Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
  • B01J8/06—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactors; the solid particles being arranged in tubes
  • B01J8/067—Heating or cooling the reactor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
  • B01J19/248—Reactors comprising multiple separated flow channels
  • B01J19/2485—Monolithic reactors
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/30—Loose or shaped packing elements, e.g. Raschig rings or Berl saddles, for pouring into the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/32—Packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit or module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
  • B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/8973—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony or bismuth
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
  • B01J35/55—Cylinders or rings
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
  • B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
  • B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional monoliths
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/0201—Impregnation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
  • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
  • B29C64/165—Processes of additive manufacturing using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
  • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
  • B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
  • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
  • B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
  • C04B35/10—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on aluminium oxide
  • C04B35/111—Fine ceramics
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
  • C04B35/14—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on silica
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
  • B01J21/04—Alumina
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/30—Details relating to random packing elements
  • B01J2219/302—Basic shape of the elements
  • B01J2219/30276—Sheet
  • B01J2219/30288—Sheet folded
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/30—Details relating to random packing elements
  • B01J2219/304—Composition or microstructure of the elements
  • B01J2219/30416—Ceramic
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/30—Details relating to random packing elements
  • B01J2219/304—Composition or microstructure of the elements
  • B01J2219/30475—Composition or microstructure of the elements comprising catalytically active material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/30—Details relating to random packing elements
  • B01J2219/308—Details relating to random packing elements filling or discharging the elements into or from packed columns
  • B01J2219/3081—Orientation of the packing elements within the column or vessel
  • B01J2219/3085—Ordered or stacked packing elements
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
  • C04B2235/60—Aspects relating to the preparation, properties or mechanical treatment of green bodies or pre-forms
  • C04B2235/602—Making the green bodies or pre-forms by moulding
  • C04B2235/6026—Computer aided shaping, e.g. rapid prototyping
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
  • C04B2235/60—Aspects relating to the preparation, properties or mechanical treatment of green bodies or pre-forms
  • C04B2235/606—Drying
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
  • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
  • C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
  • C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
  • C04B2235/95—Products characterised by their size, e.g. microceramics
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S502/00—Catalyst, solid sorbent, or support therefor: product or process of making
  • Y10S502/524—Spinel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S502/00—Catalyst, solid sorbent, or support therefor: product or process of making
  • Y10S502/525—Perovskite

Definitions

• the invention relates to the use of moldings having catalytic properties as reactor internals in heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions.
• Heterogeneous catalysis plays a central role in modern industrial chemistry.
• Heterogeneous catalysts often consist of metals and / or metal oxides, with the surface of which react the reactants of the reaction to be catalyzed. Besides the nature of this interaction, the transport of the reactants to the active sites on the surface and the removal of the products from the surface are of crucial importance. In addition, the heat of reaction liberated must be removed as quickly as possible or required heat to be supplied.
• catalyst beds for example different types, catalysts with different amounts of active component or with different dopings
• a disadvantage of this type of use of catalysts is that the beds described generally lead to a large pressure drop in the reactor.
• it can easily lead to the formation of channels and the formation of zones with stagnant gas and / or liquid movement, so that the catalyst is only very unevenly loaded.
• the required in a catalyst change removal and installation of the moldings may be complex, for example, in tube bundle respectively Salzbadreaktoren with a large number of tubes.
• To reduce the pressure loss reactor internals have been described which are intended to prevent too dense packing of the catalyst in the reactor.
• WO 03/047747 a metal multi-channel packing is described, in which a plurality of packing layers with a different geometric surface are put together alternately into which the catalyst is filled.
• the packing layers are selected so that the catalyst can only trickle into the channels of the lower specific surface packing, the so-called catalyst channels.
• the catalyst can not trickle due to geometric reasons.
• This system is used, inter alia, in the reactive distillation.
