WO2010140614A1 - 光学顕微鏡、および光学計測 - Google Patents
光学顕微鏡、および光学計測 Download PDFInfo
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 344
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
- G01J3/44—Raman spectrometry; Scattering spectrometry ; Fluorescence spectrometry
- G01J3/4412—Scattering spectrometry
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/65—Raman scattering
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/06—Means for illuminating specimens
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/36—Microscopes arranged for photographic purposes or projection purposes or digital imaging or video purposes including associated control and data processing arrangements
- G02B21/365—Control or image processing arrangements for digital or video microscopes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical microscope that can be applied to a molecular vibration imaging technique using stimulated Raman scattering, and optical measurement.
- the microscope using the Raman scattering principle is expected to be applied to biological cell observation as a molecular vibration imaging technique reflecting molecular vibration information.
- the spectral information of the sample is acquired by utilizing the frequency change of the excitation light by the molecular vibration frequency of the sample.
- the signal-to-noise (S / N) ratio is obtained. It was a big problem to improve.
- CARS light is generated at a frequency (2 ⁇ AS ⁇ S ) different from that of the pump light by using light pulses of two colors ( ⁇ AS , ⁇ S ).
- CARS has a feature that a signal with a high S / N ratio can be obtained in order to force the molecules to vibrate.
- Non-Patent Document 1 a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope is used by the inventors (see Non-Patent Document 1) and Sunny Xie et al. (See Patent Document 2).
- SRS stimulated Raman scattering
- the principle of the stimulated Raman scattering microscope is as follows.
- the frequency difference between the two colors is the molecular vibration frequency of the sample at the focal point. If they match, a phenomenon called stimulated Raman scattering occurs at the focal point. At this time, intensity modulation occurs in the excitation light pulse that is not intensity modulated, and the intensity modulation due to stimulated Raman scattering can be detected by optically detecting the excitation light emitted from the sample. Therefore, molecular vibration imaging of the sample can be performed from the intensity modulation generated by the stimulated Raman scattering.
- FIG. 12 shows a block configuration diagram when the principle of a conventional stimulated Raman scattering microscope is confirmed.
- the conventional stimulated Raman scattering microscope 500 has an anti-Stokes light ( ⁇ AS ) irradiated from a titanium sapphire laser 501, an optical parametric oscillator 502, and intensity modulation by an acousto-optic device (AOM) 503.
- the produced Stokes light ( ⁇ S ) is coaxially combined using a dichroic mirror 505, and condensed onto the sample 507 via the objective lens 506.
- the scattered light at this time was detected using a photodiode (PD) 511 and a lock-in amplifier 512 via an objective lens 508, a short pass filter 509, and a condenser lens 510.
- Reference numeral 504 denotes a mirror.
- the anti-Stokes light ( ⁇ AS ) has a repetition frequency of 76 MHz, a center wavelength of 765 nm, and a pulse width of 100 fs.
- the repetition frequency of the Stokes light ( ⁇ S ) is 76 MHz, and the center wavelength is 985. ⁇ 1005 nm and the pulse width was 200 fs.
- the frequency of the high frequency signal source 513 was 2 MHz.
- the above-described conventional stimulated Raman scattering microscope has a problem that the S / N ratio is lowered due to the influence of intensity noise of the laser as a light source.
- an acousto-optic element for intensity-modulating the Stokes light is required, resulting in a problem that the system becomes complicated.
- the intensity noise of the laser decreases as the frequency increases, it is effective to increase the modulation frequency in order to reduce the intensity noise of the laser.
- the modulation frequency increases, the requirements for acousto-optic elements that perform intensity modulation become stricter, and the problems related to the complexity of the system become more prominent. Further, if there is a restriction on increasing the modulation frequency due to restrictions on intensity modulation, it is difficult to obtain a high-quality moving image.
- the present invention provides an optical system that can easily cope with a case where the modulation frequency is increased in order to solve the above-described conventional problems, to suppress the complexity of the light source system, and to reduce the influence of laser intensity noise. It aims at obtaining the optical microscope provided.
- an optical microscope of the present invention includes a first optical pulse train having a first optical frequency generated by a first light source, and temporally synchronized with the first optical pulse train.
- the repetition frequency of the optical pulse train is an integral fraction of the repetition frequency of the optical pulse train generated by the second light source.
- the element for intensity modulation used in the conventional optical microscope becomes unnecessary, the optical microscope system can be simplified, and the modulation frequency of the optical pulse train is set high.
- the modulation frequency of the optical pulse train is set high.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B are diagrams showing molecular vibration images of polystyrene beads in water
- FIGS. 3C and 3D are views showing molecular vibration images of plant cells, respectively.
- FIG. 8A is a molecular vibration image of polystyrene beads when the lock-in frequency is 2 MHz
- FIG. 8B is a molecular vibration image of polystyrene beads when the lock-in frequency is 10 MHz.
