Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
  • C04B35/628—Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents
  • C04B35/62802—Powder coating materials
  • C04B35/62842—Metals
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
  • B22F1/16—Metallic particles coated with a non-metal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
  • C04B35/628—Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
  • C04B35/628—Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents
  • C04B35/62892—Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents with a coating layer consisting of particles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
  • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
  • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
  • C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
  • C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
  • C04B2235/3217—Aluminum oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. bauxite, alpha-alumina
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
  • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
  • C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
  • C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
  • C04B2235/3231—Refractory metal oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
  • C04B2235/3244—Zirconium oxides, zirconates, hafnium oxides, hafnates, or oxide-forming salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
  • C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
  • C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
  • C04B2235/52—Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes
  • C04B2235/528—Spheres
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
  • Y10T428/12014—All metal or with adjacent metals having metal particles
  • Y10T428/12028—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, etc.]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
  • Y10T428/2991—Coated
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
  • Y10T428/2991—Coated
  • Y10T428/2993—Silicic or refractory material containing [e.g., tungsten oxide, glass, cement, etc.]

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for producing coated particles and, in particular, a method for producing coated particles using dual asymmetric centrifugal forces.
• metal alloys are used for different applications, each alloy offering a particular combination of properties, including strength, ductility, creep resistance, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance and castability. Alloys are commercially available in a number of physical forms and purities, depending upon the requirements of the end-application. Most large end-use metals and alloys are deliverable in sheet, rod and bar form, with an increasing number becoming available in the form of high quality powders for application within powder metallurgical processes. These processes allow manufacture, for example, of parts with complex geometries and avoid excessive machining and hence waste of expensive bulk alloy. It also allows manufacture of parts in a more diverse range of alloys than is commonly used within the larger industrial businesses.
• titanium industry as an example, the global production of titanium is relatively small and the majority of titanium currently produced finds use within the aerospace industries, predominantly as a very limited selection from the commonly accepted ASTM "grades" of titanium and titanium alloys.
• Other industries however, have encountered difficulties in sourcing the titanium alloy they require and many suppliers and manufacturers find it undesirable to maintain a large stock of a range of different titanium alloys as a result of the high price of titanium.
• the shortage of supply of titanium and the dominance of Ti6AI4V as the standard "workhorse" alloy means that commercialization of alternative alloy formulations, and even the use of the standard accepted alloy grades, can be stifled.
• pure titanium is highly resistant to corrosion
• its corrosion resistance can be improved by forming an alloy with precious metals such as palladium and/or ruthenium.
• the corrosion resistance of Ti-6AI-4V may be similarly improved by the addition of palladium or ruthenium.
• These precious metal-modified alloys are listed, along with many others, within the commonly accepted ASTM grades of titanium alloys. These alloy grades find only limited application, due in part to both their poor availability and also to the additional expense of the precious metal. Machining of standard alloy forms to complex geometries, and the resulting wasted material, further increases the expense. Improvements in powder metallurgical processing, and especially a flexible method to incorporate the precious metal, would lead to the ability to manufacture parts and exploit the beneficial alloy properties whilst minimizing expense.
• Cermets have been designed so that they display characteristics of both the ceramic and metallic components.
• the ceramic component may contribute a high temperature resistance and hardness, while the metal component can contribute plastic deformation.
• Cermets have found use in the electronic industry (in the manufacture of resistors and capacitors), ceramic-to-metal joints and seals, as well as in medical applications, such as dentistry.
• the rapid manufacture of a desired composition comprising a primary metal or ceramic and at least one secondary metal or salt thereof would allow a manufacturer to store a reduced inventory while enabling the rapid manufacture of a range of alloys or cermets, as well as the articles produced therefrom.
• the inventors believe that the ability to generate a tailored composition with required properties would encourage the use of those compositions.
• the subsequent fabrication of articles from the alloys would accordingly be facilitated as the period of time within which the wrought alloy or cermet is purchased would be reduced or even eliminated.
• the present invention provides a method for coating primary particles with secondary particles using dual asymmetric centrifugal forces wherein, the primary particles comprise (a) at least one metal, or (b) at least one ceramic; the secondary particles comprise at least one metal or salt thereof; and wherein the secondary particles are more malleable than the primary particles.
• malleable means to be pressed permanently out of shape.
• the secondary particles are coated onto the primary particles using dual asymmetric centrifugal forces.
• dual asymmetric centrifugal forces we mean that two centrifugal forces, at an angle to each other, are simultaneously applied to the particles.
• the centrifugal forces preferably rotate in opposite directions.
• the SpeedmixerTM by Hauschild (http://www.speedmixer.co.uk/index.php) utilises this dual rotation method whereby the motor of the SpeedmixerTM rotates the base plate of the mixing unit in a clockwise direction (see Figure 1A) and the basket is spun in an anticlockwise direction (see Figures 1 B and 1C). While not wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors believe that the coating process results in a physical change in the primary and secondary particles whereby the particles are physically cojoined.
