Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
  • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
  • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
  • C03C3/078—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing an oxide of a divalent metal, e.g. an oxide of zinc

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a glass composition suitable for making glass, especially flat glass, that exhibits high visible light transmission and low heat transmission.
• clear flat glass is typically made using the batch ingredients sand, soda ash, limestone, dolomite, saltcake and cullet, which may result in a glass containing for example 70-73 % SiO 2 , 12-14 % Na 2 O, 7.5-10 % CaO, 3-5 % MgO, 0-2 % Al 2 O 3 , 0-1 % K 2 O, 0-0.3 % SO 3 and 0.07-0.13 % Fe 2 O 3 (total iron) which will ordinarily be present in both its oxidised Fe(III) and reduced Fe(II) form, and having a light transmission of around 89 % and a direct solar heat transmission of around 83 %, both at 3.85 mm.
• total iron total iron
• the ferrous ratio should be modified to increase the proportion of ferrous iron in a glass so as to preferentially increase its heat absorbing capacity.
• reducing conditions in a glass melting furnace are required.
• One way of achieving these conditions is to add carbon to the batch ingredients.
• sulphur as sulphate
• Sulphates also react with the added carbon; this introduces silica faults (often observed as un-melted silica) into the glass, which is a severe manufacturing problem.
• the resultant molten glass is so absorptive of heat that it is extremely difficult for any of the heat incident on the surface of the glass to penetrate into the glass body below.
• Such reduced thermal efficiency leads to a glass that is poorly melted and refined and thus of unacceptable quality.
• EP 0 297 404 Al describes a solution to these problems which involves redesigning a glass-melting furnace based on vacuum-refining techniques such that melting and refining of molten glass each occur in discrete, sequential stages. As one might imagine however, such a radical proposal is costly and complex to implement.
• the ferrous iron absorption band has been proposed to shift the ferrous iron absorption band to longer wavelengths.
• the major ferrous iron absorption band extends from around 550 to 1600 nm, and has its peak at around 1050 nm.
• the spectrum of visible light extends between 380 and 770 nm; the longer wavelength end of which is overlapped by the ferrous iron absorption band.
• shifting the peak of this band to around 1150 nm its overlap with the visible part of the spectrum is reduced, thus increasing the amount of visible light transmitted by a glass having a given iron content and ferrous level.
• Japanese Patent Publication 60-215546-A describes a glass which comprises typical glass constituents of silica, alumina, etc. along with baria (BaO).
• the amount Of SiO 2 is less than 70 %, Al 2 O 3 less than 1.5 %, CaO greater than 5 % and MgO less than 2 %.
• these glasses contain high BaO (greater than 7 %) and either typical Na 2 O levels (approximately 12-13%) but no K 2 O, or reduced Na 2 O (approximately 6%) and high K 2 O (9-10%).
• the combination of reduction of the amount of MgO and inclusion of between 4 and 15 % BaO are factors that shift the ferrous iron absorption band to longer wavelengths.
• K 2 O effectively "traps" carbon dioxide (a by-product of the batch ingredient melting reactions) in the molten glass, which can often be observed subsequently "erupting" from the surface of the melt, leading to unsatisfactory glass quality.
• EP 0 629 179 Al describes a glass comprising 69-75 % SiO 2 , 0-3 % Al 2 O 3 , 2-10 % CaO, 0-2 % MgO, 9-17 % Na 2 O, 0-8 % K 2 O, 0.2-1.5 % Fe 2 O 3 and less than 4 % BaO to achieve high performance and specifically an infrared absorption band with a peak situated at a wavelength greater than approximately 1100 nm. Similar melting problems due to low MgO (or its complete absence) and high K 2 O contents may again be observed. Furthermore in contradiction to the teaching of JP '546 above, in EP ' 179 inclusion of less than 4 % BaO also appears to have the effect of shifting the ferrous iron absorption band to longer wavelengths.
• the present invention provides in a first aspect a flat glass composition
• a flat glass composition comprising the following constituents, the amounts of which are expressed as percentages by weight:
• Glass having such a composition indeed exhibits high performance characteristics when provided in a thickness of 5 mm or less.
• LT A visible light transmission measured with Illuminant A
• the glass has a direct solar heat transmission calculated according to ISO9050; AM 1.5 ("DSHT") of less than or equal to 41 %, preferably less than or equal to 39 %, at a thickness of 5 mm or less.
