WO2010069464A1 - Wasserbasierende hydraulikflüssigkeiten enthaltend dithiodi(arylcarbonsäuren) - Google Patents

Wasserbasierende hydraulikflüssigkeiten enthaltend dithiodi(arylcarbonsäuren) Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2010069464A1
WO2010069464A1 PCT/EP2009/008586 EP2009008586W WO2010069464A1 WO 2010069464 A1 WO2010069464 A1 WO 2010069464A1 EP 2009008586 W EP2009008586 W EP 2009008586W WO 2010069464 A1 WO2010069464 A1 WO 2010069464A1
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Prior art keywords
hydraulic fluids
formula
fluids according
group
acid
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PCT/EP2009/008586
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Rainer Kupfer
Carsten Cohrs
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Clariant International Ltd
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Clariant International Ltd
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Priority to JP2011541142A priority Critical patent/JP2012512286A/ja
Priority to ES09767971T priority patent/ES2408859T3/es
Priority to EP09767971.6A priority patent/EP2379687B1/de
Priority to CN2009801423621A priority patent/CN102197120A/zh
Priority to BRPI0922643A priority patent/BRPI0922643A2/pt
Priority to US13/140,600 priority patent/US8759264B2/en
Publication of WO2010069464A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010069464A1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • C10M135/20—Thiols; Sulfides; Polysulfides
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    • C23F11/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metallic material by applying inhibitors to the surface in danger of corrosion or adding them to the corrosive agent
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to water-based hydraulic fluids containing dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acids) and having improved performance properties, and to the use of dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acids) as anticorrosive or lubricity additive in hydraulic fluids.
  • Water-based hydraulic fluids are used in a wide variety of applications, particularly where hydraulic fluid containing mineral oil emanating from the hydraulic system is a source of fire hazards or environmental hazards. Typical fields of application are steel mills, forges, coal mining and oil production facilities as well as wind farms.
  • a water-based hydraulic fluid typically contains the following components (described, for example, in DE-A-2 534 808 and T. Mang, W. Dressel: “Lubricants and Lubrication”, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001, Chapter 11.4. 6):
  • pH adjusting agent eg, alkanolamine
  • the pH is typically alkaline, usually pH> 9. Increasing the pH contributes to corrosion protection. decisive Significance comes after the above composition to the anti-corrosion and lubricants.
  • EP-A-0 059 461 discloses, as a lubricant, polyalkylene glycols which also serve as corrosion inhibitors and the use of dithiophosphonates as lubricants.
  • DE-A-2 534 808 describes oxalkylated polyamides of dicarboxylic acids and oligoamines which have improved lubricating properties and their use in water-based hydraulic fluids.
  • US-41434066 discloses hydroxy- or nitro-substituted aromatic carboxylic acids as lubricants in aqueous hydraulic fluids.
  • Sulfur compounds such as mercaptobenzothiazoles, dithiobis (thiazoles) and alkyl disulfides as lubricants in aqueous hydraulic fluids.
  • WO-9634076 discloses as corrosion inhibitors in aqueous hydraulic fluids aliphatic carboxylic acids or their alkali metal or ammonium salts.
  • EP-A-0 059 461 discloses carboxylic acid diethanolamides, amines and substituted imidazolines, fatty acid ethoxylates as corrosion inhibitors in aqueous hydraulic fluids.
  • Ethoxylates and other alkoxylates, aliphatic carboxylic acids, in particular fatty acids, and aliphatic carboxylic acid alkanolamides are known for their strong foaming action on account of their surfactant structure.
  • additives must have good ecotoxicological properties, especially if the hydraulic fluids are used in ecologically sensitive areas such as the North Sea or the Arctic Ocean.
  • any hydraulic fluid additive used in North Sea oil production must meet OSPAR criteria that require good biodegradation and low toxicity.
  • Many additives do not meet these criteria.
