WO2009104756A1 - ZnO系半導体素子 - Google Patents
ZnO系半導体素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2009104756A1 WO2009104756A1 PCT/JP2009/053074 JP2009053074W WO2009104756A1 WO 2009104756 A1 WO2009104756 A1 WO 2009104756A1 JP 2009053074 W JP2009053074 W JP 2009053074W WO 2009104756 A1 WO2009104756 A1 WO 2009104756A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/26—Materials of the light emitting region
- H01L33/28—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group II and Group VI of the Periodic Table
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a ZnO-based semiconductor element including an acceptor doped layer made of ZnO or MgZnO in a laminated structure.
- ZnO-based semiconductors are expected to be applied to ultraviolet LEDs, high-speed electronic devices, surface acoustic wave devices and the like used as light sources for illumination and backlights. Although ZnO-based semiconductors have attracted attention for their multifunctionality, light emission potential, and the like, they have hardly grown as semiconductor device materials. The biggest difficulty is that acceptor doping is difficult and p-type ZnO cannot be obtained.
- Non-Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2 in recent years, it has become possible to obtain P-type ZnO as a result of technological advances, and light emission has been confirmed.
- nitrogen as an acceptor for obtaining p-type ZnO.
- the doping efficiency of nitrogen strongly depends on the growth temperature, and it is necessary to lower the substrate temperature in order to perform nitrogen doping.
- the substrate temperature is lowered, the crystallinity is lowered, a carrier compensation center for compensating the acceptor is formed, and nitrogen is not activated (self-compensation effect), so that the formation of the p-type ZnO layer itself becomes very difficult.
- the main surface of growth is a -C plane, and the temperature dependence of nitrogen doping efficiency is used to repeat the growth temperature between 400 ° C and 1000 ° C.
- a modulation method Repeated Temperature Modulation: RTM.
- the above-described method has a problem that the expansion and contraction are repeated by continuous heating and cooling, so that the burden on the manufacturing apparatus is large, the manufacturing apparatus becomes large, and the maintenance cycle is shortened. Further, since the low temperature portion determines the doping amount, it is necessary to accurately control the temperature, but it is difficult to accurately control 400 ° C. and 1000 ° C. in a short time, and the reproducibility and stability are poor. Further, since a laser is used as a heating source, it is not suitable for heating a large area, and it is difficult to grow a large number of sheets for reducing the device manufacturing cost. RTM is necessary because, when the ⁇ C plane of the ZnO substrate is used for crystal growth, nitrogen cannot enter unless the temperature is lowered, which is peculiar to ⁇ C plane growth.
- Non-Patent Document 3 it is easy to enter nitrogen when a + C plane of a ZnO substrate is used as a growth substrate. Therefore, as a result of research on growing a ZnO-based thin film on the + C plane ZnO substrate on the + C plane, the MgZnO thin film is easier to be p-type than the ZnO thin film, and even at a constant temperature growth without using RTM. It has been found that p-type conversion is possible and is described in detail in Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-251482, which has already been filed. A. Tsukazaki et al., JJAP 44 (2005) L643 A.
- the roughness of the acceptor-doped layer is propagated to the n-type layer and the surface flatness is deteriorated, so that a desired function as a semiconductor device cannot be exhibited.
- ZnO when ZnO is used for the acceptor doped layer or the like, there are some troublesome physical properties of ZnO. What is generally well known is a change in electrical characteristics due to annealing. In the low oxygen state, the electron concentration increases to lower the resistance, and in the presence of oxygen, both the electron concentration and mobility decrease to increase the resistance. This means that the film properties of ZnO may change during the process from the time when ZnO is grown to the completion of the device or during operation, and that the film properties are likely to change at the film growth temperature. It is a property that causes problems with devices.
- ZnO tends to cause compositional deviation.
- ZnO has the property of shifting to the Zn-rich side like Zn 1 + ⁇ O 1- ⁇ . Therefore, the degree of Zn rich is increased by the low oxygen state annealing, and the degree of Zn rich is decreased in the high oxygen state annealing.
- the undoped state needs to be stabilized in order to control the conductivity as intended, but undoped ZnO is slightly less stable. For this reason, especially when acceptor doping such as nitrogen doping is performed, a compensation level is automatically formed (self-compensation effect), or surface atom migration due to point defect growth is suppressed, thereby reducing the roughness of the film surface. Easy to cause.
- ZnO has a very high c-axis orientation and often forms a film like a collection of hexagonal columns. At this time, a region called a grain boundary exists between the hexagonal columns, and a potential barrier is generated here.
- a ZnO varistor has successfully used this property, but it causes a crystal defect, which usually causes an increase in operating voltage and a leakage current. This also becomes a problem especially in electronic devices.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a ZnO-based semiconductor element that can suppress deterioration in flatness of the layers after the acceptor-doped layer and increase in crystal defects, and can stabilize film characteristics.
