WO2010064392A1 - 電池パック - Google Patents
電池パック Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010064392A1 WO2010064392A1 PCT/JP2009/006417 JP2009006417W WO2010064392A1 WO 2010064392 A1 WO2010064392 A1 WO 2010064392A1 JP 2009006417 W JP2009006417 W JP 2009006417W WO 2010064392 A1 WO2010064392 A1 WO 2010064392A1
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- thickness
- electrode group
- battery
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- battery pack
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
- G01R31/392—Determining battery ageing or deterioration, e.g. state of health
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
- H01M10/0413—Large-sized flat cells or batteries for motive or stationary systems with plate-like electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/04—Construction or manufacture in general
- H01M10/0436—Small-sized flat cells or batteries for portable equipment
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/387—Tin or alloys based on tin
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a battery pack. More specifically, the present invention relates to an improvement in a battery replacement time determination method and cycle deterioration determination method for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery using an alloy-based active material as a negative electrode active material.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries are widely used as power sources for electronic devices because they have high capacity and high energy density, and are easy to reduce in size and weight.
- Electronic devices include mobile phones, personal digital assistants, computers, video cameras, game machines, and the like.
- a typical nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a positive electrode containing a lithium cobalt composite oxide, a negative electrode containing graphite, and a polyolefin porous membrane.
- Alloy-based active materials are known as negative electrode active materials other than carbon materials.
- Typical alloy-based active materials include silicon-based active materials such as silicon and silicon oxide.
- the alloy-based active material has a high discharge capacity.
- the theoretical discharge capacity of silicon is about 11 times the theoretical discharge capacity of graphite. Therefore, the capacity and performance of nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries are increased by using alloy-based active materials.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing an alloy-based active material (hereinafter sometimes referred to as “alloy-based secondary battery”) has excellent battery performance, but has several hundred charge / discharge cycles. In some cases, significant cycle deterioration (capacity deterioration) may occur suddenly. Sudden cycle deterioration of a battery may prevent normal operation of a device that uses the battery as a power source. It is expected that the operation of the computer will suddenly stop and the data being created will be lost. In an electric vehicle, it is predicted that the drive motor may suddenly stop during traveling, which may cause some trouble in traveling.
- Patent Document 1 calculates a secondary battery, a voltage change amount of the secondary battery, a comparison unit that compares the calculated voltage change amount and a set value, and opens and closes a circuit according to a command from the comparison unit.
- a battery pack including the means.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery that includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte, the positive electrode contains at least two active materials having different operating potentials, and the negative electrode is made of Li or a Li alloy is used. . Based on the fact that the positive electrode contains active materials having different operating voltages, the remaining capacity is predicted from the voltage change amount of the battery. However, the remaining capacity is a reference value for performing the next charge, and is not a reference value for notifying the replacement time of the battery.
- the battery replacement time is predicted from the proportional relationship between the discharge capacity and the number of charge / discharge cycles.
- the proportional relationship is only established between the number of charge / discharge cycles up to about 200 cycles and the discharge capacity.
- the battery does not deteriorate after about 200 cycles, it is difficult to accurately predict the battery replacement time from the proportional relationship.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a battery capacity prediction device that calculates battery capacity from the relationship between the state of charge (SOC) of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery and temperature.
- SOC state of charge
- FIG. 1 of Patent Document 2 shows that the battery temperature and the battery capacity deterioration rate show a linear relationship for each SOC value in the semilogarithmic graph. The battery capacity is calculated based on this graph.
- the battery user does not charge the battery so that the SOC is constant. In many cases, charging is stopped halfway. Further charging may be performed at a stage where charging is not required. Therefore, if the replacement time of the secondary battery is predicted based on the graph shown in FIG. 1 of Patent Document 2, a large error may occur.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a battery pack including a flat battery, a label wound around the battery, and swelling detection means.
- the swelling detection means is a cut groove formed on the label surface.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a battery pack provided with a determination mechanism capable of accurately determining the replacement time of the alloy secondary battery or the presence or absence of cycle deterioration together with the alloy secondary battery.
- the battery pack of the present invention includes a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, thickness detection means, cycle number detection means, and determination means.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes an electrode group, a lithium ion conductive nonaqueous electrolyte, and a battery case.
- the electrode group includes a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material capable of inserting and extracting lithium, a negative electrode containing an alloy-based active material, and an insulating layer disposed so as to be interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the battery case contains an electrode group and a lithium ion conductive nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the thickness detection means detects the thickness of the electrode group.
- the cycle number detection means detects the number of charge / discharge cycles of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the determination means determines the replacement timing of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery or the presence or absence of cycle deterioration according to the detection result by the thickness detection means and the detection result by the cycle number detection means.
- the battery pack of the present invention has a high capacity and a high output by including an alloy-based secondary battery.
- the replacement time of the alloy-based secondary battery and the presence or absence of cycle deterioration can be almost accurately determined without significant design change and a significant increase in dimensions compared to the conventional battery pack. Predictable. Therefore, the sudden stop of the electric and electronic equipment using the battery pack of the present invention as a power source is suppressed.
- the battery pack of the present invention does not increase significantly in size, it can easily cope with the reduction in size and thickness of electronic devices.
- FIG. 1 It is a block diagram which shows typically the structure of the battery pack which is 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows typically the structure of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery with which the battery pack shown in FIG. 1 is equipped.
- 3 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a method for determining replacement time of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery shown in FIG. 2. It is a graph which shows roughly the relationship between the frequency
- FIG. 1 It is a block diagram which shows typically the structure of the battery pack which is 3rd Embodiment of this invention. It is a flowchart which shows one Embodiment of the cycle deterioration determination method of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery shown in FIG. It is a perspective view which shows typically the structure of the negative electrode collector of another form. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows typically the structure of the negative electrode of another form containing the negative electrode collector shown in FIG. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows typically the structure of the columnar body contained in the negative electrode active material layer of the negative electrode shown in FIG. It is a side view which shows typically the structure of an electron beam vapor deposition apparatus. It is a side view which shows typically the structure of the electron beam type vapor deposition apparatus of another form.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram schematically showing the configuration of the battery pack 1 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 provided in the battery pack 1 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a method for determining the replacement time of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a graph schematically showing the relationship between the number of charge / discharge cycles and the thickness of the electrode group in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 shown in FIG.
- the battery pack 1 includes a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10, a thickness detection unit 11, a cycle number detection unit 12, a first determination unit 13, a replacement time notification unit 14, and an exterior body (not shown).
- Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 includes a flat-type lithium ion secondary battery including a stacked electrode group 20 stacked with a separator 23 interposed between a positive electrode 21 and a negative electrode 22. It is.
- the stacked electrode group 20 is accommodated in the battery case 27 together with a lithium ion conductive non-aqueous electrolyte (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “non-aqueous electrolyte”) (not shown).
- a separator 23 is used as an insulating layer.
- One end of the positive electrode lead 24 is connected to the positive electrode current collector 21a, and the other end is led out from one opening 27a of the battery case 27 and connected to the external connection terminal 15a.
- One end of the negative electrode lead 25 is connected to the negative electrode current collector 22a, and the other end is led out from the other opening 27b of the battery case 27 and connected to the external connection terminal 15b.
- the battery case 27 of the present embodiment is a laminate film container having openings 27a and 27b at both ends. After the stacked electrode group 20 and the nonaqueous electrolyte are stored in the battery case 27, the battery 10 is obtained by putting the gasket 26 into the openings 27a and 27b and welding them in a decompressed state inside the battery case 27. Further, the openings 27a and 27b may be directly welded without using the gasket 26.
- the stacked electrode group 20 (hereinafter referred to as “electrode group 20”) includes a positive electrode 21, a negative electrode 22, and a separator 23, and is disposed such that the separator 23 is interposed between the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22.
- the positive electrode 21 includes a positive electrode current collector 21a and a positive electrode active material layer 21b.
- a conductive substrate such as a porous conductive substrate or a non-porous conductive substrate can be used.
- the material of the conductive substrate is a metal material such as stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, aluminum alloy, or a conductive resin.
- Examples of porous conductive substrates include mesh bodies, net bodies, punching sheets, lath bodies, porous bodies, foams, and nonwoven fabrics.
- Non-porous conductive substrates include foils, sheets, films, and the like.
- the thickness of the conductive substrate is usually 1 to 500 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 100 ⁇ m, and more preferably 8 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21b of the present embodiment is provided on one surface in the thickness direction of the positive electrode current collector 21a, but may be provided on both surfaces in the thickness direction.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21b includes a positive electrode active material, and may further include a conductive agent, a binder, and the like.
- the positive electrode active material those commonly used in the field of non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries can be used, and among these, lithium-containing composite oxides, olivine-type lithium phosphate, and the like are preferable.
- the lithium-containing composite oxide is a metal oxide containing lithium and a transition metal element or a metal oxide in which a part of the transition metal element in the metal oxide is substituted with a different element.
- the transition metal element include Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cr, and Mn, Co, Ni, and the like are preferable.
- different elements include Na, Mg, Zn, Al, Pb, Sb, and B, and Mg, Al, and the like are preferable.
- a transition metal element and a different element can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types, respectively.
- Lithium-containing composite oxides include Li 1 CoO 2 , Li l NiO 2 , Li l MnO 2 , Li l Com m Ni 1-m O 2 , Li l Com m M 1-m O n , Li l Ni 1 1-. m M m O n, Li l Mn 2 O 4, Li l Mn 2-m M m O 4 ( in each of the formulas above, M is Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, Na, Mg And at least one element selected from the group consisting of Zn, Al, Pb, Sb and B. 0 ⁇ l ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.9, 2.0 ⁇ n ⁇ 2.3), etc. Is mentioned. Among these, Li l Co m M 1- m O n is preferred.
- Examples of the olivine type lithium phosphate include LiXPO 4 and Li 2 XPO 4 F (wherein X represents at least one element selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Mn and Fe).
- the number of moles of lithium is a value immediately after the production of the positive electrode active material, and increases or decreases due to charge / discharge.
- a positive electrode active material can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- conductive agent those commonly used in the field of non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries can be used. Natural graphite, graphite such as artificial graphite, acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black Carbon blacks such as carbon fibers, conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metal fibers, metal powders such as aluminum, and carbon fluoride.
- a conductive agent can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- ⁇ A polymer material can be used for the binder.
- Polymer materials include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin, polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polymethyl acrylate, polyethyl acrylate, polyacrylic acid Resin materials such as hexyl, polymethacrylic acid, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, polyhexyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polyethersulfone, polyhexafluoropropylene, styrene butadiene rubber, modified There are rubber materials such as acrylic rubber and water-soluble polymer materials such as carboxymethylcellulose.
- a copolymer containing two or more types of monomer compounds may be used as the polymer material.
- the monomer compound include tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid, and hexadiene.
- a binder can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- the positive electrode active material layer 21b can be formed by applying a positive electrode mixture slurry on the surface of the positive electrode current collector 21a, and drying and rolling the obtained coating film.
- the positive electrode mixture slurry can be prepared by dissolving or dispersing a positive electrode active material and, if necessary, a conductive agent and a binder in an organic solvent.
- organic solvent dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, methylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylamine, acetone, cyclohexanone and the like can be used.
- the negative electrode 22 includes a negative electrode current collector 22a and a negative electrode active material layer 22b.
- a non-porous conductive substrate is used for the negative electrode current collector 22a.
- the material of the conductive substrate is a metal material such as stainless steel, titanium, nickel, copper, or copper alloy.
- Non-porous conductive substrates include foils and films.
- the thickness of the conductive substrate is not particularly limited, but is usually 1 to 500 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 100 ⁇ m, and more preferably 8 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22b of the present embodiment is provided on one surface in the thickness direction of the negative electrode current collector 22a, but may be provided on both surfaces in the thickness direction.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22b contains an alloy-based active material, and may further include known negative-electrode active materials, additives, and the like other than the alloy-based active material as long as the characteristics thereof are not impaired.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22b is preferably an amorphous or low crystalline thin film containing an alloy-based active material and having a thickness of 1 to 20 ⁇ m.
- the alloy-based active material occludes lithium by alloying with lithium, and reversibly occludes and releases lithium under a negative electrode potential.
- the alloy-based active material includes a silicon-based active material and a tin-based active material.
- An alloy active material can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- Silicon-based active materials include silicon, silicon compounds, partial substitutes thereof, and solid solutions thereof.
- Silicon compounds include silicon oxides represented by the formula SiO a (0.05 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.95), silicon carbides represented by the formula SiC b (0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1), and formula SiN c (0 ⁇
- the silicon alloy is an alloy of silicon and a different element (A).
- the different element (A) is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Sb, Bi, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, In, Sn, and Ti.
- the partially substituted body is a compound in which a part of silicon atoms contained in silicon and the silicon compound is substituted with a different element (B).
- the different element (B) is selected from the group consisting of B, Mg, Ni, Ti, Mo, Co, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Nb, Ta, V, W, Zn, C, N, and Sn. At least one element. Among these, silicon and silicon compounds are preferable, and silicon oxide is more preferable.
