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• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
  • C08K9/04—Ingredients treated with organic substances
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
  • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
  • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
  • C08K9/04—Ingredients treated with organic substances
  • C08K9/06—Ingredients treated with organic substances with silicon-containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/28—Compounds of silicon
  • C09C1/30—Silicic acid
  • C09C1/3063—Treatment with low-molecular organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/28—Compounds of silicon
  • C09C1/30—Silicic acid
  • C09C1/3081—Treatment with organo-silicon compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
  • C09C3/08—Treatment with low-molecular-weight non-polymer organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
  • C09C3/12—Treatment with organosilicon compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/64—Nanometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 nanometer

Definitions

• the invention relates to inorganic nanoparticles, in particular nanoparticles based on metal and Halbmetalloxi- the, in particular the oxides of silicon, titanium, zirconium, cerium, yttrium, aluminum, zinc, antimony and mixtures thereof, with radically polymerizable groups on the particle surface, these Nanoparticle-containing dispersions and the polymer composites prepared from these particle dispersions.
• Inorganic nanoparticles with polymerizable groups on the surface are known, for example from scratch-resistant coatings based on vinyl group-modified SiO 2 particles in dipropylene glycol diacrylate as the dispersion medium (DE 69826226).
• DE 10100633 describes inorganic metal and semimetal oxides with groups of the type allyl or vinyl fixed by organosilicon compounds on the surface.
• Fadel (Dissertation 2004 Darmstadt) uses the Stöber process to synthesize methacryloxypropyl-modified TiO 2 particles and thus synthesizes TiO 2 / polybutyl acrylate impact modifiers.
• Peyrelasse et al. Lithacryloxypropyl-modified TiO 2 particles and thus synthesizes TiO 2 / polybutyl acrylate impact modifiers.
• Nanoparticles improve the properties of materials in a variety of applications. Nanocomposites can u.a. improve scratch and abrasion resistance (tribology), mechanical properties (tensile strength, modulus, impact strength), barrier properties (gas barrier), fire behavior, rheology and electrical properties. High refractive index nanoparticles can increase the refractive index of plastics.
• the aim is to an effective combination of inorganic nanoparticles and organic polymers by simple radical polymerization.
• the invention achieves this object by means of metal or semi-metal oxide nanoparticles having an average particle size of from 2 to 250 nm, these nanoparticles having at least two different types of radically polymerizable groups on the surface.
• nanoparticles from the group consisting of semimetal and metal oxides of the 3rd and 4th main groups, transition metal oxides, oxides of the lanthanides and actinides and mixtures thereof and core-shell particles with core or shell based on these oxides.
• semimetal and metal oxides of the 3rd and 4th main groups transition metal oxides, oxides of the lanthanides and actinides and mixtures thereof
• core-shell particles with core or shell based on these oxides.
• oxides of silicon, titanium, zirconium, cerium, yttrium, aluminum and antimony the use of other metal or semimetal oxides may be important for various applications.
• nanoparticles with a core-shell structure are also of interest, as described in DE 10100633. Particular preference is given to nanoparticles based on SiO 2 .
• the SiO 2 particles are preferably at least 50% isolated, non-aggregated or agglomerated
• Primary particles Other preferred lower limits are 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% and 98%. These percentages are% by weight.
• Fumed silicas known in the prior art have aggregation / agglomeration of the primary particles due to the preparation route (flame pyrolysis) to form larger structures, which makes it difficult to process the intermediate and end products produced therewith.
• the mean size of the nanoparticles is in the range from 2 to 250 nm.
• Preferred lower limits for the particle size are 4 nm, 5 nm and 8 nm.
• Preferred upper limits are 150 nm, 50 nm and 30 nm.
• the stated upper and lower limits are arbitrary to the invention Areas can be combined.
• the particle size can be carried out in solution by means of dynamic light scattering on a "Dynamic Light Scattering Particle Size Analyzer LB-550" Horiba at a concentration of not more than 10 wt .-% particles, wherein the dispersion has a maximum dynamic viscosity of 3 mPas at 25 0 C.
