Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/475—Growth factors; Growth regulators
  • C07K14/49—Platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2299/00—Coordinates from 3D structures of peptides, e.g. proteins or enzymes

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the composition of a peptide and its active derivatives with the same 3-D structure in the prevention and treatment of fibrosis diseases, primary cancer, and cancer metastasis.
• This peptide and its active derivatives inhibit PDGFR signaling by blocking the binding of PDGFs with their receptors at the extracellular level.
• liver fibrosis When stimulated or damaged by outside factors, organ (or tissue) will form abnormal fibrosis, such as liver fibrosis, cardiac muscle, peritonaeum fibrosis, intervertebral fibrosis, bone marrow fibrosis, lung fibrosis, kidney fibrosis etc..
• Abnormal fibrosis could cause many diseases.
• liver fibrosis causes liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
• Kidney fibrosis leads to malignant transformation of various renal tubule and tubulointerstitial Lesion, and is one of the major reasons for late-stage kidney failure.
• Lung fibrosis causes lung compliance decrease, lung capacity decrease, diffusion dysfunction decrease, VA/VQ imbalance, and finally lung failure, with lower than 50% of 5 year survival rate.
• Research demonstrates that the cause of liver fibrosis, bone marrow fibrosis, lung fibrosis, and kidney fibrosis is related to the overexpression of PDGF family and PDGFR.
• liver cirrhosis Three steps in chronic liver diseases are 1) hepatitis, 2) liver fibrosis, and 3) liver cirrhosis.
• Chronic fibrosis disrupts the essential structure of liver sinusoids, impairing the function of the liver and eventually leading to cirrhosis. If liver fibrosis cannot be treated, it will eventually lead to liver cirrhosis.
• Liver fibrosis forms by imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM), with a bias toward deposition of fibrillar (type I) collagen within the subendothelial space of Disse.
• ECM extracellular matrix
• fibrillar (type I) collagen within the subendothelial space of Disse.
• Viral hepatitis, chemical insult, and fatty liver all could cause liver fibrosis, a damaging liver disease.
• 1 A of hepatitis patients infected by virus will become chronic hepatitis patients.
• 5-20% will develop liver cirrhosis.
• liver cirrhosis patients 50% of them will eventually develop liver cancer.
• liver fibrosis is formed, it is very hard to be reversed at normal condition. Liver fibrosis will lead to liver malfunction, which damages human health.
• liver fibrosis Although many different kinds of liver cells affect liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) has essential function to the disease development.
• HSC hepatic stellate cells
• HSC mainly has the following function: 1) store and metabolize Vitamin A; 2) Synthesize and secret small amount of ECM deposition, mainly Type I, III, and VI collagen; 3) break out to surround SEC (sinusoidal endothelial cells), support endothelial cells, and regulate sinusoid size; and 4) synthesize non-collagen glycoprotein and protein carbohydrate.
• liver fibrosis is caused by activation of HSC in liver tissue.
• Over-expression of PDGF-C and PDGF receptors (PDGFR) at mRNA and protein levels is one of the earliest events.
• Activated HSC and myofibrobalsts produce a number of profibrotic cytokines and growth factors that perpetuate the fibrotic process through paracrine and autocrine effects.
• PDGF-BB and TGF- ⁇ l are two key factors in fibrogenesis. Increased expression of both growth factors induces overexpression of collagen, and TIMP-I and TIMP-2 secretion which inhibits collagen breakdown. All of these events lead to imbalance of ECM deposition and large deposition of collagen in liver tissue, which causes HSC to become myofibroblast-like (MFB). It leas to the surrounding liver cells wrapped by collagen, so that these liver cells lose normal function.
• MFB myofibroblast-like
• liver fibrosis development leads to liver tissue hyperemia and liver steatosis formation, and eventually liver cancer.
• any medication which can prevent or treat liver fibrosis is a good adjunct therapy for liver cancer.
• Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family has 4 types: PDGF-A, -B, -C, and -D), and two receptors: PDGFR- ⁇ and - ⁇ . They play an important role in wound healing, atherosclerosis, fibrosis, and malignancy.