- tin-based active materials include tin, tin compounds, tin oxides represented by the formula SnO d (0 ⁇ d ⁇ 2), tin dioxide (SnO 2 ), tin nitride, Ni—Sn alloys, Mg—Sn alloys , Fe—Sn alloy, Cu—Sn alloy, Ti—Sn alloy and other tin alloys, SnSiO 3 , Ni 2 Sn 4 , Mg 2 Sn and other tin compounds, and solid solutions thereof.
- tin-based active materials tin oxide, tin alloy, tin compound, and the like are preferable.
- the alloy-based active materials silicon, silicon oxide, tin oxide and the like are preferable, and silicon oxide is more preferable.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22b is formed by a vapor phase method.
- the vapor phase method include a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, an ion plating method, a laser ablation method, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, a plasma chemical vapor deposition method, and a thermal spraying method.
- the vacuum evaporation method is preferable.
- the negative electrode current collector 22a is disposed above the silicon target in the vertical direction.
- the silicon target is irradiated with an electron beam to generate silicon vapor, and this silicon vapor is deposited on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 22a.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22b made of silicon is formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 22a.
- oxygen or nitrogen is supplied into the electron beam vacuum deposition apparatus, the negative electrode active material layer 22b containing silicon oxide or silicon nitride is formed.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22b of the present embodiment is formed as a thin solid film, but is not limited thereto, and may be formed into a pattern shape such as a lattice by a vapor phase method, and includes a plurality of columnar bodies. You may form as follows. Each of the plurality of columnar bodies contains an alloy-based active material, extends outward from the surface of the negative electrode current collector, and is formed such that there are voids between a pair of adjacent columnar bodies.
- the convex portions are regularly formed, the arrangement of the convex portions on the surface of the negative electrode current collector includes a grid arrangement, a lattice arrangement, a houndstooth arrangement, a close-packed arrangement, and the like. Further, the convex portion is formed on one surface or both surfaces in the thickness direction of the negative electrode current collector.
- the height of the columnar body is preferably 3 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the separator 23 is a lithium ion permeable insulating layer disposed so as to be interposed between the positive electrode 21 and the negative electrode 22.
- the separator 23 may have lithium ion conductivity.
- a porous film having pores can be used as the separator 23, a porous film having pores can be used. Examples of the porous film include a microporous film, a woven fabric, and a non-woven fabric.
- the microporous film is a single layer film or a multilayer film (composite film). Further, two or more microporous membranes, woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, etc. may be laminated and used as the separator 23.
- the thickness of the separator 23 is usually 5 to 300 ⁇ m, preferably 8 to 40 ⁇ m, and more preferably 10 to 30 ⁇ m.
- the porosity of the separator 23 is preferably 30 to 70%, more preferably 35 to 60%. The porosity is a percentage of the total volume of pores existing in the separator 23 in the volume of the separator 23.
- the electrode group 20 and the separator 23 are impregnated with a non-aqueous electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte of this embodiment is a liquid non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte contains a solute (supporting salt) and a non-aqueous solvent, and may further contain various additives.
- Solutes include LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiSCN, LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , lower aliphatic lithium carboxylate, LiCl, LiBr, Examples include LiI, LiBCl 4 , borate salts, and imide salts. Solutes can be used singly or in combination of two or more. The dissolved amount of the solute is preferably 0.5 to 2 mol with respect to 1 liter of the nonaqueous solvent.
- Non-aqueous solvents include cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, and cyclic carboxylic acid esters.
- cyclic carbonate include propylene carbonate and ethylene carbonate.
- chain carbonate include diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and the like.
- cyclic carboxylic acid esters include ⁇ -butyrolactone and ⁇ -valerolactone.
- a non-aqueous solvent can be used individually by 1 type or in combination of 2 or more types.
- Additives include vinylene carbonate compounds that improve charge / discharge efficiency, benzene compounds that inactivate batteries, and the like.
- Examples of the vinylene carbonate compound include vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, divinyl ethylene carbonate, and the like.
- Examples of the benzene compound include cyclohexylbenzene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether and the like.
- a gel-like non-aqueous electrolyte may be used instead of the liquid non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the gel-like nonaqueous electrolyte contains a liquid nonaqueous electrolyte and a polymer material.
- the polymer material polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylate, or the like can be used.
- the separator 23 is used as the insulating layer, but a porous heat-resistant layer may be used instead of the separator 23. Moreover, you may use together the separator 23 and a porous heat-resistant layer.
- the porous heat-resistant layer is formed on at least one surface of the positive electrode active material layer 21b and the negative electrode active material layer 22b.
- the porous heat-resistant layer contains an inorganic oxide and a binder.
- Inorganic oxides include alumina, titania, silica, magnesia, calcia and the like.
- Various polymer materials can be used for the binder.
- the content of the inorganic oxide in the porous heat-resistant layer is preferably 90 to 99.5% by weight of the total amount of the porous heat-resistant layer, and the balance is the binder.
- the porous heat-resistant layer can be formed in the same manner as the positive electrode active material layer 21b.
- An inorganic oxide and a binder are dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent to prepare a slurry, and this slurry is applied to the surface of the positive electrode active material layer 21b and / or the negative electrode active material layer 22b and dried to make porous.
- a heat-resistant layer can be formed.
- the thickness of the porous heat-resistant layer is preferably 1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- a solid electrolyte layer may be used as an insulating layer instead of the separator 23 and the liquid nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the solid electrolyte layer contains a solid electrolyte such as an inorganic solid electrolyte or an organic solid electrolyte.
- inorganic solid electrolytes include sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolytes, oxide-based inorganic solid electrolytes, other lithium-based inorganic solid electrolytes, and glass ceramics on which crystals of these inorganic solid electrolytes are deposited.
- the sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte includes (Li 3 PO 4 ) x- (Li 2 S) y- (SiS 2 ) z glass, (Li 2 S) x- (SiS 2 ) y , (Li 2 S) x -(P 2 S 5 ) y , Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 , thio-LISICON, etc.
- oxide-based inorganic solid electrolyte include NASICON type such as LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , LiGe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , (La 0.5 + x Li 0.5-3x ) TiO 2.
- lithium-based inorganic solid electrolytes include LiPON, LiNbO 3 , LiTaO 3 , Li 3 PO 4 , LiPO 4 ⁇ x N x (x is 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiN, LiI, LISICON, and the like.
- organic solid electrolyte examples include ion conductive polymers and polymer electrolytes.
- Ion conductive polymers include low phase transition temperature (Tg) polyethers, amorphous vinylidene fluoride copolymers, mixtures of different polymers, and the like.
- the polymer electrolyte includes a polymer electrolyte containing a matrix polymer and a lithium salt.
- the matrix polymer include polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, a copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, a polymer having an ethylene oxide unit and / or a propylene oxide unit, and a polycarbonate.
- the same lithium salt as the solute of the liquid nonaqueous electrolyte can be used.
- the material of the positive electrode lead 24 is aluminum or the like.
- the material of the negative electrode lead 25 is nickel, copper, copper alloy, or the like.
- the material of the gasket 26 is polyolefin, fluorine resin, or the like.
- the battery case 27 is a rectangular bag-shaped container made of a laminate film and having openings 27a and 27b at both ends in the longitudinal direction.
- Laminate film includes acid-modified polypropylene / polyethylene terephthalate (PET) / Al foil / PET laminate film, acid-modified polyethylene / polyamide / Al foil / PET laminate film, ionomer resin / Ni foil / polyethylene / PET laminate film,
- metal foils and resin films such as ethylene vinyl acetate / polyethylene / Al foil / PET laminate films and ionomer resin / PET / Al foil / PET laminate films.
- the material of the battery case 27 of the present embodiment is a laminate film, but is not limited thereto, and may be a metal material, a resin material, or the like.
- the metal material include aluminum, magnesium, titanium, iron, stainless steel, and alloys thereof.
- Resin materials include fluororesin, ABS resin, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, and the like.
- the battery 10 of the present embodiment is a laminated film pack battery including the electrode group 20, but is not limited thereto, a cylindrical battery including a wound electrode group, and a flat type in which the wound electrode group is formed into a flat shape.
- a square battery including an electrode group, a coin battery including a stacked electrode group, and the like may be used.
- the thickness detection unit 11 detects the thickness of the electrode group 20 in the battery 10.
- the thickness detection means 11 is connected to the first determination means 13 so that information can be exchanged. Specific examples include electrical connection and optical connection.
- the thickness detector 11 detects the internal pressure (thickness information) of the electrode group 20 of the battery 10 and calculates the thickness of the electrode group 20.
- the thickness detection unit 11 outputs the detection result (calculation result) to the first determination unit 13.
- the thickness detection unit 11 is disposed in the vicinity of the battery 10 and includes a pressure detection unit, a voltage detection unit, a first storage unit, a first calculation unit, and a first control unit, which are not shown. It is preferable to arrange the pressure detection means and the voltage detection means in the vicinity of the battery 10.
- the pressure detection means detects the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 in the battery 10.
- the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 is detected by bringing the pressure detection means into contact with the central portion of the flat portion of the battery 10.
- the flat portion of the battery 10 is a portion in which the electrode group 20 in the battery case 27 is accommodated.
- the electrode group 20 is preferably a stacked electrode group or a flat electrode group.
- the central part of the battery 10 is a part facing the center of the electrode group 20 through the battery case 27 in the thickness direction of the battery case 27.
- the shape of these viewed from the upper side in the vertical direction (upper side in FIG. 2) is a square.
- the intersection of the diagonal lines in this square is the center of the electrode group 20.
- the central portion of the battery 10 does not need to coincide with the center of the electrode group 20 accurately, and the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 can be detected almost accurately even in the vicinity of the center of the electrode group 20.
- the portion near the center of the electrode group 20 is, for example, a circular region having a radius of 5 to 10 mm from the center of the electrode group 20.
- the dimensions of the battery case 27 correspond to the dimensions of the electrode group 20.
- the dimensions of the electrode group 20 correspond to the dimensions of the battery case 27.
- the thickness of the internal space of the battery case 27 and the thickness of the electrode group 20 are preferably designed to be substantially the same.
- the material of the battery case 27 is preferably a laminate film, a flexible synthetic resin material, a metal material that is relatively easily deformed by an external stress, or the like.
- a pressure sensor can be used as the pressure detection means.
- limit especially as a pressure sensor
- a small pressure sensor is preferable.
- Many small pressure sensors are commercially available, such as HSPC series (trade name, manufactured by Alps Electric Co., Ltd.), PS-A pressure sensor (trade name, manufactured by Panasonic Electric Works Co., Ltd.), and the like.
- the voltage detection means measures the OCV value of the battery 10.
- the voltage detection means first detects the OCV value at the start of discharging of the battery 10 and outputs the detection result to the first storage means. Further, the voltage detection means measures the OCV value of the battery 10 at a predetermined interval, and outputs the detection result to the first storage means. Various voltmeters can be used for the voltage detection means.
- the first control means compares the OCV value at the start of discharge with the newly input OCV value each time a new detection result by the voltage detection means is input to the first storage means, and the newly input OCV value is It is determined whether it is 50% or less at the start of discharge.
- the OCV value at the start of discharge is used as a reference unless the battery 10 is charged. Judgment is made. Each time the battery 10 is charged and then the OCV value at the start of discharge is measured, the OCV value at the start of discharge in the first storage means is updated to a new value.
- the data relating to the battery 10 is input to the first storage means.
- the data include, for example, the initial thickness of the negative electrode active material layer 22b, the initial thickness of the electrode group 20, the number of stacked layers of the electrode group 20, or the number of defects.
- the first storage means has a relationship between the internal pressure and the thickness of the electrode group 20 based on the initial thickness of the negative electrode active material layer 22b, the initial thickness of the electrode group 20, and the number of stacked layers of the electrode group 20 or the number of wrinkles.
- the first data table shown is input. The first data table is created in advance by experiments.
- the proportionality constant ⁇ it is necessary to determine the number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of turns.
- the number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of wrinkles is determined when a new battery 10 is attached to the battery pack 1.
- the new battery 10 is normally attached to the battery pack 1 in a state where it is not fully charged, and initial charging is performed to fully charge the battery 10. After the first charge, the OCV value at the start of discharge is detected by the voltage detection means.
- the detection result by the voltage detection means is input to the first storage means.
- a second data table indicating the relationship between the number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of soot and the OCV value at the start of discharge after the first charge is input to the first storage means.
- the stepwise numerical value width similar to the first data table is set for the number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of wrinkles.
- the first calculation means compares the detection result (OCV value at the start of discharge after the first charge) by the voltage detection means and the second data table, determines the number of stacks or the number of times the electrode group 20 is stacked in the battery 10, Output to the first storage means.
- the first calculation means calculates the thickness of the electrode group 20 based on the detection result (internal pressure value of the electrode group 20) by the pressure detection means, the number of stacked layers or the number of wrinkles of the electrode group 20, and the first data table.
- a program for calculating the thickness of the electrode group 20 from the first data table based on the detection result by the pressure detection means is input to the first storage means.
- the calculation method of the thickness of the electrode group 20 is as described above.
- This program is executed in the first calculation means.
- a detection result by the pressure detection unit is input to the first storage unit. This detection result is rewritten every time a new detection result is input.
- the first calculation means takes out the detection result and the first data table from the first storage means every time the detection result by the pressure detection means is newly input to the first storage means, and calculates the thickness of the electrode group 20. To do.
