lens according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a configuration of a microscope according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- variable focus lens of this embodiment is composed of an electro-optic material and an electrode attached thereto. By utilizing the electro-optic effect, a much faster response speed can be obtained as compared with a conventional variable focus lens.
- FIG. 2 shows the configuration of the variable focus lens according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- Four strip-shaped electrodes are formed on the upper surface (first surface) and the lower surface (second surface) of the substrate 11 obtained by processing the electro-optic material into a plate shape.
- An anode 12 (first anode) is disposed as an upper electrode on the light incident side
- a cathode 13 (first cathode) is disposed as a lower electrode across the substrate 11.
- another pair of electrodes is arranged on the light emission side with a distance from these electrode pairs, the upper electrode is the cathode 14 (second cathode), and the lower electrode is the anode 15 (second anode).
- the four strip-shaped electrodes have a shape in which all the sides in the longitudinal direction are parallel.
- a voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode.
- the direction of applying a voltage is opposite between the light incident side electrode pair and the light emission side electrode pair.
- the potentials of the anode 12 and the anode 15 may be different, and the potentials of the cathode 13 and the cathode 14 are the same.
- the lower potential of the anodes 12 and 15 is set to be higher than the higher potential of the cathodes 13 and 14.
- the element shown in FIG. 2 is a cylindrical variable focus lens, and is a basic unit constituting various lenses.
- the material of the substrate 11 is characterized by using a material made of a crystal having inversion symmetry among materials having an electro-optic effect, and the reason will be described later.
- FIG. 3 shows a state in which the side surface of the variable focus lens shown in FIG. 2 is viewed from the y-axis direction.
- the substrate 11 has a uniform refractive index when no voltage is applied to the four electrodes, so that the light is transmitted without being modulated. Therefore, there is no lens function.
- the wavefront of the light emitted from the substrate 11 remains a plane, and it can be regarded as a lens with an infinite focal length considering that the radius of curvature is infinite.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows a refractive index modulation curve 17 representing a distribution of refractive index change.
- the vertical axis of the refractive index modulation curve is the z-axis coordinate, and the horizontal axis is the refractive index change ⁇ n from when no voltage is applied.
- FIG. 3 shows that the refractive index changes in the negative direction as a whole, but the modulation is large in the vicinity of the surface of the substrate 11, and therefore the refractive index change ⁇ n is small.
- the modulation is small in the vicinity of the central portion, and thus the refractive index change ⁇ n is larger than that in the vicinity of the surface.
- the speed of light near the surface is higher than the speed of light at the center of the substrate 11, so that it functions as a convex lens. That is, the focal point moves from an infinite focal length when no voltage is applied to a finite focal length.
- the electro-optic effect includes several different-order electro-optic effects, but generally, a first-order electro-optic effect (hereinafter referred to as Pockels effect) is used.
- a first-order electro-optic effect hereinafter referred to as Pockels effect
- the refractive index change is proportional to the electric field. 2 and 3, the direction of the electric field is reversed between the anode 12 and the cathode 13, and between the cathode 14 and the anode 15, and the refractive index distribution is also reversed. Therefore, when the Pockels effect is used, when light passes between these two electrode pairs, the deflection of the light due to the refractive index distribution is canceled out between positive and negative, and the function as a lens is not achieved.
- the refractive index change is proportional to the square of the electric field. Therefore, even if the direction of the electric field is reversed between the anode 12 and the cathode 13 and between the cathode 14 and the anode 15, the refractive index distribution is the same, so that the light deflection is canceled out. We will strengthen each other.
- electro-optic materials do not have inversion symmetry and exhibit the Pockels effect.
- some electro-optic materials have inversion symmetry, do not exhibit the Pockels effect, and the Kerr effect is dominant. Accordingly, it is important to use a material having inversion symmetry as the electro-optic material constituting the substrate 11 of the present embodiment.
- a single crystal having inversion symmetry refers to a crystal that has the same arrangement as the original arrangement of atoms when the arrangement of atoms is reversed in the x, y, z coordinate system around a certain origin.
- a crystal having spontaneous polarization is inverted on the coordinate axis, the direction of spontaneous polarization is inverted, so that such a crystal cannot be said to have inversion symmetry. Therefore, since the ferroelectric has spontaneous polarization, it does not have inversion symmetry.
- the perovskite type single crystal material becomes a cubic crystal having a reversal symmetry in the crystal structure in the use state if the use temperature is appropriately selected.
- the Pockels effect is not expressed and the Kerr effect is dominant.
