WO2010130575A1 - Anionische netzmittel zur stabilisierung selbstabscheidender zusammensetzungen enthaltend oxidische pigmente - Google Patents
Anionische netzmittel zur stabilisierung selbstabscheidender zusammensetzungen enthaltend oxidische pigmente Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010130575A1 WO2010130575A1 PCT/EP2010/055661 EP2010055661W WO2010130575A1 WO 2010130575 A1 WO2010130575 A1 WO 2010130575A1 EP 2010055661 W EP2010055661 W EP 2010055661W WO 2010130575 A1 WO2010130575 A1 WO 2010130575A1
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- Prior art keywords
- composition according
- dispersed
- composition
- wetting agent
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/08—Anti-corrosive paints
- C09D5/088—Autophoretic paints
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
- B05D7/142—Auto-deposited coatings, i.e. autophoretic coatings
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an acidic aqueous particulate composition containing, besides iron (III) ions, fluoride ions and at least one water-insoluble dispersed organic binder, a water-insoluble, dispersed oxidic pigment having high agglomeration stability for the autodeposition of organic-inorganic hybrid layers Metal surfaces, wherein the composition additionally contains at least one anionic surfactant having functional groups selected from sulfonates, phosphonates and / or carboxylates. Furthermore, the invention encompasses the use of such a composition for the self-deposition of a film-forming organic-inorganic hybrid coating on metal surfaces, which are at least partially selected from surfaces whose main constituents are iron, zinc and / or aluminum.
- Self-precipitating compositions which are also referred to in technical language as autophoretic baths, are used for the organic coating of metallic surfaces, usually iron surfaces, as a corrosion-protecting primer coating of metallic components or as an adhesive intermediate layer in the production of metal-elastomer compounds, for example for vibration damping Components in the automotive industry.
- the autophoretic coating is therefore an immersion coating which, in contrast to electrocoating, takes place without external current, ie without the application of an external voltage source.
- the self-precipitating compositions are usually aqueous dispersions of organic resins or polymers, which coagulate on contact with the metallic surface due to the Beizabtrages of metal cations in a thin liquid layer directly to the surface of the component and thus cause the layer structure.
- the layer construction is self-limiting because the coverage of the metal surface with the coagulated resin and / or polymer particles results in a decrease in metal dissolution which slows and eventually terminates the coagulation process.
- the technical implementation of the autophoretic deposition requires a constant control of the bath composition. First, the deposition bath must be adjusted so that self-deposition takes place sufficiently quickly and homogeneously upon contact with the metallic component, while at the same time the stability of the dispersion must be permanently ensured inside the immersion bath. In addition, the concentration of cations taken up by the dipping bath during the deposition process should not be allowed to rise above a bath-specific threshold, otherwise the aqueous dispersion as a whole will become unstable and coagulate.
- autophoretic deposition is particularly suitable for the formation of corrosion-protecting organic layer coatings on metallic surfaces of iron, steel, zinc and aluminum
- the introduction of polyvalent cations of zinc, iron and aluminum endangers the stability of the dispersed particulate components.
- zinc cations which are hardly complexed by the fluorides contained in the bath composition
- the maximum tolerable concentration in the self-settling baths is usually at particularly low levels.
- US Pat. No. 7,037,385 discloses aqueous dispersions of an ionically modified phenolic resin which can be self-precipitated by the addition of an acid, preferably phosphoric acid.
- the ionically modified phenolic resins disclosed therein are self-dispersing. Such compositions should, in addition to the corrosion protection of the coated component, also impart an increased breaking strength of the coating.
- the mechanical layer properties can be regulated according to the teaching of US Pat. No. 7,037,385 by the addition of flexibilizing components based on polymeric compounds, for example poly-acrylonitrile-butadiene or polyacrylates.
- US Pat. No. 7,138,444 discloses compositions comprising a dispersion of an epoxy resin which results from an emulsion polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated compounds in the presence of an epoxide precursor.