- the first calculation means outputs the calculation result to the first determination means 13.
- the first control means controls the voltage detection means so as to measure the OCV value at the start of discharge after the battery 10 is charged and then measure the OCV value at a predetermined time interval. Further, the first control means outputs a control signal to the pressure detection means according to a determination result by the first calculation means that “the OCV value is 50% or less of the OCV value at the start of discharge”. The internal pressure of the electrode group 20 is detected by the means. The first control means outputs a control signal to the second control means of the cycle number detection means 12 at the same time as outputting the control signal to the pressure detection means, and causes the cycle number detection means 12 to execute the cycle number detection. .
- the first storage unit, the first calculation unit, and the first control unit are configured as a processing circuit including a microcomputer, an interface, a memory, a timer, and the like.
- Various memories that are commonly used in this field can be used as the first storage means, and examples thereof include a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a semiconductor memory, and a nonvolatile flash memory.
- Cycle number detection means 12 detects the cumulative number of charge / discharge cycles of the battery 10 at the time when the thickness detection means 11 detects the internal pressure of the electrode group 20. In the present embodiment, one charging / discharging cycle means a case where the battery 10 is fully charged and then discharged until the next charging is necessary.
- the cycle number detection means 12 is electrically or optically connected to the first determination means 13 and outputs the detection result to the first determination means 13.
- the cycle number detection means 12 includes a voltage detection means, a second storage means, a second calculation means, and a second control means, not shown.
- the voltage detection means periodically detects the OCV value when the battery 10 is discharged and charged. In addition, the detection of the OCV value by the voltage detection means is performed at a predetermined interval shorter than when one charge / discharge cycle is performed.
- the voltage detection means for example, a voltmeter or the like can be used.
- the detection result by the voltage detection unit is input to the second storage unit over time.
- the cycle number detection means 12 performs the first determination on the determination result when the second calculation means determines that the OCV value at the time of discharging the battery 10 is 50% or less of the OCV value immediately after charging (at the start of discharging). Output to means 13. Thereby, the internal pressure detection of the electrode group 20 by the thickness detection means 11 is started.
- One voltage detection means may be shared by both the thickness detection means 11 and the cycle number detection means 12.
- the detection result by the voltage detection means is input to the second storage means over time.
- the determination result (number of charge / discharge cycles) determined by the second calculation means is input to the second storage means according to the detection result by the voltage detection means.
- the second storage means adds and stores the determination result to the latest determination result.
- a third data table indicating the relationship between the OCV value and the number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of wrinkles is input to the second storage means.
- the third data table can be obtained in advance by experiments or the like.
- the number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of wrinkles is described in stages, for example, 1 to 5, 6 to 10, and 11 to 15. This is the same as the data table input to the first storage means of the thickness detection means 11.
- the second storage means stores the number of stacked electrode groups 20 of the battery 10 based on the program of the method for determining the number of charge / discharge cycles by the second calculating means, the detection result by the voltage detecting means, and the third data table. A program for determining the number of times is input.
- the second calculation means takes out the OCV value detection result over time from the second storage means, and is more satisfactory than the previous determination. It is determined whether or not the number of discharge cycles has increased by one. If it is determined that the number of charge / discharge cycles has increased by 1, the determination result is output to the second storage means.
- the second storage means adds “+1” to the most recent charge / discharge cycle number based on the newly input determination result.
- the second control unit causes the second calculation unit to determine the number of charge / discharge cycles in synchronization with the start of the internal pressure detection by the thickness detection unit 11.
- the cycle number detection means 12 detects the number of charge / discharge cycles at the same time as the detection by the thickness detection means 11 is started, and obtains the latest determination result (number of charge / discharge cycles) by the second calculation means. It outputs to the 1st determination means 13 as a detection result.
- the second calculation means determines the number of stacked electrodes or the number of times the electrode group 20 of the battery 10 is based on the detection result of the voltage detection means and the third data table.
- the second calculation means outputs this determination result to the first determination means 13.
- This determination result is used, for example, in the first determination unit 13 to determine the set value (reference value) of the minimum value of the electrode group 20 thickness in the battery 10.
- the first calculation means, and the first control means, the second storage means, the second calculation means, and the second control means are configured as a processing circuit including a microcomputer, an interface, a memory, a timer, and the like.
- the Various memories similar to the first storage means can be used for the second storage means.
- One processing circuit can include a first storage unit, a first calculation unit and a first control unit, and a second storage unit, a second calculation unit and a second control unit.
- the first determination unit 13 calculates the battery replacement time according to the detection result (calculation result) by the thickness detection unit 11 and the detection result (determination result) by the cycle number detection unit 12. More specifically, the first determination unit 13 determines the thickness of the electrode group 20 detected by the thickness detection unit 11 according to the detection result by the thickness detection unit 11 and the detection result by the cycle number detection unit 12. It is determined whether or not it is minimum, and the battery replacement time is calculated according to the determination result that the thickness of the electrode group 20 is minimum.
- the first determination unit 13 compares the detection result of the thickness detection unit 11 with the set value (reference value) of the minimum thickness of the electrode group 20, thereby determining the thickness of the first detection unit 13. It is determined whether or not the detection result is the minimum thickness of the electrode group 20.
- the detection result by the thickness detecting means 11 is preferably the set value ⁇ 0.90 to the set value ⁇ 1.10, more preferably the set value ⁇ 0.95 to the set value ⁇ 1.05.
- the internal pressure and thickness of the electrode group 20 may slightly change from the set values depending on the material, shape, dimensions, and the like of the battery case 27. Therefore, when determining whether or not the thickness of the electrode group 20 is minimum, it is possible to determine a more accurate replacement time by giving the setting value a little width.
- the first determination means 13 may be used in place of the first control means and the second control means without providing the first control means of the thickness detection means 11 and the second control means of the cycle number detection means 12. it can.
- the OCV value at the time of discharging the battery 10 from the voltage detection means included in the thickness detection means 11 or the cycle number detection means 12 is 50% or less of the OCV value immediately after charging.
- the input of the determination result is received.
- the first determination unit 13 outputs a control signal to the thickness detection unit 11 and the cycle number detection unit 12, and the thickness detection unit 12 detects the thickness of the battery 10 and the cycle number detection unit 12. The detection of the number of charge / discharge cycles of the battery 10 is performed.
- the first determination unit 13 includes, for example, a third storage unit, a third calculation unit, and a third control unit.
- a fourth data table and a fifth data table are input in advance in the third storage means.
- a 4th data table shows the relationship between the minimum thickness of the electrode group 20, and the charging / discharging cycle number by which the electrode group 20 becomes the minimum thickness for every lamination
- the number of stacked electrodes or the number of wrinkles of the electrode group 20 are shown in stages such as 1 to 5, 6 to 10, and 11 to 15, for example.
- the number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of wrinkles can be determined from the detection of the OCV value by the voltage detecting means.
- the determination result of the number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of wrinkles is input from the thickness detection means 11 or the cycle number detection means 12 to the third storage means of the first determination means 13.
- the third calculation means determines whether the detection result by the thickness detection means 11 is the minimum thickness of the electrode group 20 from the fourth data table and the determination result of the number of stacked layers or the number of wrinkles. judge. In this case, the third calculation means also refers to the detection result by the cycle number detection means 12.
- the detection result by the cycle number detection means 12 is smaller than the number of charge / discharge cycles corresponding to the minimum thickness of the electrode group 20 in the fourth data table, it is not determined that the electrode group 20 has reached the minimum thickness. Then, a control signal is output to the first control unit, and the thickness detection unit 11 is caused to execute detection again. If it is determined that the electrode group thickness is minimum even in the second detection, it is determined that the electrode group thickness is minimum even if the number of charge / discharge cycles does not match.
- the fifth data table shows the relationship between the number Z of charge / discharge cycles and the thickness T of the electrode group 20 after the electrode group 20 reaches the minimum thickness in the battery 10. This relationship is obtained in advance by experiments. Moreover, this relationship is calculated
- the present inventors have found that in the battery 10 using the alloy-based active material, the number of charge / discharge cycles and the thickness of the electrode group 20 show a special relationship. That is, as shown in FIG. 4, the thickness of the electrode group 20 and the number of charge / discharge cycles have a substantially negative proportional relationship from the use start point N 0 of the battery 10 to the predetermined number of charge / discharge cycles N 1. is doing. Until the charge-discharge cycle number N 1, the thickness of the electrode group 20 is gradually decreased, the thickness of the electrode group 20 is minimized in the charge-discharge cycle number N 1. Therefore, the minimum thickness of the electrode group 20 can be obtained in advance by experiments.
- the thickness of the electrode group 20 is gradually increased.
- the phenomenon that the thickness of the electrode group 20 changes is not recognized in the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the negative electrode active material other than the alloy-based active material.
- the thickness of the particles increases in the C-axis direction.
- the number of cycles may be inversely proportional. Therefore, it is preferable to prepare the electrode group 20 in advance and grasp the change in the thickness of the electrode group 20 as the number of charge / discharge cycles increases.
- the thickness of the electrode group 20 is increased because the optimization of the particle shape of the alloy-based active material particles is completed at the number of charge / discharge cycles N 1 . Presumed to be.
- the present inventors have found that in the battery 10 having the characteristics as described above, the minimum thickness of the electrode group 20, if the charge-discharge cycle number N 1 at that time is known, it can be almost accurately predict time for replacement of the battery 10 I found. Specifically, after the electrode group 20 reaches the minimum thickness, the present inventors have a highly reproducible correlation between the electrode group thickness T and the number of charge / discharge cycles Z. It was found that it was established. Therefore, if the relationship between the electrode group thickness T after the electrode group 20 reaches the minimum thickness and the charge / discharge cycle number Z is measured and converted into data, the electrode after the charge / discharge cycle is performed Z times It becomes possible to know the group thickness T almost accurately.
- the replacement time of the battery 10 is determined by the thickness of the electrode group 20 in the battery 10.
- the thickness of the electrode group 20 at the time of replacement is, for example, the thickness of the electrode group 20 at which the capacity of the battery 10 is 50% or less of the initial capacity (capacity at the start of use).
- the replacement time thickness of the electrode group 20 is input to the third storage means together with the fifth data table. That is, in the battery pack 1, when it is determined that the electrode group 20 has reached the minimum thickness, the number of charge / discharge cycles until the battery 10 is replaced can be predicted almost accurately.
- the first The determination means 13 determines the number of charge / discharge cycles at that time as the replacement time of the battery 10.
- the third calculation means determines the minimum thickness of the electrode group 20 according to the number of stacked layers or the number of times of wrinkling in the electrode group 20, and the detection result by the thickness detection means 11 is the minimum electrode group thickness according to the determination result. It is determined whether or not. When the detection result by the thickness detection means 11 matches the minimum electrode group thickness, the number of charge / discharge cycles and the fifth data table at that time are taken out from the third storage means, and the number of charge / discharge cycles until the battery 10 is replaced. And the calculation result is output to the third storage means.
- the detection result by the thickness detection unit 11 When the detection result by the thickness detection unit 11 does not reach the minimum electrode group thickness, the detection result that the OCV value by the voltage detection unit is 50% or less of the OCV value at the end of charging is input. Each time, the detection result is output to the control means.
- the third control means outputs control signals to the thickness detection means 11 and the cycle number detection means 12 to detect the electrode group thickness and the number of charge / discharge cycles. Further, the third control means outputs a control signal to the replacement time notifying means 14 after the number of charge / discharge cycles until the replacement time of the battery 10 is determined, and displays the number of charge / discharge cycles.
- the third storage means, the third calculation means, and the third control means are the same as the first to second storage means, the first to second calculation means, and the first to second control means. It is configured as a processing circuit including the like. Various memories similar to the first and second storage units can be used for the third storage unit.
- the storage unit, the calculation unit, the control unit, and the like are individually provided for each of the thickness detection unit 11, the cycle number detection unit 12, and the first determination unit 13.
- Storage means, calculation means, and control means may be provided.
- a central processing unit CPU
- CPU central processing unit
- a processing circuit including a microcomputer, an interface, a memory, a timer, and the like.
- Replacement time notification means 14 displays the number of charge / discharge cycles up to the replacement time of the battery 10. The displayed number of charge / discharge cycles decreases as the number of charge / discharge cycles of the battery 10 further increases. Further, when the number of charge / discharge cycles until the replacement time falls below, for example, 10 times or 5 times, the number of times may be displayed in a conspicuous color such as red or blinking.
- the replacement time notification means 14 for example, a liquid crystal, an indicator lamp or the like is used.
- the replacement time notification means 14 is used, but the present invention is not limited to this, and a replacement time notification means for notifying the battery replacement time calculated by the first determination means 13 by sound may be provided. Furthermore, a charging / discharging control unit that stops charging / discharging of the battery 10 according to the battery replacement time calculated by the first determination unit 13 may be provided. The function of the charge / discharge control means may be added to the first determination means 13.
- step S1 the OCV value immediately after charging of the battery 10 is detected by the voltage detection means included in the thickness detection means 11 or the cycle number detection means 12, and the OCV value of the battery 10 is periodically detected.
- step S ⁇ b> 2 the cycle number detection unit 12 determines whether the detection result by the voltage detection unit is 50% or less of the OCV value immediately after the battery 10 is charged. When it is 50% or less, the process proceeds to step S3. If it is not less than 50%, the process returns to step S1.