• the particle size is the median (D50 value) of the particle size distribution.
• the particle size can be determined by transmission electron microscopy. For this purpose, at least 100 particles are measured and a particle size distribution is formed.
• a and B groups are selected according to one aspect of the invention such that they do not both preferably build up mutually alternating copolymers. Accordingly, preferably not both copolymerization parameters should be used
• r A k AA / k ⁇ .AB less than 0.5, preferably not both Copolyme- risationsparameter less than 1.
• the copolymerization behavior of a monomer M1 (for example the monomer in which the particles are dispersed) with the reactive groups on the particles (in each case monomer 2) is governed by the following rules:
• Groups that are not listed here are evaluated as fragments up to the first metal atom by replacing the metal atom with a hydrogen atom.
• An acrylamidopropylsilane is evaluated as N-propylacrylamide.
• Salts such as oleic acid salts (e.g., on basic alumina surfaces), vinylpyridine (on acidic surfaces) are evaluated as the free monomer.
• Polymers having reactive side chains are valued like the particular side chain group alone (e.g., polyallyl methacrylate such as allyl acetate).
• the nanoparticles according to the invention preferably have on the surface methacrylic, acrylic, styryl and / or itaconyl groups (A groups) on the one hand and vinyl, allyl, alkenyl and / or crotonyl groups (B groups) on the other hand.
• a groups methacrylic, acrylic, styryl and / or itaconyl groups
• B groups vinyl, allyl, alkenyl and / or crotonyl groups
• the concentration of each of these groups on the surface of the nanoparticles is preferably 0.01 to 10 groups per nm 2 , preferably 0.1 to 4 groups per nm 2 , more preferably 0.1 to 1 groups per nm 2 .
• the particles can also carry groups which do not react in a polymerization.
• the density of colloidal silica is 2.1 g / cm 3 .
• n R M The number of reactive groups per mass n R M can be determined by suitable analytical methods. If silanes of the type alkoxy, acyloxy, acetoxy, alkenoxy or oximosilanes are used to bring the reactive groups to the surface, complete hydrolysis of the silane can be assumed. This means that all groups used are found on the surface of the particles again.
• the number of polymerizable groups on the particle surface can also be determined by NMR spectroscopy or by DSC (differential scanning calorimetry). These methods can be used in particular if suitable analytical methods for the determination of reactive groups (for example iodine number determination in the case of vinyl groups) are not available.
• DSC differential scanning calorimetry
• the heat of polymerization is measured as a measure of the number of polymerizable groups on the particle surface.
• a defined amount of the surface-modified SiO 2 particles with a standard mixed peroxide solution and the heat of reaction was measured. The process is described, for example, in DE 36 32 215 A1.
• nanoparticles which carry on the surface 0.01 to 10 methacrylic groups / nm 2 and additionally 0.01 to 10 vinyl or allyl groups / nm 2 .
• Particular preference is given to nanoparticles which contain 0.01 to 6 methacryloxypropyl groups / nm 2 and further 0.01 to 6 vinyl groups / nm 2 on the surface.
• it is advantageous if the particles on the surface have only 0.01 to 1 methacrylic but 1 to 10 vinyl groups / nm 2 .
• the invention further provides a polymerizable composite material (polymer composite) containing nanoparticles according to the invention.
• the polymerizable resin used for producing such a composite material will hereinafter also be referred to as a dispersion medium.
• the surface-modified nanoparticles are dispersed therein.
• the nanoparticles are polymerized by means of the polymerizable groups on the surface in the forming network and can form crosslinking points due to the plurality of reactive groups on the O- surface of a particle.
• the fact that the particles are dispersed in the resin (preferably a (meth) acrylate), a uniform dispersion of the particles in the polymerization is possible.