- FIG. 9A is a molecular vibration image of a plant cell when the lock-in frequency is 2 MHz
- FIG. 9B is a molecular vibration image of the plant cell when the lock-in frequency is 10 MHz.
- FIG. 9A shows the relationship between the lock-in frequency in the molecular vibration image obtained with the optical microscope concerning the 2nd Embodiment of this invention, and the magnitude
- the optical microscope of the present invention includes a first optical pulse train having a first optical frequency generated by a first light source, and a second light source generated in time synchronization with the first optical pulse train.
- stimulated Raman scattering occurs when the frequency difference between the first optical frequency and the second optical frequency matches the molecular vibration frequency of the sample.
- the scattered light from the sample is intensity-modulated, and molecular vibration imaging of the sample can be performed by detecting this intensity-modulated component.
- an optical microscope using stimulated Raman scattering that has a simple optical microscope system and can easily set the modulation frequency of the optical pulse train to be high without using a conventional element for intensity modulation. Obtainable.
- the repetition frequency of the optical pulse train generated by the first light source is one half of the repetition frequency of the optical pulse train generated by the second light source.
- the first optical source, the second optical source, the irradiation optical system that irradiates the sample with the first optical pulse train and the second optical pulse train simultaneously, and the scattered light from the sample A condensing optical system that removes the first optical pulse train and condenses the other, a light receiving element that converts scattered light collected by the condensing optical system into an electrical signal, and outputs the electric light, and the light receiving element And an electronic circuit for synchronously detecting the output signal.
- At least one of the first light source and the second light source is a fiber laser, and a timing difference detection optical system for detecting a timing difference between the first optical pulse train and the second optical pulse train is provided. And driving the optical path length modulation means disposed in the resonator of the fiber laser based on the output signal from the timing difference detection optical system, and the timing of the first optical pulse train and the second light It is preferable to match the timing of the pulse train. By doing so, an optical microscope capable of aligning the timing of the first optical pulse train and the timing of the second optical pulse train with high accuracy and obtaining a clear molecular vibration image with a high S / N ratio can be obtained. Can be realized.
- timing difference detection optical system it is preferable to detect a two-photon absorption current generated when the laser light of the first optical pulse train and the laser light of the second optical pulse train are condensed and irradiated. By doing so, it is possible to detect the timing shift of the two-color ultrashort optical pulse laser beam with high accuracy.
- the optical path length modulation means is a variable delay line and a phase modulator.
- a variable delay line that can mechanically adjust the optical path length over a long distance, and a phase modulator that can adjust the optical path length at high speed by changing the refractive index of the crystal by the applied voltage Can be used to achieve more accurate and stable timing synchronization for a long time.
- the repetition frequency of the optical pulse train generated by the first light source is preferably 10 MHz or more, and the repetition frequency of the optical pulse train generated by the first light source is more preferably 38 MHz or more.
- a first optical pulse train having a first optical frequency As an optical microscope of the present invention, a first optical pulse train having a first optical frequency, and a second optical pulse train having a second optical frequency synchronized in time with the first optical pulse train.
- the present invention is an optical measurement that performs lock-in detection using a first optical pulse train generated from a first light source and a second optical pulse train generated from a second light source, It can be grasped as an optical measurement characterized in that the repetition frequency of the optical pulse train generated by the first light source is an integral fraction of the repetition frequency of the optical pulse train generated by the second light source.
- the first optical pulse train and the second optical pulse train having different repetition frequencies for performing lock-in detection are generated from the light sources that generate light having different repetition frequencies, so that the S / N ratio can be increased.
- Optical measurement that performs lock-in detection at a high frequency is possible with a simple configuration.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of an optical microscope using the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) effect according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- SRS stimulated Raman scattering
- the stimulated Raman scattering microscope 100 of the present embodiment includes a first light source 1 that generates a first optical pulse train, a second light source 2 that generates a second optical pulse train, and a mirror 3.
- An irradiation optical system 21 composed of the half mirror 4 and the first objective lens 5, a condensing optical system 22 composed of the second objective lens 7, the filter 8 and the condensing lens 9, and a photodiode 10, which is a light receiving element, It has a lock-in amplifier 11 which is an electronic circuit for synchronously detecting the output signal of the photodiode 10.
- a sample 6 to be measured is disposed between the first objective lens 5 and the second objective lens 7.
- a titanium sapphire laser light source is used as the first light source 1 that generates the first optical pulse train of Stokes light ( ⁇ S ).
- the optical frequency of the laser light is 1000 nm at the center frequency, the pulse width is 200 fs (femtosecond), and the repetition frequency is set to 38 MHz.
- the second light source 2 that generates the second optical pulse train that is anti-Stokes light ( ⁇ AS ) uses a titanium sapphire laser light source, similar to the first light source, and has an optical frequency up to about 770 nm. It is an appropriate value, the pulse width is 100 fs, and the repetition frequency is 76 MHz.
- the optical frequency of the second optical pulse train is appropriately adjusted according to the sample to be measured so that the frequency difference with the optical frequency of the first optical pulse train matches the molecular vibration frequency of the sample to be measured. It is.