- the most well-known barium titanate (BaTiO 3 , hereinafter referred to as BT) undergoes a phase transition from a tetragonal phase to a cubic phase at around 120 ° C. If the temperature exceeds the phase transition temperature (hereinafter referred to as the phase transition temperature), the crystal structure of BT becomes cubic and exhibits the Kerr effect.
- a single crystal material mainly composed of potassium tantalate niobate (KTN: KTa 1-x Nb x O 3 , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) has more preferable characteristics.
- BT has a predetermined phase transition temperature
- KTN can select a phase transition temperature depending on the composition ratio of tantalum and niobium.
- the phase transition temperature can be set near room temperature.
- KTN has a cubic phase at a temperature higher than the phase transition temperature, has inversion symmetry, and has a large Kerr effect. Even in the same cubic phase, the Kerr effect becomes overwhelmingly closer to the phase transition temperature. For this reason, setting the phase transition temperature around room temperature is very important for easily realizing a large Kerr effect.
- the main component of the crystal is composed of periodic group Ia group and Va group, group Ia is potassium, and group Va includes at least one of niobium and tantalum. Materials can be used. Moreover, 1 or multiple types of periodic table group Ia except potassium as an additional impurity, for example, lithium, or IIa group can also be included.
- a cubic phase KLTN K 1-y Li y Ta 1-x Nb x O 3 , 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1) crystal may be used.
- optical path length modulation The optical path length modulation will be described in detail for the case of KTN.
- the refractive index modulation [Delta] n y and [Delta] n z where light feel, It becomes different.
- n 0 is a refractive index before modulation
- s 11 and s 12 are electro-optic coefficients.
- s 11 whereas a positive value, s 12 has a negative value, it has larger s 11 absolute value.
- the characteristic of the lens is evaluated by an optical path length modulation ⁇ s obtained by integrating the change in refractive index over the light traveling path (length L) as in the following equation.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of optical path length modulation of the variable focus lens according to the first embodiment.
- the distribution of the optical path length modulation ⁇ s y and ⁇ s z is obtained by numerical calculation.
- the relative dielectric constant is 20,000
- the length L of the substrate 11 is 7 mm
- the thickness of the substrate in the z-axis direction is 4 mm
- the width of the four electrodes is 0.8 mm
- the distance between the electrodes on the same plane is 4 mm
- the voltage is It was calculated as 1000V.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 4 indicates the z coordinate shown in FIG. 2, and the origin is at the center of the substrate 11.
- the distribution of ⁇ s y has a downwardly convex curve, which indicates that this element functions as a cylindrical concave lens.
- the distribution of ⁇ s z forms an upwardly convex curve, indicating that this element functions as a cylindrical convex lens.
- this element may become a convex lens or a concave lens depending on the polarization.
- the anode 12 and the cathode 14 are disposed on the upper surface of the substrate 11, and the cathode 13 and the anode 15 are disposed on the lower surface.
- the upper electrode is an anode and the lower electrode is both a cathode is conceivable.
- This configuration also functions as a variable focus lens, but the first embodiment is superior in the following points.
- the limit where the electrode interval is narrowed does not cause the electrodes to be integrated. If the electrode interval is reduced in the first embodiment, the electric field increases, so that the lens effect increases.
- FIG. 5 shows the electrode spacing dependency of the focal length of the variable focus lens according to the first embodiment.
- the focal length obtained by numerical calculation is plotted as a function of electrode spacing.
- the length of the substrate 11 was increased or decreased by the same amount simultaneously with the increase or decrease of the electrode interval.
- the electric field of light is in the z-axis direction.
- the smaller the focal length of the vertical axis the stronger the degree of light collection and the greater the effect.
- the plots with squares indicate that both the upper electrodes are anodes and the lower electrodes are both cathodes, and the effect deteriorates when the electrode spacing is small. Plots in the case of the first embodiment are more effective when the electrode spacing is small.
- the configuration of the first embodiment is advantageous when the electrode interval is smaller than 1.5 times the thickness (6 mm).
- KTN when used, it can be used as a convex lens or a concave lens as long as the polarization is changed.
- an electric field is applied to an electro-optic crystal, its physical shape changes due to a piezoelectric effect or an electrostrictive effect.
- the piezoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which strain is proportional to the applied electric field
- the electrostrictive effect is a phenomenon in which strain is proportional to the square of the applied electric field.
- the change in the physical shape is represented by the sum of the piezoelectric effect and the electrostrictive effect.
- an electro-optic material having inversion symmetry has only an electrostrictive effect because a piezoelectric effect does not occur. Due to this electrostrictive effect, the refractive index distribution may slightly deviate from the distribution obtained from the above-described calculation of the electric field distribution.