• the disadvantage here is that due to the increased porosity of the package, a larger reactor volume is needed and the internals provide a large metallic surface. Additional metal in the form of the package is required, resulting in increased material costs. Furthermore, it can lead to corrosion and metal ions can be dissolved out.
• tissue bags are made the design KATAPAK ® K Sulzer AG, CH-8404 Winterthur, see from a wire mesh (e.g., B., J.-P. Stringaro et al., Chemical Plants and Processing, 1992, JuIy, S. 6 to 10 ) and are used as catalytically active internals in reactive distillation.
• Other embodiments are offered by Montz and CDTech and operate on a similar principle (eg, so-called "bales” of CDTech, Houston, USA).
• catalysts can also be used in the form of monoliths with continuous channels, honeycomb or rib structure, as described for example in DE-A-2709003.
• Monoliths offer a very low pressure loss at the expense of cross mixing. In practice, this can lead to an inhomogeneous distribution of concentrations, temperatures and flow velocities as well as insufficient radial heat dispersion. Disadvantage is usually the low ratio of catalyst (carrier) mass per reactor volume.
• the design of the monolith in exhaust catalysts could prevail due to the lack of better alternatives for motor vehicles. There is thus a need for shaped bodies with catalytic properties which can be used as reactor internals and are optimized with respect to their geometry for the respective reaction conditions.
• They should preferably provide a high cross-mixing, ie a balance of concentrations and temperatures in the reactor, as well as little backmixing, allow a sufficiently large mass and heat transfer and lead only to the lowest possible pressure loss and the possibly occurring positive or negative heat of reaction - or feed.
• RP rapid prototyping
• SLS selective laser sintering
• SLA stereolithography
• EP-A-0431 924 One of the rapid prototyping methods is described in EP-A-0431 924 and comprises the layered construction of three-dimensional components made of powder and binder. Unbound powder is removed at the end and the workpiece remains in the desired geometry.
• the catalysts there should be a lower pressure loss in comparison to beds, preferably to the highest possible cross-mixing, also to a small backmixing against the flow direction and a sufficiently large mass and heat transport, including a radial heat transport.
• the present invention therefore relates to the use of shaped bodies having catalytic properties, obtainable by a process comprising the steps:
• steps b), c) and / or d) can be carried out several times
• the binder or binder mixture is preferably chosen so that the binder itself or its residues in the later application as a catalyst (carrier) does not affect the chemical reaction or not negatively.
• the object is thus achieved according to the invention by the use of shaped bodies with catalytic properties, which with regard to their geometry for the jewei- liger flow and reaction conditions in the reactor are optimized.
• the reactor internals can be tailored for the application, as is not possible with conventional techniques such as extrusion or injection molding.
• the advantage of the rapid prototyping technology compared to these conventional production techniques is that theoretically any geometry, even complex components, for example with cavities or microchannels, computer-controlled in the corresponding three-dimensional component without previous molding in molds, without cutting, using a CAD data set, Routing, grinding, soldering, etc. can be implemented.
• reactor internals offer advantages for the material and heat transport in chemical reactions compared to conventional reactor internals due to their optimized geometry.
• This process intensification results in higher yields, conversions and selectivities as well as a safe reaction procedure and can lead to cost savings for existing or new processes in the chemical industry due to reduced apparatus sizes or reduced amounts of catalyst.
• the moldings to be used according to the invention obtain their catalytic properties either by being prepared from a catalytically active material or a precursor thereof or consist of an inert material (which serves as a support), to which a catalytically active component is applied (see method step c). It is also possible to apply further catalytically active components, for example metals or promoters, to already catalytically active material.
• Suitable materials for the production of the moldings to be used according to the invention are preferably metal oxides, metal oxide hydroxides, hydrotalcites, spinels, perovskites, metals, alloys, metal phosphates, naturally occurring and synthetic layer or framework silicates such as clay minerals, zeolites, mica, feldspars, ceramic materials such as Steatite, cordierite, porcelain, carbides such as SiC, B 4 C, nitrides such as Si 3 N 4 , AlN, glasses and the like.