- first light source and the second light source are electrically connected. Connected to.
- first light source and the second light source of the present invention are not limited to this.
- one light source may be a pulse laser light source and the other may be a parametric oscillator.
- the repetition frequency of the first optical pulse train generated by the first light source is set to the repetition frequency of the second optical pulse train generated by the second light source.
- the repetition frequency of the first optical pulse train is f
- the repetition frequency of the second optical pulse train is 2f.
- the first optical pulse train generated by the first light source is generated at a timing synchronized with one of the two second optical pulse trains generated by the second light source.
- the repetition frequency of the first optical pulse train generated by the first light source is set to one third or one quarter of the second optical pulse train repetition frequency generated by the second light source. This is because the number of times of causing the stimulated Raman scattering effect can be maximized, and the molecular vibration image of the sample can be acquired with higher accuracy.
- the repetition frequency of the first optical pulse train is one half of the repetition frequency of the second optical pulse train.
- the repetition frequency of the first optical pulse train is set to an integral fraction of the repetition frequency of the second optical pulse train, such as a quarter, it is possible to obtain a molecular vibration image of the sample by the stimulated Raman scattering effect.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the repetition frequency is not limited to this.
- the first optical pulse train having a low value can be used as the anti-Stokes light.
- the second light pulse train having the repetition frequency 2f generated by the second light source 2 whose direction is changed by the mirror 3 of the irradiation optical system 21 is generated by the first light source 1 by the half mirror 4 of the irradiation optical system 21. It is multiplexed coaxially with the generated first optical pulse train of repetition frequency f.
- the combined optical pulse train is focused and irradiated on the sample 6 by the first objective lens 5 of the irradiation optical system 21.
- the first objective lens 5 having a magnification of 40 and a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.6 is used.
- the repetition frequency of the first optical pulse train having the first optical frequency (first color) is f
- the repetition frequency of the second optical pulse train having the second optical frequency (second color) is
- both two-color pulses and only one of the second-color pulses appear alternately every time 1 / 2f.
- the frequency difference between the first optical frequency and the second optical frequency matches the molecular frequency of the molecule to be measured of the measurement sample 6, stimulated Raman scattering occurs, and both two-color optical pulses are detected. Only when irradiated, intensity modulation of frequency f occurs in the excitation light pulse of the second optical pulse train.
- the scattered light from the sample 6 is collected by the second objective lens 7 of the condensing optical system 22.
- the second objective lens 7 in the present embodiment, as in the first objective lens 5, a lens with a magnification of ⁇ 40 and a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.6 is used. Only the second optical pulse train is transmitted from the scattered light collected by the second objective lens 7 by the short pass filter 8 of the condensing optical system 22, and is condensed by the condensing lens 9 of the condensing optical system 22. To do.
- the light condensed by the condenser lens 9 is photoelectrically converted by the photodiode 10 which is a light receiving element and output as an electric signal.
- the photodiode 10 which is a light receiving element and output as an electric signal.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of the output signal of the lock-in amplifier in the stimulated Raman scattering microscope.
- the horizontal axis indicates the position of the condensing focal point of the combined light of the first optical pulse train and the second optical pulse train
- the vertical axis is obtained from the lock-in amplifier obtained at the focal position. Indicates the strength of the output signal.
- a Raman shift that is a frequency difference ( ⁇ AS ⁇ S ) obtained by subtracting the value of the first optical frequency of the first optical pulse train from the value of the second optical frequency of the second optical pulse train. The amount was 3247 cm ⁇ 1 .
- the left side of FIG. 2 shows the transition of the output signal when only the glass is placed as a sample. As is clear from FIG. 2, the focus is in the air and the focus is in the glass. There is no difference in the output signal when it is located.
- the right side of FIG. 2 shows an output signal when using a sample in which water is sandwiched between glasses, as compared with the case where the focal point is in the glass part, in the part where water is present in the focal point. It can be seen that the output signal voltage at a certain time increases. This indicates that the non-resonant signal is not generated in the glass, but the stimulated Raman scattering effect due to the OH vibration mode of water can be detected.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of a molecular vibration image obtained by the stimulated Raman scattering effect by the stimulated Raman scattering microscope.
- FIG. 3 (a) is a molecular vibration image when the Raman shift amount, which is the frequency difference ( ⁇ AS ⁇ S ), is 3023 cm ⁇ 1, and only polystyrene shines white, and the surrounding water A high-contrast image with a suppressed signal is obtained.
- the scan size at this time is 10 ⁇ m in length and 10 ⁇ m in width.
- FIG. 3B is a molecular vibration image when the Raman shift amount, which is the frequency difference ( ⁇ AS ⁇ S ), is 3228 cm ⁇ 1 in the same sample as FIG. In this case, the signal level of the polystyrene beads is lowered, and a signal from water derived from OH vibration appears slightly to lower the overall contrast.