- ⁇ n z (or optical path length s z ) is less shifted between the calculated value and the actual value than ⁇ n y (or optical path length s y ). That is, according to the electrode configuration of the first embodiment, the z component of the electric field increases as a whole, but the refractive index distribution as calculated is better when the oscillating electric field of light is aligned parallel to the z axis. It is suitable because it is easy to match. Of course, the x component of the electric field also increases, but the oscillating electric field of the light cannot be made parallel to the x axis in the optical axis setting of the first embodiment.
- Electrode material When a high voltage is applied to the electro-optic material, charges are injected from the electrodes, and space charges can be generated in the crystal. This space charge causes a gradient in the magnitude of the electric field in the direction in which the voltage is applied. Therefore, in order to obtain a desired refractive index distribution for causing the electro-optic material to function as a lens, or to prevent the light transmitted through the electro-optic material from being deflected, when a voltage is applied to the substrate 11, It is better that no space charge is formed inside the substrate 11.
- the carrier injection efficiency injected from the electrode should be small.
- the electrode is preferably a material that forms a Schottky junction with the electro-optic material.
- the work function of the electrode material is preferably 5.0 eV or more.
- an electrode material having a work function of 5.0 eV or more Co (5.0), Ge (5.0), Au (5.1), Pd (5.12), Ni (5.15), Ir (5.27), Pt (5.65), Se (5.9) can be used.
- the parentheses indicate work functions, and the unit is eV.
- the work function of the electrode material is preferably less than 5.0 eV in order to suppress the injection of holes.
- Ti (3.84) or the like can be used as an electrode material having a work function of less than 5.0 eV. Since the Ti single-layer electrode is oxidized and becomes high resistance, generally, the Ti layer and the electro-optic crystal are bonded using an electrode in which Ti / Pt / Au are sequentially laminated. Furthermore, transparent electrodes such as ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) and ZnO can also be used.
- FIG. 6 shows a variable focus lens according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- This is a configuration in which the basic units described above are arranged in series along the optical axis direction.
- a plurality of electrodes 22a, 22b, 23a, 23b, 24a, 24b,... are arranged on one substrate 21, and opposite voltages are applied to electrode pairs adjacent to each other.
- the number of electrode pairs may be even or odd as long as it is two or more.
- the polarization direction In order to function normally as a spherical lens, the polarization direction must also be rotated by 90 degrees in accordance with this element before entering the second basic unit element. Therefore, a structure is adopted in which a polarization rotation element is inserted between the first basic unit element and the second basic unit element. There are various polarization rotation elements, but a half-wave plate is most commonly used.
- the half-wave plate is an optical element that generates a phase shift corresponding to half the wavelength, that is, a phase shift of only ⁇ radians, between two polarized waves orthogonal to each other.
- it consists of a birefringent material processed into a plate shape.
- a single crystal material having inversion symmetry such as KTN usually does not have birefringence.
- birefringence occurs in a direction parallel to the electric field and in a direction perpendicular thereto. .
- a half-wave plate can be formed by KTN.
- FIG. 7 shows the configuration of a variable focus lens according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- a first basic unit element 31 a KTN half-wave plate 32, and a second basic unit element 33 are arranged in series along the optical axis direction (x-axis).
- the first basic unit element 31 and the second basic unit element 33 are arranged such that an electric field is applied perpendicularly to the optical axis, and the direction in which the electric field is applied makes an angle of 90 degrees with each other (FIG. 7).
- z-axis and y-axis The shape of the KTN half-wave plate 32 is a rectangular parallelepiped shape, and an electrode film is formed over almost the entire surface on two surfaces facing each other.
- an electric field perpendicular to these two surfaces is uniformly formed.
- the direction of the electric field is arranged so as to form an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the direction of application of the electric field of the first basic unit element 31 and the second basic unit element 33.
- the polarization of the light transmitted through the first basic unit element 31 is rotated by 90 degrees.
- the half-wave plate is also made of KTN like the cylindrical variable focus lens that is the basic unit element described above, a substrate made of two electro-optic materials is integrally molded, and an electrode for the first basic unit element 31; An electrode for the KTN half-wave plate 32 and an electrode for the second basic unit element 33 are attached in order. In this way, an integrated spherical variable focus lens can be configured.
- the half-wave plate may be KTN, or may be made of general quartz, mica, resin, or the like.
- FIG. 8 shows a configuration of a microscope according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the microscope converts light emitted from the measurement object 41 into parallel rays by the lens 43 (objective lens), adjusts the focus by the biaxial variable focus lens 47, and collects the light again by the lens 44.