• the primary particles comprise at least one metal
• the at least one metal is selected from the group consisting of Group IVB, Group VB, Group VIB, Group VIIB and Group VIII of the Periodic Table and more preferably from Group IVB, Group VIB and/or Group VIII.
• the primary particles comprise at least one of titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, nickel or iron.
• the primary particles may comprise a single metal, an admix of metal, an alloy or a combination thereof.
• titanium e.g. commercially available titanium
• the primary particles comprise an alloy
• titanium alloys e.g. T ⁇ -6AI-4V
• iron alloys e.g. steel and, in particular, stainless steel
• the primary particles are ceramic
• the particles preferably comprise at least one of silicon, zirconium, aluminium, yttrium, cerium or titanium. More preferably, the primary particles are ceramic oxides or ceramic carbides. Even more preferably, the primary particles are selected from the group consisting of at least one silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, yttrium oxide, cerium oxide, silicon carbide and tungsten carbide.
• the primary particles may be substantially spherical, irregular or a combination thereof.
• the primary particles are substantially spherical.
• the size of the substantially spherical particles may be any suitable size.
• the primary particles preferably have an average diameter of about ⁇ 2000 ⁇ m, more preferably about ⁇ 1500 ⁇ m and even more preferably, about ⁇ 1000 ⁇ m.
• the particles have an especially preferred average diameter of about 1 ⁇ m to about 45 ⁇ m, in particular, when the primary particles comprise titanium.
• the primary particles are irregular.
• "Irregular" in the context of the present invention means particles which are not substantially spherical.
• the size of the irregular particles may be any suitable size and may be defined by any suitable parameter (for example, see Rawle, "Basic Principles of Particle Size Analysis", which is available from www.malvern.com, and Brittain, "Particle-Size Distribution, Part I: Representations of Particle Shape, Size and Distribution", Pharmaceutical Technology, December 2001 , each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes).
• the inventors have found that the shape of the primary particles (whether substantially spherical and/or irregular) remains substantially unchanged during coating. This is surprising as the application of dual asymmetric centrifugal forces is a high-energy process. In the case of substantially spherical primary particles, the production of substantially spherical coated particles is advantageous because the flowability of the coated particles is improved, which assists in downstream processing.
• the secondary particles preferably comprise a single metal, an admix of metals, a metal salt, an alloy or a combination thereof.
• the secondary particles are selected for the group consisting of Group VIII, Group IB and Group MIA of the Periodic Table.
• the secondary particles comprise at least one of platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium, silver, gold, cobalt, copper, nickel, iron or aluminium.
• the metal is preferably palladium or ruthenium.
• the secondary particles may comprise an admixture of metals, preferably an admix of palladium and ruthenium.
• a preferred alloy is one of palladium and ruthenium.
• the salt is not limited provided it is neither combustible nor explosive.
• the metal salt is a palladium or ruthenium salt and more preferably a palladium salt (for example, tetramminepalladium hydrogencarbonate or hexakis(aceto)tripalladium(ll)).
• the coated particles can be further processed by thermal or chemical means.
• the at least one metal salt coating the primary particles may be reduced. The reduction may be suitably carried out at an elevated temperature under an atmosphere comprising hydrogen for a suitable period of time (e.g. at least 30 minutes). More preferably, the reduction is carried out at about 300 0 C or above.
• the at least one metal salt coating the primary particles may be oxidised.
• the oxidation may be suitably carried out at an elevated temperature under an atmosphere comprising oxygen (for example, air) for a suitable period of time (e.g. at least 30 minutes). More preferably, the oxidation is carried out at about 500°C or above.
• the coating process may be controlled by various parameters including the rotation speed at which the process takes place, the length of processing time, the level to which the mixing container is filled, the use of milling media and/or the control of the temperature of the components within the milling pot.
• the dual asymmetric centrifugal forces may be applied for a continuous period of time.
• continuous we mean a period of time without interruption.
• the period of time is about 1 second to about 10 minutes, more preferably about 5 seconds to about 5 minutes and most preferably about 10 seconds to about 200 seconds.
• the dual asymmetric centrifugal forces may be applied for an aggregate period of time.
• aggregate we mean the sum or total of more than one periods of time.
• the advantage of applying the centrifugal forces in a stepwise manner is that excessive heating of the particles can be avoided.
• the dual asymmetric centrifugal forces are preferably applied for an aggregate period of about 1 second to about 10 minutes, more preferably about 5 seconds to about 5 minutes and most preferably about 10 seconds to about 150 seconds.
• the number of times (e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5 or more times) in which the dual asymmetric centrifugal forces are applied will depend upon the nature of the primary and secondary particles.
• the primary particles comprise titanium
• stepwise application of the centrifugal forces minimises heating of the particles thus minimising the risk of oxidation and/or combustion.
• the dual asymmetric centrifugal forces are applied in a stepwise manner with periods of cooling therebetween.
• the dual asymmetric centrifugal forces may be applied in a stepwise manner at one or more different speeds.
• the speed of the dual asymmetric centrifugal forces is from about 200 rpm to about 3000 rpm. In one embodiment, the speed is from about 300 rpm to about 2500 rpm. In another embodiment, the speed is from about 500 rpm to about 2000 rpm.