- mechanical methods with the aid of surface-active compounds, preferably anionically modified nonylphenol ethoxylates, used. Additional components are a hardener based on blocked isocyanates, as well as leveling and coagulants for the thermal filming of the self-deposited coating.
- US Pat. No. 7,138,444 teaches that the solids content of the dispersion can be reduced if so-called accelerators consisting of fluoride ions and trivalent iron ions are added to a dispersion of the epoxy resin.
- the addition of white pigments known to those skilled in the art of lacquering, for example oxides of the metals titanium or zinc, into an autodetectant composition generally does not yield stable particulate compositions due to the different nature of the stabilization of the inorganic pigments and the dispersed principal binder.
- dispersions of inorganic pigments based on oxides in the presence of polyvalent metal cations show a rapid agglomeration and therefore are difficult to stabilize in self-precipitating compositions with a high proportion of iron (III) ions.
- the stabilization of inorganic pigments is carried out in the prior art with specific polymeric dispersants, which may be ionic and nonionic in nature.
- Particle size distribution or surface charge dispersed exist as the colloidal organic binder.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to significantly increase the stability of acidic, aqueous, self-precipitating compositions containing a dispersed organic binder system and a dispersed oxidic pigment for the dipping or spraying application and ensuring the bath performance within a given bath life.
- an aqueous, particulate composition suitable for self-deposition on metallic surfaces which has a pH of less than 4 and a) iron (III) ions, b) fluoride ions in such an amount that the molar Ratio of fluoride ions to iron (III) ions from water-soluble compounds is at least 2: 1, preferably at least 3: 1, and preferably not greater than 6: 1, c) a water-insoluble, dispersed organic binder (B), d) the anionic surfactant stabilizing the dispersed organic binder (B), and e) containing at least one water-insoluble, dispersed oxidic pigment (P), which composition additionally contains at least one anionic surfactant having functional groups selected from sulfonates, phosphonates and / or carboxylates.
- Organic binders (B) fulfill the requirement of being thermally crosslinkable.
- binders (B) consist of organic oligomeric or polymeric compounds having at least two functional groups and are therefore capable of reacting in condensation or addition reactions to form covalent bonds with one another, thereby building up a network of covalently linked oligomeric or polymeric compounds.
- Binders (B) can consist either of a self-crosslinking oligomeric or polymeric compound having two different or the same functional groups capable of reacting with each other, or of at least two different oligomeric or polymeric compounds which crosslink with one another on account of their functionalization.
- the last the variant mentioned also speaks of a one-component system consisting of the resin to be crosslinked and the crosslinker or hardener.
- Anionic surfactants according to the invention have an amphiphilic molecular structure and are low molecular weight, non-polymeric compounds having a molecular weight of not more than 1000 g / mol.
- the amphiphilicity of the anionic surfactants in a composition according to the invention is based on the ionic or in water at least partially ionic dissociating group on the one hand and a largely non-polar remainder of the molecule to the other.
- Anionic wetting agents according to the invention are polyelectrolytes, which are composed of monomers with ionic or in water at least partially ionically dissociating groups, wherein the ionic or ionic dissociating groups all carry a negative charge in the dissociated state.
- copolymers of these monomers are anionic wetting agents in the context of the present invention.
- anionic wetting agents are polyelectrolytes of monomers having acid functionality, such as acrylic acid, vinylphosphonic acid or styrenesulfonic acid.
- Wetting agents according to the invention are also polymeric compounds having a molecular weight of more than 1000 g / mol.
- anionic wetting agents are suitable for stabilizing the self-depositing dispersion whose molecular weight is at least 2000 g / mol, more preferably at least 10,000 g / mol, but does not exceed 200,000 g / mol.
- Higher molecular weights of the polyelectrolytes, in particular with an identical amount of wetting agent, tend to destabilize the dispersion and thus flocculate the organic and inorganic solid constituents of the self-precipitating composition.