  • imidazolines and mercaptobenzothiazoles are not approved due to their toxicity to marine organisms, so that often additives with poorer performance properties are used.
  • the lowest possible use concentration of the additives is desirable. This is often complicated because additives that achieve a certain effect, eg. B. lubrication, often exert a negative influence on other properties, eg. B.
  • Dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acids) of the formula 1 have very good corrosion protection properties, especially at high pH. It has furthermore been found that the dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acids) also have good lubricating properties sufficient for use in hydraulic fluids. In addition, they do not foam, are stable to hard water and electrolytes and have a low toxicity to aquatic organisms.
  • a further, particularly positive property has been found that, in combination with water-soluble corrosion protection agents, a further improved corrosion protection can be achieved compared to the sole use of these water-soluble corrosion protection agents. Due to the synergistic effect of dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acids) with common water-soluble corrosion inhibitors, the use concentration of the additive package in the hydraulic fluid can be reduced.
  • the dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acids) are compatible with the common additives disclosed in the above-mentioned prior art.
  • the invention thus relates to water-based hydraulic fluids containing a) water, b) at least one glycol, a polyglycol or both, and c) from 0.1 to 30% by weight of at least one compound of the formula 1,
  • M is hydrogen, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 independently of one another mononuclear or polynuclear aromatic groups which may carry substituents, or may contain heteroatoms mean.
  • Another object of the invention is the use of the compounds of formula (1) in amounts of 0.1 to 30 wt .-% as corrosion inhibitors or lubricity improvers in water-based hydraulic fluids.
  • Another object of the invention is a method for improving the anti-corrosion and lubricating properties of water-based
  • Hydraulic fluids by adding 0.1 to 30 wt .-% of a compound of formula (1) to a hydraulic fluid.
  • the substituents M are hydrogen, in the case of salts are alkali metal ions, alkaline earth metal ions or
  • Ammonium ions are preferably compounds formed by protonation from the amines described below as neutralizing agents.
  • the aryl radicals Ar 1 and Ar 2 may be the same or different. However, due to manufacturing reasons, compounds in which both aromatics are the same are preferred.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are mononuclear or binuclear aromatic groups, especially mononuclear aromatic groups.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 are preferably mononuclear benzoic acid derivatives of the formulas 2a-2c.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 may contain heteroatoms.
  • the two free valences denote the binding sites to the sulfide bridge and to the COOM group.
  • the substituents R 1 -R 4 in the radicals Ar 1 and Ar 2 are preferably independently hydrogen, linear, branched and / or cyclic C- ⁇ -C 2 o-alkyl and / or C 2 - to C 2 o-alkenyl , Halogen atoms, nitro groups, amino groups, alkoxy groups, hydroxy or hydroxy-C 1 -C 20 -alkyl groups.
  • the alkyl or alkenyl radicals are preferably short-chain radicals having 1 to 6 carbon atoms which do not deteriorate the solubility in water too much, eg.
  • further compounds which carry only one further substituent on the aromatic ring ie in which three of R 1 -R 4 are hydrogen. Most preferably, then, the remainder, which is not hydrogen, is in the meta or para position to the sulfide bridge.
  • Ar 1 and Ar 2 have the substitution pattern of (2a) and (2c), particularly preferred is the substitution pattern of formula (2a).
  • each of the radicals Ar 1 and Ar 2 is a mononuclear aromatic radical of the formula (3) X
  • the free valence indicates the position of the sulfide bridge
  • X represents a C r to C 4 alkyl group, a nitro group or a halogen atom.
  • the compound of the formula (1) corresponds to the formula (4)
  • the compound of the formula (1) corresponds to the formula (5)
  • X is particularly preferably in the para position to the sulfide bridge.
  • X is a methyl or ethyl group.
  • the formula (1) is dithiodibenzoic acid, ie R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • the hydraulic fluids contain at least one further corrosion inhibitor in addition to the dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acids).