• Preferred dispersion media for the surface-modified particles of type A and type B groups are C 1 -C 8 esters of acrylic acid. Also C 1 -C 8 -alkyl esters of methacrylic acid can be used as dispersion media.
• the nanoparticles are present in at least 50% by weight, preferably at least 70% by weight, more preferably at least 80% by weight, in the form of isolated, unaggregated or agglomerated primary particles. These weights are based on the total weight of nanoparticles in the dispersion.
• a dual surface modification according to the invention ie modification with 2 different, radically polymerizable groups of the SiO 2 particles has the advantage that the SiO 2 particles are incorporated into the polymer chains at different stages of the polymerization.
• the methacrylate groups on the particle surface ensure that the SiO 2 particles are already bonded to the polymer chains in the initial phase of the polymerization, and that this bond ensures a good distribution of the particles in the polymer matrix.
• the effect of the vinyl groups is especially at high conversions, so in the final polymerization, to advantage.
• the duo-Ie modification thus links the events at the beginning of the polymerization with the events in the final polymerization. In this way, for example, result homogeneous, elastic networks.
• the methacrylic groups of the particle surface are preferably incorporated into the polymethyl acrylate chains, while the vinyl groups are only slightly or not copolymerized.
• the methacryloxypropyl of the particle surface behaves like a methacrylic acid ester, and the e.g. vinyltrimethoxysilane-added vinyl groups such as ordinary vinyl groups e.g. copolymerize of the type vinyl acetate or ethylene.
• the e.g. vinyltrimethoxysilane-added vinyl groups such as ordinary vinyl groups e.g. copolymerize of the type vinyl acetate or ethylene.
• MMA as a dispersion medium, a statistical incorporation of the methacryloxypropyl groups of the particle surface into the PMMA chains and a discrimination of the vinyl groups can be found.
• the synthesis of polymer composites from the nanoparticles according to the invention with 2 different polymerizable groups on the particle surface is not limited to the use of (meth) acrylic acid esters as dispersion medium or resin.
• the proportion of these additional monomers in the overall formulation is preferably 0-50% by weight, preferably 0-20% by weight.
• the preparation of the nanoparticles according to the invention with 2 different, free-radically polymerizable groups on the surface takes place, for example, in such a way that the colloidal metal or semimetal oxide is reacted with a mixture of different silanes, for example methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and vinyltrimethoxysilane.
• the copolymerization of the polymerizable groups on the nanoparticles with the monomers of the dispersion medium can be carried out either in bulk or in the presence of solvents. Furthermore, the implementation is possible as a precipitation polymerization.
• a first monomer e.g. 1
• a second monomer e.g. Vinyl groups
• the dual-modified nanoparticles according to the invention arise, for example, in the curing of methacrylate casting resins.
• the methacrylate groups present on the surface of the nanoparticles cause an early binding of the nanoparticles to the resulting polymethacrylate and thus a good compatibility of the particles with the methacrylate matrix.
• the vinyl groups of the particle surface intervene in the final polymerization.
• a pretty low ceiling temperature eg, about 160 0 C for PMMA.
• the dual-modified nanoparticles provide a remedy.
• the vinyl groups remain, the methacrylates are preferably incorporated into the polymer chains.
• the remaining residual monomer e.g. MMA
• the vinyl groups practically titrated by copolymerization with the vinyl groups present on the nanoparticles.
• residual monomer groups ultimately a small number of vinyl groups remain on the particle surface.
• the dual-modified nanoparticles according to the invention can be used quite generally as crosslinkers for vinyl polymers.
• the nanoparticles are bound to the polymers via the (meth) acryloxy group, in a second stage the crosslinking takes place. via the vinyl, allyl, hexenyl or crotonyl groups.
• the nanoparticles according to the invention are dispersed in C 1 -C 8 -alkyl (meth) acrylates.
• Preferred monomers are ethyl, butyl and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.
• the monomer mixture is selected so that a copolymer having a glass transition temperature ⁇ 0 0 C, preferably ⁇ -20 0 C results.