• PDGF-C is the cytokine which was discovered most recently. It forms homodimer PDGF-CC, and has more potent biological activity towards mesenchymal cells than that of PDGF - AA, PDGF - AB, and PDGF - BB (Gilbertson et. al. JBC 276(29), 27406 (2001)).
• Breitkopf team studied the mRNA expression profile of PDGF-C in transdifferentiating primary cultured HSC cells, an in vitro model system of hepatic fibrogenesis, either with or without stimulation of the cells with PDGF-BB or TGF- ⁇ 1.
• HSC cells transdifferentiating to MFB PDGF-C mRNA was strongly induced: PDGF-C up to 5 fold from day 2 to day 8.
• PDGF-C may fulfill specific functions in hepatic fibrogenesis (Breitkopf et. al, Cytokine 31, 349 (2005)).
• PDGF-C is a multi-domain protein (345 amino acids), consisting an N-terminal domain (residue 46— 163), which is homologous to the CUB domain of neuropilin-1 , NP-I, and a C-terminal domain (residue 235-245, GFD, growth factor domain), which has 23% homology with other PDGF members. These two domains can be separated by protease digestion in blood.
• PDGF-C can directly bind to PDGFR- ⁇ and PDGFR- ⁇ . According to competition assays and immunogenic precipitation experiments, PDGF — CC (PDGF-C homodimer) binds well with PDGFR- ⁇ and PDGFR- ⁇ . (Gilbertson et.
• PDGF-CC strongly activate the tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGFR - ⁇ and PDGFR- ⁇ .
• GFD domain of PDGF-CC can bind well to PDGFR ⁇ / ⁇ or PDGFR ⁇ / ⁇ homodimer, and PDGFR ⁇ / ⁇ heterodimer.
• Kidney fibrosis is the end result of pathological changes of renal tubes and intercellular substance. Kidney fibrosis is the general path for all kidney diseases and late stage kidney failure. The pathological characteristics are ECM deposition and loss of glomerular cells. The initiation and development of kidney disease are complex, which involve many factors, such as PDGF, TGF- ⁇ , and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and etc.. PDGF affects kidney disease by inducing mesangial cell proliferation and renal tube and intercellular substance fibrosis.
• CGF connective tissue growth factor
• PDGF-AA is situated at renal papillary area, which affects cell migration
• PDGF-BB is weakly expressed in renal tube and intercellular substance, which induces DNA synthesis and mitosis
• PDGF-CC is expressed in glomerular endothelial cells, glomerular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, glomerular capillary endothelial cells.
• PSGF-CCs ability to activate mitosis is stronger than PDGF-AA, but weaker than PDGF-BB.
• MyoF Myofibroblast
• MyoF can express ⁇ -smooth muscle actin ( ⁇ -SMA), participating in tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
• ⁇ -SMA ⁇ -smooth muscle actin
• Li et al. discovered that PDGF-CC is the reason for fibroblast cells proliferation. Research data demonstrates that PDGF-CC abnormal expression is linked to tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
• PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor significantly decreased mesangial cells proliferation, activated mesangial cells amount and Type IV collagen deposition.
• the mechanism is that STI571 inhibits ATP binding to Tyrosine kinase, so that phosphorylation and signal transduction are inhibited.
• inhibitors to PDGFR pathway can significantly ease glomerulosclerosis.
• PDGF expression increases.
• Overexpressed PDGF causes tubulointerstitial renal cell transfomation, inflammatory cell infiltration, and cytokine production, which leads to tubulointerstitial fibrosis and malignant renal diseases.
• Decrease or inhibition of PDGF synthesis or activity has certain effect on treating kidney fibrosis.
• PDGF-B or PDGF-D injection or overexpression induces vascular mesangial proliferation and kidney fibrosis.
• Interference experiment demonstrated that PDGF-C induces tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
• PDGF-B and -D are key factors for vascular mesangial proliferation and kidney fibrosis.
• PDGF family is growth factor for kidney diseases, and strongly stimulate the proliferation of mesangial cells.
• fibrosis diseases such as liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, and lung fibrosis.