- the Raman shift amount which is the frequency difference ( ⁇ AS ⁇ S )
- ⁇ AS ⁇ S the frequency difference
- FIG. 3C visualizes the CH vibration mode of the plant cell (BY2).
- FIG. 3C is a two-dimensional molecular vibration image obtained by scanning a range of 40 ⁇ m in length and 40 ⁇ m in width, and the Raman shift amount is set to 3023 cm ⁇ 1 . It can be understood that the signal from the water around the cell is suppressed and the nucleus and the cell wall are clearly visualized.
- FIG. 3 (d) is a three-dimensional molecular vibration image obtained from the result of acquiring the two-dimensional molecular vibration image shown in FIG. 3 (c) over 40 ⁇ m at intervals of 4 ⁇ m in the optical axis direction.
- the position of the focal point of the irradiated beam is shifted in the optical axis direction to obtain a plurality of two-dimensional molecular vibration images, so that the molecular structure of the measurement sample can be obtained.
- a three-dimensional molecular vibration image can be obtained.
- the molecular state can be detected as a molecular vibration image in real time, so that the state of changes in living cells can be grasped as a moving image.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration of an optical microscope 200 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the optical microscope 200 using the stimulated Raman scattering effect generates a fiber laser 101 as a first light source that generates a first optical pulse train, and a second optical pulse train.
- a titanium sapphire laser 102 is provided as a second light source.
- the optical microscope 200 of the present embodiment has a timing difference detection optical system that detects a timing difference between the laser light of the first optical pulse train and the laser light of the second optical pulse train. 1 is different from the optical microscope 100 according to the first embodiment described with reference to FIG.
- the ultra-short optical pulse laser beam which is the second optical pulse train emitted from the titanium sapphire laser 102 as the second light source, is measured by the half mirror 104 to obtain a measurement light 131 for obtaining a molecular vibration image of the sample 123 to be measured.
- the timing difference detection light 132 for detecting the timing difference with the ultrashort optical pulse laser beam which is the first optical pulse train emitted from the first light source.
- the ultrashort optical pulse laser beam emitted from the fiber laser 101 as the first light source also obtains a molecular vibration image of the sample 123 by the half mirror 111. Therefore, the measurement light 141 is separated into a timing difference detection light 142 for detecting a timing difference between the second light pulse train emitted from the second light source.
- the timing difference detection light 142 of the first optical pulse train emitted from the fiber laser 101 and the timing difference detection light 132 of the second optical pulse train emitted from the titanium sapphire laser 102 are coaxially combined by the dichroic mirror 115. Then, the light is condensed and irradiated to the photodiode 118 through the lens 117.
- this photodiode 118 in order to detect two-photon absorption of the combined laser beam, for example, there is no light absorption in the near-infrared region, absorption is only in the visible region, and excellent in high-frequency characteristics. It is preferable to use a GaAsP photodiode.
- the timing difference detection light 142 of the first optical pulse train and the timing difference detection light 132 of the second optical pulse train are collected and irradiated by the lens 117 and the two irradiated laser beams.
- the photodiode 118 that detects the two-photon absorption current forms a timing difference detection optical system.
- the measurement light 141 of the first optical pulse train emitted from the fiber laser 101 and the measurement light 131 of the second optical pulse train emitted from the titanium sapphire laser 102 are also coaxially multiplexed by the half mirror 115, After the beam diameter is expanded by the beam expander 121, the light is incident on the entire pupil of the first objective lens 122, collected by the objective lens, and irradiated onto the sample 123 to be measured. Scattered light from the sample 123 passes through the second objective lens 124 and the short pass filter 125, is converted into an electric signal by the photodiode 126 as a light receiving element, and the output signal of the photodiode 126 is synchronously detected by the lock-in amplifier 127. Is done.
- the laser beam of the first optical pulse train generated by the fiber laser 101 is Stokes light ( ⁇ S ), an appropriate value with a center wavelength of about 1030 nm, and a pulse width of 300 fs.
- the repetition frequency is set to 38 MHz.
- the laser light of the second optical pulse train generated by the titanium sapphire laser 102 is anti-Stokes light ( ⁇ AS ), the center wavelength is an appropriate value of about 780 nm, the pulse width is 300 fs, and the repetition frequency is 76 MHz. is there.
- the wavelengths of the first optical pulse train and the second optical pulse train are matched to the measurement target sample so that the optical frequency difference matches the molecular vibration frequency of the measurement target sample. Adjust as appropriate.
- the titanium sapphire laser is used as the second light source that generates the laser light of the second optical pulse train having a high repetition frequency.
- the titanium sapphire laser is set to have a low repetition frequency. This is because it is difficult compared to a fiber laser. Therefore, this is not an essential requirement in the present invention, and a titanium sapphire laser can be used as the first light source and a fiber laser can be used as the second light source as appropriate according to the set repetition frequency. Further, both the first light source and the second light source can be fiber lasers.
- the repetition frequency of the first optical pulse train generated by the first light source is not a half of the repetition frequency of the second optical pulse train generated by the second light source, but an integral fraction.
