WO2009046505A1 - Installation et procede de lubrification par atomisation pour cylindres de laminage - Google Patents
Installation et procede de lubrification par atomisation pour cylindres de laminage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2009046505A1 WO2009046505A1 PCT/BE2008/000077 BE2008000077W WO2009046505A1 WO 2009046505 A1 WO2009046505 A1 WO 2009046505A1 BE 2008000077 W BE2008000077 W BE 2008000077W WO 2009046505 A1 WO2009046505 A1 WO 2009046505A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- installation according
- ramp
- air
- atomizers
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B27/00—Rolls, roll alloys or roll fabrication; Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls while in use
- B21B27/06—Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls
- B21B27/10—Lubricating, cooling or heating rolls externally
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a new lubrication system of the rolls or rolls of a hot or cold rolling line.
- the invention also relates to the method implemented on the installation.
- an emulsion which is a suspension of oil droplets in water, with an oil concentration. typically ranging between 0.3 and 2%. It can be either a stable emulsion or an unstable emulsion prepared online.
- the emulsion is applied directly to the working rolls by means of a spraying device located after the scrapers for the purpose of applying the oil to a dry surface. This method of application ensures a better distribution of the oil and therefore contributes to the reduction of oil consumption.
- the interest of good lubrication of the working rollers is not simply limited to the problem of roll performance (surface degradation) but is also related to the forces and rolling torques to apply and therefore to the necessary power consumption.
- the need for efficient lubrication is further enhanced with the use of HSS type rollers characterized by a higher coefficient of friction than traditional rolls, with steeper steels and lower thickness, under increased production and in conditions of surface quality imposed by the more severe customers.
- the coefficient of friction depends on many factors such as the application technology used, the amount of oil, the nature of the oil, the flow rate and the concentration of the emulsion.
- the lubrication efficiency can be very different from one rolling train to another and from one cage to another in the same train.
- the lubrication efficiency is a function of the lubricant supply technology, the nature of the lubricant (mineral, ester-based, etc.) and the quantity thereof.
- Satisfactory results are obtained by spraying oil in surface distributions ("plate-out") of 0.1 to 1 g / m 2 .
- the spraying device of the oil emulsion is either a venturi, the suction of the oil being carried out by the depression created by moving water in the main tube, or a device to conventional flat nozzles for the injection of a stable emulsion, for example a mixer static ("static tube mixer") where an oil is injected into a tube zone where the shear (velocity gradient) is increased by the presence of "obstacles".
- the venturi or the "static tube mixer” is combined with a series of injectors whose number is selected according to the bandwidth to be lubricated (3 to 7 injectors for a band up to 2 meters wide).
- EP-A1 193 004 discloses a cold rolling lubrication process comprising the steps of: providing a rolling oil emulsion using a first device for supplying the oil in the form of an emulsion provided to a cylinder and a steel strip in a closed circuit mode and a second device for supplying the emulsion only on the front and rear surfaces of the steel strip.
- the rolling oil is added to an emulsifier of the same type and concentration as those used for the first device, with an average particle size control so that they are larger than in the first device .
- the emulsion produced by the second device which has not adhered to the strip is recovered at the same time as the emulsion produced by the first device.
- WO-A-03/002 277 discloses an installation for cooling and lubricating working rolls in a rolling stand, separately comprising a cooling water spray boom and a spray boom of oil of lubrication, an oil / air mixture, oil / water or oil / air / water, or even grease.
- WO-A-03/000 437 discloses an installation and a method of lubricating rolling rolls, where an oil emulsion in water in proportions adjustable are prepared homogeneously in a mixer and supplied to different spray areas whose distribution is variable in width. Each zone corresponds to a row of sprinklers, each nozzle being. controlled by at least one relay valve.
- JP-A-2001/179 313 discloses a lubricant application device, whether in the form of undiluted oil or emulsion, comprising a network structure for uniform adhesion of the lubricant to a lubricant. working roller in a rolling mill cage.