• the glass transition temperature of a copolymer can be calculated according to the so-called Fox equation (T.G. Fox, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. (Ser. II), 1, 123 (1956)).
• Preferred nanoparticles for the synthesis of acrylic rubber are particles which contain not only (meth) acrylic but also vinyl groups on the particle surface. Particular preference is given to methacryloxypropyl and vinyl group-modified SiO 2 particles.
• the polymerization of, for example, methacrylic and vinyl-bearing nanoparticles dispersed in, for example, butyl acrylate, after the casting process is carried out using thermally decomposing initiators, redox initiators, UV initiators or by means of hard radiation.
• thermally active initiators initiator mixtures are preferably used, wherein the one species already decomposes at relatively low temperatures to form relatively stable C radicals (zBt- amyl peroxypivalate, half life Ih at 71 0 C), the other only at higher Temperature with formation of grafting O- and C-radicals (eg t-butylperoxybenzoate, half-life Ih at 124 0 C).
• the hardness of these rubbers may be e.g. be adjusted by the content of nanoparticles and the glass transition temperature. In general, the content of nanoparticles in this application is in the range 5-70 wt .-%, preferably 10- 50 wt .-%.
• containing nanoparticles, viscous liquid rubber is filled after the addition of graft-active, thermally decomposing initiators or UV initiators in an appropriate form and vulcanized directly under the action of heat, light or without additive by means of hard radiation.
• This vulcanization of the nanoparticle-containing liquid rubber can be regarded as peroxide curing, wherein the vinyl groups of the nanoparticles as comonomers enhance the crosslinking effect (see FIG. 1).
• Preferred monomers for this two-stage preparation of acrylate rubber are butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.
• This form of synthesis of acrylate rubber via polybutylacrylate with vinyl group-containing nanoparticles fixed via methacrylate groups is virtually shrink-free, odorless and emission-free.
• the hardness can be adjusted via the content of nanoparticles, the amount of polymerisable groups on the particle surface and the amount of peroxide used.
• nanoparticles having a relatively low content of (meth) acrylic groups, e.g. 0.01- 1 groups / nm 2 and at the same time a relatively high content of vinyl groups, e.g. 2-10 vinyl group / nrt ⁇ 2.
• a mixture of 80 parts of polybutyl acrylate of the 1st stage (containing, for example, 20% by weight of dual-modified nanoparticles) and 20 parts of styrene is mixed with peroxide, filled into a mold and polymerized.
• an acrylic rubber is formed, which is crosslinked via nanoparticles and polystyrene domains.
• allyl groups are of interest as polymerizable groups B on the particle surface.
• the metal oxide particles preferably have a surface modification for functionalization and, if appropriate, for compatibilization with the monomers.
• surface functionalization are, for example, the silanization of the surface, the reaction with titanates and zirconates, alcoholysis, the use of acidic, basic or ionic compounds that form ionic bonds with the polar surface, the radical attachment of polymers and monomers , as well as the merely physical adhesion of hydrophobic polymers.
• Oxides having an acidic surface can form ionic bonds with basic molecules. These include preferably nitrogen compounds. These nitrogen compounds may carry further polymerizable groups. Examples of these are vinylpyridine, vinylpyrrolidone and allylamine. Oxides with a basic surface such as alumina and zinc oxide can react with organic acids and form an ionic bond. Examples of these are oleic acid, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
• the silanization of the surface of the SiO 2 particles is preferably carried out with organosilanes or organosiloxanes.
• This silanization is a technology well known in the art.
• hydrolyzable groups are halogen, alkoxy, alkenoxy, acyloxy, oximino and aminoxy groups.
• organofunctional hydrocarbon radicals particular preference is given to unsaturated radicals which are reactive in a free-radical polymerization.
• organic radicals are those which have methacryloyl, acrylolyl, styryl, vinyl, hexenyl and AlIyI functionalities or groups.
