WO2010137156A1 - 電池用活物質、非水電解質電池および電池パック - Google Patents
電池用活物質、非水電解質電池および電池パック Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010137156A1 WO2010137156A1 PCT/JP2009/059803 JP2009059803W WO2010137156A1 WO 2010137156 A1 WO2010137156 A1 WO 2010137156A1 JP 2009059803 W JP2009059803 W JP 2009059803W WO 2010137156 A1 WO2010137156 A1 WO 2010137156A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/20—Mountings; Secondary casings or frames; Racks, modules or packs; Suspension devices; Shock absorbers; Transport or carrying devices; Holders
- H01M50/204—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells
- H01M50/207—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape
- H01M50/209—Racks, modules or packs for multiple batteries or multiple cells characterised by their shape adapted for prismatic or rectangular cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a battery active material, a non-aqueous electrolyte battery, and a battery pack.
- TiO 2 (B) titanium oxide having a monoclinic ⁇ -type structure
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 titanium oxide having a monoclinic ⁇ -type structure
- spinel-type lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) that has been practically used has three lithium ions that can be inserted and removed per unit chemical formula. For this reason, the number of lithium ions that can be inserted / removed per titanium ion was 3/5, and 0.6 was the theoretical maximum.
- the maximum number of lithium ions that can be inserted / removed per titanium ion is 1.0. Therefore, the theoretical capacity is as high as about 335 mAh / g.
- the practical electrode capacity of TiO 2 (B) is about 170 to 200 mAh / g as disclosed in Patent Document 1 or Patent Document 2, which is significantly lower than the theoretical capacity. This is because, despite the fact that there are many sites that can serve as Li hosts in the crystal structure of TiO 2 (B), the diffusibility of Li ions in the solid is low, so that there are few effective mobile Li ions. Conceivable.
- the present invention relates to a battery active material containing TiO 2 (B) with enhanced electron conductivity, a non-aqueous electrolyte containing this active material as a negative electrode active material, and having high capacity, large current characteristics, and excellent charge / discharge cycle performance.
- An object is to provide a battery and a battery pack including a plurality of the nonaqueous electrolyte batteries.
- a monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium composite oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga and In, and the at least one Provided is a battery active material having a total element content of 0.03% by weight or more and 3% by weight or less.
- an exterior material a positive electrode accommodated in the exterior material, a negative electrode containing an active material and spatially separated from the positive electrode in the exterior material, and the exterior material
- a monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium composite oxide containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga, and In.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte battery including a material and having a total content of the at least one element of 0.03% by weight or more and 3% by weight or less.
- a battery pack including a plurality of nonaqueous electrolyte batteries, each battery being electrically connected in series, parallel, or series and parallel.
- a battery active material that contributes to high capacity, large current characteristics and excellent charge / discharge cycle performance, a non-aqueous electrolyte battery having high capacity, large current characteristics and excellent charge / discharge cycle performance, A battery pack including a plurality of water electrolyte batteries can be provided.
- FIG. 2 It is sectional drawing which shows the flat type nonaqueous electrolyte battery which concerns on embodiment. It is an expanded sectional view of the A section of FIG. It is a disassembled perspective view which shows the battery pack which concerns on embodiment. It is a block diagram of the battery pack of FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an X-ray diffraction pattern of a titanium composite oxide of Example 1.
- FIG. 2 It is a schematic diagram which shows the crystal structure of a monoclinic system type ⁇ -type titanium oxide (TiO 2 (B)).
- the battery active material according to the embodiment includes a monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium composite oxide containing at least one element selected from the group of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga, and In. At least one element occupies, for example, the Ti site of the monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium composite oxide.
- the content of at least one element is 0.03% by weight or more and 3% by weight or less in total with respect to the battery active material.
- the content of each element is 0.03% by weight or more when used alone. It means 3% by weight or less, and when two or more elements are used, it means that the total content of the elements is 0.03% by weight or more and 3% by weight or less.
- the total content of at least one element selected from the group of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga and In can be measured by ICP emission spectroscopy.
- Measurement of the content of the element by ICP emission spectroscopy can be performed by the following method, for example.
- the battery is disassembled in a discharged state, an electrode (for example, a negative electrode) is taken out, and the negative electrode layer is deactivated in water. Thereafter, the titanium composite oxide in the negative electrode layer is extracted.
- the extraction treatment can be performed, for example, by removing the conductive agent and binder in the negative electrode layer by heat treatment in the atmosphere. After measuring the extracted titanium composite oxide in a container, it is melted by acid or alkali to obtain a measurement solution.
- the measurement solution is subjected to ICP emission spectroscopy with a measuring device (for example, SPS-1500V, manufactured by SII Nano Technology) to measure the content of the element.