• Preferred materials are silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, magnesia, calcia, mixed metal oxides, hydrotalcites, spinels, perovskites, metal phosphates, silicates, zeolites, steatite, cordierite, carbides, nitrides or mixtures or mixtures thereof.
• silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, magnesia, calcia, steatite, cordierite and mixed oxides such as SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 , ZnO-Al 2 O 3 -CuO, SiO 2 -TiO 2 , ZrO 2 -SiO 2 , ZrO 2 -Al 2 O 3 or mixtures of two or more of these materials.
• the various modifications can be used individually or in admixture, it can also run phase conversions by the optionally performed in the manufacturing process thermal treatment.
• Pulp-shaped starting materials which can be used with or without a binder are used in the rapid prototyping process to be used according to the invention.
• the other versions apply to both variants. Both monodisperse and polydisperse powders can be used. Naturally, thinner layers can be realized with finer particles, whereby a larger number of layers and thus a higher spatial resolution is possible for the construction of a desired shaped body than with coarser particles. Preference is given to powders having an average particle size in the range from about 0.5 ⁇ m to about 450 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from about 1 ⁇ m to about 300 ⁇ m, and very particularly preferably from 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
• the powder to be used can, if necessary, also be pretreated in a targeted manner, e.g. by at least one of the steps calcining, compacting, mixing, granulating, sieving, agglomerating or milling to a certain particle size fraction.
• the rapid prototyping method to be used according to the invention consists of the following steps, which are repeated until the desired shaped body is completely composed of the individual layers.
• a powdery starting material or starting material mixture is applied in a thin layer on a substrate and then added at selected points of this layer with a binder and any necessary auxiliaries, or irradiated or otherwise treated, so that the powder is connected at these locations, whereby the powder is combined both within the layer and with the adjacent layers.
• the powder not bound by the binder is removed and the bonded powder remains in the desired shape. Binders and aids
• binder it is generally possible to use any material which is suitable for firmly connecting adjacent particles of the powdery starting material. Solids or colloidal solutions of silicon dioxide or aluminosilicates, silica or their esters, siloxanes or silicones are preferred here.
• binders are organic materials, especially those which can be crosslinked or otherwise covalent bond with one another, for example phenolic resins, polyisocyanates, polyurethanes, epoxy resins, furan resins, urea-aldehyde condensates, furfuryl alcohol, acrylic acid and acrylate dispersions, polymeric alcohols, peroxides, carbohydrates, sugars, sugar alcohols, proteins, starch, carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan, gelatin, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidone or mixtures thereof.
• phosphates or polyphosphates are preferably suitable as binders. When used, the subsequent temperature treatment at 300 0 C to 700 0 C take place.
• the binders are used in liquid form either in dissolved or dispersed form, whereby both organic solvents (eg toluene) and water can be used. It is preferred to use binders which themselves or their residues do not or do not negatively influence the chemical reaction during later use as a catalyst (support).
• the application of the binders takes place, for example, via a nozzle, a printhead or another apparatus which permits precise placement of the smallest possible drops of the binder on the powder layer.
• the ratio of powder amount to binder amount varies depending on the substances used, and is usually in the range of about 40:60 to about 99: 1 parts by weight, preferably in the range of about 70:30 to about 99: 1 parts by weight, especially preferably in the range of about 85:15 to about 98: 2 parts by weight.
• auxiliaries may be used, which may, for example, have an influence on the crosslinking of the binders or serve as hardeners.
• auxiliaries in particular water, inorganic acids or bases, but also rapidly hydrolyzable or condensable compounds such as metal alkoxides (eg., Titanium alcoholates) are used.
• the adjuvants can be applied separately, but if appropriate they can also be added to the powder bed and / or the binder or the binder solution. temperature treatment
• the temperature treatment may be designed as sintering and / or as calcination.