• Phosphorylated tyrosine residues in the context of specific amino acid residues, interact with Src homology 2 domains (SH2) of intracellular signaling molecules. These include phospholipase ⁇ (PLC- ⁇ ), Ras GTPase-activating protein (Ras-GAP), p85 subunit of PI3K, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb 2), Syp (tyrosine-specific phosphatase), Src homology and collagen protein (She), and Src.
• PLC- ⁇ phospholipase ⁇
• Ras-GAP Ras GTPase-activating protein
• Grb 2 growth factor receptor-bound protein 2
• Syp tyrosine-specific phosphatase
• Src homology and collagen protein She
• Signaling molecules further transduce signal transduction pathways by activating downstream signaling molecules such as mitogen activated protein kinase family members (ERKs, JNKs), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK, a mediator of integrin signaling pathway) among others.
• ERKs mitogen activated protein kinase family members
• FNK focal adhesion kinase
• These signals enter the nucleus and stimulate expression of a set of immediate-early-response genes that mediate PDGF-induced cellular processes including cell cycle, cell migration, and transformation.
• the fatal phenotypes of PDGF- or PDGFR-deficient mice include cardiovascular and hematological defects.
• PDGFs produced by endothelial cells in vessels promote recruitment and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells/pericyte progenitors expressing PDGFR.
• Chemotactic and mitogenic activities mediated by the PDGF/PDGFR paracrine signaling loop are crucial for the formation, branching, and maintenance of blood vessels.
• PDGF plays a critical role for angiogenesis in human tumors. Tumor angiogenesis, required for tumor outgrowth and metastasis, is a complex and highly regulated process involving many different cell types and extracellular factors.
• PDGF is also involved in angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Thus inhibiting PDGF signaling pathway could potentially attenuate primary and metastatic.
• the aim of this invention is to provide the composition of a peptide or its fragment or its homologous peptide, or its derivatives with activity to bind the extracellular domain of PDGFR- ⁇ , or - ⁇ , but does not dimerize by itself, and their usage to prevent and treat fibrosis diseases and cancer (primary and metastatic) in human and animal.
• peptide sequences which include peptide sequence which is a fragment in the GFD domain of PDGF-C (C-terminal of PDGF-C), and a series of peptides which have certain amino acid alterations using peptide sequences in the GFD domain of PDGF-C as bases.
• These peptides have three-dimensional structure, which allow them to bind to PDGFR - ⁇ , or - ⁇ , but do not have the activity of
• PDGF family members (cannot dimerize). Thus they block PDGF family and PDGFR binding and inhibit downstream signaling transduction pathways to realize its function to prevent and treat fibrosis diseases and cancer (primary and metastatic) in human and animal.
• the peptide according to the present invention includes SEQ ID NO: 1 sequence.
• the peptide is selected from the group consisting of :
• the above peptide is obtained from recombinant source, purified from natural source, or from chemical synthesis.
• the present invention further provides nucleotide sequence which encodes the peptides according to the present invention.
• the present invention also provides a use of the peptide according to the present invention in preparation of medicine for prevention or treatment of human or animal tissue fibrosis and cancer.
• the tissue comprises liver, kidney, or lung in human and animal.
• the cancer comprises primary and metastatic cancers in human and animal.
• the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for prevention and treatment of human or animal tissue fibrosis and cancers, comprising the peptide according to the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as BSA, PEG, albumin.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as BSA, PEG, albumin.
• the pharmaceutical composition further comprises other chemotherapy drugs, including, but not limited to Gleevec.
• the pharmaceutical composition is in the form of oral dosage, subcutaneous injection dosage, intradermal injection dosage, intramuscular injection dosage, intravenous injection dosage and any other dosage, such as nasal dosage.
• FIG. 1 HPLC graph of the peptide in example 1.
• Fig. 2. Mass spectrometry graph of the peptide in example 1.
• Fig. 3. Sequencing result of the peptide in example 1.
• Fig. 4. Electrophoresis graph of the expression inhibition of the peptide in example 1 towards HSC ⁇ -SMA mRNA
• the peptide in example 1 can inhibit tumor cells attachment to base membrane Fig. 7.