- a good point is that either of the two optical pulse trains may be used as Stokes light and anti-Stokes light, as in the case of the stimulated Raman scattering microscope 100 of the first embodiment.
- the specification of the optical member may be the same as that of the stimulated Raman scattering microscope 100 of the first embodiment.
- magnification ⁇ 40 numerical aperture (NA) 0.6 can be used as the first objective lens 122 and the second objective lens 124.
- NA numerical aperture
- higher spatial resolution can be obtained by using an objective lens with a magnification of x100 and NA of 1.4.
- 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, and 120 all indicate mirrors. Needless to say, the specific paths of the first and second ultrashort optical pulse laser beams using these mirrors can be changed as appropriate.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a specific configuration example of the fiber laser 101 used in the optical microscope 200 of the present embodiment.
- the fiber laser 101 used as the first light source in the optical microscope 200 of this embodiment includes an ytterbium-doped fiber 151, a plurality of wave plates 152, a polarization beam splitter 153, a dispersion compensator 154, a variable delay. It consists of a line 155, a phase modulator 156, and an isolator 157.
- the fiber laser 101 has a configuration in which a variable delay line 155 and a phase modulator 156 as optical path length conversion means are inserted in a resonator of a general mode-locked fiber laser.
- the ytterbium-doped fiber 151 amplifies an optical pulse having a wavelength of 1.03 ⁇ m.
- the plurality of wave plates 152 adjust the polarization of incident light and outgoing light of the ytterbium-doped fiber 151.
- the polarization beam splitter 153 extracts a part of the light pulse inside the fiber laser 101 and outputs it as emission light 158, and performs mode-locking operation by the nonlinear polarization rotation effect in the ytterbium-doped fiber 151.
- the dispersion compensator 154 is inserted to adjust the group velocity dispersion in the fiber laser 101.
- the variable delay line 155 and the phase modulator 156 are inserted to adjust the optical path length of the laser resonator and control the repetition frequency.
- the variable delay line 155 can mechanically adjust the optical path length.
- the phase modulator 156 is a waveguide device using an electro-optic crystal, and the optical path length can be adjusted by changing the refractive index of the crystal according to the applied voltage. Although the maximum optical path length that can be adjusted is as small as several microns, the phase modulator 156 does not require a mechanical operation, and thus can control the optical path length with high speed of MHz or more.
- the isolator 157 defines the traveling direction of the optical pulse in the resonator.
- an optical pulse is generated by a mode-locking operation and circulates to output an optical pulse at a time interval depending on the optical path length in the laser resonator, and the repetition frequency is controlled.
- An optical pulse train can be obtained.
- the photocurrent can be detected with a band of 1 MHz or more by detecting it as a voltage value with a load resistance of 300 ⁇ , for example. At this time, it is necessary to obtain a sufficiently large two-photon absorption current in order to suppress the influence of fluctuations such as thermal noise included in the detected signal.
- the voltage signal indicating the detected timing difference was introduced into the variable delay line 155 and the phase modulator 156 in the resonator of the fiber laser 101 via the loop filter 119. Then, the loop band of the variable delay line 155 was controlled to about 1 Hz and the loop band of the phase modulator 156 was controlled to about 140 kHz so that the voltage signal was constant.
- variable delay line 155 and the phase modulator 156 are used as the optical path length modulation means.
- high-speed optical path length control means so that the loop band can be set to 100 kHz or higher.
- the optical pulse train output from the fiber laser originally has a large jitter, when the timing is controlled using a low-speed element such as a piezo element, a large jitter of about 2 picoseconds remains.
- FIG. 6 shows the state of the output signal from the photodiode 118 used in the timing difference detection optical system for detecting the synchronization shift of the first and second laser beam pulses in the optical microscope 200 of the present embodiment. ing.
- the vertical axis represents the output voltage value at the photodiode 118 by two-photon absorption
- the horizontal axis represents the timing deviation amount of the two laser beam pulses. It can be seen that the highest voltage is obtained when the timings of the two pulses coincide, and that the voltage drops when the timing deviates by more than the pulse time width. This makes it possible to detect timing with high accuracy using two-photon absorption.
- the laser beam of the first optical pulse train generated by the fiber laser 101 and the second optical pulse train are immediately generated from the change in the output voltage value from the photodiode 118.
- the timing difference with the laser beam can be detected and used to control the repetition frequency of the fiber laser.
- the influence of the jitter of an ultrashort optical pulse laser beam can be avoided, and the timing of the ultrashort optical pulse laser beam of two colors can be synchronized with high precision.
- the two-photon absorption current and the repetition frequency control band are widened, and the loop band is widened, so that the two optical pulse trains can be very easily synchronized. This can be understood as follows.
- the two-photon absorption current change occurs only when the timings of the two optical pulse trains are close to the pulse time ⁇ T.
- the optical pulse trains are not synchronized, that is, there is a difference of ⁇ f between twice the repetition frequency f of the first optical pulse train and the repetition frequency 2f of the second optical pulse train.