• the sintering or calcination takes place at temperatures in the range of preferably 350 to 2100 ° C.
• the temperature treatment can also be carried out in such a way that first a debindering, ie removal of the binder, is carried out, followed by sintering and / or calcination. Definitions for sintering and calcining are given below.
• the geometry of the shaped body depends on the requirements of the respective field of application and can be varied within wide limits due to the flexibility of the powder-based rapid prototyping method. It is preferable to seek a form which, when used as a catalyst in heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions, results in as high a cross-mixing as possible and as low a pressure drop in the reactor as possible, in addition to a small backmixing against the flow direction and a sufficiently large mass and heat transport , including the heat transport to the outside.
• Advantageous forms can be based, for example, on the packings known from the distillation technology in cross-channel structures which are known to the person skilled in the art and are offered by manufacturers such as Montz, Sulzer or kuhni.
• These shaped bodies have channels, through which the reaction medium flows, wherein the channels are inclined at an angle in the range of 0 ° to 70 °, preferably 30 ° to 60 °, in the direction of the main flow.
• the channels may have any cross-sectional shape, with square, rectangular or circular cross-sectional shapes being preferred.
• the packs may preferably be embodied as multichannel packs which have channels in which the chemical reaction preferably takes place and additionally contain channels in which the convective heat transport preferably takes place.
• the channels for the heat transport are preferably more inclined and preferably have a hydraulic diameter which is larger by a factor of 2 to 10 than the diameter of the channels for catalysis.
• the multi-channel packages are preferably made with perforations in the individual layers, for example as expanded metal, in order to ensure a better mass transfer.
• the moldings used according to the invention are used as reactor internals. They may be in unoriented form as a bed or in spatially oriented form, for example as a packing in a column-shaped reactor, as is known in principle from monoliths. In this case, the moldings used according to the invention can extend to the edge of the (column-shaped) reactor.
• the incorporation of the structured catalysts into the reactor can be accomplished in a variety of ways, e.g. in a tube (bundle) reactor by arranging the cylindrical components on top of each other, wherein not necessarily all catalyst parts have the same shape, structure, doping, etc., but also vertical / longitudinal segmentation are possible: z.
• the installation can also be segmented in the transverse direction (such as in pie pieces by 4 quarter-cylinders or by a number of hexagonal, honeycomb-like components, one next to each other arranges). You can also install the components as an irregular bed.
• Moldings according to the invention may be larger in otherwise the same catalytic, mass and heat transport or pressure loss properties, so that when using a bed of this molding this risk of the lifting hook can be eliminated.
• the moldings used according to the invention can also be used in spatially oriented form, for example as packing, as reactor internals.
• a column-shaped reactor which contains the shaped bodies as packings, can be flowed through by a reaction medium, the packing consisting of one element or of a plurality of elements attached in the longitudinal direction.
• the packing consisting of one element or of a plurality of elements attached in the longitudinal direction.
• form packing sections each packing element is constructed from a plurality of longitudinally oriented layers, each layer contains densely arranged channels, the channels of adjacent layers intersect and the channels within a packing element have side walls that are permeable or impermeable to the fluids. It is also possible to use the described shaped body as a bed.
• the packs are preferably either a) equipped with an edge seal to ensure a uniform flow over the entire packing cross-section to suppress the Randauerkeit, or b) preferably have a structure that has no higher porosity at the edge.
• Geometry Suitable molds or structures of the moldings used according to the invention are described, for example, in the following documents by the companies Montz and Sulzer. These structures can be used in the form of ceramics according to the invention as catalysts or catalyst support.