- the anionic wetting agent in a composition according to the invention preferably has a weight-related charge equivalent of at least 150 C / g, more preferably of at least 250 C / g. This corresponds to about 1.5 mmol or 2.5 mmol single charge anionic groups per gram of wetting agent.
- the high charge density in the polymeric wetting agent is necessary on the one hand for the good water solubility and on the other hand for the adsorption of the wetting agent on the dispersed oxidic pigments at the acidic pH of the composition according to the invention.
- the adsorption of the wetting agent on the dispersed components of the composition contributes significantly to the stabilization of the individual particles.
- Mass-related charge densities above 500 C / g are achieved only by certain polyelectrolytes, for example those built up from monomers with acid functionalities whose pK s value is below 2.
- Suitable anionic wetting agents for stabilizing the composition according to the invention are, in particular, condensation products of naphthalene mono- and / or disulphonic acid or their derivatives with formaldehyde and polymers and / or copolymers of styrenesulphonic acid.
- the anionic wetting agent is preferably selected from one or more compounds of the general structural formula (I):
- radicals X and Y are independently selected from hydrogen, sulfonic acid groups and / or alkyl, oxoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl groups each having not more than 12, more preferably not more than 6 carbon atoms, wherein at least one radical X or Y represents a sulfonic acid group; wherein n is a natural integer and the molecular weight is greater than 1000 g / mol, more preferably greater than 2000, but not greater than 200,000 g / mol.
- anionic wetting agents are preferably selected from one or more compounds of the general structural formula (II):
- radicals R 1 to R 5 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl groups having not more than 12, more preferably not more than 6 carbon atoms and sulfonic acid groups, wherein the number of sulfonic acid groups in the compound according to the structural formula (II) at least n / 2 is; wherein n is a natural integer and the molecular weight is greater than 1000 g / mol, more preferably greater than 2000, but not greater than 200,000 g / mol.
- the total amount of iron (III) ions dissolved in the composition according to the invention is preferably at least 0.02% by weight, based on the element iron. If the preferred minimum amount of iron (III) ions falls well below the oxidation potential of the composition according to the invention is very low and a delayed deposition kinetics for the dispersed, particulate constituents result. However, the change or inhibition of self-deposition can cause the formation of non-homogeneous coatings and is therefore rather disadvantageous. Too high concentrations of iron (III) ions can cause the metal surfaces to be treated to be severely attacked and result in high surface roughness. In addition, even with relatively equal proportions of masking fluoride ions, the composition becomes more susceptible to precipitation of ferric salts and coagulation of particulates.
- the aqueous composition may additionally contain an oxidizing agent, preferably hydrogen peroxide.
- an oxidizing agent preferably hydrogen peroxide.
- the addition of hydrogen peroxide is particularly important in the treatment of iron-containing surfaces for the conversion of iron (II) - to iron (III) ions, since iron (II) ions, the stability of the particulate disperse dispersed components in fluoride-containing compositions more than the corresponding iron (III) ions.
- the total solids content is not greater than
- compositions according to the invention preference is given to compositions according to the invention in which the mass-related ratio of wetting agent to dispersed organic binder and dispersed oxidic pigment is at least 0.04, particularly preferably at least 0.06, but not greater than 0.2.
- a weight ratio of significantly more than 0.2 in the self-precipitant composition does not add further stability to the dispersion so that such high use of the anionic surfactant is not economically justified.
- the oxidic pigments employed in the composition of the invention preferably have a positive surface charge at the particular acidic pH prevailing.
- the oxidic pigments preferably contain at least one element which is selected from Al, Ca, Sr, Si, Ti, Zr, Fe, Sn, Ta, Nb and / or Ce. Examples of such pigments are Al 2 O 3 , CaO, CaTiO 3 , SrTiO 3 , SiO 2 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , SnO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 , Ce 2 O 3 , CeO 2 .