• the peptide in example 1 can inhibit migration ability of tumor cells through base membrane
• FIG. 8 Inhibitory activities in PDGFR intracellular Ras-Raf signaling pathway of the peptide in example 1.
• FIG. 9 Simulated 3-D structure of the peptide in example 1 and its binding to the extracellular domain of PDGFR.
• the activity domain of PDGF-C is located at the C-terminal GFD (growth factor domain, 113 amino acids).
• the inventors of this patent used primary sequence alignment, 2-D and 3-D structure computer simulation to design a series of peptide sequences. These peptides have the characteristics of not forming dimer, but still binding to extracellular domain of PDGFR, so they block PDGF and PDGFR signaling transduction pathways to prevent and treat fibrosis diseases and cancer (primary and metastatic).
• This patent provides a peptide, which includes SEQ ID NO: 1 sequence.
• the peptides from this invention can be recombinant, natural, or synthetic.
• the peptides can be purified from natural sources, or from chemical synthesis, or from recombinant source from prokaryote or eukaryote sources (for example, bacteria, yeast, plant, insects, or mammalian cells).
• This patent provides the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 peptide. It also provides peptide sequences which have the same function like SEQ ID NO: 1 (not forming dimmer, but still binding to extracellular domain of PDGFR). These mutant peptides include, but not limited to: one or more ( 1-20, 1-10, 1-5 , or 1-3 ) amino acid deletion, insertion and or replacement and addition of one or more (within 20, within 10, or within 5 ) amino acids at the N-terminal and/or C-terminal of the peptides, conservative mutation of the sequence.
• amino acid mutation with similar activity amino acids will not change the function of the peptide.
• Addition of one or more residues at the N-terminal and/or C-terminal of the peptide normally will not change the characteristics of the peptide.
• the claimed peptide sequences also include active derivatives of SEQ ID NO: 1 peptide.
• peptide sequences are selected from and include the following peptides:
• This patent provides the formulation of the peptides with suitable pharmaceutical conjugations, such as BSA, PEG, albumin to increase its half-life and other activities. These new peptide conjugates will be used to prevent and treat fibrosis diseases and cancer (primary and metastatic) in human and animal.
• this patent provides a formulation, including (a) safe and pharmaceutically effective dose of peptides in this patent, with conjugate, or other combination; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the dose of the above peptides is normally 10 microgram to 100 milligram per dose, or within 100 microgram to 50 milligram per dose, or 1000 microgram to 10 milligram per dose, or 3000 microgram to 5000 microgram per dose
• "effective dose” in this invention denotes the dose to treat, ease, or prevent targeted disease or condition, or dose that shows treatment or prevention effect.
• the exact effective dose for any subject will be determined according to the subject's body type, health condition, disease characteristics, and accompanying treatment combination. Thus, the accurate dose cannot be determined beforehand. For specific situation, the physician will decide on the final effective dose for a particular subject using suitable experiments and calculations.
• the effective dose of the above peptides for each subject is around 1 microgram to 100 milligram per kg per day, or 100 microgram to 50 milligram per kg per day.
• the above peptide can be in combination therapy with other chemotherapy agents, including, but not limited to Gleevec.
• composition also comprises pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, "pharmaceutically acceptable carriers” do not by themselves induce any unsafe antibody, or induce excess toxicity in test subject.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well-known to technical people familiar with the art. In Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences ( Mark Pub. Co. , N. J.1991 ), these carriers were discussed extensively. These carriers include, but not limited to saline, buffer, glucose, water, glycerol, ethanol, adjuvant, and other combinations.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers in the formulation include liquid, for example, water, saline, glycerol, and ethanol.
• these carriers can serve the following functions, such as surfactant, emulsifier, or pH buffer.
• the formulation could be injection, for example, liquid dose, or solid dose with liquid carriers added before use.
• test subject for the treatment and prevention of fibrosis disease and cancer.
• the test subjects could be human and animals.
• the delivery method is oral, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intramuscular injection, intravenous injection and other delivery methods, such as nasal.
• the dosing scheme could be single dose or multiple doses.