• An exemplary such shaped body has z. B. a plurality of approximately vertically arranged, with their side surfaces abutting corrugated plates or edges, the closely adjacent ribs from top to bottom approximately arcuate, on, wherein the ribs of two adjacent plates cross each other, the ribs in the Upper region of a plate straight and oblique to the upper, in particular horizontal plate edge and in the lower region of the plate arcuately curved, the longitudinal line of the upper ends of the ribs with the upper, in particular horizontal plate edge an angle of 30 to 70 °, preferably from 45 to 60 ° forms the longitudinal line of the lower ends of the ribs with the lower, in particular horizontal plate edge forms an angle of 75 to 90 °, preferably from 80 to 85 °, wherein the longitudinal line in the same or in the opposite direction of the ribs at the upper end can point.
• Such an embodiment is described for example in EP-B-1 251 958 by Montz. It can also be provided above and below curved ribs, as z. B. offered by the company Sulzer.
• Another suitable for use as optimized reactor internals moldings is in the form of a cross-channel packing, the pack is composed of vertical layers consisting of corrugated or pleated, flow channels forming metal oxides, the flow channels of adjacent layers cross open and the angle between them crossing channels is less than about 100 °.
• a cross-channel package is described for example in EP-A-1 477 224, see also the angle definition there.
• packs which can be used as moldings are Sulzer BX tissue packs, Sulzer lamellar packs Mellapak, high-performance packs such as Mellapak Plus, structured packings from Sulzer (Optiflow), Montz (BSH) and Kühni (Rombopak) and packs from Emitec (www.emitec.com).
• the moldings may, for example, have the shape of the packing types A3, B1, BSH, C1 and M of Montz.
• the packing bodies are composed of corrugated webs (lamellae). The waves are inclined to the vertical and form with the adjacent lamellae intersecting flow channels.
• the inventive, z. B. above defined moldings are preferably used in a running with a heat of reaction, ie for endothermic or exothermic reactions.
• the reaction may be a liquid phase reaction, gas phase reaction or a multi-phase reaction, for example a three-phase reaction.
• the thermal treatment is carried out in rich from about 300 to 2100 0 C.
• the powder bed with the molding therein is initially heated to a temperature in the range of 300 to 700 0 C, preferably from 300 to 550 0 C.
• the crosslinking of the binder is to be completed, for. B. by hydrolysis and / or condensation with cleavage of water or alcohols, and organic components can be at least partially removed by oxidation.
• a second temperature stage which usually comprises heating to a temperature of 900 to 2100 0 C, preferably from 1 100 to 1800 0 C.
• one is in the area of sintering, in which the powder particles enter into bonds with one another and thus the mechanical strength of the shaped body is increased.
• a certain shrinkage can occur, which has to be considered by the CAD template during printing.
• the powder not bound by the binder must be removed at the latest before the sintering step, this can be done for example by compressed air or blowing off. Then the bonded powder remains in the desired shape.
• the second temperature step may be chosen so that the resulting material has high or low porosity. Depending on the requirements of the reaction to be catalyzed, mechanical stability, structure and porosity of the material can be optimized by this step.
• the shaped bodies produced are themselves catalytically active.
• the moldings produced serve as carriers for catalysts.
• At least one (further) catalytically active component may be, for example, metal salts, such as hydroxides, nitrates, sulfates, halides, phosphates, acetates, oxalates or carbonates of elements such as iron, aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium, zirconium, manganese , Zinc, palladium, rhodium, silver, gold, tungsten, platinum, bismuth, tin, potassium, sodium, cesium, calcium, barium, magnesium, selenium, antimony, lanthanum, cerium, yttrium, among others.
• metal salts such as hydroxides, nitrates, sulfates, halides, phosphates, acetates, oxalates or carbonates of elements such as iron, aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium,
• ammonium salts can also be used for the modification, for example ammonium sulfate, phosphate, tungstate or vanadate, as well as heteropolyacids or their salts, such as tungstophosphoric acid, molybdenumic acid, etc.
• These catalytically active components can be obtained, for example, by impregnating the molded articles with an aqueous and / or organic solution of the metal salts are applied. If necessary, the impregnation can be followed by another thermal treatment in which the applied metal salts are activated or decomposed. Even after completion of the molding, washcoats may be applied in compositions and by methods known to those skilled in the art Use as a catalyst
• the resulting shaped articles with catalytic properties can be used as reactor internals for a variety of chemical reactions.
