WO2010084611A1 - 車両の制御装置 - Google Patents
車両の制御装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010084611A1 WO2010084611A1 PCT/JP2009/051156 JP2009051156W WO2010084611A1 WO 2010084611 A1 WO2010084611 A1 WO 2010084611A1 JP 2009051156 W JP2009051156 W JP 2009051156W WO 2010084611 A1 WO2010084611 A1 WO 2010084611A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- torque
- vehicle
- internal combustion
- combustion engine
- guard
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P5/00—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor
- F02P5/04—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions
- F02P5/145—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions using electrical means
- F02P5/15—Digital data processing
- F02P5/152—Digital data processing dependent on pinking
- F02P5/1521—Digital data processing dependent on pinking with particular means during a transient phase, e.g. starting, acceleration, deceleration, gear change
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P5/00—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor
- F02P5/04—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions
- F02P5/05—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions using mechanical means
- F02P5/14—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions using mechanical means dependent on specific conditions other than engine speed or engine fluid pressure, e.g. temperature
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P5/00—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor
- F02P5/04—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions
- F02P5/145—Advancing or retarding ignition; Control therefor automatically, as a function of the working conditions of the engine or vehicle or of the atmospheric conditions using electrical means
- F02P5/15—Digital data processing
- F02P5/1502—Digital data processing using one central computing unit
- F02P5/1504—Digital data processing using one central computing unit with particular means during a transient phase, e.g. acceleration, deceleration, gear change
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1497—With detection of the mechanical response of the engine
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a vehicle control device that controls a driving state of a vehicle using torque generated by an internal combustion engine.
- adjustment of ignition timing is used together with adjustment of air amount as means for controlling the torque.
- the required torque is corrected based on the ignition timing efficiency determined according to the difference between the base ignition timing and MBT, and the required throttle is based on the efficiency-corrected required torque.
- the opening is calculated.
- an estimated torque in MBT estimated from the actual air amount and the engine speed is obtained, and an ignition retardation amount with respect to MBT is calculated based on a ratio between the estimated torque and the required torque before correction.
- the throttle opening changes in accordance with a change in required torque
- the air amount changes in accordance with a change in throttle opening.
- the estimated torque changes according to the change in the air amount. That is, the estimated torque changes following the required torque.
- various response delays such as a delay in arithmetic processing and signal transmission in the control device, a delay in the operation of the throttle, or a delay in the output of the sensor occur. For this reason, there is always a time lag between the estimated torque and the required torque.
- the above time lag causes a problem when the required torque is changing transiently, especially when the required torque is decreasing. For example, when the required torque changes in vibration, the estimated torque also changes in vibration following it. At this time, the time lag accompanying the various response delays described above appears as a phase lag between the estimated torque and the required torque. As a result, a period in which the estimated torque is larger than the required torque is periodically generated.
- the ignition retard amount is determined according to the ratio between the estimated torque and the required torque, the ignition timing is higher than the MBT during the period when the estimated torque is larger than the required torque. It will be delayed. Such ignition retardation is automatically performed even when the ignition timing efficiency is set to the maximum efficiency, that is, when the operation at MBT is required. That is, the technique described in the above publication may unnecessarily deteriorate the fuel consumption due to the unintended delay of the ignition timing.
- the torque efficiency that is the basis for setting the ignition timing is fixed to 1 which is the maximum efficiency. For this reason, even if the estimated torque becomes larger than the required torque due to a time lag between the estimated torque and the required torque, unnecessary ignition retardation is prevented by fixing the torque efficiency to the maximum efficiency. .
- the ignition retard will eventually work. For example, there is a case where a component that increases or decreases periodically is added to the required torque for the purpose of suppressing the pitching of the vehicle. Although the change rate of the required torque can be achieved by the ignition retard, the fuel consumption is deteriorated. Since fuel efficiency is a particularly strong performance among the performances required for vehicles, when the improvement of fuel efficiency is considered first, it is desirable to suppress the retard of the ignition timing as much as possible.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a vehicle control device that can suppress deterioration in fuel consumption caused by retarding the ignition timing of an internal combustion engine.
- the vehicle control apparatus includes a drive system control unit and an engine control unit.
- the drive system control unit is positioned above the control system relative to the engine control unit, and comprehensively controls the drive system of the vehicle.
- the engine control unit controls the internal combustion engine based on the required torque generated from the drive system control unit.