- a pinhole 45 having a diameter approximately equal to the spot diameter is placed at the position of the condensed point, and the power of the transmitted light is measured by the photodetector 46.
- the light beam When there is no biaxial variable focus lens, the light beam is almost a parallel light beam as shown in FIG. 1, and the measurement object 41 in the lower black circle is the observation position. Even if the biaxial varifocal lens 47 is inserted, in the off state (voltage is zero), the parallel light beam is transmitted as it is as a parallel light beam, so that the measurement object 41 of the lower black circle is also the observation position.
- the biaxial variable focus lens 47 when a voltage is applied to the biaxial variable focus lens 47, the light beam changes as indicated by the broken line in FIG. 8 due to the condensing action of this lens, and as a result, the observation position moves to the upper measurement object 42. To do.
- this embodiment is not limited to a confocal microscope, You may insert a variable focus lens in the optical system of a normal microscope.
- the photodetector and the pinhole in FIG. 8 are unnecessary, and the lens 44 may be an optical system such as an eyepiece.
- the description has been made on the assumption that the biaxial variable focus lens is a convex lens, but naturally, it may be used as a concave lens by changing the polarization.
- the anode 12, the cathode 13, the cathode 14, and the anode 15 are formed on the upper and lower surfaces of the substrate 11 obtained by processing the electro-optic material into a plate shape.
- the four electrodes have a strip shape of 0.8 mm ⁇ 7 mm, and the distance between the electrodes on the same plane is 4 mm.
- the two electrode pairs are formed by evaporating platinum (Pt) on a 7 mm ⁇ 7 mm surface of the substrate 11. Each side of the electrode is parallel to the side of the substrate 11.
- the collimated laser light is incident on the variable focus lens while the temperature is controlled at 40 ° C.
- the polarization of light is a straight line, and the direction of the oscillating electric field is the z-axis direction.
- the focal length is 72 cm.
- the applied voltage is 500 V
- the light condensing effect is reduced and the focal length is 290 cm.
- the focal length can be changed from infinity to 72 cm by changing the applied voltage from 0V to 1000V. Since changing the focal length only changes the applied voltage, the response time is 1 ⁇ s or less, which is an improvement of three orders of magnitude or more compared to the response time of the conventional variable focus lens.
- the measurement is performed by rotating the polarized light by 90 degrees while maintaining the traveling direction of the light. That is, the direction of the oscillating electric field of light is the y-axis direction. In this case, it functions as a concave lens.
- the applied voltage is 1000 V
- the focal length is 93 cm. Therefore, the focal length can be changed from infinity to 93 cm by changing the applied voltage from 0V to 1000V.
- the two variable focus lenses and the half-wave plate are combined as shown in FIG. 7 to form a biaxial variable focus lens.
- a half-wave plate made of quartz is used.
- the two varifocal lenses have the same characteristics, and are arranged close to each other with a half-wave plate interposed therebetween, so that the same voltage is applied to the two varifocal lenses, thereby collecting the same as a normal spherical lens. Light is possible.
- this biaxial variable focus lens is incorporated into the microscope of the optical system shown in FIG.
- the focal length of the lens 43 was 25 mm.
- the focused position moves upward.
- the applied voltage was 1500 V
- the observation position of the measurement object moved upward by 1.5 mm from the original position.