• all reactors which are operated with heterogeneous catalysts can be used, for example fixed bed tubular reactors, moving bed reactors, tube bundle reactors, salt bath reactors or fluidized bed reactors or as an application in reactive distillation or reactive extraction.
• all process engineering operations involving a reaction on a catalyst are possible. Preference is given to reactors for the continuous reaction.
• the shaped bodies having catalytic properties can be used for any heterogeneously catalyzed chemical reactions, for example oxidations, ammoxidations, hydrogenations, dehydrogenations, isomerizations, hydrations, dehydrations, aminations, nitrations, alkylations, dealkylations, disproportionations, acylations, alkoxylations, epoxidations , Esterification, transesterification, metathesis reaction, dimerization, oligomerization or rearrangement.
• These may be single-phase gas or liquid reactions or multi-phase reactions (e.g., gas-liquid or liquid-liquid reactions).
• Calcination refers to a temperature treatment in which the organic constituents are removed from the sample body.
• Sintering refers to a temperature treatment in which adjacent powder particles combine with each other.
• the mass-specific surface O denotes the according to DIN ISO 9277 or DIN
• the mass-specific surface is material-dependent and, for catalysts according to the invention, is in the range from 0.25 to 1500 m 2 / g, preferably in the range from 0.5 to 1000 m 2 / g and particularly preferably in the range from 1 to 600 m 2 / g.
• the outer surface Op ar t ⁇ kei total one fictitiously assumes that the inner free volume is filled with solid, ie it is considered only the surface of the particles or the porous medium.
• the outer surface is also referred to as a geometric surface.
• the particle total volume Vp artlk egg gesa m t, the volume of the total number of all the particles, said inner free volume than with solid is considered full.
• the total volume V Sch uttu n g is the entire volume of the porous medium. It is also calculated by fictitiously setting the external free volume to 0, ie the bed is considered as a solid material.
• the volume-specific outer surface ⁇ is the ratio of the geometric or outer surface of the shaped catalyst bodies in relation to the reactor volume.
• the volume-specific outer surface for catalysts according to the invention is preferably in the range from 1 to 10000 m 2 / m 3 , particularly preferably from 10 to 5000 m 2 / m 3 and in particular from 100 to 3000 m 2 / m 3 .
• the porosity ⁇ of a catalyst describes the quotient of (total volume minus particle volume) to the total volume.
• the porosity is divided into two components.
• the outer porosity describes the void volume between the different moldings. In the case of shaped bodies with large free volumes within the shaped body, these free spaces also belong to the outer porosity. An example of this is the cylindrical volumes within annular shaped catalyst bodies.
• the internal porosity is defined as the void volume within a shaped body, which arises because the shaped bodies do not consist entirely of solid material but still partially contain free volumes. These free volumes within the particle can be e.g. arise from the fact that the particles are composed of smaller primary particles.
• the porosity is measured z. B. by means of mercury porosimetry according to DIN 66133. The measurement provides a pore size distribution in the catalyst. At very low pressure only the outer porosity is measured.
• the porosity is preferably 10 to 99%, particularly preferably 20 to 90% and in particular 25 to 75%.
• the Sauter diameter d s is a measure of the dimension of beds or in general of equivalence particles in porous media. It is defined as the ratio of six times the total volume Vp artlke i , g total to the entire geometric surface
• the moldings used according to the invention preferably have Sauter diameters in the range from 1 to 50 mm, particularly preferably 1.5 to 15 mm, in particular 1.5 to 5 mm.
• a flow channel of any cross section can be traced back to a pipe cross section with diameter d h .
• This tube cross-section thus has the same area-to-circumference ratio as the channel of any cross-section.
• the pipe inside diameter is equal to the hydraulic diameter.