- US-A-3,933,660 proposes a lubricating reducing oil for hot rolling copper and its alloys comprising 1000 parts by weight of water, 6 to 200 parts by weight of anionic surface activator of carboxylic acid type, sulfate or phosphate and 0.8 to 200 parts by weight of at least one compound containing a hydroxyl group of alcohol type, alkylene glycol or ether glycol.
- the rolling oil provides the copper and its alloys with lubrication, an ability to remove an oxide film and an ability to prevent the formation of an oxide film by spraying between the roll roll and the strip. roll hot.
- JP-A-2003/129 079 discloses a lubricating composition for the plastic work of a metal comprising a carboxylate, a metal acid phosphate or a metal alkylphosphonate.
- JP-A-55 151 093 discloses a lubrication process in cold rolling of a strip coated with a polar organic compound where an oil emulsion and a composition comprising an organic compound are sprayed.
- polar such as stearic acid.
- the excess oil emulsion is removed by spinning after formation of an oil layer adsorbed on the surface of the strip.
- WO-A-2005/071 050 discloses a self-emulsifying lubricant for working metals obtained by maleation of vegetable or animal triglyceride oil.
- the lubrication is carried out by spraying or atomizing a lubricant or a mixture of lubricants in the vicinity of the interstice of the working rolls, by means of a closed box provided with: a means forming a cloud of lubricant droplets less than 700 ⁇ m in size, more preferably less than 200 ⁇ m; - An adjustable aperture diaphragm associated with said means and placed on a front face of the box and an excess lubricant recovery device on the portion of the diaphragm internal to the box and on the inner walls of the box.
- the present invention aims to provide a solution that overcomes the disadvantages of the state of the art and in particular those related to the use of oil / water emulsions.
- the invention aims to obtain a high homogeneity of cylinder lubrication, adaptable and controllable both upward and downward.
- the invention also aims a precise and economical use of lubricant, very low flow, for the same efficiency.
- the invention also aims at achieving an installation that does not require an arrival. electricity at the cage, or heating the oil.
- the invention also aims easy maintenance, thanks in particular to the prevention of obstruction of pipes and sprinklers.
- the invention also aims to eliminate the risk of fire and the reduction of pollution by the lubricant.
- the invention has the additional object of providing sprinklers directly mounted on a common air collector, in the form of a compact system, which feeds them and also serves as mechanical support.
- the invention also aims to provide an installation comprising either a common pump with several nozzles per zone, or several dosing pumps for several nozzles, at the rate of one pump per nozzle.
- the invention finally aims to use an oil without pressure in the nozzle, which is adjustable flow.
- a first object of the present invention relates to an in-line lubrication system for rolling rolls, preferably hot, of a metal strip, preferably in steel, by spraying or atomizing a lubricant on a target comprising said cylinders and / or said band, preferably in the vicinity of the right-of-way, by means of a ramp of controllable air atomizers, arranged parallel to said cylinders and fed with in air or inert gas under pressure, characterized in that each atomizer comprises an inlet for air or inert gas under pressure and a pure oil inlet without pressure in an adapter followed by a mixing chamber, and an outlet nozzle for the atomized mixture.
- Another object of the present invention relates to a method of in-line lubrication of rolling rolls, preferably hot rolls, of a metal strip, preferably of steel, by spraying or atomizing d a lubricant by means of the aforementioned installation, characterized in that, at the outlet of the atomizers of the ramp, a cloud of fine droplets of pure oil is produced under pressure of air, with a maximum oil flow rate 200 ml / min, the oil entering without pressure in the atomizer, the air pressure being less than 0.5 bar.
- Figure 1 is a perspective representation (with its detail view) of a ramp of air atomizers for spraying pure oil on rolling rolls, according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 schematically represents a detailed sectional view of an atomizer of the ramp of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 schematically represents a general view of the lubrication system according to a first form of FIG. preferred embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 4 shows a real example of spray pattern obtained with the installation according to the present invention.