• the level to which the mixing container is filled is determined by various factors which will be apparent to the skilled person. These factors include the apparent density of the primary and secondary particles, the volume of the mixing container and the weight restrictions imposed on the mixer itself.
• the coating process of the present invention may be carried out under an inert atmosphere for at least a proportion of the process time and, in one preferred embodiment, for substantially the whole process.
• an inert atmosphere is one which has limited or no ability to react with the primary and/or secondary particles.
• the inert atmosphere comprises argon, nitrogen or a mixture thereof.
• Milling media may be used to assist the coating of the primary particles with the secondary particles.
• the primary particles can themselves act as milling media.
• the incorporation of further hard, non-contaminating media can additionally assist in the breakdown of the secondary particles where agglomeration has occurred, for example, as a result of the manufacturing process or during transit. Such breakdown of the agglomerates further enhances the coating of the secondary particles on the primary particles.
• the use of milling media is well-known within the field of powder processing and materials such as stabilised zirconia and other ceramics are suitable provided they are sufficiently hard.
• the secondary particles may be single crystallites or an agglomerate of many smaller crystallites, for example, platinum group metal blacks.
• the coating of the secondary particles on the primary particles may be in the form of a film or in the form of discrete particles.
• the degree of coverage will depend on factors that include the malleability of the secondary particles, the length of time allowed for the coating process and/or the quantity of the secondary particles present.
• the secondary particles may be present in any suitable quantity provided the secondary particles coat the primary particles e.g. palladium may be added to titanium alloys in a proportion of about 0.05% to about 0.25%, which is recognisable as the levels of addition in ASTM/ASME Ti grades 7, 11 , 16, 17, 24 and 25.
• the quantity of secondary particles can also affect one or more properties of a desired alloy or cermet subsequently formed. For example, when the quantity of Pd is increased in a Pd/Ti alloy, the corrosion resistance of the alloy to chloride-containing solutions (such as salt water) improves.
• the method of the present invention further comprises the steps of:
• Suitable methods for compacting either the coated metallic particles or coated ceramic particles include Hot lsostatic Pressing (HIP-ing), Cold lsostatic Pressing (CIP-ing) and Metal Injection Moulding (MIM).
• HIP-ing Hot lsostatic Pressing
• CIP-ing Cold lsostatic Pressing
• MIM Metal Injection Moulding
• the coated metallic particles may also be compacted using high energy beam fabrication methods, such as Direct Laser Fabrication (DLF), and Electron Beam Melting.
• the coated ceramic particles can also be compacted using slip casting.
• the present invention provides an alloy or cermet formed by the claimed method, and articles formed from such an alloy or cermet.
• the present invention provides coated particles, wherein the primary particles are coated with secondary particles. The primary and secondary particles are as described above.
• Figures 1A-C illustrate how the centrifugal forces are applied to the particles in the SpeedmixerTM.
• Figure 1 A is a view from above showing the base plate and basket. The base plate rotates in a clockwise direction.
• Figure 1 B is a side view of the base plate and basket.
• Figure 1 C is a view from above along line A in Figure 1 B.
• the basket rotates in an anti- clockwise direction.
• Figure 2 is a backscattered electron image of substantially spherical titanium powder ( ⁇ 45 ⁇ m) coated with 0.2 wt% palladium.
• Figure 3 is a backscattered electron image of substantially spherical titanium powder ( ⁇ 45 ⁇ m) coated with 0.2 wt% palladium.
• Figure 4 is a SEM image of palladium dispersed on the surface of irregular titanium particles.
• Figure 5 is a SEM of palladium dispersed on the surface of substantially spherical zirconia beads.
• Figure 6 is a SEM image of ruthenium dispersed on the surface of substantially spherical titanium powder.
• Figure 7 is a graph comparing the corrosion potential (open circuit potential) vs. time for (a) a HIP-ed powder produced according to the present invention and (b) commercially available Grade 7 Ti-Pd alloy.
• SpeedmixerTM pot suitable for the SpeedmixerTM Model DAC 150FVZ and 0.05g of palladium black was added.
• the pot was sealed and mixed using a cycle with a mixing period of 3 x 20 seconds.
• a SEM image of the palladium dispersed on the surface of the irregular primary Ti particles is shown in Figure 4.
• the SEM image in Figure 5 shows the dispersion of the palladium upon the surface of the substantially spherical zirconia beads.
• the SEM image in Figure 6 shows the dispersion of the ruthenium powder upon the surface of the substantially spherical titanium powders.
• the dispersion of the palladium on the surface of the titanium powder was found to be around 3%.
• the dispersion of the palladium on the surface of the titanium powder was found to be around 3.5%.
• the dispersion of the palladium upon the alumina beads was found to be around 4%.
• a solid CPTi (AP&C, ⁇ 45 micron powder) + 0.2wt%Pd alloy was prepared by hot isostatic pressing of Pd-coated spherical CPTi powder produced using the dual asymmetric centrifugal forces.
• the hot isostatic pressing was carried out at 93O 0 C for 4 hours at 100MPa.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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