- step S3 the determination result that the detection result by the voltage detection means is 50% or less of the OCV value immediately after charging of the battery 10 is input to the first control means of the thickness detection means 11.
- the first control means outputs a control signal to the pressure detection means, and causes the pressure detection means to detect the internal pressure of the electrode group 20.
- the thickness detection unit 11 calculates based on the internal pressure detection result of the electrode group 20 by the pressure detection unit, and detects the thickness of the electrode group 20.
- the detection result of the thickness of the electrode group 20 is input to the first determination unit 13.
- step S4 the first control unit of the thickness detection unit 11 sends a control signal to the second control unit of the cycle number detection unit 12 in synchronization with the output of the control signal to the pressure detection unit of the thickness detection unit 11. Output.
- the number of charge / discharge cycles at the time when the thickness of the electrode group 20 is detected by the thickness detection unit 11 is detected.
- the detection result of the number of charge / discharge cycles is input to the first determination unit 13.
- step S5 in the first determination means 13, whether or not the detection result of the thickness of the electrode group 20 by the thickness detection means 11 coincides with the minimum thickness of the electrode group 20 (from the minimum thickness of the electrode group 20). Is also larger). If they match, the process proceeds to step S6, and if they do not match, the process returns to step S1.
- the first determination unit 13 uses the thickness detection unit 11 to detect the thickness of the electrode group 20 and the cycle number detection unit 12 to detect the number of charge / discharge cycles. Calculate the number of times.
- step S7 the number of charge / discharge cycles up to the battery replacement time calculated in step S6 is displayed on the replacement time notification means 14. In this manner, the operation for obtaining the number of charge / discharge cycles until the battery replacement time in the battery pack 1 of the present invention is completed.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram schematically showing the configuration of the battery pack 2 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the battery pack 2 is similar to the battery pack 1, and corresponding portions are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.
- the battery pack 2 includes a first determination unit 13a instead of the first determination unit 13, and does not include the cycle number detection unit 12.
- the other configuration is the same as that of the battery pack 1.
- the first determination means 13 a has a cycle number detection means different from the cycle number detection means 12 in addition to the first determination means 13.
- This cycle number detection means detects that the charging voltage is applied to the battery 10 for a certain length or more, and detects this as the number of charge / discharge cycles: one time. Further, since the battery pack 2 does not have a voltage detection unit, the number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of wrinkles cannot be determined in the same manner as the battery pack 1. Therefore, the 1st determination means 13a is comprised so that input of the number of lamination
- the battery pack 2 is provided with a USB input terminal (not shown). Then, by connecting the battery pack 2 and the personal computer via the USB cable, the number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of turns can be input to the first determination unit 13a. The number of stacked electrode groups 20 or the number of wrinkles is displayed on the battery 10.
- the standard of the battery 10 suitable for the battery pack 2 is specified. Therefore, the user can easily select the battery 10 suitable for the battery pack 2. Also in the battery pack 2, as in the battery pack 1, the number of charge / discharge cycles from when the electrode group 20 reaches the minimum thickness to when the battery is replaced can be calculated almost accurately.
- FIG. 6 is a block diagram schematically showing the configuration of the battery pack 3 according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an embodiment of a method for determining cycle deterioration of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 shown in FIG.
- the present inventors have found that the swelling characteristics of an alloy-based secondary battery are different from the swelling characteristics of a conventional nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing graphite (hereinafter referred to as “conventional battery”). I found it.
- the swelling of the battery is mainly caused by the swelling of the electrode group accommodated in the battery case. In the conventional battery, the swelling of the electrode group gradually increases as the number of charge / discharge cycles increases.
- the thickness of the electrode group gradually decreases in the initial use, and after the electrode group thickness reaches the minimum, the thickness of the electrode group is reduced.
- the inventors have found that they have a gradually increasing blister characteristic.
- the present inventors show that there is a correlation (proportional relationship having a predetermined proportionality constant) between the number of charge / discharge cycles and the thickness of the electrode group after the thickness of the electrode group starts to increase. I found. However, the presence or absence of sudden cycle deterioration cannot be determined only by this correlation.
- the inventor conducted further research on the correlation between the number of charge / discharge cycles and the thickness of the electrode group in an alloy secondary battery. As a result, it was found that in an alloy secondary battery in which significant cycle deterioration occurs suddenly, the rate of increase in the thickness of the electrode group changes abruptly before the cycle deterioration occurs. That is, the number of charging / discharging cycles and the thickness of the electrode group are in a proportional relationship, but it has been found that before the significant cycle deterioration suddenly occurs, the proportionality constant in the proportional relationship changes.
- the present inventors have conceived a configuration for determining the presence or absence of cycle deterioration from the change in the correlation between the number of charge / discharge cycles and the thickness of the electrode group, before significant cycle deterioration suddenly occurs. It came to do. Then, according to this configuration, it has been found that the presence or absence of cycle deterioration can be determined almost accurately before significant cycle deterioration suddenly occurs.
- the presence or absence of significant cycle deterioration of the alloy secondary battery can be determined almost accurately. More specifically, in the battery, it can be known that significant cycle deterioration starts to occur in the battery before the significant cycle deterioration suddenly occurs. As a result, it is possible to replace the battery pack in anticipation of significant cycle deterioration and the accompanying occurrence of large battery swelling. For this reason, it is possible to prevent the generation data from being lost or the drive motor from being stopped from running in various electronic devices or electric vehicles that use the battery pack as a power source. Also, even if the battery has a factor that greatly expands, it can be almost certainly prevented.
- the battery pack 3 of the present embodiment includes a mechanism for realizing a method for determining the presence or absence of cycle deterioration of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery together with the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing the alloy-based active material. For this reason, it becomes possible to replace the battery pack 3 before significant cycle deterioration suddenly occurs.
- the battery pack 3 of the present embodiment has high long-term reliability, and is effective as a power source for various electronic devices, a main power source and an auxiliary power source for an electric vehicle, and the like.
- the battery pack 3 includes a battery 10, a thickness detection unit 16 that detects the thickness of the electrode group 20 included in the battery 10, a cycle number detection unit 17 that detects the number of charge / discharge cycles of the battery 10, and a thickness detection unit. Based on the detection result by the means 16 and the detection result by the cycle number detection means 17, the second determination means 18 for determining the presence or absence of cycle deterioration of the battery 10 and the determination result of the presence of cycle deterioration by the second determination means 18 are displayed.
- the cycle deterioration notification means 19 external connection terminals 15 a and 15 b connected to connection terminals of an external device, and an exterior body (not shown) are included.
- the battery 10 the thickness detection means 16, the cycle number detection means 17 and the second determination means 18 are accommodated inside the exterior body.
- the cycle deterioration notification means 19 is disposed so as to be exposed on the exterior body surface.
- the external connection terminals 15a and 15b are respectively mounted at predetermined positions on the exterior body.
- the battery 10 is the battery 10 shown in FIG.
- the thickness detector 16 detects thickness information of the electrode group 20 included in the battery 10.
- the thickness detection unit 16 detects the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 as the thickness information of the electrode group 20, and calculates the thickness of the electrode group 20 from the detection result.
- the thickness detection unit 16 outputs the calculation result to the second determination unit 18.
- the thickness detection means 16 and the second determination means 18 are connected so as to be able to exchange information. Specifically, there are electrical connection and optical connection.
- the information exchangeable connection means a connection capable of inputting and outputting detection results and control signals.
- the thickness detection means 16 of this embodiment includes a pressure sensor, a fourth storage means, a fourth calculation means, and a fourth control means (all not shown), and at least the pressure sensor is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. 10 is arranged in the vicinity.
- the pressure sensor, the fourth storage means, the fourth calculation means, and the fourth control means are connected so as to be able to exchange information.
- the pressure sensor detects the internal pressure of the electrode group 20.
- the electrode group 20 is a laminated type and has a flat shape, its internal pressure can be accurately detected by the pressure sensor. From the viewpoint of accurately detecting the internal pressure by the pressure sensor, a flat electrode group may be used instead of the electrode group 20.
- the pressure sensor is preferably brought into contact with the center of the flat portion of the battery 10. Thereby, the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 can be detected more accurately.
- the flat portion of the battery 10 is the outer surface of the battery case 27 corresponding to the thickness direction surface of the electrode group 20.
- the central portion of the flat portion is a position corresponding to the center of the surface in the thickness direction of the electrode group 20 on the outer surface of the battery case 27.
- the electrode group 20 is a laminated type, and the shape of the surface in the thickness direction when viewed from above in the vertical direction is a rectangle such as a rectangle or a square. The intersection of the diagonal lines in the square is the center of the surface of the electrode group 20 in the thickness direction.
- the central portion of the battery 10 does not need to coincide with the center of the electrode group 20 accurately, and the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 can be detected almost accurately even in the vicinity of the center of the electrode group 20.
- a portion near the center of the electrode group 20 is a circular region having a radius of about 5 mm to 10 mm from the center of the electrode group 20. Since the shape of the flat electrode group viewed from above in the vertical direction is a square shape like the stacked electrode group 20, the center thereof can be defined in the same manner as the center of the electrode group 20.
- the pressure sensor detects the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 immediately after the cycle number detection means 17 updates the number of charge / discharge cycles. From the internal pressure of the electrode group 20, the thickness of the electrode group 20 can be known almost accurately. The point that the cycle number detection means 17 updates the number of charge / discharge cycles will be described in the item of the cycle number detection means 17.
- a sensor conventionally known as a pressure sensor can be used.
- HSPC series (trade name, manufactured by Alps Electric Co., Ltd.)
- PS-A pressure sensor (trade name, manufactured by Panasonic Electric Works Co., Ltd.)
- a small pressure sensor such as) is preferable.
- the pressure sensor outputs the detection result to the fourth storage means.
- the detection result by the pressure sensor is input to the fourth storage means. This detection result is rewritten every time a new detection result is input. Based on the detection result, the thickness of the electrode group 20 is calculated and input to the fourth storage means. A sixth data table indicating the relationship between the internal pressure when the electrode group 20 is fully charged and the thickness of the electrode group 20 is input to the fourth storage unit.
- the sixth data table shows the internal pressure at the time of full charge of the electrode group 20 in a predetermined standard (the number of unit electrodes stacked, the initial thickness of the electrode group 20 and the initial thickness of the negative electrode active material layer 22b). The relationship with the thickness of the electrode group 20 is shown.
- the sixth data table is created in advance by experiments.
- the unit electrode is one in which one separator 23 is interposed between one positive electrode 21 and one negative electrode 22.
- a stacked electrode group in which a plurality of unit electrodes are stacked can be manufactured.
- the number of stacked electrode groups 20 means the number of stacked unit electrodes. In the battery 10 shown in FIG. 2, the number of stacked electrode groups 20 is one.
- the number of stacked electrode groups 20 may be set continuously as 1, 2, 3,..., For example, 1-5, 6-10, 11-15,. It is preferable to set a numerical value width to, and obtain the proportionality constant ⁇ for each numerical value width. In order to obtain the proportional constants ⁇ 1 to 5 in the numerical range of the number of layers 1 to 5, the proportional constants ⁇ 1 to ⁇ 5 for each number of layers 1 to 5 are obtained, and the average value is set as the proportional constant ⁇ 1 to 5. That's fine.
- the proportionality constant ⁇ is determined in the same manner as in the case of the number of stacks except that the number of times of wrinkles is used instead of the number of stacks.
- a program for calculating the thickness of the electrode group 20 from the sixth data table based on the detection result by the pressure sensor is input to the fourth storage means.
- the calculation method of the thickness of the electrode group 20 is as described above. This program is executed in the fourth calculation means.
- the fourth computing means calculates the thickness of the electrode group 20 based on the detection result by the pressure sensor (internal pressure value of the electrode group 20), the number of stacked electrode groups 20, and the sixth data table. Since the number of stacked electrode groups 20 is determined when the battery pack 3 is designed, it is previously input to the fourth storage means together with the sixth data table.
- the fourth calculation means takes out the detection result and the sixth data table from the fourth storage means and calculates the thickness of the electrode group 20 each time the detection result by the pressure sensor is newly input to the fourth storage means. To do.
- the fourth calculation means outputs the calculation result to the fourth storage means.
- the fourth control means controls the pressure sensor and the fourth calculation means according to a control signal indicating that the number of charge / discharge cycles by the cycle number detection means 17 has been updated. More specifically, the fourth control unit controls the internal pressure detection of the electrode group 20 by the pressure-sensitive sensor and the calculation of the thickness of the electrode group 20 by the fourth calculation unit when the battery 10 is fully charged. The fourth control means takes out the calculation result by the fourth calculation means from the fourth storage means and outputs it to the second determination means 18.
- the fourth storage unit, the fourth calculation unit, and the fourth control unit are configured as a processing circuit including a microcomputer, an interface, a memory, a timer, and the like.
- Various memories that are commonly used in this field can be used as the fourth storage means, and examples thereof include a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a semiconductor memory, and a nonvolatile flash memory.
- ROM read only memory
- RAM random access memory
- semiconductor memory a nonvolatile flash memory.
- an external device to which the battery pack 3 is attached or a CPU (central information processing device) of the second determination unit 18 may be used.