- Figure 5 schematically shows a general view of the lubrication system according to a second preferred embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 schematically represents a modular distribution valve (MDV) as used in the installation of FIG. 5.
- MDV modular distribution valve
- FIG. 7 represents graphically the evolution of the total rolling force over time in a static tube installation, respectively with the use of rolling oil and rapeseed oil as a lubricant and for different values of " platform.
- Figure 8 shows graphically the evolution of the total rolling force over time in an installation according to Figure 5, with the use of rapeseed oil.
- the present invention is based on the air atomization principle for spraying very small amounts of pure oil on the working rolls. Due to the very low concentration of pure oil used, a flat-out distribution of 0 to 0.6 g / m 2 can be achieved.
- the spray is formed by the intimate mixture of oil and air from two separate pipes, the air and the oil being "mixed" just after the exit of the small oil inlet tube. To obtain a perfect spray pattern, the air pressure and the oil flow rate were perfectly adjusted to the type of application considered, so as to avoid the formation of fog.
- the oil is not under pressure, that is to say that it has as little pressure as possible, but is supplied to the sprinklers in a very small amount by a
- the oil flows through a small tube and the risk of obstruction of the nozzle is non-existent because its orifice has an opening whose size is of the order of a millimeter. No oil heating is required because the spray pattern and the size of the droplets are controlled only by the pressure of the air.
- the lubricating device comprises a ramp 2 of air atomizers 3 arranged parallel to the rolling cylinder 1.
- the atomizers 3 are arranged along this ramp 2, perpendicular to it, preferably equidistant from each other.
- the distance between the ramp and the roll is 100-200 mm.
- Figure 2 shows the detail of an atomizer 3, made of stainless steel. This one has a pressurized air inlet 4, a non-pressurized oil inlet 5, these two inputs being located at a specially designed adapter 6 followed by a mixing chamber 6 'where oil and air are mixed, as well as a nozzle 7 for the output of the atomized mixture.
- the adapter 6 located after the air collector 4 thus allows the air transport and the oil supply through the inlet 5. It also plays a role of attachment of the nozzle (support).
- atomizers 3 for a ramp 2 for a treatment width of 2 m with for example a minimum oil flow rate of 50 ml / minute and a maximum of 150 ml / minute.
- the preferred values of oil flow will be determined for each specific rolling mill as a function of the rotational speed of the rolls (up to 20 m / s).
- natural oil and therefore no "carrier” medium
- the system will be adjusted so as to obtain a "platform-out" of the order of 0.4 g / cm 2 , which makes it possible to optimize the rolling force and the rolling torque.
- the air pressure can not exceed 0.4-0.45 bar, otherwise the formation of fog.
- the orifice of the nozzles must not be very small, it is typically 1.5 mm 0, hence the risk of obstruction is low, as already mentioned.
- FIG. 3 shows a general view of a lubrication installation according to this first embodiment of the invention, comprising a ramp of controllable atomizers, as described in FIG. 2.
- Each of the atomizers 3 of the ramp 2 is controlled at a distributor 9 having as many metering micropumps as atomizers on the ramp.
- Each The micropump of the distributor 9 is fed by an oil tank 11 and controlled individually, via an oil flow controller (12), by a PC 10 (eg 15 outputs, 0-
- the ramp 2 is supplied by a pressurized air line 13.
- the air pressure value is communicated to the PC for regulation by a pressure gauge 14.
- the speed of the cylinder 1 is also communicated to the PC by a measuring device 15. Additional valve On / Off
- the example of spray pattern shown in Figure 4 has an extension of 18 cm at a distance of 20 cm from the nozzles.
- the extension is 13.5 cm if the nozzles are 15 cm (oil flow 6 ml / min and air pressure 0.3 bar with an air flow of 10 1 / min per nozzle) .