- a measuring device for example, SPS-1500V, manufactured by SII Nano Technology
- the crystal structure of monoclinic titanium dioxide is denoted as TiO 2 (B).
- the crystal structure represented by TiO 2 (B) mainly belongs to the space group C2 / m, and shows a tunnel structure as illustrated in FIG.
- the detailed crystal structure of TiO 2 (B) is described in R. Marchand, L. Brohan, M. Tournoux, Material Research.
- the crystal structure represented by TiO 2 (B) has a structure in which titanium ions 53 and oxide ions 52 constitute skeleton structure portions 51a, and the skeleton structure portions 51a are alternately arranged. .
- a gap portion 51b is formed between the skeleton structure portions 51a.
- This void portion 51b can serve as a host site for intercalation (insertion) of different atomic species.
- TiO 2 (B) is also said to have host sites capable of occluding and releasing heteroatomic species on the crystal surface.
- TTiO 2 (B) can reversibly occlude and release lithium ions by inserting and removing lithium ions from these host sites.
- TiO 2 (B) has one Ti 4+ per chemical formula, it is theoretically possible to insert a maximum of one lithium ion between the layers. Therefore, a titanium oxide compound having a TiO 2 (B) crystal structure can be represented by the general formula Li x TiO 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1). In this case, a theoretical capacity of 335 mAh / g, which is nearly twice that of the titanium dioxide described in Patent Documents 1 and 2, is obtained.
- TiO 2 (B) is an insulator, it is difficult to sufficiently extract its high capacity. Further, the non-aqueous electrolyte battery containing TiO 2 (B) as an active material has a large current characteristic.
- At least one element selected from the group consisting of a predetermined amount of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga and In is added to the monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium oxide (TiO 2 (B)).
- the electronic conductivity of TiO 2 (B) can be improved. Therefore, the high-capacity performance possessed by TiO 2 (B) can be sufficiently obtained, and a battery active material that contributes to large current characteristics and excellent charge / discharge cycle performance when incorporated in a battery can be obtained.
- Nb Of the at least one element selected from the group of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga and In, Nb is preferred. When two or more elements are used, it is preferable to use two kinds of Nb and V, two kinds of Nb and Ta, or three kinds of Nb, V, and Ta.
- the content of at least one element is less than 0.03% by weight in total, it is difficult to obtain an effect of improving the electronic conductivity and stabilizing the crystal structure of TiO 2 (B). If the content of at least one element exceeds 3% by weight in total, a heterogeneous phase appears in TiO 2 (B), which may reduce the electric capacity and charge / discharge cycle performance.
- a more preferable content of at least one element is 0.03 to 1% by weight in total with respect to the active material.
- TiO 2 (B) containing at least one element preferably has a primary particle diameter of 100 nm or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the primary particle diameter is 100 nm or more, it becomes easy to handle in industrial production.
- the primary particle diameter is 1 ⁇ m or less, lithium ions can be smoothly diffused into the TiO 2 (B) solid.
- TiO 2 (B) containing at least one element preferably has a specific surface area of 5 m 2 / g or more and 50 m 2 / g or less.
- the specific surface area is 5 m 2 / g or more, it is possible to sufficiently ensure the occlusion / desorption sites of lithium ions.
- the specific surface area is 50 m 2 / g or less, it becomes easy to handle in industrial production.
- an alkali titanate compound such as Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 , K 2 Ti 4 O 9 , Cs 2 Ti 5 O 12 is selected from a group of a predetermined amount of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga and In.
- a starting material containing at least one element is prepared.
- Potassium titanate (K 2 Ti 4 O 9 ) can also be synthesized, for example, by a flux method.
- the alkali titanate compound containing at least one element includes a substance containing at least one element selected from the group of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga and In as a constituent element, a substance containing Ti, Na, K , A substance containing an alkali element such as Cs can be mixed at a predetermined ratio and synthesized by a general solid phase reaction method.
- the method for synthesizing the starting material is not limited to any method or crystal shape.
- the starting material is washed thoroughly with pure water to remove impurities from the alkali titanate compound, and then acid-treated to exchange alkali cations for protons.
- Sodium ion, potassium ion, and cesium ion in sodium titanate, potassium titanate, and cesium titanate can be exchanged with protons without destroying the crystal structure.
- Proton exchange by acid treatment is performed, for example, by adding 1 M hydrochloric acid to the starting material and stirring.
- the acid treatment is desirably performed until the proton exchange is sufficiently completed.
- an alkaline solution may be added to the solution to adjust the pH. After the proton exchange is completed, it is washed again with pure water.
- the starting material Prior to proton exchange, the starting material is preferably pulverized in advance with a ball mill.