- the internal combustion engine is a vehicle power unit, and the drive system controller controls the driving state of the vehicle using torque generated by the internal combustion engine.
- the engine control unit adjusts the intake air amount based on the required torque, and adjusts the ignition timing so as to compensate for the deviation between the torque achievable by adjusting the intake air amount and the required torque.
- the drive system control unit calculates a torque desired to be output to the internal combustion engine in order to achieve the target driving state of the vehicle, and uses the desired torque as a basis for the requested torque to be output to the engine control unit.
- the calculation of the desired torque is performed based on the accelerator operation amount by the driver or the signals of various sensors equipped on the vehicle.
- the drive system control unit limits the rate of change of the desired torque calculated in this way by a predetermined guard value determined from the torque adjustment capability of the internal combustion engine, and calculates the limited desired torque as the required torque. This guard value is set based on the range of the rate of change of torque that can be achieved by adjusting the intake air amount in the internal combustion engine.
- the range of the rate of change of torque that can be achieved by adjusting the intake air amount is taken into consideration in the generation stage of the required torque by the drive system control unit.
- the ignition timing is determined by considering the above range in advance in the required torque. Is prevented or suppressed to an allowable range, and deterioration of fuel consumption due to retarded ignition timing is suppressed.
- the guard value is a limit value in the range of the rate of change of torque that can be achieved by adjusting the intake air amount in the internal combustion engine. According to such a setting, it becomes possible to achieve the required torque only by adjusting the intake air amount, so that it is possible to reliably prevent the retard of the ignition timing accompanied by the deterioration of fuel consumption.
- the guard value is calculated based on the current or target operating state of the internal combustion engine in the engine control unit, and is output from the engine control unit to the drive system control unit.
- the drive system control unit permits or prohibits the limitation of the desired torque by the guard value according to the target driving state of the vehicle. For example, if the driving state prioritizes fuel efficiency, the desired torque limit is permitted by the guard value, and if the driving accuracy is prioritized by the torque accuracy over the fuel efficiency, prohibition of the desired torque by the guard value is prohibited. To do.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a vehicle control apparatus as an embodiment of the present invention.
- the vehicle control device 2 of the present embodiment includes two parts that are in a lower and upper relationship of the control system.
- the drive system control unit 4 is positioned at the upper level, and the engine control unit 6 that controls the engine (internal combustion engine) is positioned at the lower level.
- the vehicle control device 2 includes a transmission control unit for controlling the automatic transmission, but the illustration and description thereof are omitted because they are not related to the present embodiment.
- the vehicle control device 2 comprehensively controls the drive system of the vehicle by the drive system control unit 4.
- the drive system control unit 4 generates a desired torque in the engine via the engine control unit 6 and controls the driving state of the vehicle using the torque output from the engine.
- signals (vehicle information) from various sensors for example, a wheel speed sensor, a yaw rate sensor, an acceleration sensor, etc.) installed in the vehicle are input to the drive system control unit 4. Yes.
- the drive system control unit 4 calculates the torque requested by the driver for the vehicle based on the accelerator operation amount, and various torques necessary for vehicle control based on the vehicle information obtained by the sensors (for example, Stability control torque, traction control torque, shift shock prevention torque, pitching suppression torque, etc.) are calculated.
- the desired torque that is desired to be output to the engine is obtained by arbitrating these torques.
- the calculation of the desired torque including the arbitration is performed by the calculation unit 8.
- the arbitration here is an operation of obtaining one numerical value from a plurality of numerical values in accordance with a predetermined calculation rule. Calculation rules include, for example, maximum value selection, minimum value selection, average, or addition. The plurality of calculation rules may be appropriately combined.
- the drive system control unit 4 includes a gradient guard 10 in addition to the calculation unit 8 described above.
- the gradient guard 10 is a means for guarding the gradient of the desired torque, that is, the rate of change.
- the drive system control unit 4 does not request the engine for the desired torque calculated by the calculation unit 8 as it is, but outputs the torque processed by the gradient guard 10 as the required torque. Having such a gradient guard 10 is one of the important features of the vehicle control device 2, and therefore the content of the gradient guard 10 will be described in detail later.
- the engine control unit 6 controls the engine based on the required torque supplied from the drive system control unit 4.
- the engine means a spark ignition type engine in which torque can be controlled by intake air amount and ignition timing.