• the Peclet number is the dimensionless quotient of convective mass or heat transport and the diffusive transport of heat or material.
• the Peclet number is a characteristic measure for the backmixing or the compensation of concentration or temperature gradients in the axial direction. In the event that the Peclet number reaches zero, the conditions in the flow-through geometry correspond to an ideally mixed stirred tank, ie a completely filled back-mixed system. As the Peclet number increases, the axial convective transport of heat or material outweighs the dispersive effects, and back-mixing in the system loses its importance.
• the convective transport in the numerator of the Peclet number can be calculated with the diameter of the structure through which it flows. If, instead of the diameter, a characteristic particle dimension in the convective transport term is used, further dimensionless key figures can be defined whose significance with respect to the axial backmixing, however, remains identical to the abovementioned ones.
• the free flow velocity u 0 is the averaged over the flow cross-section flow velocity under fictitious absence of / of the molding.
• the dispersion coefficients D ax and D rad are geometry-specific or bulk-specific quantities which capture the dispersive mass and heat transport properties of a structure through which no molecular diffusion processes cause them.
• the Peclet number can be in a range from zero to arbitrarily large values.
• the axial Peclet number with negligible molecular diffusion Pe 3x 2.
• the wall heat transfer to the outside or from outside can be considered.
• the wall heat transition represents an additional inhibition. This is due to the greater bulk in closures near the wall porosity compared to the interior of the bed away from the wall.
• the main flow direction indicates within the reactor in which direction the fluid elements preferably move.
• the main flow direction may differ locally, for example when sheets are used within the reactor for flow guidance.
• the main flow direction can be determined in a reactor having an inlet and an outlet, for example by means of a tracer. The tracer will move through the reactor in the form of flow tubes.
• the main flow direction results from the direction of movement of these flow tubes.
• the cylinder axis from the inlet to the outlet describes the main flow direction.
• the main flow direction is also aligned parallel to the tubes.
• the flow cross-section is understood to mean planes perpendicular to the main flow direction. When deflections in the reactor, the flow cross-section can then z. T. extend only over parts of the reactor.
• a three-dimensionally structured "cross-channel structure" of FIG. 1 was produced from OC-Al 2 O 3.
• the length is 50 mm, the diameter 14 mm.
• CT 3000 SDP from Almatis, 67065 Ludwigshafen
• Turbula mixer Wood A. Bachofen AG, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
• solid binder xanthan 200 mesh (from König & Wiegand, 40472 Dusseldorf)
• the proportion of solid binder is 10 wt .-%, based on AIum oxide.
• the three-dimensional printing was carried out with a Z-Printer 310 (Z Corporation, Burlington, MA 01803, USA) using a water-based binder solution ZB 54 (Z Corporation, Burlington, MA 01803, USA). 2% of the liquid binder was used. After printing, the parts were first dried at 60 ° C. for 8 hours and then blown free with compressed air. The ceramic firing took place at 1600 ° C. with a holding time of 2 hours.
• Example 2 Into a beaker are added 3.12 g of Bi (NO 3 ) 3 -5H 2 O with 3.36 g of Pd (NO 3 ) 2 -2H 2 O and 48.6 mg of Co (NO 3 ) 2 -6H 2 O submitted. Add 18.17 g of distilled water and 9.08 g of concentrated nitric acid and stir for 1 h. In a Petri dish, seven of the Al 2 O 3 shaped bodies produced in Example 1 by rapid prototyping with a total mass of 42.8 g are initially charged, and the solution of the metal nitrates is added. The molds are rotated in the solution every 30 minutes and removed from the solution after 3 hours.
• a Salzbadreaktor 50 ml of catalyst are installed, top and bottom are each a 10 ml layer of steatite as an inert material.
• the catalyst is brought to a temperature of 350 0 C.
• 120 Nl / h of nitrogen and 35 Nl / h of air are then passed over, 15 min later additionally added 32.5 g / h of water and another 15 min later 22.4 g / h of cyclohexanone.