- This pulverization enables smooth proton exchange.
- the pulverization conditions can be performed by using zirconia balls having a diameter of about 10 to 15 mm per 100 cm 2 container and rotating the zirconia balls for about 1 to 3 hours at a rotation speed of 600 to 1000 rpm.
- the pulverization for 1 hour or less is not preferable because the starting material is not sufficiently pulverized.
- pulverization for a long time of 3 hours or more is not preferable because the mechanochemical reaction proceeds and the phase is separated into a compound different from the target product.
- a preferable heating temperature is 250 ° C. to 500 ° C.
- the heating temperature is less than 250 ° C., the crystallinity is remarkably lowered, and the electrode capacity, charge / discharge efficiency, and repetitive characteristics are lowered.
- an impurity phase such as an anatase phase is generated, and the capacity may be reduced.
- a more preferable heating temperature is 300 ° C. to 400 ° C.
- the battery active material according to the embodiment can be used not only for a negative electrode, which will be described later, but also for a positive electrode. That is, the large current characteristic is an effect obtained by containing at least one element selected from the group of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga, and In. does not change. Therefore, the battery active material according to the embodiment can be used for both the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and similar effects can be obtained.
- the active material of the negative electrode as the counter electrode can be a metallic lithium, a lithium alloy, or a carbon-based material such as graphite or coke.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery according to the embodiment includes an exterior material, a positive electrode accommodated in the exterior material, and an active material that is spatially separated from the positive electrode in the exterior material, for example, via a separator.
- a negative electrode and a non-aqueous electrolyte filled in the exterior material are provided.
- the negative electrode active material includes TiO 2 (B) containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga, and In. The content of at least one element is 0.03% by weight or more and 3% by weight or less in total with respect to the active material.
- the exterior material, the negative electrode, the positive electrode, the separator, and the nonaqueous electrolyte which are constituent members of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery, will be described in detail.
- Exterior material is formed from a laminate film having a thickness of 0.5 mm or less. Further, a metal container having a thickness of 1.0 mm or less is used as the exterior material. The metal container is more preferably 0.5 mm or less in thickness.
- the shape of the exterior material includes a flat type (thin type), a square type, a cylindrical type, a coin type, a button type, and the like.
- Examples of the exterior material include a small battery exterior material loaded on a portable electronic device or the like, and a large battery exterior material loaded on a two-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, depending on the battery size.
- the laminate film a multilayer film in which a metal layer is interposed between resin layers is used.
- the metal layer is preferably an aluminum foil or an aluminum alloy foil for weight reduction.
- a polymer material such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), nylon, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) can be used.
- PP polypropylene
- PE polyethylene
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- the laminate film can be molded into the shape of an exterior material by sealing by heat sealing.
- Metal containers are made from aluminum or aluminum alloy.
- the aluminum alloy is preferably an alloy containing elements such as magnesium, zinc, and silicon.
- transition metals such as iron, copper, nickel, and chromium are contained in the alloy, the amount is preferably 100 ppm by weight or less.
- Negative electrode The negative electrode includes a current collector and a negative electrode layer formed on one or both sides of the current collector and including an active material, a conductive agent, and a binder.
- the active material includes a monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium composite oxide containing at least one element selected from the group of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga and In described above, and the content of at least one element Are used in an amount of 0.03% by weight or more and 3% by weight or less.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte battery incorporating a negative electrode including a negative electrode layer containing such an active material can improve large current characteristics and charge / discharge cycle performance.
- Conductive agent enhances the current collection performance of the active material and suppresses contact resistance with the current collector.
- Examples of the conductive agent include acetylene black, carbon black, and graphite.
- the binder can bind the active material and the conductive agent.
- the binder include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), fluorine-based rubber, and styrene butadiene rubber.
- the active material, conductive agent and binder in the negative electrode layer are preferably blended in a proportion of 70% to 96% by weight, 2% to 28% by weight and 2% to 28% by weight, respectively. .
- the amount of the conductive agent is less than 2% by weight, the current collecting performance of the negative electrode layer is lowered, and the large current characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery may be lowered.
- the amount of the binder is less than 2% by weight, the binding property between the negative electrode layer and the current collector is lowered, and the cycle characteristics may be lowered.
- the conductive agent and the binder are each preferably 28% by weight or less in order to increase the capacity.
- the current collector is an aluminum foil that is electrochemically stable in a potential range nobler than 1.0 V or an aluminum alloy foil containing elements such as Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Si. It is preferable.
- the negative electrode is produced, for example, by suspending an active material, a conductive agent, and a binder in a commonly used solvent to prepare a slurry, applying the slurry to a current collector, drying, and then pressing.