- the uncontrolled laser repetition frequency has fluctuations on the order of 1 Hz, which can be considered that ⁇ f changes within about 1 Hz with time.
- the timing of the two pulse trains is aligned at a time interval of 1 / ⁇ f, and the two-photon absorption current changes accordingly.
- the time when the two-photon absorption current change occurs is the time when the timings of the two pulses overlap, that is, ⁇ T / T ⁇ f. In order to realize the synchronization, it is necessary to perform timing control within this time.
- the timing control frequency band is B
- the time required for timing synchronization is expressed by about 1 / B, so that the inequality 1 / B ⁇ T / T ⁇ f, that is, ⁇ f ⁇ B ⁇ T / T needs to be satisfied.
- ⁇ T 300 fs
- T 12 ns
- B 140 kHz
- ⁇ f ⁇ 3.5 Hz is obtained. Therefore, by increasing the timing control frequency band B in this way, synchronization by two-photon absorption can be achieved even if there is fluctuation of the order of 1 Hz.
- B is small
- the requirement for ⁇ f becomes strict and it is virtually impossible to synchronize the uncontrolled laser. In such a case, it is necessary to perform synchronization by two-photon absorption after performing low-accuracy synchronization in combination with other synchronization methods, which complicates the system.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a synchronization state of two-color ultrashort optical pulse laser beams in the optical microscope 200 according to the present embodiment.
- the timing jitter obtained as the deviation of the two-color ultrashort optical pulse laser beam can be about 6.0 fs.
- the timing jitter when a molecular vibration image is observed with an SRS microscope, it is considered preferable to set the timing jitter to 1/10 or less of the time width of the irradiation light pulse, whereas the optical microscope of the present embodiment.
- the magnitude of the timing jitter is about 1/100 of the time width of the irradiation light pulse.
- the optical microscope 200 of the present embodiment detects two-photon absorption with a simple configuration without complicating the measurement system as in the case of detecting a timing difference with a high-speed photodetector,
- a phase modulator By controlling the repetition frequency of the fiber laser at high speed with a phase modulator, it is possible to obtain a molecular vibration image with a high sensitivity and a high S / N ratio while suppressing the influence of timing jitter.
- the timing difference detection optical system detects a two-photon absorption current generated by the laser light of the first optical pulse train and the laser light of the second optical pulse train.
- this does not limit the timing difference detection optical system of the optical microscope of the present invention.
- a timing difference detection optical system it is possible to detect the timing difference between two colors of ultrashort optical pulse laser beams using sum frequency generation.
- an optical pulse train of two colors (optical frequencies: ⁇ AS , ⁇ S ) in which the repetition frequency of one optical pulse train is a fraction of the other is collected on a sample.
- the intensity modulation component of the excitation light pulse having a high repetition frequency is detected by the stimulated Raman scattering phenomenon that occurs when the frequency difference between the two colors coincides with the molecular vibration frequency of the sample at the focal point. Since this stimulated Raman scattering is not affected by the nonlinearity of electrons, the output signal obtained by this microscope does not have a background signal, and a high-contrast molecular vibration image can be obtained.
- the repetition frequency of the two color light pulse trains is set to one integer, so that the intensity is modulated into one light pulse train as used in the conventional stimulated Raman scattering microscope. Therefore, it is possible to simplify the optical microscope system, and it is possible to perform high-frequency modulation of the irradiation beam, which is advantageous for reducing laser intensity noise and acquiring images with moving images. As a result, an optical microscope capable of obtaining a high-quality moving image with a high S / N ratio, which is a signal-to-noise ratio, can be realized with a simple system.
- FIG. 8 shows a sample using polystyrene beads in water as a sample.
- FIG. 8A is a molecular vibration image when the lock-in frequency is 2 MHz
- FIG. 8B is a molecular vibration image when the lock-in frequency is 10 MHz.
- the optical power when the molecular vibration image of FIG. 8A was obtained was 5 mW, and the integration time required to obtain the molecular vibration image was 50 ms.
- the optical power when the molecular vibration image of FIG. 8B was obtained was 0.6 mW, and the integration time required to obtain the molecular vibration image was 2 ms.
- the molecular vibration image of FIG. 8 (a) having a low lock-in frequency is clearly lower in resolution than the molecular vibration image of FIG. 8 (b) having a high lock-in frequency.
- the diameter looks large. Further, when the lock-in frequency is increased, the beam irradiation power necessary for obtaining a molecular vibration image is reduced, and the burden on the beam irradiation system is reduced. Furthermore, the time required to obtain a molecular vibration image is shortened, and it can be seen that it is more suitable for acquiring moving images.
- FIG. 9 shows a plant cell (BY2) used as a sample.
- FIG. 9A is a molecular vibration image when the lock-in frequency is 2 MHz
- FIG. 9B is a molecular vibration image when the lock-in frequency is 10 MHz.