- a ZnO-based semiconductor element of the present invention is a ZnO-based semiconductor element formed by stacking ZnO-based semiconductors on a substrate by crystal growth, and includes Mg Y Zn 1-Y 2 O (0 ⁇ Y ⁇ 1), which includes an acceptor-doped layer containing at least one acceptor element, and an undoped or donor-doped Mg X Zn 1-X O (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 1) layer is formed in contact with the acceptor-doped layer It is a summary.
- the ZnO-based semiconductor device of the present invention is a ZnO-based semiconductor device formed by stacking ZnO-based semiconductors on a substrate by crystal growth, and Mg Y Zn 1-Y O (0 ⁇ Y ⁇ 1).
- the configured acceptor element and containing at least one acceptor-doped layer, and at least one n-type comprising the Mg Z Zn 1-Z O ( 0 ⁇ Z ⁇ 1) layer of the donor element, undoped or donor-doped been Mg X
- the Zn 1-X O layer is located between the acceptor-doped layer and the n-type Mg Z Zn 1-Z O layer and is in contact with either one of the two layers. .
- an undoped or donor-doped MgZnO layer is formed in contact with the acceptor-doped layer. Also, if it contains an acceptor-doped layer and n-type Mg Z Zn 1-Z O layer laminate, undoped or donor-doped MgZnO layer, between the acceptor-doped layer and n-type Mg Z Zn 1-Z O layer And is in contact with either one of the two layers. Furthermore, in any of the above cases, the acceptor doped layer is made of MgZnO containing Mg.
- the deterioration of the flatness of the acceptor doped layer or the layers after the acceptor doped layer and the increase of crystal defects are suppressed without lowering the acceptor element concentration of the acceptor doped layer due to the base effect of the MgZnO layer and the characteristics of MgZnO itself. be able to.
- the characteristics and properties of the acceptor doped layer can be stabilized.
- FIG. 1 It is a figure which shows an example of the laminated structure of the ZnO type semiconductor element of this invention. It is a figure which shows the difference in the laminated structure at the time of using MgZnO and ZnO for the base
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a laminated structure of ZnO-based semiconductor elements of the present invention.
- n-type Mg Z Zn 1-Z O layer 2 the undoped Mg X Zn 1-X O layer 5, in order to simplify the notation, such as the acceptor-doped Mg Y Zn 1-Y O layer 6, respectively, n type Mg Z ZnO layer 2, an undoped Mg X ZnO layer 5, referred to as the acceptor-doped Mg Y ZnO layer 6.
- the ZnO-based semiconductor or the ZnO-based thin film is composed of ZnO or a compound containing ZnO. Specific examples include ZnO, IIA group element and Zn, IIB group element and Zn, or IIA. It means a material containing each group element, IIB group element and Zn oxide.
- the MQW active layer 4 is formed in, for example, a multiple quantum well structure in which barrier layers Mg 0.15 ZnO and well layers ZnO are alternately stacked.
- the acceptor-doped Mg Y ZnO layer 6 is doped with at least one acceptor element.
- acceptor element nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, lithium, copper, or the like is used.
- the undoped Mg X ZnO layer 5 corresponds to an undoped or donor-doped Mg X Zn 1-X O (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 1) layer, and may be a donor-doped Mg X ZnO layer.
- the donor element in this case can be selected as in the case of the n-type Mg Z ZnO layer 2.
- the undoped Mg X ZnO layer 5 and the acceptor doped Mg Y ZnO layer 6 have Mg compositions in the range of 0 ⁇ X and 0 ⁇ Y, and are composed of MgZnO that always contains Mg. Yes.
- the upper limit of the Mg composition is preferably 0 ⁇ X ⁇ 0.5 and 0 ⁇ Y ⁇ 0.5. This is because the Mg composition ratio capable of producing a uniform MgZnO mixed crystal is currently 50% or less. To produce a uniform MgZnO mixed crystal more reliably, the Mg composition ratio may be 30% or less. Further preferred.
- the acceptor-doped layer includes a p-type semiconductor and an i-type semiconductor (intrinsic semiconductor).
- a characteristic point in the structure of FIG. 1 is that an undoped MgZnO layer is used as a base when an acceptor doped layer is formed, and the acceptor doped layer is made of MgZnO.
- an undoped MgZnO layer is inserted between the n-type layer and the acceptor-doped layer, and MgZnO is also used in the acceptor-doped layer, so that many acceptor elements are contained in the acceptor-doped layer. While being able to take in, the surface roughness of an acceptor dope layer can be prevented.
- FIG. 12 shows the relationship between the crystal growth temperature (substrate temperature) and the nitrogen concentration in the ZnO thin film. Characteristics in the growth temperature range of about 600 ° C. to 850 ° C. are shown. This is a result of growing a ZnO thin film on the + C plane of the ZnO substrate while doping nitrogen, which is a kind of acceptor element.
- the vertical axis represents the nitrogen concentration (cm ⁇ 3 ) taken into the ZnO thin film when nitrogen is doped, and the horizontal axis represents the growth temperature (substrate temperature: unit ° C.). As shown in FIG.