- the ramp 2 of air atomizers arranged parallel to the rolling cylinder 1, is supplied with oil from the tank 11 according to lines parallel provided with metering pumps 16 and each terminating, through an inlet 17, to a modular distribution valve 8 (MDV, for modular divider valve, see Figure 6) located at one end of the ramp 2 and whose multiple outputs 18 feed the atomizers 3 located on the ramp 2.
- MDV modular distribution valve
- An additional On / Off valve can be installed on the parallel lines of oil supplying the distributor 8, just before it, for reasons of ease of use of installation.
- An example of an MDV 8 distributor, with six outlets 11, sold by Lubriquip Inc., Cleveland, Ohio (USA), is shown in FIG. 6.
- a sequential supply cycle of the various outlet gates 18 is provided by the movement of the pistons 19.
- the use of several valves divides the cylinder to be lubricated in 2 or 3 zones, for example A, B, C.
- the supply of air 13 is provided at one end of the ramp 2 (0 , 3 bar).
- a dosing pump and an MDV distributor are used to feed each atomizer 3 of the zone.
- the oil coming from the central tank 11 is conveyed to a metering pump 16.
- the minimum pressure depends on the pressure drop of the valve MDV. Generally a pressure of 2 bar is necessary, but, if necessary, the pressure can be increased to 10-15 bar.
- the oil will be filtered, to the extent that impurities arriving in the MDV valves are likely to disrupt the operation.
- the oil pressure and the air pressure will be continuously monitored.
- the static tube has 4 jets located at a distance of 20-25 cm from the rollers to be lubricated.
- the speed of the rollers is between 0.3 and 0.5 m / s and the reduction rate is 50%. Spraying on the rollers creates a watering area that is 15 cm wide.
- Industrial conditions corresponding to a "platform-out" of 0.6 g / m 2 were simulated. Tests were also performed at higher "flat-out" values.
- a theoretical "flat-out" of 0.6 g / m 2 corresponds to a flow rate of 5 ml / min (ie 1.25 ml / min per nozzle) at a speed of 0.3 m / s and a flow rate of 8 ml / min at a speed of 0.5 m / s.
- a theoretical "flat-out" of 4.2 g / m 2 corresponds to a flow rate of 32 ml / min (8 ml / min per nozzle) at a speed of 0.3 m / s.
- a theoretical "flat-out" of 2.5 g / m 2 corresponds to a flow rate of 32 ml / min (8 ml / min per nozzle) at a speed of 0.5 m / s.
- FIG. 7 shows the variation of the rolling force 21 as a function of time (and the moving average over 250 periods, 22), for each type of oil and, as the case may be, at different values of "platform". out “(from 0.6 to 4.2 g / m 2 ).
- the speed of the rollers 23 is also shown. Similar tests were carried out with the technology according to the invention, modular distribution valves of pure oil (rapeseed) and air atomization. The speed of the rollers is 0.3 and the reduction rate is 50%.
- the atomization has a width of 20 cm (on a strip of 10 cm).
- the oil distributor was used with a metering pump and 8 outputs (8 sprinklers).
- the total flow to the distributor was 60 ml / min (7.5 ml / nozzle), which corresponds to a theoretical "out-of-the-box" of 0.4 g / m 2 .