- the optical power when obtaining the molecular vibration image of FIG. 9A is 4.5 mW
- the integration time required for obtaining the molecular vibration image is 100 ms
- the light when obtaining the molecular vibration image of FIG. 9B The power was 1 mW
- the integration time required to obtain a molecular vibration image was 3 ms.
- the lock-in frequency is 10 MHz or more in order to obtain a molecular vibration image having a certain resolution or higher.
- the repetition frequency of the optical pulse train having a low repetition frequency may be set to 10 MHz
- the repetition frequency of the optical pulse train having a high repetition frequency may be set to 20 MHz.
- the optical power required to obtain a molecular vibration image is about 1 mW. With this level of optical power, no significant burden is placed on the beam irradiation system.
- the lock-in frequency is 10 MHz or more, the integration time for obtaining the molecular vibration image is about several ms, which is a preferable condition in consideration of acquisition of moving images.
- FIG. 10 shows the result of measuring the noise component in the lock-in signal in the optical microscope 200 shown as the second embodiment. “Black circles” in FIG. 10 are plots of the measurement result data.
- the result of measuring the output noise of the lock-in amplifier 127 while changing the intensity of light input to the photodiode 126 is a plot in FIG.
- the integration time of the lock-in amplifier 127 was set to 0.1 ms.
- the horizontal axis represents the direct current component of the photocurrent obtained from the photodiode 126.
- the noise level of the light receiving circuit of the photodiode 126 is indicated by a dotted line a, and the shot noise of the photodiode 126 calculated from the photocurrent is indicated by a solid line b.
- FIG. 10 shows that the circuit noise is dominant in the region where the photocurrent value is smaller than 10 ⁇ 1 mA shown on the left side in FIG. 10, but the noise increases as the photocurrent increases.
- the noise voltage of the lock-in signal is proportional to the photocurrent
- the noise voltage of the lock-in signal is proportional to the square root of the photocurrent.
- the noise voltage of the lock-in signal is proportional to the square root of the photocurrent in the region where the photocurrent value is larger than 0.2 mA, suggesting that the low noise property of the shot noise limit was obtained.
- this is presumed to be due to the loss of the bandpass filter circuit included in the photodetection circuit.
- the result of converting the noise of the above into the experimental conditions of this time is shown as x (B) in the figure.
- the higher the lock-in frequency the clearer the molecular vibration image can be acquired in a shorter time. it can.
- This is particularly advantageous for acquiring a moving image that is a molecular vibration image in a moving image, but in order to acquire a molecular vibration image with a photodiode, the limit from the average level of the optical power irradiated to the sample is limited. If the lock-in frequency is too high, the sample may be damaged by the input light energy. For this reason, when setting the lock-in frequency, it is preferable to set an upper limit value as appropriate in consideration of the capability of the light receiving circuit system within a limit that does not cause damage to the sample.
- the light receiving circuit shown in FIG. 11 was used as the light receiving circuit of the photodiode 126 in order to reduce the noise level of the light receiving circuit (dotted line a in FIG. 10).
- an inductance L is connected in parallel with the photodiode PD in order to suppress a decrease in frequency characteristics due to the parasitic capacitance of the photodiode PD.
- the value of the load resistance R connected in parallel was made higher than the load resistance value of 50 ⁇ generally used for high frequency circuits.
- the parasitic capacitance of the photodiode PD is 20 pF
- the inductance L is 820 nH
- the resistance value of the load resistor R is 500 ⁇ .
- the photodiode PD used in the stimulated Raman scattering microscope tends to have a large light receiving area and a large parasitic capacitance. Therefore, by applying the above countermeasure to the light receiving circuit, The noise level can be reduced.
- the value of the load resistance R at this time is preferably 100 ⁇ or more. Therefore, it is preferable to set the load resistance value to an appropriate value of 100 ohms or more while taking into account the value of the parasitic capacitance of the photodiode PD and the value of the inductance L to be used.
- the effect of suppressing the deterioration of the frequency characteristics of the photodiode PD due to the use of the light receiving circuit shown in FIG. 11 as the light receiving circuit of the photodiode PD is not related to the generation process of the optical pulse train irradiated to the sample. is there.
- the light receiving circuit of the photodiode PD shown in FIG. 11 generates the optical pulse train of the first repetition frequency and the optical pulse train of the second repetition frequency shown in the embodiment of the present invention with different light sources. It can be used not only for an optical microscope but also for a conventional optical microscope shown in Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2 that modulates one optical pulse train to generate the other optical pulse train, and has a good effect. Can play.
- the optical microscope of the present invention can simplify the system of the optical microscope and reduce the intensity noise of the laser as compared with the conventional stimulated Raman scattering microscope in which a modulator including an acousto-optic element is indispensable.
- the molecular vibration image can be reduced and a high S / N ratio can be obtained, and furthermore, it has an excellent practical feature that it is more advantageous to acquire a moving image.
- the optical microscope of the present invention has been described for detecting stimulated Raman scattering.