- the negative electrode may also be produced by forming an active material, a conductive agent and a binder in the form of a pellet to form a negative electrode layer, which is formed on a current collector.
- Positive electrode includes a current collector and a positive electrode layer formed on one or both sides of the current collector and including an active material, a conductive agent, and a binder.
- an oxide or a polymer can be used as the active material.
- the oxide examples include manganese occluded lithium (MnO 2 ), iron oxide, copper oxide, nickel oxide and lithium manganese composite oxide (for example, Li x Mn 2 O 4 or Li x MnO 2 ), lithium nickel composite oxide.
- Li x NiO 2 lithium cobalt composite oxide (Li x CoO 2 ), lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide (eg, LiNi 1-y Co y O 2 ), lithium manganese cobalt composite oxide (eg, Li x Mn y) Co 1 -y O 2 ), spinel-type lithium manganese nickel composite oxide (Li x Mn 2 -y Ni y O 4 ), lithium phosphorous oxide having an olipine structure (eg, Li x FePO 4 , Li x Fe 1 -y) Mn y PO 4, Li x CoPO 4), using ferrous sulfate (Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 ), or vanadium oxides (e.g. V 2 O 5) be
- a conductive polymer material such as polyaniline or polypyrrole, or a disulfide polymer material can be used.
- Sulfur (S) and carbon fluoride can also be used as the active material.
- Preferred active materials include lithium manganese composite oxide (Li x Mn 2 O 4 ), lithium nickel composite oxide (Li x NiO 2 ), lithium cobalt composite oxide (Li x CoO 2 ), and lithium nickel cobalt having a high positive electrode voltage.
- complex oxide Li x Ni 1-y coyO 2
- spinel type lithium-manganese-nickel composite oxide Li x Mn 2-y Ni y O 4
- lithium manganese cobalt composite oxide Li x Mn y Co 1- y O 2
- lithium iron phosphate Li x FePO 4
- x and y are preferably 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.
- a more preferable active material is lithium cobalt composite oxide or lithium manganese composite oxide. Since these active materials have high ion conductivity, diffusion of lithium ions in the positive electrode active material is unlikely to be a rate-determining step in combination with the negative electrode active material described above. For this reason, the said active material is excellent in compatibility with the lithium titanium complex oxide in the said negative electrode active material.
- Conductive agent enhances the current collection performance of the active material and suppresses contact resistance with the current collector.
- Examples of the conductive agent include carbonaceous materials such as acetylene black, carbon black, and graphite.
- the binder binds the active material and the conductive agent.
- the binder include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), and fluorine-based rubber.
- the active material, conductive agent and binder in the positive electrode layer are preferably blended at a ratio of 80% to 95% by weight, 3% to 18% by weight and 2% to 17% by weight, respectively. .
- the conductive agent can exert the above-described effects by setting the amount to 3% by weight or more. By making the amount of the conductive agent 18% by weight or less, decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte on the surface of the conductive agent under high temperature storage can be reduced. Sufficient positive electrode strength can be obtained by setting the binder to an amount of 2% by weight or more. By setting the amount of the binder to 17% by weight or less, the amount of the binder, which is an insulating material in the positive electrode, can be reduced, and the internal resistance can be reduced.
- the current collector is preferably an aluminum foil or an aluminum alloy foil containing an element such as Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, or Si.
- the positive electrode is produced, for example, by suspending an active material, a conductive agent, and a binder in a commonly used solvent to prepare a slurry, applying the slurry to a current collector, drying, and then applying a press.
- the positive electrode may also be produced by forming an active material, a conductive agent and a binder in the form of a pellet to form a negative electrode layer on a current collector.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte examples include a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte prepared by dissolving an electrolyte in an organic solvent, or a gel non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by combining a liquid electrolyte and a polymer material.
- the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably dissolved in an organic solvent at a concentration of 0.5M to 2.5M.
- electrolytes examples include lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium hexafluoroarsenide (LiAsF 6 ), trifluorometasulfone Lithium salt of lithium acid (LiCF 3 SO 3 ), lithium salt of bistrifluoromethylsulfonylimitolithium [LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 ], or a mixture thereof.
- the electrolyte is preferably one that is not easily oxidized even at a high potential, and LiPF 6 is most preferred.
- organic solvents examples include cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), vinylene carbonate; chain carbonates such as diethyl carbonate (DEC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC).
- Cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2MeTHF), dioxolane (DOX); chain ethers such as dimethoxyethane (DME) and dietoethane (DEE); or ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL), acetonitrile ( AN) and sulfolane (SL).
- PC propylene carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- MEC methyl ethyl carbonate
- Cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2MeTHF), dioxo
- polymer material examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and polyethylene oxide (PEO).