- the time required to move the focal point position by 1.5 mm can also be realized at 1 ⁇ s or less.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
- Microscoopes, Condenser (AREA)
Abstract
Description
電気光学効果には、いくつかの次数の異なる電気光学効果が含まれるが、一般的には、1次の電気光学効果(以下、ポッケルス効果という)が利用されている。ポッケルス効果は、屈折率変化が電界に比例する。図2、3に示した構成においては、陽極12と陰極13との間と、陰極14と陽極15との間では、電界の向きが逆になり、屈折率分布も逆になる。従って、ポッケルス効果を利用すると、光がこれら2つの電極対の間を透過すると、屈折率分布による光の偏向が正負で相殺されてしまい、レンズとしての機能を奏さない。
KTNの場合について、光路長変調を詳述する。図3の構成において、偏光は、光電界の向きがy軸方向の場合と、z軸方向の場合の2種類がある。それぞれの場合に、光が感じる屈折率変調ΔnyとΔnzとは、
第1の実施形態では、基板11の上面に陽極12と陰極14を配置し、下面に陰極13と陽極15とを配置している。これと類似した構成として、上面の電極を双方ともに陽極とし、下面の電極を双方ともに陰極にする構成が考えられる。この構成でも可変焦点レンズとして機能するが、以下の点で第1の実施形態の方が優れている。
電気光学材料に高い電圧を印加すると、電極から電荷が注入され、結晶内に空間電荷が発生しうる。この空間電荷により電圧の印加方向に電界の大きさの傾斜が生じるために、屈折率の変調にも傾斜が生じる。従って、電気光学材料をレンズとして機能させるための所望の屈折率分布を得るため、または、電気光学材料を透過する光が偏向しないようにするためには、基板11に電圧を印加した際に、基板11の内部に空間電荷が形成されない方がよい。
以上、様々なレンズを構成する基本単位となるシリンドリカル可変焦点レンズについて述べた。次に、この基本単位を用いた応用例について説明する。図6に、本発明の第2の実施形態にかかる可変焦点レンズを示す。上述した基本単位を、光軸方向に沿って直列に配置した構成である。1つの基板21に複数の電極22a,22b,23a,23b,24a,24b・・・を配置し、互いに隣り合う電極対には反対の電圧を印加する。このように素子を構成すれば、より低い電圧でも、大きなレンズ効果を得ることができる。電極対の数は、2つ以上あれば、偶数でも奇数でもよい。
上述したように、通常の球面レンズを実現するには、2つの基本単位素子を、光軸方向(x軸)に沿って直列に配置し、電界の印加方向が互いに90度の角度をなすように配置すればよい。しかし、KTNのような反転対称性を有する単結晶材料の場合、図4に示したように、偏光によって凸レンズから凹レンズへとレンズ効果が全く逆転する場合がある。球面レンズを実現するために、z軸方向に電界が振動する光を第1の基本単位素子に入射し、z軸方向に集光したのちに、この光をそのまま、90度回転した第2の基本単位素子に入射する。しかしながら、この構成によれば、y軸方向には発散されてしまい、球面レンズとして機能しない。
以上、本実施形態にかかる可変焦点レンズについて説明したが、顕微鏡の光学系には、図7に示した2軸可変焦点レンズを用いるのが好適である。半波長板は、KTNであっても、一般的な水晶製、雲母製、樹脂製などであってもよい。
Claims (18)
- 反転対称性を有する単結晶からなる電気光学材料と、
該電気光学材料の第1の面上に形成された第1の陽極と、
前記第1の面に対向する第2の面上に形成され、前記第1の陽極と向かい合う位置に形成された第1の陰極と、
前記第1の面上に形成され、前記第1の陽極とは間隔をおいて配置された第2の陰極と、
前記第2の面上に形成され、前記第2の陰極と向かい合う位置に形成され、前記第1の陰極とは間隔をおいて配置された第2の陽極とを備え、
前記第1の面と直交する第3の面から光を入射させたとき、前記第1の陽極および前記第1の陰極からなる第1の電極対の間を透過してから、前記第2の陽極および前記第2の陰極からなる第2の電極対の間を透過して、前記第3の面に対向する第4の面から光が出射するように光軸が設定され、
前記第1および第2の電極対の間の印加電圧を変えることにより、前記電気光学材料の前記第4の面から出射された光の焦点を可変することを特徴とする可変焦点レンズ。 - 前記電気光学材料は、ペロブスカイト型単結晶材料であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の可変焦点レンズ。
- 前記電気光学材料は、タンタル酸ニオブ酸カリウム(KTN:KTa1-xNbxO3、0<x<1)であることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の可変焦点レンズ。
- 前記電気光学材料は、結晶の主成分が、周期律表Ia族とVa族から構成されており、Ia族はカリウムであり、Va族はニオブ、タンタルの少なくとも1つを含むことを特徴とする請求項2に記載の可変焦点レンズ。
- 前記電気光学材料は、さらに、添加不純物としてカリウムを除く周期律表Ia族またはIIa族の1または複数種を含むことを特徴とする請求項4に記載の可変焦点レンズ。
- 前記第1および第2の陽極と前記第1および第2の陰極は、前記電気光学材料とショットキー接合が形成される材料からなることを特徴とする請求項1ないし5のいずれかに記載の可変焦点レンズ。
- 前記第1および第2の陽極と前記第1および第2の陰極は、帯状の形状を有し、その長手方向の辺は、すべて平行であることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の可変焦点レンズ。
- 前記第1の陽極と前記第2の陰極との間の間隔G、前記電気光学材料の厚さTとすると、G<1.5Tであることを特徴とする請求項6または7に記載の可変焦点レンズ。
- 反転対称性を有する単結晶からなる電気光学材料と、
該電気光学材料の表面に形成された2N個の電極とを備え、
1≦k≦N-1の時、前記電気光学材料の第1の面上に形成され、光の入射側からk番目の電極をk番目の陽極とし、前記第1の面に対向する第2の面上に形成され、前記k番目の陽極と向かい合う位置に形成された電極をk番目の陰極とし、
前記第1の面上に形成され、前記k番目の陽極とは間隔をおいて配置された電極をk+1番目の陰極とし、前記第2の面上に形成され、前記k+1番目の陰極と向かい合う位置に形成され、前記k+1番目の陰極とは間隔をおいて配置された電極をk+1番目の陽極とし、
前記第1の面と直交する第3の面から光を入射させたとき、前記k番目の陽極および前記k番目の陰極からなる電極対の間と、N番目の陽極およびN番目の陰極からなる電極対の間を透過して、前記第3の面に対向する第4の面から光が出射するように光軸が設定され、
前記k番目およびN番目の間の印加電圧を変えることにより、前記電気光学材料の前記第4の面から出射された光の焦点を可変することを特徴とする可変焦点レンズ。 - 光学系に可変焦点レンズを含む顕微鏡であって、
該可変焦点レンズは、第1の基本単位素子と半波長板と第2の基本単位素子とが、光軸方向に沿って直列に配置され、前記第1の基本単位素子と前記第2の基本単位素子とは、光軸に対して垂直に電界を印加し、電界の印加方向が互いに90度の角度をなすように配置され、前記半波長板は、前記第1の基本単位素子と前記第2の基本単位素子の電界の印加方向に対して、45度の角度をなすように配置され、
前記第1および第2の基本単位素子の各々は、
反転対称性を有する単結晶からなる電気光学材料と、
該電気光学材料の第1の面上に形成された第1の陽極と、