- what can be detected using the configuration of the present invention is not limited to the above stimulated Raman scattering. Absent. For example, by selecting the wavelength of the light pulse so that ⁇ AS + ⁇ S that is the sum frequency of the light pulses of two colors matches the two-photon absorption frequency of the sample, a high-contrast two-photon absorption image can be obtained. Obtainable.
- the application target of the present invention is limited to the optical microscope.
- one of the two optical pulse trains having the same repetition frequency is modulated to set the repetition frequency to an integer.
- Lock-in detection at a high frequency can be performed with a simple configuration.
- the technical idea of the present invention is not limited to the application to an optical microscope.
- the noise component of the measurement result is reduced, and the measurement result having a high S / N ratio is obtained.
- it can be applied to various optical measurements to obtain good results.
- pump probe measurement etc. can be assumed as such an optical measurement which should apply the technical idea of this invention.
- the optical microscope of the present invention can be expected to be used in a wide range of fields as an optical microscope capable of forming images of living cells and the like.
- the present invention can be applied to various optical measurements.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、本発明の第1の実施形態にかかる誘導ラマン散乱(SRS)効果を用いた光学顕微鏡の概略構成を示すブロック図である。
次に、本発明の第2の実施形態にかかる誘導ラマン散乱(SRS)効果を用いた光学顕微鏡として、2つの光パルス列のタイミングを高精度に整合させて、高いS/N比で分子振動イメージを取得することができる光学顕微鏡の構成例について説明する。
Claims (10)
- 第1の光源により生成された第1の光周波数を有する第1の光パルス列と、
前記第1の光パルス列と時間的に同期した、第2の光源により生成された第2の光周波数を有する第2の光パルス列とを試料に照射し、
前記試料からの散乱光を検出する光学顕微鏡であって、
前記第1の光源が生成する光パルス列の繰り返し周波数が、前記第2の光源が生成する光パルス列の繰り返し周波数の整数分の一であることを特徴とする光学顕微鏡。 - 前記第1の光源が生成する光パルス列の繰り返し周波数が、前記第2の光源が生成する光パルス列の繰り返し周波数の二分の一である請求項1に記載の光学顕微鏡。
- 前記第1の光源と、前記第2の光源と、
前記第1の光パルス列と前記第2の光パルス列とを同時に前記試料に照射する照射光学系と、
前記試料からの散乱光のうち、前記第1の光パルス列を除去して他を集光する集光光学系と、
前記集光光学系で集光された散乱光を電気信号に変換して出力する受光素子と、
前記受光素子の出力信号を同期検波する電子回路とを備えた請求項1または2に記載の光学顕微鏡。 - 前記第1の光源および前記第2の光源の少なくともいずれか一方がファイバーレーザーであり、
前記第1の光パルス列と前記第2の光パルス列のタイミング差を検出するタイミング差検出光学系を備え、
前記タイミング差検出光学系からの出力信号に基づいて、前記ファイバーレーザーの共振器内に配置された光路長変調手段を駆動して、前記第1の光パルス列のタイミングと前記第2の光パルス列のタイミングとを整合させる請求項3に記載の光学顕微鏡。 - 前記タイミング差検出光学系において、前記第1の光パルス列のレーザー光と、前記第2の光パルス列のレーザー光が集光照射されて生じる二光子吸収電流を検出する請求項4に記載の光学顕微鏡。
- 前記光路長変調手段が、可変遅延線、および、位相変調器である請求項4または5に記載の光学顕微鏡。
- 前記第1の光パルス列の繰り返し周波数が、10MHz以上である請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の光学顕微鏡。
- 前記第1の光パルス列の繰り返し周波数が、38MHz以上である請求項7に記載の光学顕微鏡。
- 第1の光周波数を有する第1の光パルス列と、前記第1の光パルス列と時間的に同期した、第2の光周波数を有する第2の光パルス列とを試料に照射し、前記試料からの散乱光をフォトダイオードで検出する光学顕微鏡であって、
前記フォトダイオードからの出力信号を取得するフォトダイオード駆動回路が、前記フォトダイオードと並列に接続されたインダクタンスと、前記インダクタンスに並列に接続された抵抗値が100Ω以上の負荷抵抗とを有していることを特徴とする光学顕微鏡。 - 第1の光源から生成された第1の光パルス列と、第2の光源から生成された第2の光パルス列とを用いてロックイン検出を行う光学計測であって、
前記第1の光源が生成する光パルス列の繰り返し周波数が、前記第2の光源が生成する光パルス列の繰り返し周波数の整数分の一であることを特徴とする光学計測。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102575992A (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
EP2439516A1 (en) | 2012-04-11 |
US20140104608A1 (en) | 2014-04-17 |
CN102575992B (zh) | 2015-04-22 |
US8629980B2 (en) | 2014-01-14 |
US9109954B2 (en) | 2015-08-18 |
EP2439516A4 (en) | 2013-03-13 |
JP5501360B2 (ja) | 2014-05-21 |
JPWO2010140614A1 (ja) | 2012-11-22 |
US20120140217A1 (en) | 2012-06-07 |
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