- Cycle number detection means 17 detects the number of charge / discharge cycles of the battery 10. In the present embodiment, a cycle in which the fully charged battery 10 is discharged to be completely discharged and charged and the battery 10 is again fully charged is defined as one charge / discharge cycle.
- the fully charged state is preferably SOC: 90% or more.
- the cycle number detection means 17 and the second determination means 18 are connected so that information can be exchanged at the electric signal level, and the cycle number detection means 17 outputs the detection result to the second determination means 18.
- the cycle number detection means 17 of the present embodiment includes a voltage detection means (not shown), a fifth storage means, a fifth calculation means, and a fifth control means.
- the voltage detection means is controlled by the fifth control means so as to detect an open circuit voltage (hereinafter referred to as “OCV”) of the battery 10 at a predetermined time interval.
- OCV open circuit voltage
- the OCV value of the battery 10 has the following characteristics. At the start of charging of the battery 10, its OCV value becomes the lowest. Thereafter, the OCV value rises stably and becomes maximum by charging. The OCV value gradually decreases and becomes the lowest value due to the discharge after the end of charging. The cycle from when the OCV value becomes maximum, then decreases and then becomes maximum again is one charge / discharge cycle. By detecting the OCV value of the battery 10 over time, the number of charge / discharge cycles of the battery 10 can be accurately detected.
- the OCV detection by the voltage detection means may be performed, for example, at intervals of 0.1 second to 1000 seconds, preferably 1 second to 60 seconds.
- a voltmeter can be used as the voltage detection means.
- the detection results by the voltage detection means are input to the fifth storage means side by side over time.
- the number of charge / discharge cycles is input to the fifth storage means. The number of charge / discharge cycles is rewritten each time a new value is input.
- the fifth calculation means takes out the detection result, and determines the cycle in which the OCV value, which is the detection result, becomes the highest and becomes the highest again. It is determined that the number of times is one.
- the fifth computing means recognizes that one charge / discharge cycle has been completed, it adds “1” to the numerical value of the number of charge / discharge cycles input to the fifth storage means, and stores it in the fifth storage means as a new numerical value. Output.
- the fifth control unit controls the detection of the OCV value by the voltage detection unit. In addition, when the number of charge / discharge cycles input to the fifth storage unit is rewritten with a new value, the fifth control unit outputs the new value to the second determination unit 18.
- the fifth storage means, the fifth arithmetic means, and the fifth control means are configured as a processing circuit including a microcomputer, an interface, a memory, a timer, and the like.
- various memories commonly used in this field can be used, and examples thereof include a read only memory, a random access memory, a semiconductor memory, and a nonvolatile flash memory.
- a CPU central information processing device
- an external device to which the battery pack 3 is attached may be used.
- the number of charge / discharge cycles is detected by detecting the OCV value.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the number of charge / discharge cycles may be detected by detecting the closed circuit terminal voltage (CCV).
- CCV closed circuit terminal voltage
- the current rate to be measured is preferably 0.2 C or less. As a result, the value of the detected CCV is not easily affected by the current rate, and more accurate detection is possible.
- the current rate may be controlled by the fifth control means.
- CcCCV detection may be affected by environmental temperature. Specifically, when the environmental temperature is less than 20 ° C., the detected CCV value may be inaccurate even if the current rate is 0.2 C or less. Therefore, it is preferable to perform CCV detection while detecting the temperature of the battery 10 by the temperature detection means.
- the relationship between the temperature of the battery 10, the current rate, and the CCV value is obtained in advance by experiment, and is input to the fifth storage means as a seventh data table.
- the fifth computing means corrects the detected CCV value based on the seventh data table, the current rate, and the detected temperature, and obtains an accurate CCV value.
- the temperature detection means a commercially available compact temperature sensor used for temperature detection in electronic devices, semiconductor products, and the like can be used.
- CCV detection may be affected by the depth of discharge. Specifically, if the depth of discharge at the time of CCV detection is different, even if the current rate is 0.2 C or less, there is a possibility that the detected CCV value varies and the number of charge / discharge cycles cannot be detected accurately. Therefore, it is preferable to perform CCV detection while detecting the depth of discharge.
- the relationship between the depth of discharge, the current rate, and the CCV value is obtained in advance by experiment and is input to the fifth storage means as an eighth data table.
- the fifth computing means corrects the detected CCV value based on the eighth data table, the current rate, and the discharge depth, and obtains an accurate CCV value.
- the depth of discharge can be calculated from the rated capacity of the battery 10 and the amount of discharge electricity.
- the amount of discharge electricity can be calculated as the sum of numerical values obtained by multiplying the discharge current value by the discharge time after one charge / discharge cycle is completed.
- the depth-of-discharge calculation program is input to the fifth storage unit in advance. Also, CCV detection may be performed by controlling the discharge depth to be constant.
- Second determination means 18 The second determination unit 18 determines whether or not cycle deterioration has occurred according to the detection result (thickness of the electrode group 20) by the thickness detection unit 16 and the detection result (number of charge / discharge cycles) by the cycle number detection unit 17. To do. More specifically, the second determination unit 18 obtains a correlation between the thickness of the electrode group 20 and the number of charge / discharge cycles from the detection result by the thickness detection unit 16 and the detection result by the cycle number detection unit 17, The presence or absence of cycle deterioration is determined by detecting a change in correlation.
- the present inventors have found that in the battery 10, the thickness of the electrode group 20 and the number of charge / discharge cycles have a different correlation from the conventional battery.
- the correlation between the thickness of the electrode group 20 and the number of charge / discharge cycles will be described in more detail with reference to FIG.
- the electrode group 20 has an initial thickness t 0 . Thereafter, when the charge-discharge cycle number is increased, the thickness of the electrode group 20 is gradually decreased, the thickness of the electrode group 20 at the time of N 1 is minimized. From N 0 to N 1 , the thickness of the electrode group 20 and the number of charge / discharge cycles are negatively proportional or inversely proportional. When the charge-discharge cycle number from the time of N 1 increases, the gradual increase the thickness of the electrode group 20. After the time of N 1 has a positive proportional relation between the thickness and charge-discharge cycle number of the electrode assembly 20.
- the thickness of the electrode group 20 gradually increases as the negative electrode active material layer 22b gradually expands.
- the amount of by-products generated by the reaction between the alloy-based active material and the non-aqueous electrolyte increases in the negative electrode active material layer 22b.
- the expansion ratio of the negative electrode active material layer 22b is increased, and it is presumed that the proportional constant increases at the time of N 2 .
- the present inventors have found that the by-product becomes one factor of cycle deterioration.
- the number of charge / discharge cycles at the time N 1 and the time N 2 are, for example, the number of stacked electrode groups 20 (the number of defects in the case of a flat electrode group), the type of alloy-based active material, the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer 22b, It varies depending on various configurations such as the material of the negative electrode current collector 22a. However, regardless of which configuration is adopted, the change that the proportionality constant in the proportional relationship between the thickness of the electrode group 20 and the number of charge / discharge cycles increases in the middle of the increase in the thickness of the electrode group 20 is common. is there.
- the thickness of the electrode group 20 has been shown to increase gradually after the point of N 1.
- the increase in the thickness of the electrode group 20 up to N 2 is in the micron order, and such an increase does not impair the battery performance of the battery 10, the safety to the user, and the like.
- the second determination unit 18 includes a sixth storage unit, a sixth calculation unit, and a sixth control unit.
- a detection result (thickness of the electrode group 20) by the thickness detection unit 16 and a detection result (number of charge / discharge cycles) by the cycle number detection unit 17 are input to the sixth storage unit.
- a program for obtaining a proportional constant in the relationship between the thickness of the electrode group 20 and the number of charge / discharge cycles from the detection result by the thickness detection unit 16 and the detection result by the cycle number detection unit 17 is input to the sixth storage unit. Yes.
- proportionality constant determination program An example of a proportionality constant determination program is given. From the time of N 1 after a lapse of charge-discharge cycle 50 times, plotting the charge-discharge cycle number 50 times the detection result of the charge-discharge cycle number 50 times due to the thickness detecting means 16 detection result and cycle number detecting means 17 Then, the proportionality constant (reference proportionality constant) is obtained by the method of least squares. The reference proportionality constant is input to the sixth storage means.
- the number of charge / discharge cycles for obtaining the reference proportionality constant can be appropriately selected from the range of, for example, 5 to 200 times, preferably 10 to 100 times.
- the average proportionality constant is obtained every 5 charge / discharge cycles. At this time, an average proportionality constant between the latest charge / discharge cycle number 1 and the immediately preceding charge / discharge cycle number 4 is obtained. This average proportionality constant is updated each time a charge / discharge cycle is completed. In this embodiment, when the average proportionality constant exceeds the reference proportionality constant by 1 to 3%, and preferably by 1 to 2%, it is determined that the time point N 2 has been reached.
- the ratio of the average proportionality constant to the reference proportionality constant is selected according to, for example, the number of unit electrodes stacked, the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer 22b, the type of alloy-based active material, and the like.
- the sixth storage means the thickness of the electrode group 20 is also input N 1 determination program determines the time of N 1 to turn from decreasing to increasing.
- N 1 determination program determines the time of N 1 to turn from decreasing to increasing.
- the sixth calculation means performs calculation based on the detection result by the thickness detection means 16, the detection result by the cycle number detection means 17 and the various programs input to the sixth storage means, and determines whether there is cycle deterioration. judge.
- the sixth control unit receives the detection result from the cycle number detection unit 17 and controls the detection of the thickness of the electrode group 20 by the thickness detection unit 16.
- the sixth control means outputs a control signal to the cycle deterioration notifying means 19 in response to the determination by the sixth computing means that the cycle deterioration is present, and the cycle deterioration notifying means 19 is activated to cause significant cycle deterioration. To the device user.
- the sixth storage means, the sixth calculation means, and the sixth control means are configured as a processing circuit including a microcomputer, an interface, a memory, a timer, a CPU, and the like.
- Various memories similar to the fourth to fifth storage units can be used for the sixth storage unit.
- a CPU of an external device that uses the battery pack 3 as a power source may be used.
- storage means, calculation means, control means, etc. are individually provided for each of the thickness detection means 16, the cycle number detection means 17, and the second determination means 18, but these are integrated into one unit.
- Storage means, calculation means, and control means may be provided.
- a central processing unit CPU
- the battery pack 3 can further include charge / discharge control means for stopping the charge / discharge of the battery 10 in accordance with the determination result that the second determination means 18 indicates that there is cycle deterioration. Further, the function of the charge / discharge control means may be added to the second determination means 18.
- Cycle deterioration notification means 19 receives the control signal from the second determination means 18 and notifies the user that there is cycle deterioration.
- the cycle deterioration notification means 19 performs display or sound notification.
- the battery pack 3 may include a second replacement time determination unit.
- the second replacement time determination means uses the detection result by the thickness detection means 16 used to obtain the determination result and the cycle number detection means 17 according to the determination result by the second determination means 18 that there is cycle deterioration.
- the replacement time of the battery 10 is determined from the detection result.
- the second determination means 18 or the second replacement time determination means capable of controlling charging / discharging, loss of production data due to sudden occurrence of significant cycle deterioration can be prevented.
- the second replacement time determination means for example, is conspicuous from the ninth data table created in advance by experiments based on the thickness of the electrode group 20 and the number of charge / discharge cycles when it is determined that significant cycle deterioration occurs. The number of charge / discharge cycles until cycle deterioration occurs is determined, and the replacement time is determined.
- variable elements other than the thickness of the electrode group 20 and the number of charge / discharge cycles in the ninth data table include the reference proportionality constant, the ratio of the average proportionality constant to the reference proportionality constant at the time of the determination, and the number of stacked electrode groups 20 ( ⁇ In the case of a revolving electrode group or a flat electrode group).
- An experiment is performed by changing the numerical values of these variable elements, and a ninth data table indicating the number of usable charge / discharge cycles of a battery determined to have significant cycle deterioration is created.
- the ninth data table it is preferable to indicate the number of stacked electrode groups 20 (or the number of times of plating) in stages such as 1 to 5, 6 to 10, and 11 to 15.
- the number of stacked electrode groups 20 (or the number of turns) can be configured, for example, such that the battery pack 3 is provided with a connection terminal with a computer and input from a computer terminal.
- the ninth data table may be input to the sixth storage unit of the second determination unit 18 and the replacement time may be determined by the sixth calculation unit.
- step S ⁇ b> 11 the cycle number detection unit 17 detects the OCV value of the battery 10. Then, the cycle in which the OCV value reaches the highest level once and the OCV value reaches the highest level again after charging is detected as the number of charge / discharge cycles: 1 and “1” is added to the number of charge / discharge cycles detected last time.
- the second determination means 18 receives a new charge / discharge cycle count and outputs a control signal to the thickness detection means 16. Thereby, the thickness detection means 16 starts the operation of detecting the thickness of the electrode group 20.
- step S ⁇ b> 12 the thickness detection unit 16 detects the thickness of the electrode group 20 and outputs the detection result to the second determination unit 18.
- the second determination means 18 determines the thickness of the electrode group 20 obtained in step S12 (hereinafter referred to as “thickness in step S12”) and the thickness of the electrode group 20 obtained previously (hereinafter referred to as “previous time”). "Thickness”).