- the nitrogen concentration which is a kind of acceptor element, has temperature dependency even when the + C plane is used, and the doped nitrogen concentration increases as the temperature decreases. Therefore, in order to sufficiently incorporate nitrogen and make the ZnO-based thin film p-type, the substrate temperature may be lowered. However, when the substrate temperature is lowered, the following surface flatness problem occurs. .
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the ZnO thin film grown on the MgZnO substrate by changing the substrate temperature (growth temperature) and expressing the flatness of the ZnO surface for each substrate temperature as a numerical value.
- the vertical axis Ra (unit: nm) in FIG. 14 represents the arithmetic average roughness of the film surface.
- the arithmetic average roughness Ra is obtained from a roughness curve.
- the surface roughness parameters such as the arithmetic average roughness Ra are defined by JIS standards and are used.
- FIG. 14 shows the arithmetic average roughness Ra calculated as described above as the vertical axis and the substrate temperature as the horizontal axis.
- the black triangle ( ⁇ ) in FIG. 14 indicates data when the substrate temperature is less than 750 ° C.
- the black circle ( ⁇ ) indicates data when the substrate temperature is 750 ° C. or higher.
- FIG. 14 it can be seen that the flatness of the surface is drastically improved when the substrate temperature rises at the boundary of 750 ° C.
- FIG. 15 shows the root mean square roughness RMS of the film surface from the same measurement data as FIG.
- the root mean square roughness RMS is the sum of the squares of deviations from the mean line of the roughness curve to the measurement curve and represents the square root of the averaged value.
- RMS ⁇ (1 / l) ⁇ ⁇ (f (x)) 2 dx ⁇ 1/2 (the integration interval is from 0 to 1).
- FIG. 15 shows the mean square roughness RMS on the vertical axis and the substrate temperature on the horizontal axis.
- the black triangle ( ⁇ ) indicates data when the substrate temperature is less than 750 ° C.
- the black circle ( ⁇ ) indicates data when the substrate temperature is 750 ° C. or higher.
- the substrate temperature it can be seen that the flatness of the surface is abruptly improved when the substrate temperature is increased at 750 ° C. as in FIG.
- the nitrogen doping amount depends on the growth temperature. As shown in FIGS. 14 and 15, if the temperature is less than 750 ° C., the surface flatness is extremely deteriorated. In addition, the step flow growth temperature of MgZnO is higher than that of ZnO.
- FIG. 13 shows that the step flow growth temperature of MgZnO increases.
- FIG. 13A shows an image obtained by scanning the surface of the ZnO thin film grown on the ZnO substrate in an area of 2 ⁇ m using AFM
- FIG. 13B shows the surface of the MgZnO thin film grown on the ZnO substrate. Is an image scanned in a 2 ⁇ m square range.
- the ZnO thin film in FIG. 13A has a growth temperature of 790 ° C., and the growth temperature of the MgZnO thin film in FIG. In the MgZnO thin film, the surface flatness is maintained at a growth temperature of about 880 ° C., but in the ZnO thin film, the surface flatness is maintained even at 790 ° C. As described above, the MgZnO thin film needs to be grown at a higher temperature than the ZnO thin film. When the growth temperature is lowered to increase the nitrogen doping concentration, the influence on the surface flatness of the MgZnO thin film is larger. Conceivable.
- Si is a constituent element of a discharge tube in a radical cell that generates active oxygen by converting O 2 into plasma, and is most often mixed.
- Si is taken in, it works as a donor, so that the p-type conversion becomes difficult if the Si concentration increases. Therefore, it is important to flatten the film surface.
- FIGS. 16 and 17 were examined by epitaxially growing a nitrogen-doped Mg x ZnO thin film on a ZnO substrate using an MBE (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) apparatus having a radical cell. Further, the silicon concentration and nitrogen concentration in the Mg X ZnO thin film were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).
- MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy
- FIG. 16B shows a surface image when Mg 0.1 ZnO is doped with nitrogen at 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 by nitrogen doping with nitrogen monoxide (NO) plasma at a substrate temperature of 750 ° C.
- an AFM Atomic Force Microscope
- the scan range is 10 ⁇ m square, and the numbers in the figure are RMS (Root Mean Square) values.
- nitrogen-doped ZnO causes surface roughness at low temperatures.
- the surface roughness of Mg 0.1 ZnO does not occur, and when acceptor doping is performed, the Mg component is also included in producing a flat film. MgZnO is more preferable.
- FIG. 17 shows that surface roughness causes unintentional impurity doping and hinders p-type conversion.
- Si is taken as an example of an unintended impurity.
- FIG. 17A shows the nitrogen doping concentration and the Si concentration in the ZnO layer of FIG.
- FIG. 17B shows the nitrogen doping concentration and the Si concentration in the Mg 0.1 ZnO layer of FIG.
- the left vertical axis indicates the Si concentration or N concentration
- the right vertical axis indicates the ZnO secondary ion intensity
- the horizontal axis indicates the depth ( ⁇ m).