- the dispersed organic binder used in the composition according to the invention is preferably a copolymer and / or polymer mixture of acrylates with at least one oligomeric and / or polymeric compound selected from epoxy resins, phenolic resins and / or polyurethane resins.
- Water-dispersible epoxy resins as a crosslinked coating on a metal surface, have a particularly good barrier effect against corrosive media and are therefore preferred components of the dispersed binder (B) of the self-depositing composition according to the invention.
- the epoxy resin crosslinking hardener preferably at least partially based on phenolic resins, are used to accelerate the curing process and increase the degree of crosslinking.
- Further curing agents curing the epoxy resin are those based on isocyanate resins whose isocyanate groups may also be blocked.
- Preferred blocked isocyanate resins are moderately reactive isocyanates, for example aliphatic isocyanates and sterically hindered and / or acid-stable blocked isocyanates.
- epoxy resin it is possible to use for the composition according to the invention incompletely crosslinked, oligomeric or polymeric compounds having free, for example terminally bound, epoxide groups whose preferred molecular weight is not less than 500 ⁇ and not greater than 5000 ⁇ .
- epoxy resins according to the invention are those based on bisphenol A and bisphenol F, as well as epoxy phenol novalacets.
- Structural component A corresponds to the following general formula (IV):
- n integer number from 1 to 50.
- Preferred epoxies have an epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) of not less than 100 g / eq but not more than 5000 g / eq.
- the EEW represents the average molecular weight per mole of epoxy functionality in the epoxy resin in grams per mole equivalent (g / eq).
- g / eq grams per mole equivalent
- Phenol resins which can be used for the composition according to the invention are not completely crosslinked, oligomeric or polymeric polycondensation products of formaldehydes with phenols which preferably have at least partially etherified hydroxyl groups and whose preferred average molecular weight is not less than 500 ⁇ and not more than 10,000 ⁇ ,
- the hydroxyl groups are preferably methoxylated, ethoxylated, propoxylated, butoxylated or ethenyloxylated.
- phenolic resin types both resoles and novolaks can be used.
- the anionic surfactant present primarily for stabilizing the dispersed organic binder fraction (B) in the composition according to the invention preferably has sulfate, sulfonate, sulfosuccinate, phosphate or phosphonate groups and is in particular selected from alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkanesulfonates, methyl ester sulfonates, ⁇ - Olefinsulfonates, alkyl sulfates and alkyl ether sulfates and also from the analogous phosphonates and phosphates and / or from dialkyl sulfosuccinates of the following general structural formula (V):
- Ri and R 2 are each independently selected from branched or unbranched aliphatic radicals having at least 2 C atoms, in particular having at least 8 C atoms, but not more than 30 C atoms, in particular not more than 20 C atoms and the Radical X represents a hydrogen atom or an alkali metal atom.
- compositions are preferred in which the D90 value of the dispersed solid particles is below 10 microns.
- a D90 value indicates that 90% by volume of the Particles of the dispersion are below the specified particle size.
- Such values can be determined from volume-weighted cumulative particle size distributions, which can be determined with the aid of dynamic light scattering methods.
- composition according to the invention may contain further pigments which do not represent oxidic pigments, in particular carbon black pigments.
- compositions according to the invention are solvents, leveling agents, such as glycol ethers and alcohol esters, for better filming of the deposited coating on the metallic surface, as well as defoamers which are not anionic surfactants or polyelectrolytes and are preferably selected from nonionic surfactants.
- the present invention further encompasses the use of a composition according to the invention for the self-deposition of a film-forming organic-inorganic hybrid coating on metal surfaces which are at least partially selected from surfaces whose main constituents are iron, zinc and / or aluminum.
- the cleaned, degreased or freed of organic impurities metal surface is brought into contact with a self-precipitating composition according to the invention.