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- a preferable organic solvent is a mixed solvent in which at least two of the group consisting of propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC) and (diethyl carbonate (DEC)) are mixed, or a mixture containing ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL). It is a solvent.
- separator examples include a porous film containing polyethylene, polypropylene, cellulose, or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), or a synthetic resin nonwoven fabric.
- a preferable porous film is made of polyethylene or polypropylene, and can be melted at a constant temperature to cut off an electric current, so that safety can be improved.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a thin nonaqueous electrolyte battery
- FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of part A of FIG.
- Each figure is a schematic diagram for promoting explanation and understanding of the invention, and its shape, dimensions, ratio, etc. are different from the actual apparatus, but these are considered in consideration of the following explanation and known techniques. The design can be changed as appropriate.
- the flat wound electrode group 1 is housed in a bag-shaped exterior material 2 made of a laminate film in which an aluminum foil is interposed between two resin layers.
- the flat wound electrode group 1 is formed by winding a laminate of the negative electrode 3, the separator 4, the positive electrode 5, and the separator 4 in this order from the outside in a spiral shape and press-molding.
- the outermost negative electrode 3 has a configuration in which a negative electrode layer 3b is formed on one surface on the inner surface side of the negative electrode current collector 3a.
- the other negative electrode 3 is configured by forming negative electrode layers 3b on both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector 3a.
- the active material in the negative electrode layer 3b includes a monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium composite oxide containing at least one element selected from the group of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga, and In, and includes at least one element.
- the total content is 0.03% by weight or more and 3% by weight or less.
- the positive electrode 5 is configured by forming a positive electrode layer 3b on both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector 5a.
- the negative electrode terminal 6 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 3 a of the outermost negative electrode 3, and the positive electrode terminal 7 is connected to the positive electrode current collector 5 a of the inner positive electrode 5.
- the negative electrode terminal 6 and the positive electrode terminal 7 are extended to the outside from the opening of the bag-shaped exterior material 2.
- the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte is injected from the opening of the bag-shaped exterior material 2.
- the wound electrode group 1 and the liquid nonaqueous electrolyte are completely sealed by heat-sealing the opening of the bag-shaped outer packaging material 2 with the negative electrode terminal 6 and the positive electrode terminal 7 interposed therebetween.
- the negative electrode terminal for example, a material having electrical stability and conductivity in a range where the potential with respect to the lithium ion metal is 1.0 V or more and 3.0 V or less can be used. Specifically, aluminum or an aluminum alloy containing an element such as Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, or Si can be given. In order to reduce the contact resistance with the negative electrode current collector, the negative electrode terminal is preferably made of the same material as the negative electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode terminal a material having electrical stability and conductivity in the range of a potential with respect to a lithium ion metal in the range of 3.0 to 4.25 V can be used. Specifically, aluminum or an aluminum alloy containing an element such as Mg, Ti, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, or Si can be given.
- the positive electrode terminal is preferably made of the same material as that of the positive electrode current collector in order to reduce contact resistance with the positive electrode current collector.
- the battery pack according to the embodiment includes a plurality of the nonaqueous electrolyte batteries (unit cells) described above, and each unit cell is electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in series and in parallel.
- Such a battery pack has excellent cycle characteristics.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery according to the above-described embodiment includes a monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium oxide containing a predetermined amount of at least one element selected from the group of V, Nb, Ta, Al, Ga, and In.
- a negative electrode large current characteristics and charge / discharge cycle performance can be improved while increasing the capacity of monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium oxide.
- a battery pack incorporating a plurality of such batteries can improve charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the battery pack according to the embodiment will be specifically described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.
- a flat type nonaqueous electrolyte battery shown in FIG. 1 is used as the unit cell.
- the plurality of unit cells 21 are laminated so that the negative electrode terminal 6 and the positive electrode terminal 7 extending to the outside are aligned in the same direction, and are fastened with an adhesive tape 22 to constitute an assembled battery 23. These unit cells 21 are electrically connected to each other in series as shown in FIG.
- the printed wiring board 24 is arranged to face the side surface of the unit cell 21 from which the negative electrode terminal 6 and the positive electrode terminal 7 extend.
- a thermistor 25 On the printed wiring board 24, as shown in FIG. 4, a thermistor 25, a protection circuit 26, and a terminal 27 for energizing external devices are mounted.
- An insulating plate (not shown) is attached to the surface of the protection circuit board 24 facing the assembled battery 23 in order to avoid unnecessary connection with the wiring of the assembled battery 23.
- the positive electrode side lead 28 is connected to the positive electrode terminal 7 located in the lowermost layer of the assembled battery 23, and the tip thereof is inserted into the positive electrode side connector 29 of the printed wiring board 24 and electrically connected thereto.