  • Suitable corrosion inhibitors are benzenesulfonic acid amidocaproic acid, toluenesulfonic acid amidocaproic acid, benzenesulfonic acid (N-methyl) amidocaproic acid, toluenesulfonic acid (N-methyl) amidocaproic acid (all formula 6), alkanoylamidocarboxylic acids, especially isononanoylamidocaproic acid (formula (7)) and triazine-2,4,6-tris (aminohexanoic acid ) (Formula (8)), or the alkali, alkaline earth and amine salts of the compounds of formulas (6) - (8).
  • R 5 , R 6 H or CH 3
  • Suitable corrosion inhibitors are linear or branched C 6 - to C 8 -carboxylic acids such.
  • suitable corrosion inhibitors are alkanesulfonic acid amides, alkanesulfonamidocarboxylic acids and Phtalklareraumamide.
  • the salts of the compounds listed above can also be used.
  • salts of one of the abovementioned corrosion inhibitors are used, these are preferably salts which are formed by reaction of the free acids with a neutralizing agent which is contained in the hydraulic fluid.
  • the hydraulic fluids preferably contain 1-15%, especially 1-10% of the dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acid) of the formula (1).
  • the total amount of dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acid) and further corrosion inhibitor is generally 0.1-30%, preferably 1-10%, especially 1-5% corrosion inhibitor.
  • the use concentration of dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acids) is then between 0.05 to 20%, preferably 0.5 to 5%, especially 0.5 to 3%.
  • the concentrations stated as weight percentages of the used Corrosion inhibitor due to the higher molecular weight of the salts compared to the free acids correspondingly higher.
  • the hydraulic fluid may contain a lubricant for reducing friction and abrasion.
  • Suitable lubricants are amine, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of alkyl or aryl phosphoric acid esters and / or amine, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts of the phosphoric acid esters of alkoxylated alcohols.
  • polyalkylene glycols These can be obtained by anionic or metal-catalyzed polymerization of alkylene oxides of the formula (9) with mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and polyfunctional alcohols or amines or mixtures thereof
  • R 7 hydrogen, methyl, ethyl.
  • the polymerization can be carried out sequentially (blockwise arrangement of the monomers) or with a mixture of the oxides (random arrangement of the monomers).
  • Suitable starting alcohols for these polyalkylene glycols are, for. As ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol and other polyhydric alcohols.
  • Suitable amines are, for.
  • the molecular weights of the polyalkylene glycols thus obtained may vary from 500 g / mol to 50,000 g / mol, usually the molecular weights are 2,000 to 10,000 g / mol.
  • Suitable lubricants are sulfur compounds such as mercaptobenzothiazoles, dithiobis (thiazoles) and alkyl disulfides, thiophosphonates or inorganic compounds such as phosphoric acid or metal sulfides.
  • the hydraulic fluid contains no lubricant, since the lubricity of the corrosion inhibitors, especially the dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acids) already sufficient.
  • the hydraulic fluids of the invention are adjusted with a neutralizing agent to a pH of 8-12, particularly preferably 9-10. Suitable neutralizing agents are amines of the formula (10)
  • R 8 , R 9 and R 10 independently of one another represent hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 100 carbon atoms.
  • R 8 and / or R 9 and / or R 10 independently of one another represent an aliphatic radical.
  • This has preferably 1 to 24, more preferably 2 to 18 and especially 3 to 6 C atoms.
  • the aliphatic radical may be linear, branched or cyclic. It can still be saturated or unsaturated. Preferably, the aliphatic radical is saturated.
  • the aliphatic radical may carry substituents such as 5 hydroxy, C- ⁇ -C 5 alkoxy, cyano, nitrile, nitro and / or C -C 2 o-aryl groups such as phenyl.
  • the C 5 -C 2O -aryl radicals in turn optionally substituted with halogen atoms, halogenated alkyl groups, C 1 -C 2O -AI alkyl-, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, hydroxyl, Ci-C5 alkoxy such as methoxy -, amide, cyano, nitrile, and / or nitro groups.