- the engine according to the present embodiment includes a throttle as an actuator for adjusting the intake air amount and an ignition device as an actuator for adjusting ignition timing.
- the engine control unit 6 controls torque generated by the engine by operating these actuators.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the engine control unit 6.
- the engine control unit 6 converts the acquired required torque into an air amount (KL) in the included calculation unit 12.
- the amount of air obtained by this conversion process becomes the target air amount of the engine.
- the air amount referred to here is the in-cylinder intake air amount per cycle, and may be replaced with a non-dimensional charging efficiency (load factor).
- a map in which the torque and the air amount are associated is used for the conversion process. In this map, various operating conditions that affect the relationship between torque and air amount, such as engine speed and air-fuel ratio, are key. However, it is assumed that the ignition timing is MBT.
- the engine control unit 6 calculates the throttle opening from the target air amount in the included calculation unit 14.
- An inverse model of the air model is used to calculate the throttle opening.
- the air model is a physical model of the intake system, and the response of the air amount to the operation of the throttle is modeled based on fluid dynamics or the like.
- the engine control unit 6 sets the throttle opening converted from the target air amount as the throttle operation amount, and operates the throttle according to the set throttle opening.
- the engine control unit 6 calculates a ratio of the required torque to the estimated torque of the engine (hereinafter referred to as torque efficiency), and calculates the ignition timing based on the torque efficiency.
- torque efficiency a ratio of the required torque to the estimated torque of the engine
- the calculation of the torque efficiency is performed by the calculation unit 18.
- the estimated torque here means the torque obtained when the ignition timing is set to MBT at the current throttle opening, that is, the maximum torque achievable with the current intake air amount.
- the air amount estimated to be realized at the current throttle opening is calculated using the above-described air model.
- the estimated air amount is converted into torque using a map representing the relationship between torque and air amount in MBT.
- the torque thus calculated is the estimated torque, and these calculations are performed by the calculation unit 16 included in the engine control unit 6.
- the engine control unit 6 includes an upper / lower limit guard 22.
- the upper and lower limit guards 22 are means for guarding the magnitude (lowness) of torque efficiency.
- the engine control unit 6 does not directly use the torque efficiency calculated by the calculation unit 18 for the calculation of the ignition timing, but calculates the ignition timing based on what is processed by the upper / lower limit guard 22.
- the upper / lower limit guard 22 is operated by a signal from a gradient determination unit 24 included in the engine control unit 6. The contents of the upper / lower limit guard 22 and the gradient determination unit 24 will be described in detail later.
- the engine control unit 6 converts the torque efficiency into the ignition timing in the included calculation unit 20.
- the ignition timing obtained by this conversion process is used as the operation amount of the ignition device.
- a map in which torque efficiency and ignition timing are associated is used for the conversion process. In this map, various operating conditions that affect the relationship between torque efficiency and ignition timing, such as required torque, engine speed, and air-fuel ratio, are key. According to this map, when the torque efficiency is 1, which is the maximum value, the ignition timing is set to MBT, and as the torque efficiency is smaller than 1, the ignition timing is set to be retarded with respect to MBT.
- the gradient guard 10 limits the gradient of the input desired torque with a predetermined guard value determined from the torque adjustment capability of the engine. This guard value is set on the basis of the range of the torque gradient that can be achieved by adjusting the intake air amount in the engine. More specifically, the upper limit value and lower limit value of the torque gradient that can be achieved by adjusting the intake air amount are the guard values by the gradient guard 10.
- the upper limit value of the torque gradient achievable by adjusting the intake air amount is a torque gradient obtained by fully opening the throttle, and the lower limit value is a torque gradient obtained by fully closing the throttle.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the guard value by the gradient guard 20 and the required torque output to the engine control unit 6.
- the upper limit guard line is a line corresponding to the torque gradient that can be achieved by fully opening the throttle
- the lower limit guard line is a line corresponding to the torque gradient that can be achieved by fully closing the throttle. Therefore, the region between the upper limit guard line and the lower limit guard line based on the current value of the required torque is the range of torque that can be achieved by adjusting the intake air amount, and the region below the lower limit guard line is the ignition range. This is the area where retardation works.
- the gradient guard 20 limits the desired torque by the lower limit guard line, and outputs the limited desired torque (required torque lower limit value in the figure) as the required torque.
- the gradient guard 20 limits the desired torque by the upper limit guard line, and uses the limited desired torque (required torque upper limit value in the figure) as the required torque. Output.