- the thickness of the step S12 is the last greater than thickness: determines "Yes thickness of the electrode group 20 has passed the point of N 1 to a minimum", the process proceeds to step S14. If the thickness of the step S12 is smaller than the previous thickness: determines "No not passed the point of N 1", the flow returns to step S11. At this time, the previous thickness is rewritten to the thickness of step S12.
- step S14 as in step S11, the cycle number detection means 17 updates the number of charge / discharge cycles and outputs the value to the second determination means 18.
- step S15 as in step S12, the cycle number detection means 17 detects the thickness of the electrode group 20, and outputs the detection result to the second determination means 18.
- step S16 the second determination means 18 uses the horizontal axis: the number of charge / discharge cycles and the vertical axis: the thickness 20 of the electrode group to determine the thickness of the electrode group 20 for the number of charge / discharge cycles of 50 after the time N 1 has elapsed. Plot and obtain the reference proportionality constant by the method of least squares. The reference proportionality constant is input to the sixth storage means of the second determination means 18.
- step S17 the second determination means 18 obtains a reference proportionality constant, and then obtains an average proportionality constant for five charge / discharge cycles.
- the cycle number detection means 17 Each time the number of charge / discharge cycles is updated by the cycle number detection means 17, the thickness of the electrode group 20 detected in the last four charge / discharge cycles and the thickness of the electrode group 20 detected in the latest charge / discharge cycle are updated. From this, the average proportionality constant is obtained.
- the average proportionality constant can be obtained in the same manner as the reference proportionality constant.
- the average proportionality constant is input to the sixth storage means of the second determination means 18.
- step S18 the second determination means 18 compares the reference proportionality constant with the average proportionality constant. If the ratio of the average proportional constant to the reference proportional constant is 1 to 3%, preferably 1 to 2% larger, it is determined that “Yes: significant cycle deterioration has occurred”, and the process proceeds to step S19. To do. If the ratio of the average proportionality constant to the reference proportionality constant is greater than 1%, it is determined that “No: no significant cycle deterioration has occurred”, and the process returns to step S17.
- the ratio of the average proportionality constant to the reference proportionality constant described above is a value when the number of stacked electrode groups 20 is 1.
- the ratio of the average proportionality constant to the reference proportionality constant can be appropriately selected according to the number of stacked electrode groups 20 and the like. This ratio can be obtained in advance by experiments.
- step S19 the determination result is displayed on the surface of the battery pack 3 or the external device using the battery pack 3 as a power source according to the determination result of the occurrence of significant cycle deterioration by the second determination means 18. As a result, a series of operations for determining cycle deterioration is completed.
- the battery pack 3 of the present embodiment has a battery 10, a thickness detection unit 16, an exterior body in which the cycle deterioration notification unit 19 is arranged on the surface and the external connection terminals 15 a and 15 b are attached to both ends in the longitudinal direction.
- the cycle number detection means 17 and the second determination means 18 can be produced by connecting and accommodating and sealing.
- the thickness of the electrode group 20 is calculated from the internal pressure value of the electrode group 20, the relationship between the number of charge / discharge cycles and the electrode group 20 is obtained, and the presence or absence of sudden occurrence of significant cycle deterioration is determined. Yes.
- the present invention is not limited to this method, and for example, the presence or absence of sudden occurrence of significant cycle deterioration may be determined from the internal pressure value of the electrode group 20. That is, in another embodiment, it is possible to determine whether or not there is a sudden occurrence of significant cycle deterioration without calculating the thickness of the electrode group 20 from the detection result by the pressure sensor.
- the number of charge / discharge cycles and the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 are in a proportional relationship, similar to the number of charge / discharge cycles and the thickness of the electrode group 20. That is, in the graph shown in FIG. 4, after the thickness of the electrode group 20 is minimized, the number of charge / discharge cycles and the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 have a positive proportional relationship.
- the proportionality constant in the proportionality increases immediately before significant cycle deterioration suddenly occurs. Based on this relationship, the presence or absence of a sudden occurrence of significant cycle deterioration can be determined.
- the accuracy of determining the presence or absence of sudden occurrence of significant cycle deterioration is further increased.
- the battery case 27 is made of metal and is thin
- expansion of the electrode group 20 may be suppressed by the battery case 27.
- the electrode group 20 is in a pressurized state.
- the measured value of the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 may be different from the actual value.
- the relationship between the number of charge / discharge cycles and the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 is measured to create a tenth data table.
- the tenth data table is a criterion for deterioration determination.
- an eleventh data table is prepared by measuring the relationship between the number of charge / discharge cycles and the internal pressure of the electrode group 20 while suppressing the expansion of the electrode group 20.
- the eleventh data table is created using the number of stacked electrode groups 20 and the material and thickness of the battery case 27 as variables.
- the tenth data table and the eleventh data table are input in advance to the sixth storage means of the second determination means 18.
- the second determination unit 18 Based on the detection result (number of charge / discharge cycles) by the cycle number detection unit 17 and the detection result (internal pressure value of the electrode group 20) by the pressure sensor, the second determination unit 18 uses the tenth data table and the eleventh data table. Then, it is determined whether the electrode group 20 is in a pressurized state or a non-pressurized state. This determination is performed by the sixth calculation means of the second determination means 18, and a control signal is issued from the sixth control means in accordance with the determination result by the sixth calculation means, as in the battery pack 3.
- the second determination means 18 determines that the electrode group 20 is in a pressurized state, it corrects the internal pressure value based on the number of charge / discharge cycles and the eleventh data table, and further, a significant cycle based on the tenth data table. Determine whether there is a sudden occurrence of deterioration.
- the second determination unit 18 determines whether or not there is a sudden occurrence of significant cycle deterioration based on the tenth data table without correcting the internal pressure value. Thereby, the presence or absence of sudden occurrence of significant cycle deterioration can be determined more accurately without being influenced by variables such as the number of stacked electrode groups 20 and the material and thickness of the battery case 27.
- the second determination unit 18 the presence or absence of significant cycle deterioration occurs and a charge-discharge cycle number N 1 determining operation and reference proportionality constant thickness is minimized electrode group 20 and the average proportionality constant
- the determination operation is performed in the same manner as the operation shown in FIG. That is, the number of charge / discharge cycles N 1 is determined from the number of charge / discharge cycles and the internal pressure of the electrode group 20.
- the battery pack of this embodiment has the same configuration as that of the battery pack 3 except that the second determination unit 18 adopts the configuration described above.
- the electrode group 20 is used.
- a flat electrode group may be used.
- the flat electrode group is obtained by pressing a wound electrode group obtained by winding a band-shaped insulating layer between the band-shaped positive electrode and the band-shaped negative electrode and winding them.
- the flat electrode group can also be produced by interposing a band-shaped insulating layer between the band-shaped positive electrode and the band-shaped negative electrode and attaching them to a plate.
- the number of laminated flat electrode groups is the number of times of wrinkles ⁇ 2.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22b of the battery 10 is a thin film in which an alloy-based active material is laminated by a vapor phase method, but is not limited thereto, and may be a thin film including a plurality of columnar bodies, for example.
- the columnar body contains an alloy-based active material and extends from the surface of the negative electrode current collector toward the outside of the negative electrode current collector.
- the plurality of columnar bodies are preferably formed to extend in the same direction. In addition, a gap exists between a pair of adjacent columnar bodies.
- a thin film including a plurality of columnar bodies has high adhesion to the negative electrode active material layer.
- the columnar body is preferably formed on the surface of the convex portion by providing a plurality of convex portions on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- FIG. 8 is a perspective view schematically showing the configuration of another form of negative electrode current collector 31.
- FIG. 9 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a configuration of another form of negative electrode 30 including the negative electrode current collector 31 shown in FIG. 8.
- FIG. 10 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing the configuration of the columnar body 34 included in the negative electrode active material layer 33 of the negative electrode 30 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a side view schematically showing the configuration of the electron beam evaporation apparatus 40.
- the negative electrode 30 includes a negative electrode current collector 31 and a negative electrode active material layer 33.
- the negative electrode current collector 31 is characterized in that a plurality of convex portions 32 are provided on one surface in the thickness direction, and the other configuration is the same as that of the negative electrode current collector 22a. have.
- the plurality of convex portions 32 are provided on one surface in the thickness direction, but are not limited thereto, and may be provided on both surfaces in the thickness direction.
- the convex portion 32 is a protrusion that extends from the surface 31 a in the thickness direction of the negative electrode current collector 31 (hereinafter simply referred to as “surface 31 a”) toward the outside of the negative electrode current collector 31.
- the height of the convex portion 32 is not particularly limited, but the average height is preferably about 3 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the height of the convex portion 32 is defined in the cross section of the convex portion 32 in the thickness direction of the negative electrode current collector 31.
- the cross section of the convex portion 32 is a cross section including the most distal point in the extending direction of the convex portion 32.
- the height of the convex portion 32 is the length of a perpendicular line dropped from the most distal point in the extending direction of the convex portion 32 to the surface 31a.
- the average height of the convex portions 32 is obtained by, for example, observing a cross section in the thickness direction of the negative electrode current collector 31 with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and measuring the height of 100 convex portions 32, for example. It can be obtained by calculating an average value from the measured values.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the cross-sectional diameter of the convex portion 32 is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the cross-sectional diameter of the convex portion 32 is the width of the convex portion 32 in the direction parallel to the surface 31 a in the cross section of the convex portion 32 for obtaining the height of the convex portion 32.
- the cross-sectional diameter of the convex portion 32 can be obtained as an average value of measured values by measuring the widths of 100 convex portions 32. It is not necessary to form the plurality of convex portions 32 all at the same height or the same cross-sectional diameter.
- the shape of the convex part 32 is circular in this embodiment.
- the shape of the convex part 32 is the shape of the orthographic view of the convex part 32 when the negative electrode current collector 31 is arranged so that the surface 31a of the negative electrode current collector 31 coincides with the horizontal plane and viewed from above in the vertical direction.
- the shape of the convex part 32 is not limited to a circle, For example, a polygon, an ellipse, a parallelogram, a trapezoid, a rhombus, etc. may be sufficient.
- the polygon is preferably a triangle to an octagon, and particularly preferably a regular triangle to an octagon, in view of manufacturing costs and the like.
- the convex portion 32 has a substantially planar top at the tip portion in the extending direction. Since the convex portion 32 has a flat top at the tip portion, the bonding property between the convex portion 32 and the columnar body 34 is improved. In order to increase the bonding strength, it is more preferable that the plane of the tip portion is substantially parallel to the surface 31a.
- the number of the protrusions 32, the interval between the protrusions 32, and the like are not particularly limited, depending on the size (height, cross-sectional diameter, etc.) of the protrusions 32, the size of the columnar body 34 provided on the surface of the protrusions 32, and the like. Are appropriately selected.
- An example of the number of convex portions 32 is about 10,000 to 10 million pieces / cm 2 . Further, it is preferable to form the convex portions 32 so that the distance between the axes of the adjacent convex portions 32 is about 2 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the convex portions 32 are regularly or irregularly arranged. Examples of the regular arrangement include a staggered arrangement, a lattice arrangement, and a hexagonal close-packed arrangement.
- the protrusion 32 may form a projection (not shown) on the surface thereof. Thereby, for example, the bondability between the convex portion 32 and the columnar body 34 is further improved, and peeling of the columnar body 34 from the convex portion 32, propagation of separation, and the like are more reliably prevented.
- the protrusion is provided so as to protrude from the surface of the protrusion 32 to the outside of the protrusion 32. A plurality of protrusions having a smaller dimension than the protrusion 32 may be formed.
- the protrusion may be formed on the side surface of the convex portion 32 so as to extend in the circumferential direction and / or the growth direction of the convex portion 32.
- the convex part 32 has a planar top part in the front-end
- 1 or several protrusion smaller than the convex part 32 may be formed in a top part, and also 1 or several protrusion extended in one direction May be formed on the top.
- the negative electrode current collector 31 can be manufactured using, for example, a technique for forming irregularities on a metal sheet. Specifically, for example, a method using a roller having concave portions formed on the surface (hereinafter referred to as “roller processing method”), a photoresist method, and the like can be given. Among these methods, the roller processing method is preferable in consideration of the bonding strength between the negative electrode current collector 31 and the convex portion 32 and the like.
- a metal foil, a metal plate, or the like can be used for the metal sheet.
- the material of the metal sheet is, for example, a metal material such as stainless steel, titanium, nickel, copper, or copper alloy.
- a metal sheet is mechanically pressed using a roller having a recess formed on the surface (hereinafter referred to as a “convex roller”).
- the concave portion on the surface of the convex roller is formed corresponding to the size and arrangement of the convex portion 32. Further, the shape of the internal space of the concave portion corresponds to the shape of the convex portion 32.
- the convex portions 32 are formed on both surfaces in the thickness direction by pressing the two convex rollers so that their respective axes are parallel to each other and passing the metal sheet through the pressure contact portion and applying pressure.
- the negative electrode current collector 31 thus obtained is obtained.
- the convex roller and the roller having a smooth surface are pressed against each other so that their respective axes are parallel, and the metal sheet is passed through the pressed portion to pressurize, thereby projecting on one surface in the thickness direction.
- the negative electrode current collector 31 in which the part 32 is formed is obtained.