• Example 1 SEQ ID NO: 1 sequence solid-phase synthesis (manual)
• SHIMADZU HPLC Software: Class- VP. Serial System, Manufacturer: SHIMADZU
• LABCONCO Lypholize Type: Freezone. Plus. 6, Manufacturer: LABCONCO, Centrifuge ( Shanghai Anting Scientific Equipment Co., Type: TDL-40B )
• Method a Dissolve 3-fold mole excess protected amino acid (FOMC-Asp-OH) and HBTU in DMF. Add the solution to the reaction vessel, and add 10-fold mole excess NMM immediately. React for 30 min.
• Method b Dissolve 3 -fold mole excess protected amino acid (FOMC-Asp-OH) and HOBT in DMF. Add the solution to the reaction vessel, and add 3-fold mole excess DIC immediately. React for 30 min. 7) Wash
• the crude peptide is purified according to the following steps:
• the final product was examined using HPLC for purity (97.1%, Fig. 1). Its molecular weight was examined using mass spectrometry. Theoretical molecular weight is 5203.98, and actual molecular weight is 5206.1 (Fig. 2). The sequence of the final product was confirmed by the Proteomics Analytical Center from Shanghai Life Science Research Institute at China Academy of Sciences (Fig. 3).
• Protocol 1 ) Use software to calculate needed amount of protected amino acid solution, condensation reagent, and cleavage reagent. Add adequate amount of DMF and DCM in their corresponding bottles in the machine.
• Example 3 Effect of peptide Seq. No. l on liver HSC cell amount and activation
• HSC from SD rats were separated using centrifuging on gradient created by
• HSC cells at 1.5 X lO 5 / cm2 was plated at 6-well plate, or culture dish (100 mm diameter).
• the culture medium is DMEM with 20% serum from newborn calf.
• the purity of HSC cells was determined using Vitamin A self-fluorescence and anti-Desmin immunocytochemistry experiments. Cell viability was determined using trypan blue staining. First generation HSCs purity and viability were 90% and 95% respectively.
• HSC can self-activate if grown in non-ECM condition, which means HSC can express ⁇ -SMA, and Vitamin A drop disappears. After cell fusion, activated HSC is released with trypsin, and propagate.
• Peptide SEQ ID NO: 1 (1 ⁇ M), 24 hour , 48 hour , or 72 hour . Use MTT assay to examine the proliferation of HSC cells.
• ⁇ -SMA upstream primer 5 ' - AAGAGGAAGAC A GCA CAG C TC-3 ' ;
• Downstream primer 5 ' - GATGGAT GGGAA AAC AGC C-3 ' ,
• GAPDH upstream primer 5 ' - ACC AC AGTCC ATGCC ATC AC-3 ' ,
• the inhibition rate of peptide SEQ ID NO: 1 at 1 ⁇ M is 61.8 % ⁇ 4.3 % and 85.6 % ⁇ 5.8 % , respectively.
• peptide SEQ ID NO: 1 Effect of peptide SEQ ID NO: 1 on expression of ⁇ -SMA mRNA Different from resting state HSC, ⁇ -SMA mRNA expression is one important characteristics of activated HSC. According to RT-PCR experiment, peptide SEQ ID NO: 1 inhibits ⁇ -SMA mRNA expression after 48 hours ( Fig. 4 ) .
• Example 4 Efficacy experiment of peptide SEQ ID NO: 1 in liver fibrosis animal model
• SEQ ID NO: 1 improved many liver parameters (P ⁇ 0.01 , P ⁇ 0.05): treatment high dose group (total protein, albumin, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and glucose) , treatment low dose group (total protein, albumin, and glucose) , prevention high dose group (total protein, albumin, SGPT, aspartate aminotransferase, and glucose) , prevention low dose group (total protein, albumin, SGPT, and glucose).