- the vertical dotted line in the figure indicates the boundary between the ZnO substrate and the Mg X ZnO thin film, and the region where the nitrogen concentration or the silicon concentration is rising is the ZnO layer or the Mg 0.1 ZnO layer, and the region where the concentration is close to 0 It is a ZnO substrate.
- the ZnO layer having a poor surface flatness (rough surface) shown in FIG. 16A has a higher Si concentration in the thin film.
- Si When Si is taken in, it works as a donor, so if the Si concentration increases, p-type conversion becomes difficult. Therefore, MgZnO containing the Mg component is more preferable from the viewpoint of flattening the film surface and preventing the incorporation of impurities.
- FIG. 1 when an acceptor doped layer is produced, the surface flatness of the acceptor doped layer is improved by using an undoped or donor-doped MgZnO layer as a base and MgZnO for the acceptor doped layer.
- FIG. 2 shows the difference in effect between when the MgZnO layer is used as a base and when it is not used when forming the acceptor doped layer.
- a Ga-doped MgZnO layer 42, an undoped MgZnO layer 43, a stacked body 44, an undoped ZnO layer 45, and a nitrogen-doped MgZnO layer 46 are formed in this order on a ZnO substrate 41.
- the Ga-doped MgZnO layer 42 to the undoped ZnO layer 45 were grown at a growth temperature of 900 ° C., and the nitrogen-doped MgZnO layer 46 was grown at a low growth temperature of 830 ° C. in order to increase the nitrogen concentration.
- a Ga-doped MgZnO layer 42, an undoped MgZnO layer 43, a stacked body 44, an undoped MgZnO layer 50, and a nitrogen-doped MgZnO layer 46 were formed in this order on the ZnO substrate 41.
- the Ga-doped MgZnO layer 42 to the undoped MgZnO layer 50 were grown at a growth temperature of 900 ° C., and the nitrogen-doped MgZnO layer 46 was grown at a low growth temperature of 830 ° C. in order to increase the nitrogen concentration.
- the stacked body 44 is a superlattice layer, and is configured by a stacked body in which undoped ZnO and undoped MgZnO are alternately stacked for 10 periods.
- Ga-doped MgZnO layer 42 is the n-type Mg Z ZnO layer
- an undoped MgZnO layer 50 corresponds to the Mg X ZnO layer which is undoped or donor-doped .
- FIGS. 2A and 2B other layer structures, growth temperatures, and the like are different depending on whether the undoped ZnO layer 45 or the undoped MgZnO layer 50 is used as the base of the nitrogen-doped MgZnO layer 46. Is the same.
- FIG. 3 shows a comparison of the surface states of these uppermost layers. 3A shows the surface of the uppermost nitrogen-doped MgZnO layer 46 shown in FIG. 2A, and FIG. 3B shows the surface of the uppermost nitrogen-doped MgZnO layer 46 shown in FIG. These are images scanned by AFM measurement. 3B has a clean surface with no roughness, and is considered to be an effect obtained by using the undoped MgZnO layer 50 as the base of the nitrogen-doped MgZnO layer 46 in FIG. 2B.
- the crystal defect density decreases when MgZnO is used. Since the crystal defect density causes unintentional impurity contamination as well as the problem of surface flatness, it is desirable to reduce it as much as possible.
- FIG. 4 is a graph in which a ZnO thin film is grown on a ZnO substrate and its surface is observed by AFM, as depicted in the lower right of FIG. 4B.
- FIG. 5 shows a ZnO thin film grown on a ZnO substrate by growing a Ga (gallium) doped MgZnO thin film on the ZnO substrate, as depicted in the lower right of FIG. 5B.
- the substrate / Ga-doped MgZnO / ZnO layered structure is used, and the ZnO thin film surface is observed by AFM.
- FIG. 4C and FIG. 5C show the results of performing PL (photoluminescence) measurement with each of these configurations.
- the horizontal axis represents wavelength (nm) and the vertical axis represents emission intensity (arbitrary unit).
- the measurement curve M is F at the absolute temperature of 12K and F at the room temperature.
- IQE represents internal quantum efficiency.
- a black dot is seen. This is a dislocation defect appearing on the surface.
- the defect density is 3.6 ⁇ 10 5 cm ⁇ 2 , FIG. In this case, the defect density was 6.1 ⁇ 10 4 cm ⁇ 2 .
- the use of MgZnO as the base for crystal growth of the ZnO thin film reduces the crystal defect density and greatly increases the internal quantum efficiency from 6.8% to 20%. You can see that it is rising.
- FIG. 6 shows the state of the MQW layer surface when a stacked structure of ZnO substrate / Ga-doped MgZnO / MQW layer is formed at a growth temperature of 870 ° C. as shown in FIG.
- the MQW layer was constituted by a laminated body in which an undoped ZnO film having a thickness of 2 nm and an undoped MgZnO film having a thickness of 2 nm were alternately stacked for 10 periods.