- a self-precipitating composition Preference is given to metallic surfaces which are selected from surfaces of iron, zinc and / or aluminum, and their respective alloys.
- the contacting of the composition with the metallic surface or the metallic component is preferably carried out by dipping or spraying, the dipping method being particularly preferred because of the more homogeneous wetting of the surface.
- the redox potential can be used as an indicator of the ratio of iron (II) to iron (III) ions in the self-precipitating composition and regulated by the addition of hydrogen peroxide. so that as long as possible bath stability can be guaranteed.
- the redox potential is the electrochemical equilibrium potential of a redox system measured on an inert metal electrode, eg platinum.
- contacting the composition with the metallic surface with or without an intermediate rinse step results in a reaction rinse.
- Such a reaction rinse fulfills the task of additionally protecting the metal surface coated by the process according to the invention against corrosion, and thus corresponds to a passivating aftertreatment of the uncrosslinked coating.
- the reaction rinse immediately follows the treatment with a self-precipitating composition, ie with or without intermediate rinsing step, but in any case takes place before the varnish-like coating has cured.
- Such a reaction rinse causes an inorganic conversion of free metal surface to so-called micro-defects, for example with the aid of phosphate-containing solutions, which may also contain alkali and / or alkaline earth metal cations and also transition metal cations and their fluorocomplexes.
- the filming of the coating or of the coating can take place either immediately after bringing the composition into contact with the metallic surface, ie with or without an intermediate rinsing step, or the coating is cured only after the reaction has been carried out.
- the process of filming or curing the gelatinous coating is preferably carried out at temperatures of at least 90 ° C. and at most 250 ° C.
- Metallic substrates coated in this process according to the invention are used in automobile production, in the field of architecture, construction and agriculture, as well as for the production of tools, machines and "white goods”.
- Dispersions of water insoluble organic binder (B) are prepared from a M-110 microfluidizer F ® (reaction chambers H 210Z and 230Z H, Fa.Microfluidics Corporation) three times at 800 bar batchwise homogenized emulsion of the composition shown in Tab. 1.
- the emulsions produced thereby have a mean particle size of about 250 nm and a monomodal particle distribution.
- the determination of the particle size and particle distribution was determined using the Zetasizer Nano ® S 90 (Fa. Malvern Instruments).
- This oil-in-water emulsion is then added to an initiator system (Table 2) and the free radical emulsion polymerization of unsaturated monomers at 60 0 C.
- a dispersion of the binder (B) according to component d) of the composition according to the invention with a particle content of about 37 wt .-%.
- a water-containing paste of titanium dioxide is prepared by adding titanium dioxide powder to an appropriate amount of water containing the anionic surfactant and a solvent. The mixture is ground after addition of a defoamer in a ball mill containing silicon carbide grinding beads with a diameter of 1, 5 mm for about 60 minutes, wherein the mass ratio of beads to millbase is 3: 2. The grinding process is completed as soon as a grindometer value according to DIN EN 21 524 of ⁇ 10 ⁇ m is achieved.
- the composition of the pigment paste (P) containing titanium dioxide as a white pigment is shown in Table 3.
- Tab.3 Water-containing pigment paste of an oxidic pigment (P)
- the components of Table 4 are mixed with stirring and the mixture is then made up to 11 volumes.
- the total particle content of the compositions according to the invention is therefore about 5% by weight.