• Hydroxyproline significantly increase in chronic CC14 liver damage rat model (P ⁇ 0.05 ) . Hydroxyproline amount was eased in various treatment group, with the best effect in treatment
• liver tissue of CC14 model group displayed structural disorder. Over 80% of liver cells showed significant steatosis, and many fat cavities in liver cells. In one case, there is epidermal hyperplasia of fibrous tissue in liver. In treatment high dose group, 2 cases showed steatosis, and fat cavities in liver cells (>80%), 2 cases showed less steatosis and fewer fat cavities in liver cells (50-60%), and 4 cases displayed even less steatosis and fewer fat cavities in liver cells ( ⁇ 30%). All cases in prevention low dose group showed less steatosis and fewer fat cavities in liver cells
• peptide SEQ ID NO: 1 can improve liver damage caused by CC14 in rat, and improve serum biochemical parameters, liver hydroxyproline amount, and liver pathological features.
• Sesame oil fine peanut oil
• BS210S analytical balance ( 0.1mg ⁇ 10g) (German S artorius); 752C UV- Vis spectrophotome (Shanghai No. 3 analytical equipment co.) ; Centrifuge (Beijing Medical Centrifuge Co.); Automatic Biochemical Examination Machine ( OLYMPUS Au 800, Japan) ;
• Rat CC14 liver damage model Dose Group: 110 rats, weight 180-22Og, 7 groups:
• Control group saline, sc, 2ml/kg, 10 rats
• CC14 Model construction is 6 weeks. Parallel to the model construction, inject intravenously peptide SEQ ID NO: 1 at 50 ⁇ g/kg and 10 ⁇ g/kg in group ( 4) and ( 5 ) , respectively, once a day for 6 weeks.
• ALT serum alanine aminotransferase
• AST aspartate aminotransferase
• TB Bilirubin
• ALP Alkaline phosphatase
• TP total protein
• ALB albumin
• G albumin/globulin ratioC A/G
• GLU glucose
• TCH triglyceride
• Liver homogenate to examine cholesterol ( TCH ) , triglyceride ( TG ) , alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST).
• TCH cholesterol
• TG triglyceride
• ALT alanine aminotransferase
• AST aspartate aminotransferase
• liver 20Og liver, dry at 110 C, examine Hydroxyproline (HPA) . Part of the liver is fixed in formalin for histology examination.
• HPA Hydroxyproline
• liver parameters of CC14 liver damage group increase significantly (P ⁇ 0.01 ) .
• these parameters were improved, with treatment high dose group and prevention low dose group having statistical significant differences (P ⁇ 0.05) Please see below Table 1 ( *vs control group ,# vs CC14 model group)
• CC14 liver damage animal model group showed increased level of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, decreased level of total protein, albumin, glucose, and triglyceride.
• Gan-li-xin group (12.5mg/kg) improved the parameters above to a certain extent, showing statistical significant improvement in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and glucose (GLU) (P ⁇ 0.05 ) .
• Peptide SEQ ID NO: 1 groups (treatment and prevention groups) also improved the above parameters, with statistical significant improvement (compared with CC14 model group): Treatment high dose group ( TP, ALB, ALT, AST, ALP, GLU) , Treatment low dose group
• Table 3 Effect of drugs on Hydroxyproline amount in rat liver Control Model Gan-li-xin Treatment, Treatment, Prevention Prevention Group Group 25mg/kg High dose low dose High dose low dose
• Control group showed ordered structure.
• Liver tissue of CC14 model group displayed structural disorder. Over 80% of liver cells showed significant steatosis, and many fat cavities in liver cells. In one case, there is epidermal hyperplasia of fibrous tissue in liver.
• Example 5 In vitro anti-cancer efficacy evaluation of peptide SEQ ID No: l 1. Equipments
• HERA cell 150 (Thermo Electron Corporation)
• Tabletop Centrifuge TGL- 16G (Shanghai Surgical Device Co.) Clean bench: SW-CJ-IFD (Sujing Group Antai Co.)
• Microplate reader Model-550 (Bio-Rad)
• Human liver cancer cell line (SMMC-7721, BEL-7402, BEL-7402) were purchased from National Medical Academy of Sciences Tissue Bank and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Cell line Research Institute.
• Culture media was RPMI 1640 media with 10% heat inactivated FBS, penicillin 100 u/ml, streptomycin 100 u/ml. After 48 hours media was changed. Cells were released with 0.25% trypsin and propagate. Cells used in the experiment were in log phase. Cell viability was determined using trypan blue staining.