- the gradient guard 20 limits the gradient of the required torque to a range that can be achieved by adjusting the intake air amount in the generation stage of the required torque by the drive system control unit 4.
- the upper / lower limit guard 22 guards the input torque efficiency with the upper limit guard value and the lower limit guard value.
- the upper guard value is fixed at 1 which is the maximum value.
- the lower limit guard value is normally set to an invalid value, and is set to 1 which is the maximum value which is an effective value only when the flag signal of the gradient determination unit 24 is on. Therefore, when the lower limit guard value of the upper / lower limit guard 22 functions effectively, the torque efficiency is fixed to 1 regardless of the magnitude relationship between the estimated torque and the required torque.
- the gradient determination unit 24 calculates the gradient of the required torque input from the drive system control unit 4 to the engine control unit 6, specifically, the amount of change in the required torque per control cycle. Then, the torque gradient that can be achieved only by adjusting the intake air amount by the throttle is compared with the gradient of the required torque.
- the torque gradient that can be achieved only by adjusting the intake air amount is a torque gradient that is achieved by fully opening or closing the throttle, and here means a torque gradient in a decreasing direction that is achieved by fully closing the throttle.
- the gradient determination unit 24 Sets the flag signal on.
- the upper / lower limit guard 22 sets the lower limit guard value to 1. According to this, even if the estimated torque becomes transiently larger than the requested torque due to a time lag between the estimated torque and the requested torque, the ignition retard is unnecessarily retarded due to this. There is no end to it. Therefore, it is possible to prevent deterioration of fuel consumption due to unnecessary ignition delay.
- the lower limit guard value set by the gradient guard 20 and the torque gradient used for determination by the gradient determination unit 24 are the same value, and both are torques achieved by fully closing the throttle.
- the slope value is set.
- a map created based on actual measurement data or a physical model such as the air model described above can be used.
- the value of the torque gradient achieved by fully opening the throttle can be calculated using a map or a physical model. In the present embodiment, these calculations are performed by the engine control unit 6, and each guard value calculated by the engine control unit 6 is supplied to the drive system control unit 4 and set in the gradient guard 20.
- the gradient guard 20 is selectively activated according to the target driving state of the vehicle. For example, if the driving state in which fuel efficiency is prioritized is the target, the gradient guard 20 is operated as in the above-described embodiment. On the other hand, if the driving state where torque accuracy is prioritized is the target, the gradient guard 20 is not operated. That is, the desired torque is supplied to the engine control unit 6 as the required torque as it is. As an operating state where torque accuracy is given priority, for example, an emergency torque such as a stability control torque is required. Normally, a flag for permitting the operation of the gradient guard 20 may be set, and a flag for prohibiting the operation of the gradient guard 20 may be set only when urgent torque is required.
- the determination of permission / prohibition of the operation of the gradient guard 20 is preferably performed by the drive system control unit 4 to which various vehicle information is input, as shown in the block diagram of FIG.
- the drive system control unit 4 calculates the guard value set by the gradient guard 20.
- a map created based on actual measurement data or a physical model such as an air model can be used.
- the engine information necessary for the calculation, for example, the throttle opening degree and the engine speed may be obtained from the engine control unit 6 or may be directly obtained from the sensor.
- the guard value set by the gradient guard 20 is set outside the range of the torque gradient that can be achieved only by adjusting the intake air amount.
- the lower limit guard value is set to the torque gradient that can be achieved by fully closing the throttle, but the lower limit guard value is set to a value lower than that.
- the ignition delay is reduced so as to compensate for the insufficiency of adjusting the intake air amount.
- How much the lower limit guard value is lowered with respect to the torque gradient when the throttle is fully closed may be determined in accordance with the ignition retardation amount allowed from the viewpoint of fuel consumption. By doing so, it is possible to make a trade-off between both the fuel efficiency requirement and the torque accuracy requirement for the vehicle. It is also possible to change the guard value of the gradient guard 20 in conjunction with the target driving state of the vehicle.
- the upper / lower limit guard 22 and the gradient determination unit 24 provided in the engine control unit 6 are omitted. If the phase delay of the estimated torque with respect to the required torque is negligible, these calculation elements can be omitted.
- the engine control unit 6 is configured by a filter.
- the required torque is passed through a filter, and is divided into a relatively low frequency torque component that can be achieved by adjusting the intake air amount and a relatively high frequency torque component that can only be achieved by adjusting the ignition timing.