- the negative electrode side lead 30 is connected to the negative electrode terminal 6 located in the uppermost layer of the assembled battery 23, and the tip thereof is inserted into the negative electrode side connector 31 of the printed wiring board 24 and electrically connected thereto.
- These connectors 29 and 31 are connected to the protection circuit 26 through wirings 32 and 33 formed on the printed wiring board 24.
- the thermistor 25 is used to detect the temperature of the unit cell 21, and the detection signal is transmitted to the protection circuit 26.
- the protection circuit 26 can cut off the plus side wiring 34a and the minus side wiring 34b between the protection circuit 26 and the energization terminal 27 to the external device under a predetermined condition.
- the predetermined condition is, for example, when the temperature detected by the thermistor 25 is equal to or higher than a predetermined temperature.
- the predetermined condition is when the overcharge, overdischarge, overcurrent, etc. of the cell 21 are detected. This detection of overcharge or the like is performed for each single cell 21 or the entire single cell 21.
- the battery voltage may be detected, or the positive electrode potential or the negative electrode potential may be detected.
- a lithium electrode used as a reference electrode is inserted into each unit cell 21.
- a voltage detection wiring 35 is connected to each single cell 21, and a detection signal is transmitted to the protection circuit 26 through these wirings 35.
- Protective sheets 36 made of rubber or resin are disposed on the three side surfaces of the assembled battery 23 excluding the side surfaces from which the positive electrode terminal 7 and the negative electrode terminal 6 protrude.
- the assembled battery 23 is stored in a storage container 37 together with each protective sheet 36 and the printed wiring board 24. That is, the protective sheet 36 is disposed on each of the inner side surface in the long side direction and the inner side surface in the short side direction of the storage container 37, and the printed wiring board 24 is disposed on the inner side surface on the opposite side in the short side direction.
- the assembled battery 23 is located in a space surrounded by the protective sheet 36 and the printed wiring board 24.
- the lid 38 is attached to the upper surface of the storage container 37.
- a heat shrink tape may be used for fixing the assembled battery 23.
- protective sheets are arranged on both side surfaces of the assembled battery, the heat shrinkable tape is circulated, and then the heat shrinkable tape is heat shrunk to bind the assembled battery.
- 3 and 4 show a configuration in which the cells 21 are connected in series, but in order to increase the battery capacity, they may be connected in parallel, or a combination of series connection and parallel connection may be used.
- the assembled battery packs can be further connected in series and in parallel.
- the mode of the battery pack is appropriately changed depending on the application.
- the battery pack is preferably one that exhibits excellent cycle characteristics when a large current is taken out.
- Specific examples include a power source for a digital camera, a vehicle for a two- to four-wheel hybrid electric vehicle, a two- to four-wheel electric vehicle, an assist bicycle, and the like.
- the vehicle-mounted one is suitable.
- a mixed solvent in which at least two of the group consisting of propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) are mixed, or a nonaqueous electrolyte containing ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) is used.
- PC propylene carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- GBL nonaqueous electrolyte containing ⁇ -butyrolactone
- Example 1 Preparation of positive electrode> First, 90% by weight of lithium nickel composite oxide (LiNi 0.82 Co 0.15 Al 0.03 O2) powder as the positive electrode active material, 5% by weight of acetylene black and 5% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as the conductive agent are N-methylpyrrolidone. In addition to (NMP), the mixture is mixed to form a slurry. This slurry is applied to both sides of a current collector made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m, dried, and pressed to have an electrode density of 3.15 g / cm 3 . A positive electrode was produced.
- lithium nickel composite oxide LiNi 0.82 Co 0.15 Al 0.03 O2
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5 ), potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ), and anatase-type titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) are mixed and calcined at 1000 ° C. for 24 hours, and then K 2 Ti 4 O 9 containing Nb. Was synthesized.
- the obtained K 2 Ti 4 O 9 was dry-pulverized with zirconia beads to adjust the particle size, and then washed with pure water to obtain a proton exchange precursor.
- the obtained proton exchange precursor was put into a 1M hydrochloric acid solution and stirred for 12 hours in an environment at 25 ° C. to obtain a proton exchanger.
- the obtained proton exchanger was baked at 350 ° C. for 3 hours in the air to produce a titanium composite oxide.
- the obtained titanium composite oxide was subjected to X-ray diffraction under the following conditions. As a result, the X-ray diffraction pattern shown in FIG. 5 was obtained, and it was confirmed that the main material constituting the titanium composite oxide was a monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium composite oxide belonging to JCPDS: 46-1237. It was.
- ⁇ Measurement method> The sample was packed in a standard glass holder having a diameter of 25 mm, and measurement was performed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The measurement equipment and conditions are shown below.