• Peptide SEQ ID No: l from Example 1 significantly inhibited human liver cancer cell growth, with IC50 at 1.25, 1.78, and 2.33 uM in SMMC-7721, BEL-7402, and
• mice Female BALB/cA nude mice, age 35-40 days, weight 18-22 g, provided by Shanghai Silaike Experimental Animal Co. Ltd., certificate number: SCXK ( Shanghai) 2007—0005.
• the tumor of xenograph nude mice grew to 100 ⁇ 300mm 3 . Tumor mice were divided into different groups for drug testing. In the experiment below, there were 12 nude mice in negative control group, and 6 nude mice in the group with tested drug. Tumor diameter was measured three times each week, and mice weight was measured at the same time.
• T/C (relative tumor inhibition rate)% was calculated as below:
• a and b are length and width.
• TVo % is tumor volume at the beginning of drug use (do)
• TV t is tumor volume at later time point.
• TRTV T/C ( %) X lOO TRTV: treatment group RTV ; CRTV: negative control RTV 1) Liver cancer
• Peptide SEQ ID No: l from example 1 and 2 inhibits xenograph liver cancer nude mice model (H22) at 1 mg/kg, with inhibition rate of 67.8%, close to positive control Taxol's inhibition rate (10 mg/kg). At 1 mg/kg, Peptide SEQ ID No: l from example 1 inhibits xenograph liver cancer nude mice model (BEL-7402) at 39.7%.
• Peptide SEQ ID No: l was given through tail vein (IV), at dosing of 0.5mg/kg, 0.25mg/kg, 0.125mg/kg and 0.0625mg/kg, 6 times a week.
• Docetaxol was positive control, at dosing of 20mg/kg, once a week.
• Negative control was given saline solution. The xenograph nude mice were treated for 3 weeks.
• T/C(%) for Peptide SEQ ID No: l at 0.125mg/kg in human stomach cancer SGC-7901 nude mice was 47.66%.
• T/C(%) for 5-FU was 68.71%.
• Peptide SEQ ID No: l can strongly inhibit stomach cancer growth in vivo.
• T/C(%) for Peptide SEQ ID No: l at 0.5mg/kg in human breast cancer MDA-MB ⁇ 35 nude mice was49.40%.
• T/C(%) for docetaxel was 16.51%.
• Peptide SEQ ID No: 1 can strongly inhibit breast cancer growth in vivo.
• Peptide SEQ ID No: l was given through tail vein (IV), at dosing of 0.5mg/kg, 0.25mg/kg, and 0.125mg/kg, 6 times a week.
• Docetaxol was positive control, at dosing of 20mg/kg, once a week.
• Negative control was given saline solution.
• the xenograph nude mice were treated for 3 weeks.
• T/C(%) for docetaxel was 18.60%.
• Peptide SEQ ID No: 1 can strongly inhibit lung cancer growth in vivo.
• Peptide SEQ ID No: l from example 1 can inhibit human liver cancer cell BEL-7402 migration from base membrane, at 0.01, 0.1, or 1 mg/ml (12 hour incubation).
• Fig 6 showed that Peptide SEQ ID No: l inhibited cancer cell attachment to base membrane after peptide was incubated with cancer cells for 12 hours.
• Fig 7 showed that Peptide SEQ ID No: l inhibits cancer cell migration ability through base membrane after peptide was incubated with cancer cells for 12 hours
• Example 8 Inhibitory effect of Peptide SEQ ID No: l on PDGFR intracellular Ras-Raf signaling pathway
• Peptide SEQ ID No: l was incubated with Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) cells for 6 hours. Protein was extracted from these cells and western blot was performed.
• Antibody for p-statl Antibody against phophorylated-Tyr701 ;
• Antibody for p-MEKl/2 Antibody against phophorylated-Ser217/221 peptide;
• Antibody for p-Erkl/2 Antibody against phophorylated-Ser202/204.
• beta-Actin was a control to make sure all lanes are loaded with same amount of protein.
• the western blot demonstrated that at 10 ug/ml (2 uM), Peptide SEQ ID No: l significantly inhibits phosphorylation of Erkl/2, which is downstream of Ras-Raf pathway.

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