前記第1の面に対向する第2の面上に形成され、前記第1の陽極と向かい合う位置に形成された第1の陰極と、
前記第1の面上に形成され、前記第1の陽極とは間隔をおいて配置された第2の陰極と、
前記第2の面上に形成され、前記第2の陰極と向かい合う位置に形成され、前記第1の陰極とは間隔をおいて配置された第2の陽極とを備え、
前記第1の面と直交する第3の面から光を入射させたとき、前記第1の陽極および前記第1の陰極からなる第1の電極対の間を透過してから、前記第2の陽極および前記第2の陰極からなる第2の電極対の間を透過して、前記第3の面に対向する第4の面から光が出射するように光軸が設定され、
前記第1および第2の電極対の間の印加電圧を変えることにより、前記電気光学材料の前記第4の面から出射された光の焦点を可変することを特徴とする顕微鏡。 - 前記電気光学材料は、ペロブスカイト型単結晶材料であることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記電気光学材料は、タンタル酸ニオブ酸カリウム(KTN:KTa1-xNbxO3、0<x<1)であることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記電気光学材料は、結晶の主成分が、周期律表Ia族とVa族から構成されており、Ia族はカリウムであり、Va族はニオブ、タンタルの少なくとも1つを含むことを特徴とする請求項11に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記電気光学材料は、さらに、添加不純物としてカリウムを除く周期律表Ia族またはIIa族の1または複数種を含むことを特徴とする請求項13に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記第1および第2の陽極と前記第1および第2の陰極は、前記電気光学材料とショットキー接合が形成される材料からなることを特徴とする請求項10ないし14のいずれかに記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記第1および第2の陽極と前記第1および第2の陰極は、帯状の形状を有し、その長手方向の辺は、すべて平行であることを特徴とする請求項15に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記第1の陽極と前記第2の陰極との間の間隔G、前記電気光学材料の厚さTとすると、G<1.5Tであることを特徴とする請求項15または16に記載の顕微鏡。
- 前記第1および第2の基本単位素子の各々は、前記電気光学材料の表面に形成された2N個の電極を備え、
1≦k≦N-1の時、前記電気光学材料の第1の面上に形成され、光の入射側からk番目の電極をk番目の陽極とし、前記第1の面に対向する第2の面上に形成され、前記k番目の陽極と向かい合う位置に形成された電極をk番目の陰極とし、
前記第1の面上に形成され、前記k番目の陽極とは間隔をおいて配置された電極をk+1番目の陰極とし、前記第2の面上に形成され、前記k+1番目の陰極と向かい合う位置に形成され、前記k+1番目の陰極とは間隔をおいて配置された電極をk+1番目の陽極とし、
前記第1の面と直交する第3の面から光を入射させたとき、前記k番目の陽極および前記k番目の陰極からなる電極対の間と、N番目の陽極およびN番目の陰極からなる電極対の間を透過して、前記第3の面に対向する第4の面から光が出射するように光軸が設定され、
前記k番目およびN番目の間の印加電圧を変えることにより、前記電気光学材料の前記第4の面から出射された光の焦点を可変することを特徴とする請求項10ないし17のいずれかに記載の顕微鏡。
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP10785980.3A EP2442172B1 (en) | 2009-06-12 | 2010-06-11 | Variable focus lens and microscope |
JP2011518317A JP5406292B2 (ja) | 2009-06-12 | 2010-06-11 | 可変焦点レンズおよび顕微鏡 |
CN201080024159.7A CN102449536B (zh) | 2009-06-12 | 2010-06-11 | 变焦透镜及显微镜 |
KR1020117027763A KR101332355B1 (ko) | 2009-06-12 | 2010-06-11 | 가변초점렌즈 및 현미경 |
US13/375,212 US8773749B2 (en) | 2009-06-12 | 2010-06-11 | Variable focusing lens and microscope |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2009-141486 | 2009-06-12 | ||
JP2009141486 | 2009-06-12 | ||
JP2010126111 | 2010-06-01 | ||
JP2010-126111 | 2010-06-01 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2010143449A1 true WO2010143449A1 (ja) | 2010-12-16 |
Family
ID=43308709
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2010/003908 WO2010143449A1 (ja) | 2009-06-12 | 2010-06-11 | 可変焦点レンズおよび顕微鏡 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8773749B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2442172B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5406292B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101332355B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102449536B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2010143449A1 (ja) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2012103886A1 (de) * | 2011-02-02 | 2012-08-09 | Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh | Optische vorrichtung mit elektrooptischem medium |
JP2014115161A (ja) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-26 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 動的焦点移動型光干渉断層顕微鏡 |
JP2016202613A (ja) * | 2015-04-23 | 2016-12-08 | 国立大学法人埼玉大学 | 生体装着型小型顕微鏡および内視鏡 |
KR101715470B1 (ko) * | 2015-04-10 | 2017-03-14 | 충북대학교 산학협력단 | 집적영상 현미경 장치 및 심도범위 개선 방법 |