  • R 8 and / or R 9 and / or R 10 independently of one another are hydrogen, a C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl radical and especially an alkyl radical having 1, 2, or 3 C atoms.
  • radicals can carry up to three substituents.
  • Particularly preferred aliphatic radicals R 8 and / or R 9 and / or R 10 are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, hydroxyethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, hydroxypropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl, hydroxybutyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, tridecyl, isotridecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl and methylphenyl.
  • R 8 and R 9 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring.
  • This ring has preferably 4 or more such as 4, 5, 6 or more ring members.
  • Preferred further ring members are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur atoms.
  • the rings in turn may carry substituents such as alkyl radicals.
  • Suitable ring structures are, for example, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, imidazolyl and azepanyl radicals.
  • R 10 is H or an alkyl radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
  • R 8 and / or R 10 are independently an optionally substituted C 6 -C 2 aryl group or an optionally substituted heteroaromatic group having 5 to 12 ring members.
  • R 8 , R 9 and / or R 10 independently of one another represent an alkyl radical interrupted by heteroatoms. Particularly preferred heteroatoms are oxygen and nitrogen.
  • R 8 , R 9 and / or R 10 independently of one another are preferably radicals of the formula (11)
  • R 12 is hydrogen, a hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 24 C atoms or a group of the formula -NR 13 R 14 , n is a number between 2 and 50, preferably between 3 and 25 and in particular between 4 and 10 and
  • R 13 , R 14 independently of one another are hydrogen, an aliphatic radical having 1 to 24 C atoms and preferably 2 to 18 C atoms, an aryl group or heteroaryl group having 5 to 12 ring members, one Poly (oxyalkylene) group having 1 to 50 poly (oxyalkylene) units, wherein the polyoxyalkylene derived from alkylene oxide having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, or R 13 and R 14 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, a ring with 4, 5, 6 or more ring members form, stand.
  • R 8 , R 9 and / or R 10 independently of one another are preferably radicals of the formula (12)
  • R 15 is an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and preferably 2 to 4
  • each R 16 is independently hydrogen, an alkyl or
  • Hydroxyalkyl radical having up to 24 carbon atoms such as 2 to 20 carbon atoms, a polyoxyalkylene radical - (R 11 -O) p -R 12 , or a polyiminoalkylene radical - [R 15 -N (R 16 )] q - (R 16 ), wherein R 11 , R 12 , R 15 and R 16 have the meanings given above and q and p are independently from 1 to 50 and m is a number from 1 to 20 and preferably 2 to 10 such as three, four , five or six stands.
  • the radicals of the formula (12) preferably contain 1 to 50, in particular 2 to 20, nitrogen atoms.
  • Particularly preferred neutralizing agents are water-soluble alkylamines such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, propylamine and longer-chain mono-, di- and trialkylamines, provided that they are at least 1 wt .-%, preferably 1-5 wt .-% water-soluble ,
  • the alkyl chains can be branched here.
  • oligoamines such as ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, tetraethylenepentamine, their higher homologs and mixtures of these.
  • alkylated, especially methylated, representatives of these oligoamines such as N, N-dimethyldiethyleneamine, N, N-dimethylpropylamine and longer-chain and / or higher alkylated amines of the same construction principle.
  • alkanolamines such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, diglycolamine, triglycolamine and higher homologs, methyldiethanolamine, ethyldiethanolamine, propyldiethanolamine, butyldiethanolamine and longer-chain alkyldiethanolamines, where the alkyl radical may be cyclic and / or branched.
  • alkanolamines are dialkylethanolamines, such as dimethylethanolamine, diethylethanolamine,
  • amines such as 2-amino-2-methylpropanol (AMP), 2-aminopropanediol, 2-amino-2-ethylpropanediol, 2-aminobutanediol and other 2-aminoalkanols, aminoalkylamine alcohols, tris (hydroxylmethyl) aminomethane are suitable, as well as end-capped Representatives such as methylglycolamine, methyldiglycolamine and higher homologues, di (methylglycol) amine,
  • Di (methyldiglycol) amine and its higher homologs and the corresponding triamines and polyalkylene glycol amines eg Jeffamine ® .
  • mixtures of the abovementioned amines are used to adjust desired pH values.
  • neutralizing agents are the oxides and hydroxides of the alkali and / or alkaline earth metals, such as.
  • lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide are examples of the alkali and / or alkaline earth metals, such as.
  • the neutralizing agents mentioned are used in amounts suitable for the following reasons.
  • This desired pH is 7 - 11, preferably 8 - 10, especially preferably 9-10.
  • the amounts of neutralizing agent required for this purpose are generally between 0.1-10%.
  • the hydraulic fluids according to the invention may contain, in addition to water, a freezing point depressant or viscosity regulator.
  • Freezing point depressants are polyols, preferably comprising 2 to 10 OH groups. Examples of these are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and higher polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol and higher polypropylene glycols, the corresponding methylglycols, ethyl, butyl and other alkylglycols and also alkylpropylene glycols. Likewise, glycerol, diglycerol, triglycerol and higher homologues, 1, 3-propanediol and its oligo- and polymers can be used. It is also possible to use mixtures of the compounds mentioned. Their concentration depends on the required freezing point, which can vary greatly depending on the application and field of application. 1-50% freezing point depressants are used, preferably 20-50%, particularly preferably 30-40%.
  • Suitable viscosity regulators are polyacrylates, polymethacrylates and polyalkylene glycols, in particular high molecular weight polyalkylene glycols. These can be obtained by anionic or metal-catalyzed polymerization of alkylene oxides of the formula (9) or mixtures thereof with mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and polyfunctional alcohols or amines
  • R 7 hydrogen, methyl, ethyl.
  • the polymerization can be carried out sequentially (blockwise arrangement of the monomers) or with a mixture of the oxides (random arrangement of the monomers).
  • Suitable starting alcohols for these polyalkylene glycols are, for. As ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, glycerol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol and other polyhydric alcohols.
  • suitable Amines are z. As the compounds mentioned below as neutralizing agents, if they contain acidic NH bonds.
  • polyalkylene glycols are usually not selected according to their molecular weight but according to their viscosity at 40 0 C or 50 0 C, which may be usually from a few mPas up to 50,000 mPas and more and depends on the application.
  • the use concentration of the viscosity regulators depends on the desired viscosity and may be 1-50%, preferably 20-50%, particularly preferably 30-40%.
  • Defoamers, dyes and antioxidants are used in the hydraulic fluid. In the preferred embodiment, but can be omitted for the reasons mentioned.
  • the preparation of the hydraulic fluids of this invention can be accomplished by mixing at room temperature or elevated temperatures directly from the components, or by diluting a previously prepared additive package with water, or by diluting a previously prepared additive package with a mixture of water and the freezing point depressant. If the hydraulic fluid is prepared directly from the components, it is advisable to introduce the water and optionally the freezing point and the subsequent addition of further ingredients, preferably first the neutralizing agent, then the compound of formula (1), then - if necessary - the other lubricant and the additional corrosion inhibitors are added. Other additives such as defoamers, dyes, antioxidants and viscosity regulators are added at the end. If the additive package is prepared separately so water and the freezing point, if it is part of the additive package, presented, then the neutralizing agent is added and then the other components in the above order. At high viscosities, especially when the
  • Freezing point depressant is not part of the additive package, a higher temperature than room temperature may be necessary during mixing, this temperature exceeds usually but not 80 to 100 0 C. For particularly high viscosities, the additive package can be diluted with water.
  • Dithiodiarylcarboxylic acids of the formula (2a) are denoted below by o- (ortho), of the formula (2b) by m- (meta) and of the formula (2c) by p- (para).
  • the use concentrations were chosen so that the hydraulic fluids achieve the desired corrosion protection (no corrosion at 15% application concentration).
  • Example 1 (prior art) - hydraulic fluid A consisting of: water 43%
  • Example 2 (Prior Art) - Hydraulic fluid B consisting of:
  • Example 3 Hydraulic fluid C consisting of:
  • Example 4 - hydraulic fluid D consisting of: water 44%
  • Example 5 - hydraulic fluid E consisting of:
  • Example 6 - Hydraulic fluid F consisting of:
  • Example 8 - hydraulic fluid H consisting of: water 46%
  • Example 9 - Hydraulic fluid I consisting of:
  • Example 10 - Hydraulic fluid J consisting of:
  • Example 12 - Hydraulic fluid L consisting of:
  • the table demonstrates the improved efficacy and stability of the hydraulic fluids C to K according to the invention and in particular J (shows the synergistic effect with isononanoylamidocaproic acid).
  • Examples 3 to 11 show the superior stability and low foaming of hydraulic fluids of the invention over the prior art.
  • Examples 3-12 demonstrate the improved lubricity and anti-corrosion properties when using a dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acid) alone, as demonstrated by synergistic action with another anticorrosive agent, a reduced use concentration of the active ingredient combination lubricant / corrosion inhibitor (4% compared to at least 7% in Examples 1 to 11) can be achieved without losing effectiveness. Due to the synergistic effect of dithiodi (arylcarboxylic acids) with common water-soluble corrosion inhibitors, it is possible to reduce the use concentration of the additive package in the hydraulic fluid, as Example 12 shows in comparison to Examples 1 and 2 (known active ingredient combinations).
  • Table 2 shows typical ecotoxicological data for corrosion and lubricant additives, as required by OSPAR for use in the North Sea.
  • the requirements for OSPAR are fulfilled only by dithiodi (benzoic acid).

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PCT/EP2009/008586 2008-12-19 2009-12-02 Wasserbasierende hydraulikflüssigkeiten enthaltend dithiodi(arylcarbonsäuren) Ceased WO2010069464A1 (de)

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JP2011541142A JP2012512286A (ja) 2008-12-19 2009-12-02 ジチオジ（アリールカルボン酸）を含む水系作動流体
ES09767971T ES2408859T3 (es) 2008-12-19 2009-12-02 Fluidos hidráulicos basados en agua que contienen ácidos ditiodi(arilcarboxílicos)
EP09767971.6A EP2379687B1 (de) 2008-12-19 2009-12-02 Wasserbasierende hydraulikflüssigkeiten enthaltend dithiodi(arylcarbonsäuren)
CN2009801423621A CN102197120A (zh) 2008-12-19 2009-12-02 含有二硫代二(芳基羧酸)的水基液压液
BRPI0922643A BRPI0922643A2 (pt) 2008-12-19 2009-12-02 "fluidos hidráulicos a base de água compreendendo ácidos ditiodi(arilcarboxílicos)".
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140027657A1 (en) * 2008-07-15 2014-01-30 MacDermid Offshore Solutins, LLC Environmental Subsea Control Hydraulic Fluid Compositions
US9096812B2 (en) * 2008-07-15 2015-08-04 Macdermid Offshore Solutions, Llc Environmental subsea control hydraulic fluid compositions
CN112940832A (zh) * 2021-02-01 2021-06-11 国家能源集团宁夏煤业有限责任公司 煤基抗磨液压油及其制备方法

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DE102008064004B4 (de) 2011-11-24
CN102197120A (zh) 2011-09-21
US8759264B2 (en) 2014-06-24
EP2379687B1 (de) 2013-04-24
DE102008064004A1 (de) 2010-07-01
EP2379687A1 (de) 2011-10-26
JP2012512286A (ja) 2012-05-31
ES2408859T3 (es) 2013-06-21
US20120040875A1 (en) 2012-02-16

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