• the discharges are collected and the content of the desired reaction product cyclohexenone is determined by gas chromatography.
• the following table shows the results for the catalysts from Example 2 and from Comparative Example 2 for three different temperatures.
• a three-dimensionally structured form "cross-channel structure" according to FIG. 2 was produced from SiC> 2.
• the length is 100 mm, the diameter 80 mm.
• the powder used was silica sand GS 14 (from Strobel Quarzsand GmbH, 92271 Freihung) with a grain diameter of 140 ⁇ m and a furan resin-acid mixture as binder.
• This binder mixture from Askuran 120 (from Ashland-Sudchemie, 40721 Hilden) and RPT 100 (from Ashland-Südchemie, 40721 Hilden) was used in a mixing ratio of 100: 40, wherein the resin was added to the powder and the hardener was metered in via the printhead nozzles. The powder amount was added to a resin amount of about 1.5%.
• the molds were made by building 47 layers and dried at room temperature overnight.
• Example 5 The pressure loss which occurs during gas flow through the SiO 2 shaped body produced by rapid prototyping from Example 4 within a flow tube was measured. In comparison, the pressure loss was measured in beds of SiO 2 extrudates (diameter: 1.5 mm, average length: 5 to 10 mm). For this purpose, the moldings were installed in a stainless steel tube with a diameter of 80 mm, or the SiO 2 extrudates were filled in as a solid bed (bed height: 592 mm) and flowed through with nitrogen at 25 ° C. and normal pressure at different flow velocities.
• the flow rate was gradually increased and the pressure difference at the reactor internals or the bed was measured by means of pressure sensors (NetScanner 9116, from Esterline Pressure Systems, pressure range up to 100 kPa).
• pressure sensors NetScanner 9116, from Esterline Pressure Systems, pressure range up to 100 kPa.
• the pressure loss over the height of the reactor internals or the bed was plotted as a function of the empty tube speed.
• the following table shows the determined pressure losses for the structured shaped bodies in comparison to the SiO 2 liquids for three selected flow velocities.
• the structured SiO 2 shaped bodies produced by rapid prototyping have a substantially lower pressure loss than the catalyst bed of 1.5 mm strand bars.
• a three-dimensionally structured "cross-channel structure” was produced from Oc-Al 2 O 3 according to Figure 2.
• the length is 50 mm, the diameter 80 mm.
• CT 3000 SDP from Almatis, 67065 Ludwigshafen
• Turbula mixer Wood A. Bachofen AG, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
• solid binder xanthan 200 mesh (from König & Wiegand, 40472 Dusseldorf)
• the proportion of solid binder is 10 wt .-%, based on AIum oxide.
• the three-dimensional printing was carried out with a Z-Printer 310 (Z Corporation, Burlington, MA 01803, USA) using a water-based binder solution ZB 54 (Z Corporation, Burlington, MA 01803, USA). 2% of the liquid binder was used. After printing, the parts were first dried at 60 ° C. for 8 hours and then blown free with compressed air. The ceramic firing took place at 1600 ° C. with a holding time of 2 hours.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Optics & Photonics (AREA)
• Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
• Catalysts (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
• Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)

Priority Applications (5)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=40255998

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (6)

Cited By (9)

Families Citing this family (43)

Citations (4)

Family Cites Families (19)

• 2008
  • 2008-09-26 CN CN2008801106843A patent/CN101952023B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2008-09-26 US US12/681,998 patent/US8119554B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2008-09-26 WO PCT/EP2008/062956 patent/WO2009047141A1/de not_active Ceased
  • 2008-09-26 JP JP2010528355A patent/JP5322119B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2008-09-26 CA CA2701851A patent/CA2701851C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2008-09-26 EP EP08836804.8A patent/EP2200736B1/de not_active Revoked

Patent Citations (4)

Non-Patent Citations (5)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events