KR102252427B1 (ko) * | 2019-12-26 | 2021-05-14 | 조선대학교산학협력단 | 3d 형상 측정을 위한 편광 패턴 조사 현미경 |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102017109554A1 (de) * | 2017-05-04 | 2018-11-08 | Leica Microsystems Cms Gmbh | Optische Anordnung für ein Konfokalmikroskop, Konfokalmikroskop und Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Konfokalmikroskops |
CN110596877B (zh) * | 2019-09-17 | 2022-05-24 | 四川大学 | 一种物镜和目镜焦距连续可调的光学变焦显微镜 |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH01230017A (ja) * | 1988-03-10 | 1989-09-13 | Ricoh Co Ltd | 光学素子 |
JPH1164817A (ja) | 1997-06-10 | 1999-03-05 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | 可変焦点レンズ、可変焦点回折光学素子、および可変偏角プリズム |
WO2006137408A1 (ja) * | 2005-06-20 | 2006-12-28 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | 電気光学素子 |
WO2009084692A1 (ja) * | 2007-12-28 | 2009-07-09 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | 可変焦点レンズ |
JP2010026079A (ja) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-02-04 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光デバイス |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4181399A (en) * | 1978-01-03 | 1980-01-01 | Sperry Rand Corporation | Optical internal reflectance switchable coupler |
DE3202075A1 (de) * | 1982-01-23 | 1983-08-04 | Fa. Carl Zeiss, 7920 Heidenheim | System variabler schnitt- und brennweite |
US4614408A (en) * | 1984-08-27 | 1986-09-30 | Eastman Kodak Company | Electrooptic device for scanning and information modulating a plurality of light beams |
JPS62251718A (ja) * | 1986-04-25 | 1987-11-02 | Hitachi Ltd | 可変焦点薄膜レンズ |
US5272561A (en) * | 1989-01-24 | 1993-12-21 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Electrooptic device |
US20040144999A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 2004-07-29 | Li Chou H. | Integrated circuit device |
JP4797496B2 (ja) * | 2005-08-02 | 2011-10-19 | コニカミノルタホールディングス株式会社 | 光学素子 |
JP4663578B2 (ja) * | 2006-05-17 | 2011-04-06 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 電気光学素子およびその製造方法 |
EP1884805A1 (en) * | 2006-08-01 | 2008-02-06 | Varioptic | Liquid lens with four liquids |
US7602554B2 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2009-10-13 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Optical scanning apparatus |
JP4229192B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-26 | 2009-02-25 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 電気光学素子及び走査型光学装置 |
-
2010
- 2010-06-11 KR KR1020117027763A patent/KR101332355B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2010-06-11 EP EP10785980.3A patent/EP2442172B1/en active Active
- 2010-06-11 JP JP2011518317A patent/JP5406292B2/ja active Active
- 2010-06-11 US US13/375,212 patent/US8773749B2/en active Active
- 2010-06-11 CN CN201080024159.7A patent/CN102449536B/zh active Active
- 2010-06-11 WO PCT/JP2010/003908 patent/WO2010143449A1/ja active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH01230017A (ja) * | 1988-03-10 | 1989-09-13 | Ricoh Co Ltd | 光学素子 |
JPH1164817A (ja) | 1997-06-10 | 1999-03-05 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | 可変焦点レンズ、可変焦点回折光学素子、および可変偏角プリズム |
WO2006137408A1 (ja) * | 2005-06-20 | 2006-12-28 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | 電気光学素子 |
WO2009084692A1 (ja) * | 2007-12-28 | 2009-07-09 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | 可変焦点レンズ |
JP2010026079A (ja) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-02-04 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 光デバイス |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