- the intake air amount can be adjusted based on the required torque, and the ignition timing can be adjusted so as to compensate for the deviation between the torque that can be achieved by adjusting the intake air amount and the required torque.
- the internal configuration of the engine control unit 6 can be different from the above-described embodiment.
- the engine control unit 6 controls an engine that adjusts the intake air amount by an actuator other than the throttle.
- an engine including a variable intake valve that can continuously change a lift amount or a working angle can be controlled.
Abstract
Description
4 駆動系制御部
6 エンジン制御部
10 勾配ガード
Claims (4)
- 車両の駆動系を総合制御する駆動系制御部と、
前記駆動系制御部から要求されるトルク(以下、要求トルク)に基づいて内燃機関を制御するエンジン制御部と、
を備える車両の制御装置において、
前記エンジン制御部は、
前記要求トルクに基づいて吸入空気量を調整する吸入空気量調整手段と、
吸入空気量の調整によって達成可能なトルクと前記要求トルクとのずれを補償するように点火時期を調整する点火時期調整手段と、
を含み、
前記駆動系制御部は、
運転者によるアクセル操作量又は車両に装備された種々のセンサの信号に基づいて、目標とする車両の運転状態の達成のために内燃機関に出力させたいトルク(以下、希望トルク)を算出する希望トルク算出手段と、
前記希望トルクの変化率を内燃機関のトルク調整能力から決まる所定のガード値で制限するガード手段と、
前記ガード値による制限後の希望トルクを前記要求トルクとして前記エンジン制御部に出力する要求トルク出力手段と、
を含み、
前記ガード値は、内燃機関における吸入空気量の調整によって達成可能なトルクの変化率の範囲を基準にして設定されていることを特徴とする車両の制御装置。 - 前記ガード値は、内燃機関における吸入空気量の調整によって達成可能なトルクの変化率の範囲の限界値であることを特徴とする請求の範囲1記載の車両の制御装置。
- 前記エンジン制御部は、
現在又は目標とする内燃機関の運転状態に基づいて前記ガード値を算出するガード値算出手段と、
算出したガード値を前記駆動系制御部へ出力するガード値出力手段と、
を含むことを特徴とする請求の範囲1又は2記載の車両の制御装置。 - 前記駆動系制御部は、
目標とする車両の運転状態に応じて前記ガード手段による希望トルクの制限を許可又は禁止するガード判定手段、
を含むことを特徴とする請求の範囲1乃至3の何れか1つの項に記載の車両の制御装置。
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE112009004374T DE112009004374B4 (de) | 2009-01-26 | 2009-01-26 | Fahrzeugsteuerungsvorrichtung |
CN2009801001189A CN101861458B (zh) | 2009-01-26 | 2009-01-26 | 车辆的控制装置 |
US12/672,376 US8725382B2 (en) | 2009-01-26 | 2009-01-26 | Vehicle control apparatus that inhibits fuel efficiency from being aggravated as a result of retarding ignition timing |
JP2010507733A JP4905589B2 (ja) | 2009-01-26 | 2009-01-26 | 車両の制御装置 |
PCT/JP2009/051156 WO2010084611A1 (ja) | 2009-01-26 | 2009-01-26 | 車両の制御装置 |
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PCT/JP2009/051156 WO2010084611A1 (ja) | 2009-01-26 | 2009-01-26 | 車両の制御装置 |
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US (1) | US8725382B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4905589B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101861458B (ja) |
DE (1) | DE112009004374B4 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2010084611A1 (ja) |
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JP2012062844A (ja) * | 2010-09-17 | 2012-03-29 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関の制御装置 |
WO2012095988A1 (ja) * | 2011-01-14 | 2012-07-19 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 過給機付き内燃機関の制御装置 |
JP2014002472A (ja) * | 2012-06-15 | 2014-01-09 | Denso Corp | 電子制御装置 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US8725382B2 (en) | 2014-05-13 |
CN101861458B (zh) | 2012-09-19 |
JPWO2010084611A1 (ja) | 2012-07-12 |
DE112009004374T5 (de) | 2012-05-24 |
CN101861458A (zh) | 2010-10-13 |
US20110082629A1 (en) | 2011-04-07 |
JP4905589B2 (ja) | 2012-03-28 |
DE112009004374B4 (de) | 2013-08-29 |
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