- the surface of the MQW layer was photographed using an AFM with a visual field of 20 ⁇ m square and a visual field of 1 ⁇ m square.
- the crystal defect density was 7.2 ⁇ 10 4 cm ⁇ 2 .
- the PL measurement result is shown in (c), and the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) was 36%.
- the internal quantum efficiency is greatly improved by using MQW (multiple quantum well structure) than in the case of FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a photograph of the surface of MgZnO taken by AFM with a ZnO substrate / undoped MgZnO formed at a growth temperature of 870 ° C. as shown in FIG.
- the crystal defect density was 7.4 ⁇ 10 4 cm ⁇ 2 .
- FIG. 8 shows an undoped ZnO film formed on the undoped MgZnO film of FIG. 7 at a growth temperature of 870 ° C.
- the surface of the undoped ZnO film was photographed by AFM.
- the crystal defect density was 3.2 ⁇ 10 5 cm ⁇ 2 .
- FIG. 9 shows an AFM measurement on the surface of an undoped ZnO film when an undoped ZnO film is grown directly on a ZnO substrate at a growth temperature of 870 ° C. without using MgZnO as a base to obtain a ZnO substrate / undoped ZnO. Images are shown. In this case, the defect density was 1.2 ⁇ 10 6 cm ⁇ 2 .
- the defect of the MgZnO film grown on the ZnO substrate is the smallest, and only ZnO is grown on the ZnO substrate.
- the defect density shows a two-digit increase. It can also be seen that when MgZnO is used for the base, an increase in the defect density of the ZnO film on MgZnO is suppressed.
- FIG. 10A is an image obtained by forming nitrogen-doped Mg 0.1 ZnO on a ZnO substrate at a growth temperature of 748 ° C. and measuring the surface by AFM.
- FIG. 10B shows a nitrogen doping in the case where 20 cycles of nitrogen-doped ZnO having a thickness of 10 nm and nitrogen-doped Mg 0.08 ZnO having a thickness of 10 nm are alternately stacked on a ZnO substrate at a growth temperature of 790 ° C. It is the image which measured the ZnO surface by AFM.
- the roughness of the ZnO surface affects the uppermost layer, so that the defect density increases.
- MgZnO is used as a base, an increase in defect density is considerably suppressed.
- the MgZnO layer As described above, by using the MgZnO layer, crystal defects of the MgZnO layer itself and the upper layer formed after the MgZnO layer can be reduced, and the photoluminescence intensity of the thin film formed on the MgZnO layer is dramatically increased. Therefore, the light emission efficiency is improved for the light emitting element.
- the + C plane ZnO substrate 1 is wet-etched with an acidic solution having a pH of 3 or less to remove the polishing damage layer.
- the ZnO substrate 1 is introduced into the MBE apparatus having a background vacuum of about 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 Pascal through the load lock chamber. While the temperature is measured by thermography, the ZnO substrate 1 is heated at 700 ° C. to 1000 ° C. to sublimate H 2 O and hydrocarbon organic substances adhering to the atmosphere (thermal cleaning).
- a Ga-doped MgZnO layer / undoped MgZnO layer / MQW active layer is grown using a Ga-doped MgZnO layer as the n-type Mg Z ZnO layer 2.
- the MQW active layer 4 is formed, for example, by repeating the well layer ZnO with a thickness of 1.5 nm and the barrier layer Mg 0.15 ZnO with a thickness of 6 nm for about 5 cycles. At this time, the MQW active layer 4 may include a ZnO layer.
- the final layer of the MQW active layer 4 is a ZnO layer
- an undoped Mg on the MQW active layer 4 as shown in FIG. X An undoped Mg 0.05 ZnO layer is formed at a growth temperature of 900 ° C. as the ZnO layer 5.
- the growth temperature is lowered to 850 ° C., and NO (nitrogen monoxide) gas is introduced by plasma cracking to grow nitrogen-doped Mg 0.15 ZnO as the acceptor-doped Mg Y ZnO layer 6.
- the present invention can be applied to elements other than the above-described light-emitting elements, such as MOS or MIS type FETs (field effect transistors), HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors), and the like.
- a trench type MOSFET there is an NPN structure having a p-type layer as a channel layer.
- the substrate temperature is raised when the growth process shifts from the p-type layer to the n-type layer.
- the p-type ZnO is the final layer of the p-type layer, Since ZnO tends to cause defects at a high temperature, p-type ZnO causes surface roughness, and further, surface roughness propagates to an n-type layer formed thereon to deteriorate surface flatness.
- the subsequent n-type layer can be formed without surface roughness.
- FIG. 11A shows only the layer structure.
- An n-type MgZnO layer 22, an acceptor-doped MgZnO layer 23, an undoped MgZnO layer 24, and an n-type MgZnO layer 25 are formed on the ZnO substrate 21.
- the acceptor doped MgZnO layer 23 becomes a p-type layer and forms an NPN structure.
- the acceptor-doped MgZnO layer 23 corresponding to the acceptor-doped layer is formed with the n-type MgZnO layer 22 corresponding to the donor-doped Mg X Zn 1- XO layer as a base, the doping amount of the acceptor element can be ensured, The surface flatness of the acceptor doped MgZnO layer 23 is improved. Even if the surface flatness of the acceptor-doped MgZnO layer 23 deteriorates, the surface roughness does not propagate to the n-type MgZnO layer 25 because the n-type MgZnO layer 25 is formed with the undoped MgZnO layer 24 as a base. .
- FIG. 11B shows an example of a laminated structure in which two acceptor-doped layers are formed.
- An acceptor-doped MgZnO layer 32, an undoped MgZnO layer 33, an n-type ZnO layer 34, an acceptor-doped MgZnO layer 35, an undoped MgZnO layer 36, and an n-type MgZnO layer 37 are formed on the ZnO substrate 31.
- Undoped MgZnO layers 33 and 36 (corresponding to undoped Mg X Zn 1-X O layers) are formed on the upper layers of the acceptor doped MgZnO layers 32 and 35, respectively, and the surface roughness of the acceptor doped layer does not propagate to the upper layers. It is like that.
- ZnO-based semiconductors ZnO-based compound semiconductors
- Typical examples of ZnO-based semiconductors are CdZnO and MgZnO.
- CdZnO which is a narrow gap material, tends to be avoided because of the toxicity of Cd.
- MgZnO has a tendency to increase the activation energy of the acceptor energy (that is, it is difficult to generate holes), and MgZnO is often made from a sintered body, so that the purity is difficult to increase. That is why it has not been a subject of p-type research for the reasons described above.
- FIG. 22 shows that MgZnO has the effect of reducing and mitigating the self-compensation effect.
- FIG. 22 shows spectral distributions of nitrogen-doped ZnO and nitrogen-doped MgZnO measured at an absolute temperature of 12 K (Kelvin) by photoluminescence (PL) measurement. As shown in FIG.
- the PL measurement has a structure in which a nitrogen-doped Mg X1 ZnO layer 52 (0 ⁇ X1 ⁇ 1) is crystallized on a ZnO substrate 51.
- a nitrogen-doped MgZnO layer 52 (X1 ⁇ 0) with crystal growth was used.
- the photoluminescence measuring device As the photoluminescence measuring device, the device described in Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-251482 of the already filed application was used. Briefly, a He—Cd laser was used as an excitation light source, and the output of the He—Cd laser was 30 to 32 mW. The intensity of the excitation light generated from the excitation light source was about 1 to 10 W / cm 2 , and the output of the excitation light immediately before the sample was about 250 to 400 ⁇ W.
- the focal length of the spectrometer is 50 cm, the number of engraving lines of the diffraction grating of the spectrometer is 1200 / mm, and the blaze wavelength (wavelength with the maximum diffraction efficiency) is 330 nm.
- the freezing temperature of the refrigerator was set so that the absolute temperature could be set to 10 to 200 Kelvin.
- the photodetector is a 1024 channel, liquid nitrogen cooling system with a CCD detector.
- the entire system including the spectroscope and the photodetector was a so-called SPECTRUM1 system (manufactured by HORIBA JOVIN YVON).
- the curve drawn with a white circle ( ⁇ ) is nitrogen-doped ZnO, and the other two curves are nitrogen-doped MgZnO.
- ZnO is a nitrogen doping concentration formed in 2 ⁇ 10 19 cm -3
- MgZnO the nitrogen doping concentration for Mg 0.1 ZnO 2 ⁇ 10 19 cm -3
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 22 indicates the emission energy (unit: eV)
- the vertical axis indicates the PL intensity, and is expressed in an arbitrary unit (logarithmic scale) that is normally used during PL measurement. In order to make it easy to compare the shapes of the spectra, the origin positions of the spectra are shifted.
- FIG. 24 is a graph in which the horizontal axis of the graph of FIG. 22 is enlarged from a range of 3.05 to 3.65 eV to a range of 1.7 to 3.7 eV
- FIG. 23 is a graph of FIG. The figure which expanded the scale of a horizontal axis to 2.7-3.7eV is represented.
- P1, P2, and P3 shown in FIGS. 22 to 24 each represent band edge emission.
- Nitrogen-doped ZnO is known as a donor-acceptor pair (DAP) on the lower energy side than the band edge emission peak energy shown by P1 in FIGS.
- DAP donor-acceptor pair
- the position of DAP emission is determined as follows.
- the energy of DAP emission is E DAP
- the lowest excitation energy is E G
- the donor level is E D
- the acceptor level is E A
- the distance between the donor and the acceptor is r DA
- the vacuum dielectric constant ⁇ 0 is the vacuum dielectric constant ⁇ 0
- the relative dielectric constant ⁇ r is the electron charge is e
- the Planck constant is h
- the LO (Longitudinal Optical) phonon frequency is ⁇ LO
- E DAP E G -E D -E A + (e 2 / 4 ⁇ 0 ⁇ r r DA) - (mh ⁇ LO / 2 ⁇ ) It becomes.
- m is an integer of 0 or more.
- the emission peak position of DAP is determined as shown in the above formula, it is usually determined if the types of donors and acceptors and their concentrations are determined.
- the DAP emission region appears on the lower energy side than 3.3 eV.
- the DAP emission region appears on the lower energy side than 3.3 eV.
- the DAP emission region appears on the lower energy side than 3.3 eV.
- the DAP region shows that on the lower energy side than the DAP region, there is a region where the PL intensity increases as the energy decreases, and deep level emission peculiar to nitrogen doping is observed.
- the deep level emission intensity becomes very large in ZnO.
- MgZnO the deep level emission intensity is reduced by an order of magnitude or more, and the remarkable characteristics of MgZnO are observed.
- MgZnO the degree of defect generation due to nitrogen doping is small.
- DAP emission is blue-shifted in emission peak as PL excitation light density is increased, and is mainly identified using this phenomenon.
- the solid and dashed curves are for MgZnO, but because MgZnO has a wide gap, on the MgZnO curve, the same peak as the ZnO band edge emission peak is visible at the same position as the ZnO band edge emission peak P1. ing. From this, it can be readily seen that for nitrogen-doped ZnO, DAP emission is stronger than that of ZnO band edge emission at 3.3 eV. The band edge emission is weakened during acceptor doping, and the DAP emission is strong, which is normally seen in ZnSe and GaN, and is not unusual. Because this fact is supported, it has become common to try to make p-type ZnO.
- the behavior is completely different in MgZnO.
- the broken line and the solid line in the figure are nitrogen-doped MgZnO.
- the emission near the band edge emission P2 and P3 is stronger than the DAP emission.
- the solid line data shows a very weak DAP emission despite the fact that the ZnO curve and the nitrogen concentration are exactly the same. This is a remarkable feature of MgZnO, and it is considered that the self-compensation effect is reduced.
- FIG. 18 shows that MgZnO has fewer extra levels than the vicinity of the band than ZnO.
- FIG. 18 shows what is called time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL), and the PL light intensity (in this case, of ZnO and MgZnO) with a wavelength selected arbitrarily, with the time course after excitation by an external laser as the horizontal axis.
- TRPL time-resolved photoluminescence
- the intensity of the band edge is plotted on the vertical axis, and is used to estimate the light emission component and the non-light emission component, which indicates the attenuation of the PL light intensity.
- FIG. 18A shows the TRPL spectrum of MgZnO
- FIG. 18B shows the TRPL spectrum of ZnO.
- the horizontal axis indicates the elapsed time (unit: ns) from the first PL emission
- the vertical axis indicates the PL intensity
- the PL intensity decays exponentially with time variation of the PL intensity, indicating that there is no extra emission level.
- the line is linear.
- the solid line indicates the fitting result when the measurement curve is fitted with a combination of a plurality of exponential functions. If there is one straight line, only one exponential function is used.
- ZnO does not become a straight line, but as shown in FIG. 18A, MgZnO becomes a straight line. Therefore, it can be seen that MgZnO is less likely to generate extra levels, is easy to optimize, has a wide allowable range of growth conditions, and is suitable as a device material.
- MgZnO is considered to be easier to be p-type by acceptor doping due to a reduction in self-compensation effect than ZnO, which will be described below.
- FIG. 19A illustrates a graph in which the voltage when the electrode 54 is positively biased with respect to the electrode 53 is positive.
- FIG. 19B shows current-voltage characteristics (IV characteristics) of the configuration of FIG. 19A, where the horizontal axis represents voltage (unit: V) and the vertical axis represents current (unit: A).
- the nitrogen-doped Mg X1 ZnO layer 52 is n-type
- the potential barrier against electrons on the electrode side is lowered, and the electrons flow from the nitrogen-doped Mg X1 ZnO layer 52 side.
- the nitrogen-doped Mg X1 ZnO layer 52 is p-type
- applying a positive voltage to the electrode 54 raises the potential barrier against holes and no current flows.
- a negative voltage is applied to the electrode 54, the potential barrier for holes is lowered, and a current flows.
- an ideal curve when the nitrogen-doped Mg X1 ZnO layer 52 is made p-type is a curve such as S indicated by a dotted line.
- the IV characteristics were compared with the case where the doped Mg 0.14 ZnO layer 52 was used. “: N” in the figure represents nitrogen doping. As can be seen from FIG.
- MgZnO is suitable for constituting an acceptor doped layer.
- the active functional layer refers to a layer that functions actively rather than passively, and refers to, for example, one having the following configuration.
- it is a light emitting layer or a light emitting region portion in an LED (light emitting diode) or LD (laser diode). This corresponds to a p-type layer and an n-type layer when the light emitting region is formed by a pn junction.
- a multilayer body having a quantum well structure such as an MQW (Multi-Quantum-Well) active layer or an SQW (Single-Quantum-Well) active layer is also included.
- a channel layer that causes an inversion distribution in a field effect transistor (FET) having a MOS (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) structure, a MIS (Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor) structure, or the like.
- FET field effect transistor
- MOS Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor
- MIS Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor
- PD photodiode
- the active functional layer described above is formed using MgZnO containing an Mg component and not using a ZnO crystal alone.
- the channel portion is made of MgZnO with TFT.
- FIG. 20 shows an example of an LED (light emitting diode) structure using MgZnO for the active functional layer.
- an n-type MgZnO layer 62, an active layer 63, and a p-type MgZnO layer 64 are formed on the ZnO substrate 61.
- the p-type MgZnO layer 64 corresponds to an acceptor doped layer.
- the active layer 63 is either composed of MgZnO monolayer, or, Mg Y1 ZnO layer (0 ⁇ Y1 ⁇ 1), and a band gap than Mg Y1 ZnO layer large Mg Y2 ZnO layer (0 ⁇ Y2 ⁇ 1, It is composed of a multiple quantum well structure (MQW) sandwiched between Y1 ⁇ Y2).
- a p-electrode 65 formed of a Ni film 65a and an Au film 65b is formed on the p-type MgZnO layer 64, and an n-electrode formed of a Ti film 66a and an Au film 66b on the back surface of the ZnO substrate 61. 66 is provided.
- a wire bonding electrode 67 composed of an Ni film 67a and an Au film 67b is formed.
- the active functional layer corresponds to the active layer 63 serving as a light emitting layer.
- FIG. 21 shows an example of a photodiode structure using MgZnO for the active functional layer.
- an n-type MgZnO layer 72 and an organic electrode PEDOT: PSS73 are formed on the ZnO substrate 71.
- the film thickness of PEDOT: PSS73 is, for example, about 50 nm, and an Au film 74 for wire bonding is formed on PEDOT: PSS73.
- an electrode 75 made of a Ti film 75a and an Au film 75b is formed on the back surface of the ZnO substrate 71.
- the n-type MgZnO layer 72 serves as an absorption layer or a layer that generates a rectifying action, and this corresponds to an active functional layer. To do.
- the acceptor-doped MgZnO layer 23 corresponds to the channel layer.
- the acceptor-doped MgZnO layer 23 is an example having both functions of the acceptor-doped layer and the active functional layer.
- the acceptor-doped MgZnO layer 35 corresponds to both the acceptor-doped layer and the active functional layer.
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Abstract
Description
A.Tsukazaki et al.,JJAP 44(2005)L643 A.Tsukazaki et al Nture Material 4(2005)42 M.Sumiya et al.,Applied Surface Science 223(2004)p.206 K.Nakahara et al.,Journal of Crystal Growth 237-239(2002)p.503
2 n型MgZZnO層
3 アンドープMgZnO層
4 MQW活性層
5 アンドープMgXZnO層
6 アクセプタドープMgYZnO層
RMS={(1/l)×∫(f(x))2dx}1/2(積分区間は0~lまで)となる。
EDAP=EG-ED-EA+(e2/4πε0εrrDA)-(mhωLO/2π)
となる。ここで、mは0以上の整数である。
Claims (7)
- 基板上にZnO系半導体を結晶成長により積層して形成されるZnO系半導体素子であって、
MgYZn1-YO(0<Y<1)で構成されアクセプタ元素を少なくとも1種類含むアクセプタドープ層を含み、前記アクセプタドープ層に接してアンドープ又はドナードープされたMgXZn1-XO(0<X<1)層が形成されているZnO系半導体素子。 - 基板上にZnO系半導体を結晶成長により積層して形成されるZnO系半導体素子であって、
MgYZn1-YO(0<Y<1)で構成されアクセプタ元素を少なくとも1種類含むアクセプタドープ層と、ドナー元素を少なくとも1種類は含むn型MgZZn1-ZO(0≦Z<1)層とを含み、アンドープ又はドナードープされたMgXZn1-XO層が前記アクセプタドープ層とn型MgZZn1-ZO層の間に位置するとともに、この2つの層のいずれか1方に接して形成されているZnO系半導体素子。 - 前記アクセプタドープ層の方が基板に近い側に形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2のいずれか1項に記載のZnO系半導体素子。
- 前記アンドープ又はドナードープされたMgXZn1-XO層のMg組成Xは、0<X≦0.5の範囲である請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載のZnO系半導体素子。
- 前記アクセプタドープ層のアクセプタ元素の少なくとも1つは、窒素である請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載のZnO系半導体素子。
- 前記n型MgZZn1-ZO層のドナー元素の少なくとも1つは、III族元素である請求項1~請求項5のいずれか1項に記載のZnO系半導体素子。
- 前記アクセプタドープ層の他に素子の目的とする機能を発揮するアクティブ機能層が形成され、前記アクティブ機能層はMgZnOで構成されている請求項1~請求項5のいずれか1項に記載のZnO系半導体素子。
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