- the pressure contact pressure of the roller is appropriately selected according to the material and thickness of the metal sheet, the shape and size of the convex portion 32, the set value of the thickness of the negative electrode current collector 31 obtained after pressure molding, and the like.
- the convex roller can be produced, for example, by forming a concave portion at a predetermined position on the surface of the ceramic roller.
- the ceramic roller includes, for example, a core roller and a sprayed layer.
- a core roller for example, a roller made of iron, stainless steel or the like can be used.
- the thermal spray layer is formed by uniformly spraying a ceramic material such as chromium oxide on the surface of the core roller.
- a recess is formed in the sprayed layer.
- a general laser used for forming a ceramic material or the like can be used.
- Another type of convex roller includes a core roller, an undercoat layer and a sprayed layer.
- the core roller is the same as the core roller of the ceramic roller.
- the underlayer is a resin layer formed on the surface of the core roller, and a recess is formed on the underlayer surface.
- synthetic resin constituting the underlayer those having high mechanical strength are preferable, for example, thermosetting resins such as unsaturated polyester, thermosetting polyimide, epoxy resin and fluororesin, polyamide, polyether ketone, polyether ether. Examples thereof include thermoplastic resins such as ketones.
- a resin sheet having a recess on one side is molded, and the surface of the resin sheet opposite to the surface on which the recess is formed is wound around the core roller surface and bonded.
- the sprayed layer is formed by spraying a ceramic material such as chromium oxide along the irregularities of the surface of the underlayer. Therefore, it is preferable that the concave portion formed in the base layer is formed larger than the design dimension of the convex portion 32 by the layer thickness of the sprayed layer.
- the convex roller includes a core roller and a cemented carbide layer.
- the core roller is the same as the core roller of the ceramic roller.
- the cemented carbide layer is formed on the surface of the core roller and includes a cemented carbide such as tungsten carbide.
- the cemented carbide layer can be formed by shrink-fitting or cold-fitting a cylindrical cemented carbide to the core roller.
- the shrink fitting of the cemented carbide layer is to heat and expand the cylindrical cemented carbide and fit it to the core roller.
- the cold fitting of the cemented carbide layer means that the core roller is cooled and contracted and inserted into a cemented carbide cylinder.
- a recess is formed on the surface of the cemented carbide layer by, for example, laser processing.
- convex roller is one in which a concave portion is formed on the surface of a hard iron roller by, for example, laser processing.
- a hard iron-type roller is used for rolling manufacture of metal foil, for example.
- the hard iron-based roller include a roller made of high-speed steel, forged steel, or the like.
- High-speed steel is an iron-based material that has been hardened by adding a metal such as molybdenum, tungsten, or vanadium and heat-treating it.
- Forged steel is a steel ingot made by casting a steel in a mold or a steel slab produced from the steel ingot. It is an iron-based material manufactured by heat treatment.
- the negative electrode current collector 31 can be produced by forming a resist pattern on the surface of a metal sheet and further performing metal plating.
- protrusions for protrusions larger than the design dimensions of the protrusions 32 are formed by a photoresist method.
- a protrusion 32 having protrusions on the surface is formed.
- protrusion on the surface is also formed by plating on the surface of the convex part 32.
- the negative electrode active material layer 33 includes a plurality of columnar bodies 34 extending from the surface of the convex portion 32 toward the outside of the negative electrode current collector 31.
- the columnar body 34 extends in a direction perpendicular to the surface 31 a of the negative electrode current collector 31 or with an inclination with respect to the perpendicular direction.
- the plurality of columnar bodies 34 have a gap between adjacent columnar bodies 34 and are separated from each other, stress due to expansion and contraction during charge / discharge is relieved. As a result, the negative electrode active material layer 33 is difficult to peel off from the convex portion 32, and the negative electrode current collector 31 and thus the negative electrode 30 are hardly deformed.
- the columnar body 34 is preferably formed as a laminate of two or more columnar chunks.
- the columnar body 34 is formed as a stacked body of eight columnar chunks 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, 34e, 34f, 34g, and 34h, as shown in FIG. More specifically, the columnar body 34 is formed as follows. First, the columnar block 34a is formed so as to cover the top of the convex portion 32 and a part of the side surface following the top. Next, the columnar chunk 34b is formed so as to cover the remaining side surface of the convex portion 32 and a part of the top surface of the columnar chunk 34a.
- the columnar chunk 34 a is formed at one end including the top of the convex portion 32, and the columnar chunk 34 b partially overlaps the columnar chunk 34 a, but the remaining portion is the other of the convex portions 32. Formed at the end.
- the columnar chunk 34c is formed so as to cover the rest of the top surface of the columnar chunk 34a and a part of the top surface of the columnar chunk 34b. That is, the columnar chunk 34c is formed mainly in contact with the columnar chunk 34a.
- the columnar chunk 34d is formed so as to mainly contact the columnar chunk 34b.
- the columnar body 34 is formed by alternately stacking the columnar chunks 34e, 34f, 34g, and 34h.
- the columnar body 34 can be formed by, for example, an electron beam evaporation apparatus 40 shown in FIG. In FIG. 11, each member inside the vapor deposition apparatus 40 is also indicated by a solid line.
- the vapor deposition apparatus 40 includes a chamber 41, a first pipe 42, a fixed base 43, a nozzle 44, a target 45, an electron beam generator (not shown), a power supply 46, and a second pipe (not shown).
- the chamber 41 is a pressure-resistant container, and the first pipe 42, the fixing base 43, the nozzle 44 and the target 45 are accommodated therein.
- the first pipe 42 has one end connected to the nozzle 44 and the other end extending outward from the chamber 41 and connected to a source gas cylinder or source gas production apparatus (not shown) via a mass flow controller (not shown). Examples of the source gas include oxygen and nitrogen.
- the first pipe 42 supplies the source gas to the nozzle 44.
- the fixing base 43 is a plate-like member, is rotatably supported, and can fix the negative electrode current collector 31 on one surface in the thickness direction.
- the fixed base 43 rotates between a position indicated by a solid line and a position indicated by a dashed line in FIG. In the position indicated by the solid line, the surface of the fixed base 43 on the side where the negative electrode current collector 31 is fixed faces the nozzle 44 in the vertical direction, and the angle formed by the fixed base 43 and the horizontal straight line is ⁇ °. Position.
- the position indicated by the one-dot broken line is such that the surface of the fixed base 43 on the side where the negative electrode current collector 31 is fixed faces the nozzle 44 vertically below, and the angle formed by the fixed base 43 and the horizontal straight line is (180 ⁇ ⁇ ) is a position that is °.
- the angle ⁇ ° can be appropriately selected according to the design dimension of the columnar body 34 and the like.
- the nozzle 44 is provided between the fixed base 43 and the target 45 in the vertical direction, and one end of the first pipe 42 is connected thereto.
- the nozzle 44 mixes the vapor of the alloy-based active material rising upward in the vertical direction from the target 45 and the raw material gas supplied from the first pipe 42, and is fixed to the surface of the fixed base 43. 31 is supplied to the surface.
- the target 45 accommodates an alloy-based active material or its raw material.
- the electron beam generator irradiates and heats an alloy-based active material or its raw material accommodated in the target 45 to generate these vapors.
- the power source 46 is provided outside the chamber 41, is electrically connected to the electron beam generator, and applies a voltage for generating the electron beam to the electron beam generator.
- the second pipe introduces a gas that becomes the atmosphere in the chamber 41.
- An electron beam vapor deposition apparatus having the same configuration as the vapor deposition apparatus 40 is commercially available from ULVAC, Inc., for example.
- the negative electrode current collector 31 is fixed to the fixing base 43, and oxygen gas is introduced into the chamber 41.
- the alloy-based active material or its raw material is irradiated with an electron beam and heated to generate its vapor.
- silicon is used as the alloy-based active material.
- the generated steam rises in the vertical direction, and when it passes through the nozzle 44, it is mixed with the raw material gas, and then rises and is supplied to the surface of the negative electrode current collector 31 fixed to the fixing base 43.
- a layer containing silicon and oxygen is formed on the surface of the convex portion 32 not to be formed.
- the columnar block 34a shown in FIG. 10 is formed on the surface of the convex portion by arranging the fixing base 43 at the position of the solid line.
- the fixed base 43 is rotated to the position indicated by the one-dot broken line to form the columnar block 34b shown in FIG.
- a plurality of columnar bodies 34 which are a laminate of the eight columnar chunks 34a, 34b, 34c, 34d, 34e, 34f, 34g, 34h shown in FIG.
- the negative electrode active material layer 33 is obtained at the same time on the surface of the convex portion 32.
- the columnar body 34 has a concentration gradient of oxygen in the thickness direction of the columnar body 34. May be formed. Specifically, the oxygen content is increased in a portion adjacent to the negative electrode current collector 31, and the oxygen content is reduced as the distance from the negative electrode current collector 31 increases. Thereby, the bondability between the convex portion 32 and the columnar body 34 can be further improved.
- the columnar body 34 mainly composed of silicon or tin is formed.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22b can be formed.
- FIG. 12 is a side view schematically showing a configuration of an electron beam evaporation apparatus 50 according to another embodiment.
- the vapor deposition apparatus 50 includes a chamber 51, a transport unit 52, a gas supply unit 58, a plasma generation unit 59, silicon targets 60a and 60b, a shielding plate 61, and an electron beam generation unit (not shown).
- the chamber 51 is a pressure-resistant container having an internal space that can be depressurized.
- a transport means 52, a gas supply means 58, a plasma generating means 59, silicon targets 60a and 60b, a shielding plate 61, and an electron beam generating means are provided. Accommodate.
- the conveying means 52 includes an unwinding roller 53, a can 54, a take-up roller 55, and conveying rollers 56 and 57.
- the unwinding roller 53, the can 54, and the conveying rollers 56 and 57 are provided so as to be rotatable around the axis.
- a long negative electrode current collector 22 a is wound around the unwinding roller 53.
- the can 54 has a larger diameter than the other rollers, and has a cooling means (not shown) therein.
- the negative electrode current collector 22a is conveyed on the surface of the can 54, the negative electrode current collector 22a is also cooled. Thereby, the vapor of the alloy-based active material is cooled and deposited, and the negative electrode active material layer 22b is formed.
- the take-up roller 55 is provided so as to be rotatable around its axis by a driving means (not shown).
- One end of the negative electrode current collector 22 a is fixed to the take-up roller 55, and when the take-up roller 55 rotates, the negative electrode current collector 22 a passes from the take-out roller 53 through the transport roller 56, the can 54, and the transport roller 57. Are transported. Then, the negative electrode 22 having the negative electrode active material layer 22 b formed on the surface thereof is taken up by the take-up roller 55.
- the gas supply means 58 supplies a source gas such as oxygen or nitrogen into the chamber 51 when forming a thin film mainly composed of silicon or tin oxide, nitride or the like.
- the plasma generating means 59 converts the raw material gas supplied by the gas supply means 58 into plasma.
- the silicon targets 60a and 60b are used when forming a thin film containing silicon.
- the shielding plate 61 is provided to be movable in the horizontal direction below the can 54 in the vertical direction and above the silicon targets 60a and 60b in the vertical direction. The position of the shielding plate 61 in the horizontal direction is appropriately adjusted according to the formation status of the negative electrode active material layer 22b on the surface of the negative electrode current collector 22a.
- the electron beam generating means irradiates and heats the silicon targets 60a and 60b with an electron beam to generate silicon vapor.
- a thin-film negative electrode active material layer made of an alloy-based active material can be formed.
- the pressure in the chamber 51, the winding speed of the negative electrode current collector 22a by the winding roller 55, the presence / absence of source gas supply by the gas supply means 58, the types of targets 60a and 60b (alloy-based active material source), electrons The acceleration voltage of the beam, the emission of the electron beam, etc. are appropriately selected.
- the battery pack of the present invention can be used for the same applications as conventional non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries, and particularly for personal computers, mobile phones, mobile devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), portable game devices, video cameras, etc. It is useful as a power source for portable electronic devices. In addition, it is expected to be used as a secondary battery for assisting an electric motor, a power tool, a cleaner, a power source for driving a robot, a power source for a plug-in HEV, etc. in a hybrid electric vehicle, a fuel cell vehicle and the like.