IMAI T. ET AL.: "Fast Varifocal Lenses Based on KTa1_xNbxO3 (KTN) Single Crystal", NTT TECHNICAL REVIEW, vol. 7, no. 12, December 2009 (2009-12-01), pages 1 - 5, XP008161776 * |
KANEKO SUGURU ET AL.: "Kahen Shouten Renzu Wo Mochiita Choushouten Shind Shikaku Kikou", DENSO TECHNICAL REVIEW, vol. 3, no. 1, 1998, pages 52 - 58 |
See also references of EP2442172A4 |
YAGI S. ET AL.: "A tool for 3-D imaging: KTN scanner and varifocal lens", THE JOURNAL OF THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGES, vol. 23, no. 2, 4 July 2009 (2009-07-04), pages 31, XP001539003 * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2012103886A1 (de) * | 2011-02-02 | 2012-08-09 | Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh | Optische vorrichtung mit elektrooptischem medium |
JP2014115161A (ja) * | 2012-12-07 | 2014-06-26 | Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> | 動的焦点移動型光干渉断層顕微鏡 |
KR101715470B1 (ko) * | 2015-04-10 | 2017-03-14 | 충북대학교 산학협력단 | 집적영상 현미경 장치 및 심도범위 개선 방법 |
JP2016202613A (ja) * | 2015-04-23 | 2016-12-08 | 国立大学法人埼玉大学 | 生体装着型小型顕微鏡および内視鏡 |
KR102252427B1 (ko) * | 2019-12-26 | 2021-05-14 | 조선대학교산학협력단 | 3d 형상 측정을 위한 편광 패턴 조사 현미경 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN102449536A (zh) | 2012-05-09 |
EP2442172B1 (en) | 2014-03-26 |
JP5406292B2 (ja) | 2014-02-05 |
EP2442172A4 (en) | 2012-11-14 |
US20120075694A1 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
KR20120013999A (ko) | 2012-02-15 |
JPWO2010143449A1 (ja) | 2012-11-22 |
US8773749B2 (en) | 2014-07-08 |
CN102449536B (zh) | 2015-03-25 |
EP2442172A1 (en) | 2012-04-18 |
KR101332355B1 (ko) | 2013-11-22 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP5406292B2 (ja) | 可変焦点レンズおよび顕微鏡 | |
JP5426500B2 (ja) | 偏光無依存可変焦点レンズ | |
JP5406046B2 (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ | |
US10437082B2 (en) | Wide field of view electro-optic modulator and methods and systems of manufacturing and using same | |
JP5411089B2 (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ | |
JP2011008227A (ja) | 電気光学デバイス | |
JP2014202786A (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ | |
JP5432044B2 (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ | |
JP2014098790A (ja) | 光ピンセット装置 | |
JP5161156B2 (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ | |
US9291874B2 (en) | Optical deflection element and optical deflection device | |
JP6611052B2 (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ | |
JP5069267B2 (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ | |
JP6010510B2 (ja) | 可変焦点ミラー | |
JP6740151B2 (ja) | 光偏向器の使用方法および光偏向器 | |
JP6335111B2 (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ | |
JP6259360B2 (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ | |
JP5457952B2 (ja) | 波長可変レーザ光源 | |
JP2018101109A (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ | |
JP2016110048A (ja) | 可変焦点レンズ |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 201080024159.7 Country of ref document: CN |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 10785980 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2011518317 Country of ref document: JP |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 20117027763 Country of ref document: KR Kind code of ref document: A |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2010785980 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 13375212 Country of ref document: US |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |