Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• This disclosure relates generally to compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use of the compounds and compositions containing them.
• This disclosure relates more particularly to certain carboxamide, sulfonamide and amine compounds and pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and to methods of treating and preventing metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease using certain carboxamide, sulfonamide and amine compounds.
• Adiponectin is a protein hormone exclusively expressed in and secreted from adipose tissue and is the most abundant adipose-specific protein. Adiponectin has been implicated in the modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues. Decreased circulating adiponectin levels have been demonstrated in some insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and also in patients with coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Adiponectin levels are positively correlated with insulin sensitivity, HDL (high density lipoprotein) levels and insulin stimulated glucose disposal and inversely correlated with adiposity and glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels. Thiazolidinedione drugs, which enhance insulin sensitivity through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- ⁇ , increase endogenous adiponectin production in humans.
• Adiponectin binds its receptors in liver and skeletal muscle and thereby activates the 5 '-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway.
• Adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 are membrane-bound proteins found in skeletal muscle and liver tissue. Being a multi-substrate enzyme, AMPK regulates a variety of metabolic processes, such as glucose transport, glycolysis and lipid metabolism. It acts as a sensor of cellular energy homeostasis and is activated in response to certain hormones and muscle contraction as well as to intracellular metabolic stress signals such as exercise, ischemia, hypoxia and nutrient deprivation.
• AMPK switches on catabolic pathways (such as fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis) and switches off ATP-consuming pathways (such as lipogenesis).
• Adiponectin improves insulin sensitivity by directly stimulating glucose uptake in adipocytes and muscle and by increasing fatty acid oxidation in liver and muscle, resulting in reduced circulating fatty acid levels and reduced intracellular triglyceride contents.
• adiponectin decreases glycogen concentration by reducing the activity of glycogen synthase.
• Adiponectin also plays a protective role against inflammation and atherosclerosis.
• B represents -(aryl or heteroaryl)- substituted by w R 3 and k R 14 ; the dotted line denoted by “b” is absent, a single bond or a double bond; the dotted line denoted by “a” is a bond or absent, provided that if the dotted line denoted by “b” is a double bond, then the dotted line denoted by “a” is absent; D is a carbon or N when the dotted line denoted by "a” is absent, and a carbon when the dotted line denoted by "a” is a bond; j is -O-, -N(R 38 )-, -CH 2 -, -CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 -; E is -C(O)-, -S(O) 2 - or a single bond; R 1 is H, -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C 4 alkyl
• each R 4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2
• T is -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 . 2 R 10 or
• Q is -S(O) 2 -, L or (C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-, in which each carbon of the -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)- is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R 16 ; the ring system denoted by "A" is heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; each R 5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 al
• each R 38 is independently selected from -H, -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C 4 alkyl) and -C(O)O-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), each R 22 and R 23 is independently Ar or Het, each Ar is an optionally substituted aryl, each Het is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, each Cak is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, each Hca is an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and each alkyl is optionally substituted.
• compositions include those having at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient; and a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate) described above.
• Another aspect of the present disclosure includes methods for modulating metabolism in subjects. Accordingly, also disclosed are methods for treating metabolic disorders using the presently disclosed compounds and pharmaceutical compositions.
• B represents -(aryl or heteroaryl)- substituted by w R 3 and k R 14 ; the dotted line denoted by “b” is absent, a single bond or a double bond; the dotted line denoted by “a” is a bond or absent, provided that if the dotted line denoted by “b” is a double bond, then the dotted line denoted by “a” is absent; D is a carbon or N when the dotted line denoted by "a” is absent, and a carbon when the dotted line denoted by "a” is a bond; j is -O-, -N(R 38 )-, -CH 2 -, -CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 -; E is -C(O)-, -S(O) 2 - or a single bond, provided that when "B” is phenyl, J is -O- and D is a carbon, E is not -C(O
• each R 4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2
• T is -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 . 2 R 10 or
• Q is -S(O) 2 -, L or -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-, in which each carbon of the -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)- is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R 16 ; the ring system denoted by "A" is heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl; each R 5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C
• each R 38 is independently selected from -H, -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C 4 alkyl) and -C(O)O-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), each R 22 and R 23 is independently Ar or Het, each Ar is an optionally substituted aryl, each Het is an optionally substituted heteroaryl, each Cak is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, each Hca is an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, and each alkyl is optionally substituted.
• J is -O- or -N(R 38 )-.
• D can be, for example, a carbon (for example, it is CH or C substituted with one of the x R 4 groups when the bond denoted by "a" is absent, or C when the bond denoted by "a” is present).
• J is -CH 2 -, - CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 -, for example, -CH 2 -.
• D can be, for example, N.
• R 38 is -H. In other embodiments, R 38 is -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), for example methyl, ethyl or propyl. In other embodiments, R 38 is -C(O)-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), for example acetyl. In other embodiments, R 38 is -C(O)-O-(Ci-C 4 alkyl)-, for example -C(O)-O-t-butyl. In certain embodiments, no alkyl of R 38 is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group .
• each R 26 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 26 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2
• each R 26 is methyl, ethyl, propyl, or two R 26 come together to form oxo.
• the dotted line denoted by “b” is absent.
• the dotted line denoted by “b” is a single bond; in one such embodiment, the dotted line denoted by “a” is a bond (thereby forming a double bond between D and the adjacent carbon).
• E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2 - [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2 - [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2 - [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2 - [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2 - [0015] In certain embodiments of the presently disclosed compounds of structural formula (I), E is -C(O)-. In other embodiments, E is -S(O) 2
• X 1 and X 2 are independently a carbon (for example, CH or C substituted with one of the w R 3 groups) or N, and k is 0.
• E is -C(O)-.
• one of X 1 and X 2 is N and the other is a carbon.
• both X 1 and X 2 are a carbon.
• Floating bonds indicate attachment on any carbon of the ring system.
• the J moiety is on one ring of the ring system
• the E moiety is on the other ring of the naphthalene
• any R 3 groups can be on either ring of the fused ring system.
• R 39 is H, -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(Ci-C 4 alkyl) or -C(O)O-(Ci-C 4 alkyl).
• E is -C(O)-.
• one R 14 can be substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
• R 14 is selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• R 14 is selected from -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• R 14 can be, for example, halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano, unsubstituted -(C1-C4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl), or unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like).
• R 14 is H or methyl; in others, R 14 is halo (e.g., Cl). In other embodiments, no R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
• T is
• Q is -S(O) 2 -, L or -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)- in which each carbon of the (C0-C3 alkyl) is optionally and independently substituted with one or two R 16 , in which each R 16 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10
• each R 16 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 - 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, and two R 16 on the same carbon optionally combine to form an oxo, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C
• each R 16 is -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 - 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, and two R 16 on the same carbon optionally combine to form an oxo, in which each R 7 , R 8 and
• Q has at most one R 16 or an oxo substituted thereon.
• Q can be, for example, an unsubstituted -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-.
• Q is a (Ci-C 3 alkyl) having as its only substitution a single oxo group.
• Q is -CH 2 -; a single bond; -S(O) 2 -; -C(O)-; or -CH(CH 3 )-.
• Q is a single bond.
• the number of substituents on the ring system denoted by "A", y, is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
• y is 0, 1 , 2 or 3, such as 1.
• y is not zero and at least one R 5 is halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 or -C(O)-Hca wherein the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, and wherein no alkyl, haloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
• each R 5 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl
• each R 5 is -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-NR 9
• y is 0.
• the ring system denoted by "A” is heteroaryl, aryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl.
• the ring system denoted by “A” is an aryl or a heteroaryl.
• the ring system denoted by “A” can be, for example, a monocyclic aryl or heteroaryl.
• Q is a -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)- optionally substituted with oxo, and optionally substituted with one or more R 16 .
• Q can be a -(C1-C3 alkyl)- having its only substitution a single oxo, or an unsubstituted -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-.
• Q is -CH 2 -; a single bond; -S(O) 2 -; -C(O)-; or -CH(CH 3 )-.
• the ring system denoted by "A" is a phenyl.
• y is 1 and R 5 is attached to the phenyl in the para position relative to Q.
• y is 1 and R 5 is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, and in which no (C 0 -C 4 alkyl) or (Ci-C 4 alkyl) is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
• R 5 can be, for example, -Cl, -F, cyano, -C(O)CH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, difluoromethoxy or trifluoromethoxy.
• the moiety is a 3,4-dihalophenyl.
• the ring system denoted by “A” is a heteroaryl.
• the ring system denoted by “A” is a pyridyl, a thienyl, or a furanyl.
• Q is a -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)- optionally substituted with oxo, and optionally substituted with one or more R 16 .
• Q can be a -(Ci-C 3 alkyl)- having its only substitution a single oxo, or an unsubstituted -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-.
• Q is -CH 2 -; a single bond; -S(O) 2 -; -C(O)-; or -CH(CH 3 )-.
• the compound has structural formula (II):
• R 38 is not H.
• R 38 can in one embodiment be methyl, ethyl or propyl. In another embodiment, R 38 can be acetyl. In other embodiments, R 38 is H. [0028] In one embodiment of the presently disclosed compounds, the compound has structural formula (III):
• R 38 is not H.
• R 38 can in one embodiment be methyl, ethyl or propyl.
• R 38 can be acetyl.
• R 38 is H.
• the compound has structural formula (IV):
• the sum of p and q is 2 or 3.
• the sum of p and q is 2 (e.g., p is 1 and q is 1).
• the sum of p and q is 3 (e.g., p is 1 and q is 2).
• the compound has structural formula (VI):
• the compound has structural formula (VII):
• X 1 and X 2 are N and the other is a carbon, and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
• X 1 is N and X 2 is a carbon.
• X 1 is a carbon
• X 2 is N.
• the compound has structural formula (X):
• the compound has structural formula (XI): in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
• one R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In other embodiments, no R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
• n is 1 or 2.
• n is 2.
• n is 1.
• the compound has the structural formula (XII):
• J is -CH 2 -, -CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 - (e.g., -CH 2 -), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (IV).
• J is -CH 2 -, -CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 - (e.g., -CH 2 -), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (V).
• the compound has structural formula (XVII): in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (VII).
• the compound has structural formula (XVIII):
• the compound has structural formula (XX): in which the variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) and (X).
• one R , 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In other embodiments, no R . 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
• one R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon. In other embodiments, no R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
• R 1 is -H. In other embodiments, R 1 is (C 1 -C 4 alkyl), for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl.
• R 2 is -Hca.
• R 2 is an optionally-substituted monocyclic heterocycloalkyl.
• R 2 is not an oxo-substituted heterocycloalkyl.
• R 2 is not tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl moiety or a tetrahydrothiophene S ⁇ S-dioxide moiety.
• R 2 is -(optionally-substituted azetidinyl), -(optionally-substituted pyrrolidinyl),
• R 2 can be -(optionally substituted piperidinyl) or -(optionally substituted pyrrolidinyl). In one embodiment, R 2 is -(optionally substituted piperidinyl). In another embodiment, R 2 is
• R 2 is -(optionally-substituted azetidin-3-yl), -(optionally substituted piperidin-4-yl), -(optionally substituted pyrrolidin-3-yl) or -(optionally-substituted azepan-4-yl).
• R 2 is -(optionally substituted piperidin-4-yl).
• R 2 is -(optionally substituted pyrrolidin-3-yl).
• R 2 is substituted at its 1 -position with -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Ar or -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Het, for example -(unsubstituted C0-C3 alkyl)-Ar or -(unsubstituted C0-C3 alkyl)-Het.
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an optionally substituted benzyl or an optionally substituted phenyl.
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with a benzyl substituted with an electron withdrawing group; or with a pyridinylmethyl optionally substituted with an electron withdrawing group.
• the benzyl or pyridinylmethyl can be substituted with an electron withdrawing group selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -S(O) 2 O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca includes a nitrogen atom to which the -C(O)- is bound, in which no alkyl, fluoroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
• an electron withdrawing group
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an unsubstituted benzyl or an unsubstituted phenyl.
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an optionally substituted pyridinylmethyl, an optionally substituted furanylmethyl, an optionally substituted thienylmethyl, an optionally substituted oxazolylmethyl, or an optionally substituted imidazolylmethyl.
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety can be substituted with an unsubstituted pyridinylmethyl, an unsubstituted furanylmethyl, an unsubstituted thienylmethyl, an unsubstituted oxazolylmethyl, or an unsubstituted imidazolylmethyl.
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety can be substituted with an pyridinylmethyl, furanylmethyl, thienylmethyl, oxazolylmethyl or imidazolylmethyl substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above.
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with -L-Ar or -L-Het, in which Ar and Het can be, for example, as described above with reference to -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Ar or -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Het.
• L is -C(O)-NR 9 -, such as -C(O)-NH-.
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with -C(O)-O(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -C(O)-Het, -C(O)-Ar, -S(O) 2 -Het, -S(O) 2 -Ar or -S(O) 2 -O(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which Ar and Het can be, for example, as described above with reference to -(C 0 -Cs alkyl)- Ar or -(C 0 -Cs alkyl)-Het.
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with -C(O)-Het or -C(O)-Ar; in another embodiment, it is substituted at its 1 -position with -S(O) 2 -Het or -S(O) 2 -Ar.
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an optionally- substituted benzoyl (e.g., substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above); or with an optionally-substituted nicotinyl, isonicotinyl or picolinyl (e.g., optionally substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above).
• an optionally- substituted benzoyl e.g., substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above
• an optionally-substituted nicotinyl, isonicotinyl or picolinyl e.g., optionally substituted with an electron withdrawing group as described above.
• the azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl or azepanyl R 2 moiety is substituted at its 1 -position with an unsubstituted benzoyl; or an unsubstituted nicotinoyl, isonicotinoyl or picolinoyl.
• R 2 is -Cak-N(R 9 )-G-R 22 , as described above.
• R 2 has the structure , in which c is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, and each R 21 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, and
• each R 21 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), and in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substitute
• each R 21 is -(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), -(C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN and two R 21 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alky
• each R 22 is not substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
• each R 23 is not substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group .
• R 2 is -(C 2 -Cg alkyl)-N(R 9 )-R 24 in which one or two carbons of the (C 2 -Cs alkyl) are optionally replaced by -O- or -N(R 9 )- and R 24 is -R 23 , -GR 23 or -C(O)O-(Ci-C 6 alkyl).
• the (C 2 -Cs alkyl) is unsubstituted and no carbon is replaced by -O- or -N(R 9 )-.
• R 2 is -CH 2 -CH 2 -O-CH 2 -CH 2 -N(R 9 )-R 24 ; -CH 2 -CH(CH 3 )-N(R 9 )-R 24 ; or -CH 2 -CH 2 -O-CH 2 -C(O)-N(R 9 )-R 24 .
• R 9 is H.
• R 24 is Ar or Het.
• R 24 is not substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
• the (C 2 -C 8 alkyl) is a (C 2 -C 5 alkyl).
• the number of substituents on benzo, pyrido or pyrazino carbons of the ring system represented by "B", w is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
• w is 0, 1 or 2.
• w is 0.
• w is at least 1, and at least one R is selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 fluoroalkyl), -C(O)-(Co-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -S(O) 2 O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca includes a nitrogen atom to which the -C(O)- is bound, in which no alkyl, fluoroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
• At least one R is halo (e.g., chloro) or -(Ci-C 4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl, ethyl or propyl).
• an R is substituted on the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
• each R 3 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R is -(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R is halo (e.g., chloro) or -(Ci-C 4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl, ethyl or propyl).
• w is at least one, and at least one R 3 is -NR 8 R 9 .
• w is 1.
• R 3 is substituted on the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
• w is at least one, and at least one R 3 is -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Y 1 -(d-C 3 alkyl)-Y 2 -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl), in which each of Y 1 and Y 2 is independently L, -O-, -S- or -NR 9 -.
• w is 1.
• R 3 is substituted on the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
• R 3 is -CH 2 -N(CH 3 )-CH 2 -C(O)-OCH 3 .
• the number of substituents on non- benzo, non-pyrido, non-pyrazino carbons, k is 0, 1 or 2.
• k is 1.
• k is 0.
• each R 14 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0
• each R 14 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)
• Each R 14 can be, for example, halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl) or unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like).
• halo e.g., -Cl or -F
• cyano unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 alkyl) e.g., methyl or ethyl
• unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 haloakyl) e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like.
• the number of substituents on the azacycloalkyl ring, x is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
• x is 0, 1, 2 or 3.
• x can be 0, or can be 1 or 2.
• two R 4 groups combine to form an oxo.
• the oxo can be bound, for example, at the position alpha to the nitrogen of the azacycloalkyl ring. In other embodiments, no two R 4 groups combine to form an oxo.
• each R 4 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN,
• each R 4 is -(C r C 3 alkyl), -(C r C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-NR 9
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXII):
• each R 15 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Het, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Cak, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Hca, -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl),
• Q is a single bond.
• Q is -CH 2 -.
• Q is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -.
• G is -CH 2 -.
• G is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -.
• G is -CH(CHs)-.
• G is -C(O)-NH-.
• Q is a single bond and G is -CH 2 - or -C(O)-.
• the ring system denoted by "A” is aryl or heteroaryl.
• the ring system denoted by "A” is substituted with one or more electron-withdrawing groups as described above.
• R 17 is substituted with one or more electron-withdrawing groups as described above.
• the ring system denoted by "A", R 17 or both are not substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group.
• the azacycloalkyl to which -G-R 17 is bound is a piperidinyl; in other embodiments, it is a pyrrolidinyl.
• v is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. In one embodiment, v is 0, 1, 2 or 3. For example, v can be 0, or can be 1 or 2.
• two R 15 groups combine to form an oxo.
• the oxo can be bound, for example, at the position alpha relative to the nitrogen of the azacycloalkyl ring. In other embodiments, no two R 15 groups combine to form an oxo.
• each R 15 is independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 15 is -(C 1 -C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN and two R 15 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R
• one R 15 is -C(O)NR 9 R 7 , which can be bound, for example, at a position alpha relative to the piperidine nitrogen, or at the position linked to the -N(R 1 )-.
• R 17 is an unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl.
• the R 17 Ar or Het is substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(C r C 6 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 6
• the R 17 Ar or Het is substituted with 1 , 2 or 3 substituents independently selected from -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 2 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-S(O) 0 .
• R 17 is substituted with 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-Hca.
• R 17 can be substituted with, for example, one such substituent, or two such substituents.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXIII): 17
• R 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cyclo
• R , 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl
• R 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXVI):
• R 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cyclo
• R 27 and R 29 are both H.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXVII):
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXVIII):
• R 25 is selected from halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-Hca in which the Hca contains a ring nitrogen atom through which it is bound to the -C(O)-, in which no alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted by an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group; and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII
• R 25 can be, for example, -Cl, -F, cyano, -C(O)CH 3 , -C(O)OH, -C(O)NH 2 , trifiuoromethyl, difiuoromethyl, difluoromethoxy or trifluoromethoxy.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXIX): in which G is -C(O)-, -S(O) 2 - or -C(O)-NH- and all other variables are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I)-(XXII).
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXX):
• R , 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl
• R 27 and R 29 are both H.
• the compounds of structural formula (XXX) are present as racemic mixtures or scalemic mixtures. In other embodiments, the compounds of structural formula (XXX) are present in an enantiomerically-enriched form, for example as a substantially pure stereoisomer.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXI):
• R 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifiuoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-0-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)- S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or
• R 27 and R 29 are both H.
• the compounds of structural formula (XXXI) are present as racemic mixtures or scalemic mixtures. In other embodiments, the compounds of structural formula (XXXI) are present in an enantiomerically-enriched form, for example as a substantially pure stereoisomer.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXII):
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXV):
• J is -CH 2 -, -CH(R 26 )- or -C(R 26 ) 2 - (e.g., -CH 2 -)
• G, v, R 15 and R 17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (V).
• R 5 , y, v, R 15 , R 17 , Q, G and the ring denoted by "A” can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI).
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXVI):
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXVIII): (XXXVIII) in which one of X 1 and X 2 is N, and the other is a carbon; G, v, R 15 and R 17 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XXII), and all other variables are defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (I) or (VIII).
• R 5 , y, v, R 15 , R 17 , Q, G and the ring denoted by "A” can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI).
• X 1 is N and X 2 is a carbon.
• X 1 is a carbon
• X 2 is N.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XXXIX):
• R 5 , y, v, R 15 , R 17 , Q, G and the ring denoted by "A” can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI).
• one R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
• R 14 can be, for example, as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
• R 14 is halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano unsubstituted -(C1-C4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl), unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like).
• no R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLI):
• R 5 , y, v, R 15 , R 17 , Q, G and the ring denoted by "A” can be defined, for example, as described with reference to any of structural formulae (XXIII)-(XXXI).
• one R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
• R 14 can be, for example, as described above with reference to structural formula (I).
• R 14 is halo (e.g., -Cl or -F), cyano unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 alkyl) (e.g., methyl or ethyl), unsubstituted -(Ci-C 4 haloakyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like).
• no R 14 is substituted on the pyrrolo carbon.
• the moiety has the structure , in which G is -CH 2 -,
• G is -CH 2 -.
• G is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -.
• G is -C(O)-NH-.
• R 27 is selected from H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(Co-C 6 alkyl)-L-(Co-C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl,
• the compounds can be present as racemic mixtures or scalemic mixtures, or in an enantiomerically-enriched form, for example as a substantially pure stereoisomer.
• R 17 moiety has the structure , in which R 27 is selected from H,
• -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), in which no heterocycloalkyl, alkyl or haloalkyl is substituted with an aryl-, heteroaryl-, cycloalkyl- or heterocycloalkyl
• w is 1, and R 3 is -NR 8 R 9 .
• R 3 is substituted at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
• w is 1, and R 3 is -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-Y 1 -(Ci-C 3 alkyl)-Y 2 -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl), in which each of Y 1 and Y 2 is independently L, -O-, -S- or -NR 9 -.
• R 3 is substituted at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
• each R 27 is selected from -(Ci-C 3 alkyl), -(Ci-C 3 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-L-R 7 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-NR 8 R 9 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-OR 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-C(O)R 10 , -(C 0 -C 3 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 R 10 , -halogen, -NO 2 and -CN and two R 21 on the same carbon optionally combine to form oxo, in which each R 7 , R 8 and R 10 is independently selected from H, -(Ci-C 2 alkyl), -(Ci-C 2 haloalkyl), -(C 0 -C 2 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -
• At least one R 5 moiety is a haloalkyl group, and in exemplary embodiments of these formulae
• the moiety is /?-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (XLIV):
• R 18 is H, -(Ci-C 6 alkyl), -(Ci-C 6 haloalkyl) (e.g., difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl and the like), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-L-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-NR 9 (C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl), -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-C(O)-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl) and -(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-S(O) 0 _ 2 -(C 0 -C 6
• R 1 , R 3 , R 5 and R 38 are defined as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII), and R 18 and R 19 are defined as described above with reference to structural formula (XLIV).
• T and R 2 can be defined as described above with reference to structural formulae (XLIV)-(XLIX).
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (L):
• R 1 , R 3 and R 38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (XII) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 - C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0
• R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
• R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LI):
• R 1 , R 3 and R 38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (II), (XII) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and
• R 12 and R 13 are not H.
• the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LII):
• R 1 , R 3 and R 38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -O-(C r C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -O-(C r C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 - C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(
• R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
• R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LIII):
• R 1 , R 3 and R 38 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (III), (XIII) and (XXII);
• R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -O-(C r C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -O-(C r C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and
• R 12 and R 13 are not H.
• the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LIV):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with respect to any of structural formulae (I), (IV), (XIV) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -
• R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
• R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LV):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (IV), (XIV) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)
• R 12 and R 13 are not H.
• the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LVI):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with respect to any of structural formulae (I), (V), (XV) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -
• R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
• R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LVII):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (V), (XV) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)
• R 12 and R 13 are not H.
• the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the central phenyl moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LVIII):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (VI), (XVI) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO
• R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
• R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 Hs, -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LIX):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (VI), (XVI) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), - C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)-H
• R 12 and R 13 are not H.
• the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LX):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (VII), (XVII) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 - C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(
• R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
• R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety. In one embodiment, no R is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXI):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (VII), (XVII) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), - C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)
• R 12 and R 13 are not H.
• the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the naphthyl moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXII):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (VIII), (XVIII) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C
• R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
• R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , - C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXIII):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (VIII), (XVIII) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 al
• R 12 and R 13 are not H.
• the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXIV):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (IX), (XIX) and (XXII); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C
• R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
• R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , - C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXV):
• R 1 and R 3 are as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (IX), (XIX) and (XXII); and R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(
• R 12 and R 13 are not H.
• the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the quinolinyl moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , -C 3 H 7
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXVI):
• R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
• R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• one R e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 Hs, -C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• the presently disclosed compounds have the structural formula (LXVII):
• R 1 , R 3 and R 39 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII);
• R 14 is as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII) (e.g., absent, methyl or halo); and
• R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)
• R 12 and R 13 are not H.
• the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• one R > 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , - C 2 H 5 , -C3H7 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• R 1 , R 3 and R 39 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (XI), (XXI) and (XXII); R 14 is as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (XI), (XXI) and (XXII) (e.g., absent, methyl or halo); and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alky
• R 11 , R 12 and R 13 is not H.
• R 11 is attached in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, R 11 is attached in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , -C 2 H 5 , - C 3 H 7 ) is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• R 1 , R 3 and R 39 are as described above with reference to any of structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII);
• R 14 is as described above with reference to structural formulae (I), (X), (XX) and (XXII) (e.g., absent, methyl or halo); and
• R 12 and R 13 are independently selected from H, halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 haloalkyl), -(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -0-(Ci-C 4 alkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)
• R 12 and R 13 are not H.
• the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the para position relative to the G moiety; in another embodiment, the pyrido nitrogen is disposed in the meta position relative to the G moiety.
• no R 3 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• one R 3 e.g., -Cl, -F, -CH 3 , - C 2 H5, -C3H7 is substituted on the benzo moiety.
• the compound has the structural formula (XXII), in which the "A" ring system is an aryl or heteroaryl; E is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -, and in which the compound has a computed low energy three-dimensional conformer in which the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (O A, O A, O A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O) 2 - group is positioned at (O A, O A, O A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 3.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl (i.e., the ring to which -G-R 17 is bound) is positioned within 3.5 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
• the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O) 2 - group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 2.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 1.8 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
• the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 2.5 A of (-6.2 A, 0.1 A,
• the "A" ring system is an aryl or heteroaryl substituted with a hydrophobic moiety; R 17 is substituted with an electron acceptor; E is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -, and the compound has a computed low energy three-dimensional conformer in which the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O) 2 - group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 3.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 3.5 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
• the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 3.5 A of (-6.2 A, 0.1 A,
• hydrophobic moiety can be, for example, any of the following, as defined in SMARTS query format: #INCLUDE
• the electron acceptor can be, for example, any of the following, as defined in SMARTS query format:
• the "A" ring system is an aryl or heteroaryl substituted with a hydrophobic moiety; R 17 is substituted with an electron acceptor; E is -C(O)- or -S(O) 2 -, and the compound has a computed low energy three-dimensional conformer in which the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O) 2 - group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A); the centerpoint of an aromatic ring of the aryl or heteroaryl of the "B" ring system is positioned within 2.5 A of (-3.1 A, 0.4 A, 1.2 A); the nitrogen of the right-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 1.8 A of (0.8 A, 1.6 A,
• the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is positioned within 2.5 A of (-6.2 A, 0.1 A,
• the computed low energy three-dimensional conformer has a root mean square deviation from the given points of no greater than 3 A, and a vector score greater than 0.2.
• the computed low energy three-dimensional conformer has a root mean square deviation from the given points of no greater than 1.5 A, and a vector score greater than 0.4.
• the computed lowenergy three-dimensional conformer has a root mean square deviation from the given points of no greater than 1.2 A, and a vector score greater than 0.5.
• a centerpoint of a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring is the average position of the constituent atoms of the ring (i.e., excluding any substituents) as positioned in the low energy three-dimensional conformer.
• the centerpoint of the left-hand azacycloalkyl is the average position of its ring carbon and nitrogen atom(s).
• the centerpoint of a phenyl ring is the average position of its six ring carbons. Centerpoints are calculated only on single rings; multi-ring systems have multiple centerpoints, one for each ring.
• a benzofuran would have two centerpoints, one calculated as the average position of the six carbon rings making up the fused benzene subunit, and the other calculated as the average position of the four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom making up the fused furan subunit.
• Low energy three-dimensional conformers can be calculated using the Phase software package version 3.0, available from Schr ⁇ dinger LLC.
• Low energy three-dimensional conformers can be generated by a torsion search procedure under OPLS 2005 force field with a distance dependent dielectric constant.
• the low energy conformer should be translated and rotated so that the the oxygen of the E -C(O)- group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), or one of the oxygens of the E -S(O) 2 - group is positioned at (0 A, 0 A, 0 A), and so that the root mean square deviation of the rest of the listed features with respect to the given points is minimized.
• Q is -CH 2 -, as described above, and G is -CH 2 -, as described above.
• the ring system denoted by "A” is a phenyl
• the ring system denoted by “B” is a phenyl
• J is -N(R 38 )-
• D is a carbon
• the dotted line denoted by "a” is a bond
• the dotted line denoted by "b” is a single bond, as described above.
• Examples of compounds according to structural formula (I) include those listed in Table 1. These compounds can be made according to the general schemes described below, for example using procedures analogous to those described below in the Examples. Table 1
• chemical moieties are defined and referred to throughout primarily as univalent chemical moieties (e.g., alkyl, aryl, etc.). Nevertheless, such terms are also used to convey corresponding multivalent moieties under the appropriate structural circumstances clear to those skilled in the art.
• an "alkyl” moiety can refer to a monovalent radical (e.g.
• a bivalent linking moiety can be "alkyl,” in which case those skilled in the art will understand the alkyl to be a divalent radical (e.g., -CH 2 -CH 2 -), which is equivalent to the term “alkylene.”
• alkyl a divalent radical
• aryl a divalent moiety that is required and is stated as being “aryl”
• All atoms are understood to have their normal number of valences for bond formation (i.e., 4 for carbon, 3 for N, 2 for O, and 2, 4, or 6 for S, depending on the oxidation state of the S).
• Nitrogens in the presently disclosed compounds can be hypervalent, e.g., an N-oxide or tetrasubstituted ammonium salt.
• a moiety may be defined, for example, as (A) a - B-, wherein a is 0 or 1. In such instances, when a is 0 the moiety is B- and when a is 1 the moiety is A-B-.
• alkyl includes alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups of a designed number of carbon atoms, desirably from 1 to about 12 carbons (i.e., inclusive of 1 and 12).
• C m -C n alkyl means an alkyl group having from m to n carbon atoms (i.e., inclusive of m and n).
• C m -C n alkyl means an alkyl group having from m to n carbon atoms.
• Ci-C 6 alkyl is an alkyl group having from one to six carbon atoms.
• Alkyl and alkyl groups may be straight or branched and depending on context, may be a monovalent radical or a divalent radical (i.e., an alkylene group).
• a divalent radical i.e., an alkylene group.
• the group is simply a single covalent bond if it is a divalent radical or is a hydrogen atom if it is a monovalent radical.
• the moiety "-(Co-C 6 alkyl)-Ar" signifies connection of an optionally substituted aryl through a single bond or an alkylene bridge having from 1 to 6 carbons.
• alkyl examples include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 3-hexenyl and propargyl. If the number of carbon atoms is not specified, the subject "alkyl” or “alkyl” moiety has from 1 to 12 carbons.
• haloalkyl is an alkyl group substituted with one or more halogen atoms, e.g. F, Cl, Br and I.
• fluoroalkyl is an alkyl group substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
• fluoroalkyl include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, hexafluoroisopropyl and the like.
• each haloalkyl is a fluoroalkyl.
• aryl represents an aromatic carbocyclic ring system having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) which is optionally fused to other aromatic hydrocarbon rings or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings.
• Aryl includes ring systems having multiple condensed rings and in which at least one is aromatic, (e.g., 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, naphthyl). Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, 1 -naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, indanyl, indenyl, dihydronaphthyl, fluorenyl, tetralinyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl and
• heteroaryl refers to an aromatic ring system containing at least one heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur in an aromatic ring.
• the heteroaryl may be fused to one or more cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl rings.
• heteroaryl groups include, for example, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, indolinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, phthalazinyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzo[l,4]oxazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, isochromanyl, chromanyl,
• each heteroaryl is selected from pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridinyl-TV-oxide, pyrrolyl TV-oxide, pyrimidinyl TV-oxide, pyridazinyl TV-oxide, pyrazinyl TV-oxide, imidazolyl TV-oxide, isoxazolyl TV-oxide, oxazolyl TV-oxide, thiazolyl TV- oxide, pyrrolyl TV-oxide, oxadiazolyl TV-oxide, thiadiazolyl TV-oxide
• Preferred heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrimidyl, quinolinyl, indolyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl, thiazolyl and benzothiazolyl.
• the heteroaryl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as “optionally substituted", can unless stated otherwise be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups, as described below.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic ring or ring system containing at least one heteroatom that is preferably selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein said heteroatom is in a non-aromatic ring.
• the heterocycloalkyl may be saturated (i.e., a heterocycloalkyl) or partially unsaturated (i.e., a heterocycloalkenyl).
• the heterocycloalkyl ring is optionally fused to other heterocycloalkyl rings and/or non-aromatic hydrocarbon rings and/or phenyl rings.
• the heterocycloalkyl groups have from 3 to 7 members in a single ring.
• heterocycloalkyl groups have 5 or 6 members in a single ring.
• heterocycloalkyl groups include, for example, azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl (in each case also “quinuclidinyl” or a quinuclidine derivative), azabicyclo[3.2.1]octyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl S-oxide, thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide, 2-oxazolidonyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, piperazinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, azepanyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(lH)-yl, iso
• heterocycloalkyl groups include morpholinyl, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin- 2(lH)-yl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, ⁇ -butyrolactonyl (i.e., an oxo-substituted tetrahydrofuranyl), ⁇ -butryolactamyl (i.e., an oxo-substituted pyrrolidine), pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, azepanyl, azetidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl S,S-dioxide, 2-oxazolidonyl, imidazolidonyl, isoindolindionyl, piperazinonyl.
• the heterocycloalkyl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as "optionally
• cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or ring system, which may be saturated (i.e., a cycloalkyl) or partially unsaturated (i.e., a cycloalkenyl).
• the cycloalkyl ring optionally fused to or otherwise attached (e.g., bridged systems) to other cycloalkyl rings.
• Preferred cycloalkyl groups have from 3 to 7 members in a single ring. More preferred cycloalkyl groups have 5 or 6 members in a single ring.
• cycloalkyl groups include, for example, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopropyl,tetrahydronaphthyl and bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
• the cycloalkyl groups herein are unsubstituted or, when specified as “optionally substituted", may be substituted in one or more substitutable positions with various groups.
• oxa means a divalent oxygen radical in a chain, sometimes designated as -O-.
• electron withdrawing group means a group that withdraws electron density from the structure to which it is attached than would a similarly-attached hydrogen atom.
• electron withdrawing groups can be selected from the group consisting of halo, cyano, -(Ci-C 4 fiuoroalkyl), -0-(C 1 -C 4 fluoroalkyl), -C(O)-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)O- (C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -C(O)N(C 0 -C 4 alkyl)(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), -S(O) 2 O-(C 0 -C 4 alkyl), NO 2 and -C(O)- ⁇ ca in which the Hca includes a nitrogen atom to which the -C(O)- is bound, in which no alkyl, fluoroalkyl or heterocycloalkyl is substituted with an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl-containing group .
• substituted when used to modify a specified group or radical, means that one or more hydrogen atoms of the specified group or radical are each, independently of one another, replaced with the same or different substituent groups as defined below.
• Each R 72 is independently hydrogen, (Ci-C 6 alkyl) or (Ci-C 6 fluoroalkyl); each R 82 is independently R 72 or alternatively, two R 82 S, taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form a 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl which may optionally include 1, 2, 3 or 4 of the same or different additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, of which N may have -H or C 1 -C 3 alkyl substitution.
• Each M + may independently be, for example, an alkali ion, such as K + , Na + , Li + ; an ammonium ion, such as + N(R 60 ) 4 ; or an alkaline earth ion, such as [Ca 2+ ]o.s, [Mg 2+ ]o.s, or [Ba 2+ ]o.s ("subscript 0.5 means e.g.
• -NR 80 R 80 is meant to include -NH 2 , -NH-alkyl, JV-pyrrolidinyl, jV-piperazinyl, 4-methyl-piperazin-l-yl and iV-morpholinyl.
• Substituent groups for hydrogens on unsaturated carbon atoms in "substituted" alkene, alkyne, aryl and heteroaryl groups are, unless otherwise specified, -R 60 , halo, -0 " M + , -OR 70 , -SR 70 , -S ⁇ M + , -NR 80 R 80 , trihalomethyl, -CF 3 , -CN, -OCN, -SCN, -NO, -NO 2 , -N 3 , -SO 2 R 70 , -SO 3 M + , -SO 3 R 70 , -OSO 2 R 70 , -OSO 3 M + , -OSO 3 R 70 , -PO 3 "2 (M + ) 2 , -P(O)(OR 70 )O M + , -P(O)(OR 70 ) 2 , -C(O)R 70 , -C(S)R 70 , -
• Substituent groups for hydrogens on nitrogen atoms in "substituted" heteroalkyl and heterocycloalkyl groups are, unless otherwise specified, -R 60 , -0 " M + , -OR 70 , -SR 70 , -S M + , -NR 80 R 80 , trihalomethyl, -CF 3 , -CN, -NO, -NO 2 , -S(O) 2 R 70 , -S(O) 2 O M + , -S(O) 2 OR 70 , -OS(O) 2 R 70 , -OS(O) 2 O M + , -OS(O) 2 OR 70 , -P(O)(O " ) 2 (M + ) 2 , -P(O)(OR 70 )O " M + , -P(O)(OR 70 XOR 70 ), -C(O)R 70 , -C(S)R 70 , -C(C(S
• a group that is substituted has 1, 2, 3, or 4 substituents, 1, 2, or 3 substituents, 1 or 2 substituents, or 1 substituent.
• compositions disclosed herein can also be provided as pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts or “a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof refer to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases including inorganic acids and bases and organic acids and bases. If the compound is basic, salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids.
• Such salts may be, for example, acid addition salts of at least one of the following acids: benzenesulfonic acid, citric acid, ⁇ -glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, glycolic acid, lactic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, phosphoric acid, propanoic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid (d, 1, or dl), tosic acid (toluenesulfonic acid), valeric acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, carbonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, ethanedisulfonic acid, ethylsuccinic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid (mucic acid), D-glucuronic acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, hippuric acid, isethi
• prodrug refers to a derivative of an active compound (drug) that requires a transformation under the conditions of use, such as within the body, to release the active drug.
• Prodrugs are frequently, but not necessarily, pharmacologically inactive until converted into the active drug.
• Prodrugs are typically obtained by masking a functional group in the drug believed to be in part required for activity with a progroup (defined below) to form a promoiety which undergoes a transformation, such as cleavage, under the specified conditions of use to release the functional group, and hence the active drug.
• the cleavage of the promoiety can proceed spontaneously, such as by way of a hydrolysis reaction, or it can be catalyzed or induced by another agent, such as by an enzyme, by light, by acid, or by a change of or exposure to a physical or environmental parameter, such as a change of temperature.
• the agent can be endogenous to the conditions of use, such as an enzyme present in the cells to which the prodrug is administered or the acidic conditions of the stomach, or it can be supplied exogenously.
• progroups, as well as the resultant promoieties, suitable for masking functional groups in the active drugs to yield prodrugs are well-known in the art.
• a hydroxyl functional group can be masked as a sulfonate, ester or carbonate promoiety, which can be hydro lyzed in vivo to provide the hydroxyl group.
• An amino functional group can be masked as an amide, carbamate, imine, urea, phosphenyl, phosphoryl or sulfenyl promoiety, which can be hydro lyzed in vivo to provide the amino group.
• a carboxyl group can be masked as an ester (including silyl esters and thioesters), amide or hydrazide promoiety, which can be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the carboxyl group.
• ester including silyl esters and thioesters
• amide or hydrazide promoiety which can be hydrolyzed in vivo to provide the carboxyl group.
• the compounds disclosed herein can also be provided as iV-oxides.
• the presently disclosed compounds, salts, prodrugs and JV-oxides can be provided, for example, in solvate or hydrate form.
• Compounds can be assayed for binding to a membrane-bound adiponectin receptor by performing a competitive binding assay with adiponectin.
• HEK 293 cellular membrane is coated onto a COSTAR 384 plate, which is then blocked with 1% casein.
• Polyhistidine-tagged globular adiponectin and a candidate compound is incubated with the membrane in HEPES buffer. Unbound ligands are washed away and the degree of binding of the adiponectin is determined using horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti- polyhistidine.
• Compounds that compete with adiponectin binding to the membrane ⁇ i.e., give a reduced signal compared to a control performed without a candidate compound) can be chosen as hits and further screened using the below-described functional assays to identify adiponectin receptor agonists.
• An in-cell western assay can be performed to demonstrate the activation of AMPK in human liver cells by globular adiponectin using glutathione S-transferase (GST).
• GST glutathione S-transferase
• AMPK activity can be measured by the relative concentration of phosphorylated acetyl Co-A carboxylase, which is one of the products of AMPK.
• An increase in pACC correlates with an increase in the rate of fatty acid oxidation.
• the compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can be administered, for example, orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.
• parenteral as used herein includes percutaneous, subcutaneous, intravascular (e.g., intravenous), intramuscular, or intrathecal injection or infusion techniques and the like.
• compositions can be made using the presently disclosed compounds.
• a pharmaceutical composition includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, and compound as described above with reference to structural formulae (I)-(LXIX).
• one or more compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) may be present in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients, and, if desired, other active ingredients.
• the pharmaceutical compositions containing compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) may be in a form suitable for oral use, for example, as tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
• compositions intended for oral use can be prepared according to any suitable method for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservative agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations.
• Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
• excipients can be for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
• the tablets can be uncoated or they can be coated by known techniques. In some cases such coatings can be prepared by suitable techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
• a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed.
• Formulations for oral use can also be presented as hard gelatin capsules, wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
• Formulations for oral use can also be presented as lozenges.
• Aqueous suspensions contain the active materials in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
• excipients can be suspending agents, for example sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• dispersing or wetting agents such as a naturally-occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or
• the aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
• Oily suspensions can be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
• the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol. Sweetening agents and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
• Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives.
• a dispersing or wetting agent for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, can also be present.
• compositions can also be in the form of oil-in- water emulsions.
• the oily phase can be a vegetable oil or a mineral oil or mixtures of these.
• Suitable emulsifying agents can be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monooleate, and condensation products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxy ethylene sorbitan monooleate.
• the emulsions can also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.
• Syrups and elixirs can be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, glucose or sucrose. Such formulations can also contain a demulcent, a preservative, flavoring, and coloring agents.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be in the form of a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension can be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents that have been mentioned above.
• the sterile injectable preparation can also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• Suitable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils can be employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
• any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
• fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.
• Compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can also be administered in the form of suppositories, e.g., for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the compound with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• Such materials include cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• Compounds of structural formula (I)-(LXIX) can also be administered parenterally in a sterile medium. The drug, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, can either be suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
• adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
• the compounds disclosed herein can be made using procedures familiar to the person of ordinary skill in the art and as described herein.
• compounds of structural formulae (II)-(III) can be prepared according to Scheme 1 , below, or analogous synthetic schemes:
• hydroxynaphthoic acid 1 is coupled with a protected (e.g. benzyl) 4-aminopiperidine 2 to form JV-piperidin-4-yl naphthamide 3, which is coupled with 4-hydroxypiperidine 4, for example under Mitsunobu conditions, to form Compound 65 of Table 1.
• a protected (e.g. benzyl) 4-aminopiperidine 2 is coupled with 4-hydroxypiperidine 4, for example under Mitsunobu conditions, to form Compound 65 of Table 1.
• 4-hydroxypiperidine 4 for example under Mitsunobu conditions
• methoxyquinolinecarboxylic acid 1 is converted to the corresponding hydroxyquinolinecarboxylic acid 2, by removal of the methyl group with, e.g., boron tribromide.
• the acid moiety is coupled with Boc-protected 4- aminopiperidine to form protected JV-piperidin-4-yl quinolinecarboxamide 3.
• Coupling of the hydroxyl group of 3 with a desired 4-hydroxypiperidine yields Boc-protected compound 4, which is deprotected to yield the JV-piperidin-4-yl piperidinyloxy quinolinecarboxamide 5.
• Reductive amination of a benzaldehyde with the amide pipiridine yields Compound 69 of Table 1.
• An example of the synthesis of a compound of structural formula (IX) is provided below in Example 4.
• methoxyindole ester 1 is converted to the corresponding hydroxyindole carboxylic acid 2 with boron tribromide.
• Carboxylic acid 2 is coupled with Hca amine to yield hydroxyindole amide 3.
• Hydroxyazacycloalkanol 4 (illustrated as a 4-hydroxypiperidine) is coupled with amide 3 to yield (azacycloalkoxy)benzoindoleamide 5.
• An example of the synthesis of a compound of structural formula (X) is provided below in Example 5.
• Compounds suitable for use in the presently disclosed pharmaceutical compositions include compounds of Table 1, above. These compounds can be made according to the general schemes described above, for example using a procedure similar to that described below in the Examples.
• compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) are mimics of adiponectin which act as adiponectin receptor agonists, thereby activating the AMPK pathway.
• Activation of the AMPK pathway has the effect of increasing glucose uptake, decreasing glycogen synthesis and increasing fatty acid oxidation, thereby reducing glycogen, intracellular triglyceride and fatty acid concentration and causing an increase in insulin sensitivity.
• compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) should also inhibit the inflammatory processes which occur during the early phases of atherosclerosis. Accordingly, compounds of structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can be useful in the treatment of type II diabetes and in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
• a method for activating the AMPK pathway in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
• a method of increasing fatty acid oxidation in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
• Co-A carboxylase catalyzes the formation of malonyl Co-A, a potent inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation; phosphorylation of ACC greatly reduces its catalytic activity, thereby reducing the concentration of malonyl Co-A and increasing the rate of fatty acid oxidation.
• the presently disclosed compounds can increase the rate of phosphorylation of ACC, they can reduce the inhibition of fatty acid oxidation and therefore increase its overall rate.
• a method of decreasing glycogen concentration in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
• a method of increasing glucose uptake in a cell includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
• a method of reducing triglyceride levels in a subject includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, JV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
• a method of increasing insulin sensitivity of a subject includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
• a method of treating type II diabetes in a subject in need of such treatment includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, solvate, hydrate, iV-oxide or composition described above.
• a method of treating or preventing atherosclerosis or cardiovascular disease in a subject includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above.
• the compounds disclosed herein can act as activators of the AMPK pathway.
• a method comprises modulating the AMPK pathway (either in vitro or in vivo) by contacting a cell with a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above, or administering a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition described above to a mammal (e.g., a human) in an amount sufficient to modulate the AMPK activity and study the effects thereby induced.
• a mammal e.g., a human
• Another embodiment is the use of a compound, pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, iV-oxide (or solvate or hydrate thereof) or composition as described above in the manufacture of a medicament for any of the therapeutic purposes described above.
• the medicament can be for the reduction of triglyceride levels in a subject, the treatment of type II diabetes in a subject, or the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis or cardiovasclular disease in a subject.
• an ethylene glycol, oligo(ethylene glycol) or poly(ethylene glycol) linker is used.
• linkers include amino acids, which can be used alone or in combination with other linker groups, such as ethylene glycol, oligoethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol.
• Suitable linkers include, without limitation, single amino acids, as well as di- and tripeptides.
• the linker includes a glycine residue. The person of skill in the art will realize, of course, that other linkers and labeling agents can be used.
• an alkylene chain is the linker.
• the linker has the structure -[(C0-C3 alkyl)-Y m -] m -, in which each Y m is -O-, -N(R 9 )-, or L, and m is in the range of 1-40.
• a labeled conjugate has structural formula (LXX):
• the "LINK” moiety is a linker and is optional, and the "LABEL” moiety is a labeling agent, and all other variables are as described above, for example with reference to structural formula (I).
• Any of the compounds disclosed with reference to structural formulae (I)-(LXIX) can be used in the labeled conjugate of structural formula (LXX).
• the -(LINK) 0 - I -(LABEL) moiety is attached the "B" ring system at a benzo, pyrido or pyrazino ring position in the meta position relative to the J moiety.
• a labeled conjugate has structural formula (LXXI):
• a labeled conjugate has structural formula (LXXII):
• reaction mixture was then cooled down to room temperature, and the resulting yellow solid was collected by filtration, washed with H 2 O (3x50 mL) and dried under vacuum overnight to provide 2-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- ⁇ ]indole-8-carboxylic acid (3) as a pale yellow solid (35.2 g, 77%).
• N-(l-Nicotinoylpiperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro- lH-pyrido[4,3- ⁇ ]indole-8-carboxamide (compound 42) was prepared as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(c) above (using nicotinyl chloride hydrochloride instead of sulfonyl chlorides) as an off-white solid (87%).
• N-( 1 -(4-Fluorophenylcarbamoyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-lH-pyrido[4,3- ⁇ ]indole-8-carboxamide was prepared as described in step 3 of Synthetic Example l(c) above as an off-white solid (96%).
• 6-Methoxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (2.5g, 12.3 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous dichloromethane (20 mL) under nitrogen; the suspension was cooled to -78 0 C. A solution OfBBr 3 in dichloromethane (100 mL of IM solution, 100 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 30 min at -78 0 C, warmed slowly to RT, and allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched by dropwise addition of ice-water. The resulting solids were collected by filtration, and washed with water to yield 3.2 g (97%) of 6-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid as an HBr salt. LCMS: >98%; MS: 190.27 (M+l, free base).
• step a To a stirred mixture of the product of step a (500mg, 2.63mmol) in anhydrous dimethyformamide (5 mL) was added triethylamine (733 ⁇ L, 5.62 mmol), HATU (1.1 g, 2.89 mmol), and tert-butyl 4-aminopiperidine-l-carboxylate (526 mg, 2.63 mmol). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight and then poured into water. The resulting solids were collected by filtration and purified by column chromatography to yield tert-butyi 4-(6-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxamido)piperidine-l-carboxylate as a light brown solid (0.7g, 71%) .
• step 3 The product of step 3 above was dissolved in 4N HCl in dioxane, and stirred for Ih at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness. The residue (100 mg, 0.31 mmol) and 4-cyanobenzaldehyde (33 mg, 0.247mmol) were mixed in 1,2 dichloroethane (5 mL) and treated with sodium triacetoxyborohydride (70 mg, 0.328 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature under N 2 overnight, then quenched with IN NaOH, and the product was extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers were washed with brine and dried (MgSO 4 ).
• Compound 72 of Table 1 was assayed for its ability to activate AMPK using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
• the EC 50 values for AMPK activation for compound 72 is presented in Table 6 below, in which "A” is less than 0.1 ⁇ M; “B” is 0.1-0.5 ⁇ M; “C” is 0.5-1 ⁇ M; and “D” is 1-50 ⁇ M:

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