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Abstract
Description
本発明者らは、上記課題を解決するための研究過程で、正極と、合金系活物質を含有する負極と、の間に絶縁層を介在させて捲回又は積層した電極群について着目した。そして、合金系活物質を含有する電極群においては、電極群厚さと充放電サイクル回数との間に相関関係が存在することを見出した。本発明者らは、この知見に基づいてさらに研究を重ねた結果、電極群の厚さの変化を検知することにより、電池の交換時期をほぼ正確に予測できることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
非水電解質二次電池10(以下「電池10」と略記する)は、正極21と負極22との間にセパレータ23を介在させて積層した積層型電極群20を含む扁平型リチウムイオン二次電池である。積層型電極群20は、図示しないリチウムイオン伝導性非水電解質(以下単に「非水電解質」とすることがある)とともに電池ケース27内に収容される。電池10では、絶縁層として、セパレータ23を使用する。
正極21は、正極集電体21aと正極活物質層21bとを備える。
正極活物質としては、非水電解質二次電池の分野で常用されるものを使用でき、その中でも、リチウム含有複合酸化物、オリビン型リン酸リチウム等が好ましい。
正極活物質は1種を単独で又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用できる。
結着剤は1種を単独で又は2種以上を組み合わせて使用できる。
負極集電体22aには、無孔の導電性基板を使用する。導電性基板の材質は、ステンレス鋼、チタン、ニッケル、銅、銅合金等の金属材料である。無孔の導電性基板には、箔、フィルム等がある。導電性基板の厚さは特に制限されないが、通常1~500μm、好ましくは5~100μm、さらに好ましくは8~50μmである。
イオン伝導性ポリマー類には、低相転移温度(Tg)のポリエーテル、無定形フッ化ビニリデンコポリマー、異種ポリマーの混合物等がある。
厚さ検知手段11は、電池10における電極群20の厚さを検知する。厚さ検知手段11は、第1判定手段13に情報交換可能に接続されている。具体的には、電気的な接続、光学的な接続等が挙げられる。厚さ検知手段11は、電池10の電極群20の内圧(厚さ情報)を検知し、電極群20の厚さを算出する。また、厚さ検知手段11は、その検知結果(計算結果)を第1判定手段13に出力する。厚さ検知手段11は、例えば、電池10の近傍に配置され、図示しない、圧力検知手段、電圧検知手段、第1記憶手段、第1演算手段及び第1制御手段を含む。圧力検知手段及び電圧検知手段を、電池10の近傍に配置するのが好ましい。
第1演算手段は、圧力検知手段による検知結果(電極群20の内圧値)、電極群20の積層数又は捲回数及び第1データテーブルに基づいて、電極群20の厚さを算出する。
サイクル数検知手段12は、厚さ検知手段11が電極群20の内圧を検知した時点での、電池10の充放電サイクルの累積回数を検知する。本実施形態では、充放電サイクル回数の1回とは、電池10を満充電した後、次の充電が必要になるまで放電させた場合を意味する。サイクル数検知手段12は第1判定手段13に電気的又は光学的に接続され、その検知結果を第1判定手段13に出力する。本実施形態では、サイクル数検知手段12は、図示しない、電圧検知手段、第2記憶手段、第2演算手段及び第2制御手段を含む。
第2制御手段は、厚さ検知手段11による内圧検知が開始されるのに同期して、第2演算手段に充放電サイクル回数の判定を実施させる。
第1判定手段13は、厚さ検知手段11による検知結果(算出結果)及びサイクル数検知手段12による検知結果(判定結果)に応じて、電池交換時期を算出する。より具体的には、第1判定手段13は、厚さ検知手段11による検知結果及びサイクル数検知手段12による検知結果に応じて、厚さ検知手段11により検知される電極群20の厚さが最小であるか否かを判定し、電極群20の厚さが最小であるとの判定結果に応じて、電池交換時期を算出する。
交換時期通知手段14は、電池10の交換時期までの充放電サイクル回数を表示する。表示される充放電サイクル回数は、電池10の充放電サイクル回数がさらに増加するのに伴って減少する。また、交換時期までの充放電サイクル回数が、例えば、10回又は5回を下回った時点で、その回数を赤等の目立つ色で表示するか又は点滅表示してもよい。交換時期通知手段14には、例えば、液晶、表示灯等が使用される。
ステップS1では、厚さ検知手段11又はサイクル数検知手段12に含まれる電圧検知手段により、電池10の充電直後のOCV値が検知され、さらに電池10のOCV値が定期的に検知される。ステップS2では、サイクル数検知手段12において、電圧検知手段による検知結果が、電池10の充電直後のOCV値の50%以下であるか否かが判定される。50%以下である場合には、ステップS3に移る。50%以下でない場合には、ステップS1に戻る。
図5は、本発明の第2実施形態である電池パック2の構成を模式的に示すブロック図である。電池パック2は電池パック1に類似し、対応する部分については同一の参照符号を付して説明を省略する。電池パック2は、第1判定手段13に代えて第1判定手段13aを含み、かつサイクル数検知手段12を含まないことを特徴とし、それ以外の構成は電池パック1と同様である。
図6は、本発明の第3実施形態である電池パック3の構成を模式的に示すブロック図である。図7は、図2に示す非水電解質二次電池10のサイクル劣化判定方法の一実施形態を示すフローチャートである。
厚さ検知手段16は、電池10に含まれる電極群20の厚さ情報を検知する。本実施形態では、厚さ検知手段16は、電極群20の厚さ情報として電極群20の内圧を検知し、その検知結果から電極群20の厚さを算出する。厚さ検知手段16は、算出結果を第2判定手段18に出力する。厚さ検知手段16と第2判定手段18とは、情報交換可能に接続されている。具体的には、電気的な接続、光学的な接続などがある。情報交換可能な接続とは、検知結果、制御信号などの出入力が可能な接続を意味する。
第4演算手段は、感圧センサによる検知結果が第4記憶手段に新たに入力されるたびに、第4記憶手段から前記検知結果および第6データテーブルを取り出し、電極群20の厚さを算出する。第4演算手段は、算出結果を第4記憶手段に出力する。
サイクル数検知手段17は、電池10の充放電サイクル回数を検知する。本実施形態では、満充電状態の電池10が放電して完全放電状態になり、充電が行われ、電池10が再び満充電状態になるサイクルを、充放電サイクル1回とする。満充電状態は、好ましくはSOC:90%以上である。サイクル数検知手段17と第2判定手段18とは、電気信号レベルでの情報交換が可能であるように接続され、サイクル数検知手段17はその検知結果を第2判定手段18に出力する。
電圧検知手段は、第5制御手段により、電池10の開回路電圧(Open circuit voltage、以下「OCV」とする)を所定の時間間隔で検知するように制御される。
第5記憶手段には、電圧検知手段による検知結果の他に、充放電サイクルの回数が入力される。充放電サイクルの回数は、新しい数値が入力されるたびに書き換えられる。
また、放電深度が一定になるように制御して、CCV検知を実施してもよい。
第2判定手段18は、厚さ検知手段16による検知結果(電極群20の厚さ)およびサイクル数検知手段17による検知結果(充放電サイクル回数)に応じて、サイクル劣化の発生の有無を判定する。より具体的には、第2判定手段18は、厚さ検知手段16による検知結果とサイクル数検知手段17による検知結果とから、電極群20の厚さと充放電サイクル回数との相関関係を求め、相関関係の変化を検知することにより、サイクル劣化の有無を判定する。
第6記憶手段には、厚さ検知手段16による検知結果(電極群20の厚さ)およびサイクル数検知手段17による検知結果(充放電サイクル回数)が入力される。
第6記憶手段には、厚さ検知手段16による検知結果とサイクル数検知手段17による検知結果とから、電極群20の厚さと充放電サイクル回数との関係における比例定数を求めるプログラムが入力されている。
第6制御手段は、サイクル数検知手段17による検知結果の入力を受けて、厚さ検知手段16による電極群20の厚さの検知を制御する。第6制御手段は、第6演算手段によるサイクル劣化有りとの判定に応じて、サイクル劣化通知手段19に制御信号を出力し、サイクル劣化通知手段19を作動させて顕著なサイクル劣化が起ることを機器の使用者に通知する。
さらに好ましい実施形態では、電池パック3は、第2判定手段18によるサイクル劣化有りとの判定結果に応じて、電池10の充放電を停止させ充放電制御手段をさらに含むことができる。また、第2判定手段18に、前記充放電制御手段の機能を付加してもよい。
サイクル劣化通知手段19は、第2判定手段18から制御信号を受けて、サイクル劣化が有ることを使用者に通知する。サイクル劣化通知手段19は、表示または音による通知を行う。サイクル劣化通知手段19には、たとえば、液晶、ランプ、音声発信機などを使用できる。これにより、顕著なサイクル劣化が起る直前であることを、機器の使用者に確実に知らせることができる。
ステップS11では、サイクル数検知手段17が電池10のOCV値を検知する。そして、OCV値が一端最高になり、放電後、充電によりOCV値が再度最高になるサイクルを、充放電サイクル回数:1回と検知し、前回検知の充放電サイクル回数に「1」を加算して第2判定手段18に出力する。第2判定手段18は、新しい充放電サイクル回数の入力を受け、厚さ検知手段16に制御信号を出力する。これにより、厚さ検知手段16が電極群20の厚さを検知する動作を開始する。
ステップS13では、第2判定手段18は、ステップS12で得られる電極群20の厚さ(以下「ステップS12の厚さ」とする)と、前回得られた電極群20の厚さ(以下「前回厚さ」とする)とを比較する。ステップS12の厚さが、前回厚さよりも大きい場合は、「Yes:電極群20の厚さが最小になるN1の時点を過ぎた」と判定し、ステップS14に移行する。ステップS12の厚さが前回厚さよりも小さい場合は、「No:N1の時点を過ぎていない」と判定し、ステップS11に戻る。このとき、前回厚さは、ステップS12の厚さに書き換えられる。
本実施形態の電池パックは、第2判定手段18が前記した構成を採る以外は、電池パック3と同じ構成を有している。
負極30は、負極集電体31と、負極活物質層33とを含む。
凸部32は、負極集電体31の厚さ方向の表面31a(以下単に「表面31a」とする)から、負極集電体31の外方に向けて延びる突起物である。
複数の凸部32を、全て同じ高さ又は同じ断面径に形成する必要はない。
また、凸部32の表面に突起を形成する場合は、まず、フォトレジスト法により凸部32の設計寸法よりも大きい凸部用突起物を形成する。この凸部用突起物にエッチングを施すことによって、表面に突起を有する凸部32が形成される。また、凸部32の表面にめっきを施すことによっても、表面に突起を有する凸部32が形成される。
Claims (13)
- リチウムを吸蔵及び放出可能な正極活物質を含有する正極と、合金系活物質を含有する負極と、前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するように配置される絶縁層と、を備える電極群、リチウムイオン伝導性非水電解質、並びに、前記電極群及び前記非水電解質を収容する電池ケースを備える非水電解質二次電池と、
前記電極群の厚さを検知する厚さ検知手段と、
前記非水電解質二次電池の充放電サイクル回数を検知するサイクル数検知手段と、
前記厚さ検知手段による検知結果及び前記サイクル数検知手段による検知結果に応じて、前記非水電解質二次電池の交換時期またはサイクル劣化の有無を判定する判定手段と、を備える電池パック。 - 前記判定手段は、前記厚さ検知手段による前記検知結果及び前記サイクル数検知手段による前記検知結果に応じて、前記厚さ検知手段により検知される前記電極群の厚さが最小であるか否かを判定し、前記電極群の厚さが最小であるとの判定結果に応じて、前記非水電解質二次電池の交換時期を算出する請求項1に記載の電池パック。
- 前記判定手段には前記電極群の最小厚さの設定値が予め入力され、
前記判定手段は、前記厚さ検知手段による前記電極群の厚さが、前記設定値×0.9~前記設定値×1.1の範囲にある時に、前記電極群の厚さが最小であると判定する請求項2に記載の電池パック。 - 前記厚さ検知手段は、前記電極群の厚さ情報として、前記電極群の内圧を測定することにより、前記電極群の厚さを検知する請求項1~3のいずれか1つに記載の電池パック。
- 前記判定手段は、前記厚さ検知手段による検知結果及び前記サイクル数検知手段による検知結果に応じて、前記電極群の厚さと前記充放電サイクル回数との相関関係を算出し、前記相関関係の変化を検出して、前記非水電解質二次電池のサイクル劣化の有無を判定する請求項1に記載の電池パック。
- 前記相関関係の変化は、前記電極群の厚さの前記充放電サイクル回数に対する変化である請求項5に記載の電池パック。
- 前記相関関係は比例関係であり、前記相関関係の変化は、前記比例関係における比例定数の変化である請求項6に記載の電池パック。
- 前記比例定数の変化は、前記比例定数が所定値よりも大きくなる変化である請求項7に記載の電池パック。
- 前記非水電解質二次電池、前記厚さ検知手段、前記サイクル数検知手段および前記判定手段を収容する外装体を含み、
前記非水電解質二次電池は、前記外装体の内面の少なくとも一部に固定され、
前記厚さ検知手段は、前記電極群の内圧を検知する感圧センサを含み、前記感圧センサによる前記電極群の内圧の検知結果を前記電極群の厚さ情報として取得し、前記検知結果から前記電極群の厚さを算出する請求項5~8のいずれか1つに記載の電池パック。 - 交換時期の判定結果またはサイクル劣化有りとの判定結果に応じて、前記判定結果を表示するかまたは音で知らせる通知手段をさらに含む請求項1~9のいずれか1つに記載の電池パック。
- 交換時期の判定結果またはサイクル劣化有りとの判定結果に応じて、前記非水電解質二次電池の充放電を停止させる充放電制御手段をさらに含む請求項1~10のいずれか1つに記載の電池パック。
- 前記電極群は、積層型電極群又は扁平型電極群である請求項1~11のいずれか1つに記載の電池パック。
- 前記合金系活物質が、珪素系活物質および錫系活物質から選ばれる少なくとも1つである請求項1~12のいずれか1つに記載の電池パック。
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JP2018535514A (ja) * | 2016-06-09 | 2018-11-29 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 二次電池電極の厚さ変化の測定装置、及びそれを取り付けた二次電池 |
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