• the functionalizing of the particles with reactive groups are, for example, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, methylvinyldimethoxysilane, methylvinyldiethoxysilane, vinyldimethylmethoxysilane, vinyldimethylethoxysilane, divinyldimethoxysilane, divinyldiethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane, methylvinyldichlorosilane, dimethylvinylchlorosilane, divinyldichlorosilane, vinyltris (2-methoxyethoxy) silane , Hexenyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, gamma-methacryloxypropyltriacetoxysilane, methacryloxymethyltrimethoxysi
• silanes with each other or with unfunctionalized silanes such as e.g. Chlorotrimethylsilane or octyltrimethoxysilane be used.
• the silanization can also be carried out in several steps and different solvents.
• the SiO 2 particles can be treated with alcohols, polyols or mixtures thereof.
• silanol groups on the surface of the SiO 2 particle chemically bind with the hydroxyl groups of the alcohol, resulting in surface-bound ester groups.
• This technique is described, for example, in US-A-2801185.
• it is preferred to use at least partially unsaturated primary alcohols. Examples of such alcohols are hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and allyl alcohol.
• Another method for the functionalization is the modification of the surface with anchor groups, eg functionalized silanes. These silanes have a reactive group that can react in a second step with a molecule that itself has two reactive groups. The one group reacts with the silane, the other is reactive in radical polymerization.
• a colloidal silica sol (40% by weight SiO 2 in water, particle size (D 50) by dynamic light scattering: 25 nm, stabilized with NaOH) was stirred over an acidic ion exchanger (Amberjet 1200H, Rohm & Haas) until a pH of 2 3 was reached. After filtration from the ion exchanger, 2000 g of the acidic sol were stirred with 59.6 g of MEMO and 35.6 g of vinyltrimethoxysilane for 2 hours.
• an acidic ion exchanger Amberjet 1200H, Rohm & Haas
• the sol was diluted with 2800 g of isopropanol to give a sol having a solids content of 17% by weight in a 70:30 mixture of isopropanol and water.
• the particles have 1.6 vinyl groups per nm 2 (of vinyltrimethoxysilane) and 1.6 methacrylic groups per nm 2 (of gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) on the surface.
• a colloidal silica sol (40% by weight SiO 2 in water, particle size (D 50) by dynamic light scattering: 25 nm, stabilized with NaOH) was stirred over an acidic ion exchanger (Amberjet 1200H, Rohm & Haas) until a pH of 2- 3 was reached. After filtration from the ion exchanger, The 400 g of the acidic sol with 11.9 g of MEMO and 7.1 g of vinyltrimethoxysilane for 2 h. The mixture was mixed with 2400 g of isopropanol and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to about 450 g.
• the mixture is then polymerized in a water bath initially at 70 ° C. for 3 h and then at 85 ° C. for 2 h.
• For final polymerization is annealed for 2 h at 110 0 C in a warming cabinet.
• a colorless, transparent acrylic rubber sheet is obtained.
• Example 3 Acrylic rubber plate based on particle dispersion P2 with reduced content of nanoparticles
• Example 4 Acrylic rubber plate based on the particle dispersion P2 with further reduced content of nanoparticles
• Crosslinking experiment 15 g of the solution are mixed with 2% by weight of dibenzoyl peroxide, based on the solid, and placed in a glass dish. After drying, the mixture is heated to 140 ° C. for 2 hours.
• Example 6 Use of the dual-modified nanoparticles for the preparation of polybutyl acrylate / polyvinylpyrrolidone graft copolymers
• a stirring apparatus a mixture of 43.5 g of P, 34.3 g of isopropanol, 7.5 g of butyl acrylate and 0.12 g of AIBN is placed under argon as protective gas and heated to 75 ° C. (internal temperature). After reaching the internal temperature is maintained for 10min. Subsequently, 12 g of N-vinylpyrrolidone are added dropwise within 30 min and then stirred at 75 0 C for a further 30 min. After cooling to room temperature results in a stable, thin liquid, transparent dispersion having a solids content of 27.7 wt .-%.

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