- Self-precipitating composition of the invention containing dispersed organic binder system and particulate
- Binder (B) 37% by weight dispersion 1 120 g
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2760745A CA2760745A1 (en) | 2009-05-13 | 2010-04-28 | Anionic wetting agents for stabilizing self-depositing compositions comprising oxidic pigments |
BRPI1011155A BRPI1011155A2 (pt) | 2009-05-13 | 2010-04-28 | agentes umectantes aniônicos para estabilizar composições autodepositantes contendo pigmentos oxídicos |
EP10718937A EP2430101A1 (de) | 2009-05-13 | 2010-04-28 | Anionische netzmittel zur stabilisierung selbstabscheidender zusammensetzungen enthaltend oxidische pigmente |
CN2010800206682A CN102421857A (zh) | 2009-05-13 | 2010-04-28 | 用于稳定包含氧化物颜料的自沉积组合物的阴离子润湿剂 |
US13/292,332 US8946323B2 (en) | 2009-05-13 | 2011-11-09 | Anionic wetting agents for stabilizing self-depositing compositions comprising oxidic pigments |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102009003082A DE102009003082A1 (de) | 2009-05-13 | 2009-05-13 | Anionische Netzmittel zur Stabilisierung selbstabscheidender Zusammensetzungen enthaltend oxidische Pigmente |
DE102009003082.4 | 2009-05-13 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US13/292,332 Continuation US8946323B2 (en) | 2009-05-13 | 2011-11-09 | Anionic wetting agents for stabilizing self-depositing compositions comprising oxidic pigments |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2010130575A1 true WO2010130575A1 (de) | 2010-11-18 |
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ID=42237344
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/EP2010/055661 WO2010130575A1 (de) | 2009-05-13 | 2010-04-28 | Anionische netzmittel zur stabilisierung selbstabscheidender zusammensetzungen enthaltend oxidische pigmente |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US8946323B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2430101A1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN102421857A (de) |
BR (1) | BRPI1011155A2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2760745A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102009003082A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2010130575A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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ES2523645T3 (es) * | 2005-07-08 | 2014-11-28 | Henkel Corporation | Composiciones de imprimación para sistemas de unión adhesiva |
CN106543827A (zh) * | 2016-11-27 | 2017-03-29 | 湖南金裕化工有限公司 | 水溶性化学自吸附涂料 |
KR20210047273A (ko) * | 2018-06-25 | 2021-04-29 | 디디피 스페셜티 일렉트로닉 머티리얼즈 유에스, 엘엘씨 | 프라이머 조성물 |
CN114181548B (zh) * | 2021-12-29 | 2023-12-05 | 长沙族兴新材料股份有限公司 | 水性铝颜料及其制备方法 |
CN115160868B (zh) * | 2022-06-20 | 2023-06-16 | 上海兴赛尔表面材料有限公司 | 一种用于金属基材腐蚀防护的自泳漆组合物及其涂装工艺 |
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2009
- 2009-05-13 DE DE102009003082A patent/DE102009003082A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2010
- 2010-04-28 BR BRPI1011155A patent/BRPI1011155A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-04-28 CN CN2010800206682A patent/CN102421857A/zh active Pending
- 2010-04-28 EP EP10718937A patent/EP2430101A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-04-28 WO PCT/EP2010/055661 patent/WO2010130575A1/de active Application Filing
- 2010-04-28 CA CA2760745A patent/CA2760745A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2011
- 2011-11-09 US US13/292,332 patent/US8946323B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4177180A (en) * | 1975-09-15 | 1979-12-04 | Amchem Products, Inc. | Composition comprising resin and pigment for autodeposition |
WO1991005023A1 (en) * | 1989-10-02 | 1991-04-18 | Henkel Corporation | Composition and process for and article with improved autodeposited surface coating based on epoxy resin |
US5760112A (en) * | 1994-02-23 | 1998-06-02 | Henkel Corporation | Water-borne autodepositing coating compositions |
US20080069960A1 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2008-03-20 | Abu-Shanab Omar L | Off-White and Gray Autodeposition Coatings |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US8946323B2 (en) | 2015-02-03 |
US20120156386A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
DE102009003082A1 (de) | 2010-11-18 |
EP2430101A1 (de) | 2012-03-21 |
CN102421857A (zh) | 2012-04-18 |
BRPI1011155A2 (pt) | 2016-03-15 |
CA2760745A1 (en) | 2010-11-18 |
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