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Nozzles (AREA)
- Metal Rolling (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP08837441.8A EP2195125B2 (fr) | 2007-10-08 | 2008-10-07 | Installation et procede de lubrification par atomisation pour cylindres de laminage |
CN200880110686A CN101821026A (zh) | 2007-10-08 | 2008-10-07 | 轧辊的雾化润滑设备和方法 |
KR1020107006198A KR101490354B1 (ko) | 2007-10-08 | 2008-10-07 | 압연 실린더용 스프레이 윤활 유닛과 방법 |
JP2010527298A JP5442619B2 (ja) | 2007-10-08 | 2008-10-07 | 圧延ロールのための噴霧潤滑装置と方法 |
US12/679,143 US8544608B2 (en) | 2007-10-08 | 2008-10-07 | Spray lubrication unit and method for rolling cylinders |
BRPI0816606A BRPI0816606B1 (pt) | 2007-10-08 | 2008-10-07 | instalação de lubrificação em linha de cilindros de laminação e processo de lubrificação em linha de cilindros de laminação |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BE2007/0486 | 2007-10-08 | ||
BE2007/0486A BE1017806A3 (fr) | 2007-10-08 | 2007-10-08 | Installation et procede de lubrification par atomisation pour cylindres de laminage. |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2009046505A1 true WO2009046505A1 (fr) | 2009-04-16 |
Family
ID=39246792
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/BE2008/000077 WO2009046505A1 (fr) | 2007-10-08 | 2008-10-07 | Installation et procede de lubrification par atomisation pour cylindres de laminage |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8544608B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2195125B2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5442619B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR101490354B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101821026A (fr) |
BE (1) | BE1017806A3 (fr) |
BR (1) | BRPI0816606B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2009046505A1 (fr) |
Cited By (4)
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JP2012006018A (ja) * | 2010-06-22 | 2012-01-12 | Nippon Steel Corp | 潤滑油供給装置及び潤滑油供給方法 |
EP2527711A1 (fr) * | 2011-05-26 | 2012-11-28 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Dispositif de lubrification par aérosol, agencement de lubrification et procédé de lubrification |
EP2556902A1 (fr) * | 2010-04-07 | 2013-02-13 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | Installation d'alimentation en huile lubrifiante et procédé d'alimentation en huile lubrifiante |
WO2013037760A1 (fr) | 2011-09-13 | 2013-03-21 | Centre de Recherches Métallurgiques asbl - Centrum voor Research in de Metallurgie vzw | Réutilisation d'huile usée dans un laminoir |
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EP2465619A1 (fr) * | 2010-12-16 | 2012-06-20 | Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH | Procédé et dispositif d'application d'un lubrifiant lors du laminage d'un produit de laminage métallique |
DE102011102536A1 (de) * | 2011-05-26 | 2012-11-29 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Einrichtung mit Schmiermittelschutzanordnung und Schmierverfahren |
CN102284495B (zh) * | 2011-08-18 | 2014-08-13 | 中冶南方工程技术有限公司 | 冷轧湿平整生产中的水雾平整工艺 |
GB2511512B (en) * | 2013-03-05 | 2015-06-10 | Siemens Plc | Cooling device & method |
JP2016512174A (ja) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-04-25 | ノベリス・インコーポレイテッドNovelis Inc. | 熱間金属圧延における指向性潤滑のための製造方法および装置 |
KR102064552B1 (ko) | 2013-03-26 | 2020-01-10 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 기판 처리 장치 |
EP2893986A1 (fr) | 2014-01-08 | 2015-07-15 | Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH | Lubrification à l'aide de buses d'injection dotées de plusieurs orifices d'entrée d'huile |
CN104942031B (zh) * | 2014-03-26 | 2017-05-31 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | 一种冷轧轧制润滑剂供给方法 |
JP6696272B2 (ja) * | 2016-04-08 | 2020-05-20 | コニカミノルタ株式会社 | 定着装置および画像形成装置 |