• AM 1.5 AM 1.5
• the glass has a DSHT of less than or equal to 48 %, preferably less than or equal to 46 % at a thickness of 5 mm or less.
• performance which equates to LT A minus DSHT, for a given glass thickness.
• glasses having a composition according to the invention are easily melted and so may be efficiently manufactured.
• One factor that positively contributes to the excellent manufacturing properties of these glasses is the low liquidus temperature of the molten glass, which is preferably less than 980 0 C, more preferably less than 970 0 C and most preferably less than 960 0 C.
• inclusion of CaO, MgO, SrO and BaO in the relative amounts stated appears to lead to the low liquidus temperatures observed. The lower the liquidus temperature of a molten glass, the less likely it is that devitrification will occur.
• Optimised melting performance permits attainment of higher ferrous levels - glasses according to the invention may have a ferrous level greater than 28 %, preferably greater than 30 % and most preferably between 35 and 40 %, without the occurrence of bubbles and inclusions that may otherwise be observed in prior art glasses. It is thought that achievement of higher ferrous levels may also be attributed to the high soda level in combination with the amounts of BaO and/or SrO included in the glass composition.
• the summed amount of the alkaline earth metal oxide constituents may be in the range 10 - 20 %, whilst the summed amount of the alkali metal oxide constituents (including Na 2 O, K 2 O) may also be in the range 10 - 20 %. Satisfaction of these criteria appears useful in generation of the conditions for a high ferrous, high performance, easily-melted glass.
• SrO may be present in an amount of less than 12 %, more preferably less than 10 % and most preferably less than 5 %; similarly BaO may be present in an amount of 0.05 - 12 % and more preferably 4 - 10 %.
• the cost of these ingredients compared to the benefit each brings to the glass composition means that no more than 10 % of each may preferably be present.
• a small amount of strontia (as low as 1-2 %) in combination with at least 4 % baria may provide an excellent glass.
• CaO may be present in an amount less than or equal to 4.9 %, preferably less than or equal to 4.8 %. Reduction in the amount of CaO (over the amount found in standard float glass) appears to play an important role in determining the liquidus temperature of glasses according to the invention compared to prior art glasses, and so the amount should be carefully managed. Preferably CaO is present in an amount greater than 4.0 %. Further surprisingly, the amount of CaO also seems to contribute to the high performance characteristics of the glasses.
• MgO is present in an amount less than or equal to 1 %, preferably less than or equal to 0.8 % and most preferably in as small an amount as possible (less than 0.4 % or even less than 0.2 %).
• magnesia may be completely absent from the glass composition, however in practice this may not be possible because of the necessity for quick transition times to other magnesia-containing glass compositions (which may be up to around 4.5 %).
• a compromise may be reached by inclusion of magnesia at the levels described, typically less than 0.05 %. It appears that reduction of MgO to these low levels, along with the other changes to the glass composition as compared to a standard clear glass, does not lead to the devitrification problems discussed earlier in relation to some prior art glasses.
• Na 2 O (soda) may advantageously be present in an amount greater than or equal to 13.5 %, preferably in the range 14 to 15 % (around 14.5 % being preferred).
• Soda is a fluxing agent which is used to promote melting reactions between the batch ingredients. If the amount in which it is present is too low, then melting is poor and the resultant glass may include bubbles and inclusions. If the amount is too high, durability of the glass may be poor as reactivity of the surface of the glass increases.
• K 2 O is present in an amount less than or equal to 3 %, preferably less than or equal to 2 %. Inclusion of potassia appears to contribute to shifting of the major ferrous iron band to longer wavelengths. Such levels may be beneficial in minimising the extent to which potassium silicates, discussed earlier, form in a glass. However an amount of K 2 O up to 1 % may be unavoidable as potassium oxide is a component often found indigenous to sands that are used as a batch ingredient.
• TiO 2 may advantageously be present to achieve a green-coloured glass (iron alone may result in more of a blue-green colour). TiO 2 may be present in an amount between 0.2 % and 0.8 % by weight, preferably around 0.6 %.
• the summed amount of the alkaline earth metal oxide constituents is in the range 10 - 15 % and the summed amount of the alkali metal oxide constituents is in the range 13 - 17 %. These ranges represent further optimisation of the properties (both physical and melting) of the glass composition.