- X-ray diffractometer Bruker AXS; D8 ADVANCE (encapsulated tube type)
- X-ray source CuK ⁇ ray (using Ni filter)
- Output 40kV, 40mA
- Slit system Div. Slit; 0.3 °
- Detector LynxEye (High-speed detector)
- Scan method 2 ⁇ / ⁇ continuous scan
- Counting time 1 second / step.
- the Nb concentration of the obtained titanium composite oxide was measured by ICP emission spectroscopy. As a result, it was confirmed that the Nb concentration was 0.11% by weight.
- N-methylpyrrolidone NMP was added to and mixed with 90% by weight of the obtained titanium composite oxide powder, 5% by weight of graphite powder having an average particle size of 3.4 ⁇ m, and 5% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF).
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- a slurry was prepared. This slurry was applied to both sides of a current collector made of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m and dried. Then, the negative electrode whose electrode density is 2.0 g / cm ⁇ 3 > was produced by pressing.
- Electrode group A positive electrode, a separator made of a polyethylene porous film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m, a negative electrode and a separator were laminated in this order, and then wound in a spiral shape. This was heated and pressed at 90 ° C. to produce a flat electrode group having a width of 30 mm and a thickness of 1.8 mm. The obtained electrode group was housed in a pack made of a laminate film and vacuum dried at 80 ° C. for 24 hours. The laminate film is formed by forming a polypropylene layer on both sides of an aluminum foil having a thickness of 40 ⁇ m, and the overall thickness is 0.1 mm.
- Ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 2 to obtain a mixed solvent.
- a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by dissolving 1 M of LiPF 6 as an electrolyte in this mixed solvent.
- a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte was poured into a laminate film pack containing the electrode group. Thereafter, the pack was completely sealed by heat sealing to produce a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery having the structure shown in FIG. 1 described above, a width of 35 mm, a thickness of 2 mm, and a height of 65 mm.
- Examples 2 to 13, Comparative Examples 1 and 2 Except for using as a negative electrode active material a titanium composite oxide containing at least one element of Nb, V, Ta, Al, Ga and In in a monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium composite oxide in an amount shown in Table 1 below. Fourteen types of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the resistance value of each secondary battery is shown in Table 1 below as a ratio based on Comparative Example 1.
- Table 1 below shows the ratio of the discharge capacity at the 100th time to the initial discharge capacity, that is, the discharge maintenance ratio (%).
- resistance measured the alternating current impedance of 1 kHz.
- the secondary batteries have a smaller resistance value than the secondary batteries of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 and have excellent charge / discharge cycle performance.
- the secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 6, 12, and 13 using the titanium composite oxide in which Nb is contained in the monoclinic ⁇ -type titanium composite oxide as the negative electrode active material have even better charge / discharge cycles. Has performance.
- SYMBOLS 1 Winding electrode group, 2 ... Exterior material, 3 ... Negative electrode, 4 ... Separator, 5 ... Positive electrode, 6 ... Negative electrode terminal, 7 ... Positive electrode terminal, 21 ... Single cell, 24 ... Printed wiring board, 25 ... Thermistor, 26 ... protection circuit, 37 ... storage container.