EP3251762B1 (fr) | 2016-06-02 | 2019-08-07 | Primetals Technologies Austria GmbH | Dispositif de lubrification pour l'application d'un lubrifiant lors du laminage d'un produit de laminage |
CN107900113A (zh) * | 2017-11-17 | 2018-04-13 | 中铝瑞闽股份有限公司 | 一种评价铝板带轧制油工艺润滑性能的方法 |
US11352755B2 (en) * | 2018-08-16 | 2022-06-07 | Caterpillar Sarl | Cleaning system and method for a spraying system |
CN110947778B (zh) * | 2018-09-26 | 2022-01-14 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | 用于冷轧机组的乳化液喷淋装置及其喷淋管道设计方法 |
KR102200157B1 (ko) * | 2018-09-28 | 2021-01-07 | 주식회사 포스코 | 압연설비 및 이를 이용한 압연방법 |
CN110201568B (zh) * | 2019-06-05 | 2020-06-19 | 燕山大学 | 一种乳化液在线混合装置及其零件选型方法 |
CN112317542B (zh) * | 2020-10-28 | 2022-05-31 | 洛阳万基铝加工有限公司 | 一种用于轧辊的雾化喷油装置 |
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2007
- 2007-10-08 BE BE2007/0486A patent/BE1017806A3/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2008
- 2008-10-07 EP EP08837441.8A patent/EP2195125B2/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2008-10-07 US US12/679,143 patent/US8544608B2/en active Active
- 2008-10-07 KR KR1020107006198A patent/KR101490354B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2008-10-07 JP JP2010527298A patent/JP5442619B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-10-07 WO PCT/BE2008/000077 patent/WO2009046505A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2008-10-07 CN CN200880110686A patent/CN101821026A/zh active Pending
- 2008-10-07 BR BRPI0816606A patent/BRPI0816606B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2003002277A1 (fr) * | 2001-06-28 | 2003-01-09 | Sms Demag Aktiengesellschaft | Procede et dispositif de refroidisement et de lubrification de cylindres d'une cage de laminoir |
EP1512469A1 (fr) * | 2003-09-08 | 2005-03-09 | CENTRE DE RECHERCHES METALLURGIQUES asbl - CENTRUM VOOR RESEARCH IN DE METALLURGIE vzw | Procédé et installation pour la lubrification de cylindres de laminage |
WO2006053996A1 (fr) * | 2004-11-19 | 2006-05-26 | Usinor | Procede d'alimentation en lubrifiant lors d'un laminage a chaud |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2556902A1 (fr) * | 2010-04-07 | 2013-02-13 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | Installation d'alimentation en huile lubrifiante et procédé d'alimentation en huile lubrifiante |
EP2556902A4 (fr) * | 2010-04-07 | 2014-02-26 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corp | Installation d'alimentation en huile lubrifiante et procédé d'alimentation en huile lubrifiante |
US8713981B2 (en) | 2010-04-07 | 2014-05-06 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | Equipment of supplying lubricant and method of supplying lubricant |
EP3028781A1 (fr) * | 2010-04-07 | 2016-06-08 | Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation | Équipement d'alimentation en lubrifiant et procédé d'alimentation en lubrifiant |
JP2012006018A (ja) * | 2010-06-22 | 2012-01-12 | Nippon Steel Corp | 潤滑油供給装置及び潤滑油供給方法 |
EP2527711A1 (fr) * | 2011-05-26 | 2012-11-28 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Dispositif de lubrification par aérosol, agencement de lubrification et procédé de lubrification |
WO2013037760A1 (fr) | 2011-09-13 | 2013-03-21 | Centre de Recherches Métallurgiques asbl - Centrum voor Research in de Metallurgie vzw | Réutilisation d'huile usée dans un laminoir |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE1017806A3 (fr) | 2009-07-07 |
KR20100072203A (ko) | 2010-06-30 |
US20100258380A1 (en) | 2010-10-14 |
EP2195125B1 (fr) | 2014-12-03 |
BRPI0816606A2 (pt) | 2018-07-10 |
US8544608B2 (en) | 2013-10-01 |
EP2195125A1 (fr) | 2010-06-16 |
JP5442619B2 (ja) | 2014-03-12 |
CN101821026A (zh) | 2010-09-01 |
BRPI0816606B1 (pt) | 2019-08-27 |
KR101490354B1 (ko) | 2015-02-05 |
EP2195125B2 (fr) | 2018-10-31 |
JP2010540255A (ja) | 2010-12-24 |
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