• the flat glass composition may comprise the following constituents, the amounts of which are expressed as percentages by weight:
• the procedure for this is as follows: finely grind a Ig sample of a glass until the particle size is 100 ⁇ m or less transfer 0.5 g of the ground glass to a platinum crucible containing 20 ml deionised water, 2.5 ml phenanthroline hydrate solution (1 % w/v), 8 ml hydrofluoric acid (40 %) and 2 ml sulphuric acid (1:2 v/v) stir to dissolve the ground glass then seal the crucible bubble carbon dioxide through the solution in the crucible for approximately 20 minutes add the contents of the crucible to 8 g of boric acid , swirl and allow to stand for 5 minutes adjust the pH of the solution to 3.2 by dropwise addition of ammonia solution dilute to a volume of 100 ml using deionised water filter the sample using a Perkin Elmer Lambda 20 UV/VIS spectrophotometer determine the amount of ferrous iron present in the sample by measuring the amount of the phenanthroline complex formed by it.
• compositions according to the invention may effectively be base glass compositions to which other colourants (in addition to iron) are added to achieve a blue, green-blue, grey or bronze tinted glass, to name just a few.
• the glass composition may further comprise one or more of the following colouring agents: an oxide of cobalt, nickel, chromium, vanadium, manganese, copper, cerium, neodymium and erbium, and/or selenium (this being a non-exhaustive list).
• such tinted compositions may not exhibit the high performance characteristics described earlier, although they will typically benefit from other advantageous features as described is this specification. It should also be noted that very small amounts (typically less than 0.2 %) of any of these additives may be present in the base glass anyway as an impurity from the raw materials and/or the cullet used.
• glass according to the composition of the invention may conveniently be provided in annealed, sheet form.
• a sheet of glass may be provided in a thickness between 0.5 and 10 mm, preferably between 1 and 5 mm.
• Said sheets may then be cut to the desired size and further processed as required.
• Such further processing may involve further cutting to achieve a shape that makes the glass suitable for use as an architectural window or an automotive window, bending of the glass to achieve a desired curvature, tempering of the glass to impart desired safety characteristics and/or joining one sheet of glass to another ply of material to create a composite glazing.
• Standard clear glass has ⁇ of approximately 90 x 10 "7 cm “1 between 50 and 350 0 C, whereas glass according to the invention may have ⁇ greater than 100 x 10 "7 cm “1 between 50 and 350 0 C, preferably around 102 x 10 "7 cm “1 between 50 and 350 0 C. It is believed that the higher the content of soda in a glass composition, the higher the coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass, and the more easily the glass may be tempered. Beneficial toughening characteristics may lead to further production advantages as glass throughput on a tempering line may be increased.
• glass of a composition according to the invention may be satisfactorily tempered when provided in thinner thickness (of 3 mm or less) using conventional tempering equipment and processes (where specialised equipment is currently required to temper such thin glasses of standard composition).
• a glazing comprising at least two sheets of glass spaced apart from one another, wherein one or more of the sheets of glass is of a composition as hereinbefore described.
• the glazing may be in the form of a laminated glazing wherein two sheets of glass are separated by at least one ply of interlay er material, which joins the sheets together. Further plies of glass or other material may be joined to the laminate. Any known interlayer material such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethane (PU), ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), etc. may be used, and it may be clear or body-tinted.
• the glazing may be in the form of a multiple pane glazing unit wherein two sheets of glass are separated by a gaseous layer. The simplest form of such a unit is a double glazing unit, in which two sheets of glass are separated using spacers and the sealed space between them filled with an inert gas.
• the overall thickness of such a glazing may be between 1.5 and 25 mm, preferably between 2 and 20 mm, and further preferably between 2.5 and 15 mm, depending on the number of plies used, and the thickness of the interlayer material/gaseous layer.
• a glazing according to the invention may be used as an automotive window and as an architectural window, especially when in the form of a monolith, a laminated glazing or a multiple pane glazing unit.
• Automotive windows include windscreens, side windows, rear windows and sun roofs (covering a part or the whole of a vehicle roof), which may be bent and/or tempered.
• Architectural windows may be used both externally and internally of a building.
• Tables I(a) to I(f) and Table II on the following pages provide examples of glass samples having glass compositions according to the invention along with two comparative examples of prior art green glasses (Examples 1 and 46), all in 4 mm ( ⁇ 0.5 mm) thickness.