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Abstract
Description
外装材は、厚さ0.5mm以下のラミネートフィルムから形成される。また、外装材は厚さ1.0mm以下の金属製容器が用いられる。金属製容器は、厚さ0.5mm以下であることがより好ましい。
負極は、集電体と、この集電体の片面または両面に形成され、活物質、導電剤および結着剤を含む負極層とを備える。
正極は、集電体と、この集電体の片面または両面に形成され、活物質、導電剤および結着剤を含む正極層とを備える。
非水電解質は、例えば電解質を有機溶媒に溶解することにより調製される液状非水電解質、または液状電解質と高分子材料を複合化したゲル状非水電解質が挙げられる。
セパレータは、例えばポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、セルロース、もしくはポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)を含む多孔質フィルム、または合成樹脂製不織布が挙げられる。好ましい多孔質フィルムは、ポリエチレンまたはポリプロピレンから作られ、一定温度において溶融し、電流を遮断することが可能であるために安全性を向上できる。
<正極の作製>
まず、正極活物質としてリチウムニッケル複合酸化物(LiNi0.82Co0.15Al0.03O2)粉末90重量%、導電剤として、アセチレンブラック5重量%と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)5重量%をN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)に加えて混合してスラリーとし、このスラリーを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔からなる集電体の両面に塗布し後、乾燥し、プレスすることにより電極密度が3.15g/cm3の正極を作製した。
まず、酸化ニオブ(Nb2O5)、炭酸カリウム(K2CO3)、とアナターゼ型酸化チタン(TiO2)を混合し、1000℃で24時間焼成してNbを含むK2Ti4O9を合成した。得られたK2Ti4O9をジルコニアビーズで乾式粉砕して粒度調整した後、純水で洗浄してプロトン交換前駆体とした。得られたプロトン交換前駆体を1Mの塩酸溶液中に投入し、25℃の環境下で12時間攪拌して、プロトン交換体を得た。
試料を直径25mmの標準ガラスホルダーに詰め、広角X線回折法で測定を行った。以下に測定装置および条件を示す。
X線源:CuKα線(Niフィルター使用)
出力 :40kV,40mA
スリット系:Div. Slit;0.3°
検出器:LynxEye(高速検出器)
(2)スキャン方式:2θ/θ連続スキャン
(3)測定範囲(2θ):5~100°
(4)ステップ幅(2θ):0.01712°
(5)計数時間:1秒間/ステップ。
得られたチタン複合酸化物粉末90重量%と、平均粒径3.4μmの黒鉛粉末5重量%と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)5重量%とをN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)加えて混合してスラリーを調製した。このスラリーを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔からなる集電体の両面に塗布し、乾燥した。その後、プレスすることにより電極密度が2.0g/cm3の負極を作製した。
正極、厚さ25μmのポリエチレン製多孔質フィルムからなるセパレータ、負極およびセパレータをこの順序で積層した後、渦巻き状に捲回した。これを90℃で加熱プレスすることにより、幅が30mm、厚さ1.8mmの偏平状電極群を作製した。得られた電極群をラミネートフィルムからなるパックに収納し、80℃で24時間真空乾燥を施した。ラミネートフィルムは厚さ40μmのアルミニウム箔の両面にポリプロピレン層を形成して構成され、全体の厚さが0.1mmである。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)およびエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)を1:2の体積比率で混合して混合溶媒とした。この混合溶媒に電解質であるLiPF6を1M溶解することにより液状非水電解質を調製した。
電極群を収納したラミネートフィルムのパック内に液状非水電解質を注入した。その後、パックをヒートシールにより完全密閉し、前述した図1に示す構造を有し、幅35mm、厚さ2mm、高さが65mmの非水電解質二次電池を製造した。
Nb、V、Ta、Al、GaおよびInの少なくとも1つの元素を単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物に下記表1に示す量で含有するチタン複合酸化物を負極活物質として用いた以外、実施例1と同様な方法で14種の非水電解質二次電池を製造した。
Claims (10)
- V、Nb、Ta、Al、GaおよびInの群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの元素を含有した単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物を含み、かつ前記少なくとも1つの元素の含有量が合計で0.03重量%以上、3重量%以下である電池用活物質。
- 前記少なくとも1つの元素は、前記単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物のTiサイトを占有する請求項1記載の電池用活物質。
- 外装材と、
前記外装材内に収納された正極と、
前記外装材内に前記正極と空間的に離間して収納され活物質を含む負極と、
前記外装材内に充填された非水電解質と、
を具備し、
前記活物質は、V、Nb、Ta、Al、GaおよびInの群から選ばれる少なくとも1つの元素を含有した単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物を含み、かつ
前記少なくとも1つの元素の含有量は、合計で0.03重量%以上、3重量%以下である非水電解質電池。 - 前記少なくとも1つの元素は、Nb単独、またはNbとV、NbとTa、もしくはNbとVとTaの混合物である請求項3記載の非水電解質電池。
- 前記少なくとも1つの元素は、前記単斜晶系β型チタン複合酸化物のTiサイトを占有する請求項3記載の非水電解質電池。
- 前記正極は、リチウムニッケル複合酸化物またはリチウムマンガン複合酸化物を含む請求項3項記載の非水電解質電池。
- 前記外装材はラミネートフィルムから形成される請求項3項記載の非水電解質電池。
- 車載用である請求項3記載の非水電解質電池。
- 請求項3記載の非水電解質電池を複数備え、各々の電池が直列、並列または直列および並列に電気的に接続される電池パック。
- 各々の非水電解質電池の電圧が検知可能な保護回路をさらに備える請求項9記載の電池パック。
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US13/304,564 US8409755B2 (en) | 2009-05-28 | 2011-11-25 | Active material for batteries, non-aqueous electrolyte battery, and battery pack |
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Also Published As
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CN102326282B (zh) | 2014-03-26 |
JP5531301B2 (ja) | 2014-06-25 |
JPWO2010137156A1 (ja) | 2012-11-12 |
US20130216868A1 (en) | 2013-08-22 |
US20120129015A1 (en) | 2012-05-24 |
CN102326282A (zh) | 2012-01-18 |
US8728667B2 (en) | 2014-05-20 |
US8409755B2 (en) | 2013-04-02 |
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