• Table I lists details of the measured/calculated compositions, ferrous levels, light transmissions, direct solar heat transmissions, liquidus temperatures and the primary phases.
• Table II lists details of viscosity temperatures, expansion coefficients, refractive indices and density for selected examples where the data is currently available.
• Example 1 is a light-green glass containing 0.56 % by weight total iron in a typical base glass composition; similarly Example 46 is a dark-green glass containing 0.90 % by weight total iron.
• the base glass compositions for each of these Examples notably include approximately 13 % soda, 8 % calcia and 4 % magnesia, and are devoid of strontia and baria.
• the ferrous level of these glasses is 25 % (measured chemically, as described earlier), which is typical of glasses that are not described as "high ferrous", and the respective liquidus temperatures are 995 0 C and 997 0 C.
• Examples 2 to 7 and 11 to 45 and 47 to 82 are all glasses descriptive of the invention, whilst Examples 8, 9 and 10 illustrate the negative consequence of completely removing calcia on the liquidus temperature, which is raised compared to both Examples 1 and 46 meaning these three glasses are more difficult to manufacture.
• Example glasses 2 to 7 and 11 to 45 are all to be compared with Example 1 because they all contain approximately the same amount of total iron as the glass of Example 1. All of these Set 1 glasses are higher performing glasses compared to Example 1, with their performance being at least 27 and often around 29 or 30 for a light transmission of 76 %. Similarly, all have a higher ferrous level compared to Example 1, with the minimum ferrous level being 29 % and often being around 35 %.
• compositions of the Set 1 glasses more closely shows that they all contain an increased total amount of alkali metal oxide compared to Example 1 , which on the whole is due to an increased soda level, although sometimes it is due to an increased potassia level. Furthermore, all contain decreased calcia and magnesia levels compared to Example 1 - calcia is typically decreased from around 8 % to 4.7 % whilst magnesia is typically decreased from 4 % to around 0.02 % - both being significant reductions. Moreover, all contain one or both of baria and strontia in significant amounts which are believed to lead to the higher performance and higher ferrous levels observed.
• Examples 8 to 10 which exhibit increased liquidus temperatures compared to the glass of Example 1, those glasses of Set 1 for which the liquidus temperature has been determined all show a reduction compared to Example 1 to 980 0 C or lower.
• the glass of Example 2 also shows a significant increase in its expansion coefficient compared to the glass of Example 1 , meaning that it is much easier to toughen (see Table II).
• the glass of Example 2 has significantly reduced melting, working, softening and upper annealing temperatures compared to the glass of Example 1, meaning that less energy is required to manufacture the Example 2 glass, leading to a more efficient process overall.
• Example 2 the primary phase for the glass of Example 2 (like many other Set 1 glasses) is silica (whereas it is wollastonite for the prior art glasses of Examples 1 and 46), its lower liquidus temperature (964 0 C compared to 995 0 C and 997 0 C for the glasses of Examples 1 and 46 respectively) should ensure very little devitrification.
• Example glasses 47 to 82 are all to be compared with Example 46 because they all contain approximately the same amount of total iron as the glass of Example 46. All of these Set 2 glasses are higher performing glasses compared to Example 46, with their performance being at least 29 and often around 31 for a light transmission of 71 %. Similarly, all (except Examples 54, 58, 59, 63, 65 and 76) have a higher ferrous level compared to Example 46, with the minimum ferrous level being 29 % and often being above 35 %.
• compositions of the Set 2 glasses more closely shows that they all contain an increased total amount of alkali metal oxide compared to Example 46, which is due to an increased soda level. Furthermore, all contain decreased calcia and magnesia levels compared to Example 46 - calcia is typically decreased from around 8 % to 4.7 % whilst magnesia is typically decreased from 4 % to around 0.02 % - both being significant reductions. Moreover, all contain one or both of baria and strontia in significant amounts which appear to lead to the higher performance and higher ferrous levels observed.
• Example 47 for which the liquidus temperature has been determined shows a reduction compared to Example 46 to 965 0 C.
• the glass of Example 47 also shows a significant increase in its expansion coefficient compared to the glass of Example 46, meaning that it is much easier to toughen.
• its primary phase is silica (like with Example 2), its lower liquidus temperature should ensure very little devitrification.

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• 2008
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